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stated: "If you have sacrificed my nation for the sake of peace, I will be the first to applaud you. But if not gentlemen, then God help your souls." On 1 October 1938, Churchill telephoned
Masaryk to tell him that Beneš should delay handing over the border forts in the Sudetenland for the next 48 hours, as he was convinced that "a great reaction against the betrayal committed on us" would occur within the 48 hours that would topple the Chamberlain government and presumably install Churchill as prime minister. Masaryk did not believe this, and advised Beneš to disregard Churchill's advice, warning that Churchill was reckless and that however he much he hoped that Chamberlain's government might fall because of the Munich Agreement, he did not believe that this was very likely. Unknown to both Churchill and Masaryk, their phones had been tapped by MI5, and the conversation recording Churchill's attempt to sabotage the Munich Agreement was passed on to Chamberlain, who was not impressed.
352:. In 1925, he was made minister-plenipotentiary to Britain. The British scholar Robert Powell described Masaryk as "the most unconventional of diplomats. None was less tied to protocol. Witty, shrewd, with an abundance of common sense, he often triumphed over circumstances, which baffled others more intellectually cleverer, but lacking his psychological insight... He could be disconcertingly direct in his conversation and he considerably embarrassed certain types of English people. His manner was American rather than English, his racy language often shocking to people who had not the wit or patience to look beyond the actual expressions used." By contrast, the Czech historian Zbyněk Zeman and the German historian Rainer Karlsch described Masaryk as a weak man who drifted during his time in the United States, was psychologically unstable, and needed someone to guide him through life. His father resigned as president in 1935 and died two years later. He was succeeded by
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1942 was that the Munich
Agreement was still in effect. In a letter to Eden, who was again serving as Foreign Secretary, on 25 August 1941, Masaryk expressed much concern that the Atlantic Charter would mean that the Sudetenland would remain a part of Germany. Masaryk argued to Eden that Czechoslovakia and the other neighbors of Germany needed a situation after the war that "would enable them to defend peace for themselves and for the world against any future attempts by aggression by Germany", which in turn required a defensible frontier (i.e. returning the Sudetenland to Czechoslovakia). Masaryk as foreign minister was regarded by the Foreign Office as the more reasonable than Beneš who was viewed as obstinate on the Sudetenland issue.
608:. The next day, 16 March 1939, Masaryk went on a radio station in New York, where in a radio address to the American people given in English, he stated: "Can I hope that this last blow to my homeland should dispel all doubts as to the future policy of the masters of central Europe? The rape of Bohemia in all its vulgarity is more than I can describe. Forgive me-". At that point, Masaryk broke down in tears. Upon regaining his composure, Masaryk stated: "I do not envy those who are perpetuating this horrible drama, either by vandal force or by turning their faces to the wall. They have committed sins against God." In July 1939, Masaryk returned to London, where he rented a flat in Westminster.
451:. Masaryk described Rothermere as dominated by Hohenlohe, writing that he would do anything to please her. In a dispatch to Prague, Masaryk wrote: "Is there any decency left in the world? A great scandal will erupt one day when the role upon which Steffi von Hohenlohe, née Richter, played during the visit of Wiedemann is revealed. This world-famous secret agent, spy, and swindler, who is a full Jewess, constitutes today the centre of Hitler's propaganda in London. Wiedemann stayed at her place. She keeps Hitler's photograph on her desk, inscribed "To my dear Princess Hohenlohe-Adolf Hitler", and next to it a photograph of Horthy, dedicated to the 'great stateswoman'."
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the case for
Czechoslovakia. Much of the address concerned defending the decision on part of Beneš to sign an alliance with the Soviet Union in 1935, which was unpopular in Britain. Masaryk argued that the alliance was necessary as it brought the Soviet Union around to defending the international order created by the Treaty of Versailles instead of trying to undermine it as had previously been the case. Masaryk concluded: "If we treat Russia as a pariah, it cannot be excluded that Russia and Germany could again get together." After his speech, Masaryk had an informal question and answer session with the assembled MPs. The two MPs that Masaryk spoke to the most were Sir
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Czecho-Slovakia (as the country had been renamed) as a German satellite state. In the letter announcing his resignation as minister on 30 December 1938, Masaryk wrote of the "prophylactic measures towards establishing permanent peace in Europe" where "my country was subjected to surgical appeasement with unprecedented vigor and not the slightest trace of anesthetic." Masaryk then left
Britain to visit the United States, where he gave speeches criticizing appeasement. In a speech in January 1939, he argued that the Munich Agreement would have been justified if it brought about "permanent peace" in Europe, but he argued that it was very unlikely to do so.
478:. Eden told the king that "the political and economic situation in Czechoslovakia, Sir, is good and firm." At the same audience, Ribbentrop greeted the king by giving him the Nazi salute, to which the king responded to with a bemused smile. The interaction between Ribbentrop and George left Masaryk uncertain to regard this as either silly or sinister. Masaryk reported to Prague that it would be unwise to place too much trust in Britain, which regarded Czechoslovakia as a problem in Europe. By 1938, Masaryk was reporting: "The English dislike us intensely. We are a deadweight for them and they curse the day on which we were founded."
733:, the Czechoslovak ambassador in Moscow. Through Masaryk did not oppose the proposed treaty outright, he hinted to Nichols that he preferred that after the war that Czechoslovakia move closer to Poland rather than the Soviet Union. Between 17 October 1943 – 10 February 1944, Masaryk went on a lengthy speaking tour of the United States, which removed him from the meetings of the Czechoslovak cabinet. In December 1943, Beneš went to Moscow to sign a treaty creating a 25-year military alliance between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union. Upon his return to London, Masaryk was forced to accept the
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the standard protocol, Ribbentrop insisted on using German as way to show the superiority of
Germany. Masaryk responded to this gross violation of diplomatic protocol by giving his reply to Ribbentrop's letter in Czech, instead of German as Ribbentrop had expected. The other ambassadors did likewise with the Japanese ambassador responding in Japanese and the Turkish ambassador responding in Turkish, which caused chaos at the German embassy as nobody was certain who was attending the ball, as the German embassy lacked people able to translate the various replies. During the
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818:, who told him that he hoped that he would become a member of the "new government", which confused Masaryk as the current government had not fallen. Zorin told him that "Gottwald is our only guarantee. The government must be cleaned up. We are determined to build a new one, which is more friendly to us and we shall support Gottwald". Masaryk remained Foreign Minister, and was the only prominent minister in the new government who was neither a Communist nor a
709:. Beneš had lived in France for much of his life, and was described as someone who "knew France" well, but in contrast, he found the British to be something of a "mystery". Masaryk who lived in London for so long often made suggestions to appeal to a British audience. Powell wrote: "An understanding of human psychology was not one of the President's outstanding achievements, nor was his knowledge of languages. Masaryk made up for these deficiencies".
547:, the British ambassador to Germany, informed him that Masaryk was donating money to Churchill, information which Henderson in turn passed on to Chamberlain. The British historian Victor Rothwell noted that the revelation that Masaryk was subsidising Chamberlain's domestic critics such as Churchill made an extremely bad impression upon Chamberlain, and that much of the hostility that Chamberlain displayed towards Masaryk was due to this revelation.
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384:. Rothermere deemed it unjust that Hungary—a nation dominated by what he admiringly called a "chivalrous and warlike aristocracy"—should have its borders truncated and that Magyars should be placed under the rule of the peoples of Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia, whom Rothermere described as "cruder and more barbaric races". Through primarily concerned about what he called "justice for Hungary", Rothermere also argued that the
748:. Masaryk wanted to fire Fierlinger for that letter, complaining he was no longer representing Czechoslovakia in Moscow in any meaningful sense of the term. On 28 July 1944, the entire Czechoslovak cabinet recommended to Beneš that he sack Fierlinger as ambassador in Moscow and appoint a new ambassador who would represent the interests of the government-in-exile instead of the Soviet Union, advice that Beneš refused to accept.
737:. In a radio speech on 16 February 1944, Masaryk stated that the Soviet-Czechoslovak alliance "was approved of in America", though "there were a few reactionaries who hide their own selfish interests behind the pretense of the fear of Bolshevism". Masaryk added that "that we should get used to calling it the Soviet empire. Because it will be the Soviet empire which will play the most important role on the continent".
945:, and considered the possibility of murder a "cold war cliché". However, a Prague police report in 2004 concluded after forensic research that Masaryk had indeed been thrown out of the window to his death. This report was seemingly corroborated in 2006 when a Russian journalist claimed that his mother knew the Russian intelligence officer who threw Masaryk out of the window of the west bathroom of Masaryk's flat.
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564:, seemed more angry at Beneš for not withdrawing Czechoslovak troops from the border forts in the Sudetenland rather than at Hitler, leading Masaryk in a dispatch to Beneš recounting the meeting to call both Chamberlain and Halifax "stupid". To resolve the crisis on 28 September 1938, it was announced that an emergency summit would be held in Munich the next day to be attended by Hitler, Chamberlain,
791:. The deliveries from Czechoslovakia proved important for the establishment of Israel. Masaryk personally signed the first contract on 14 January 1948. Because Masaryk was viewed as the most sympathetic to the Jews of members of the postwar government, he was given the task of "appeasing Jewish organisations in the west" in terms of the government's plans to
395:, the hostility of the Foreign Office, and the indifference of the British people to Czechoslovakia, Masaryk had money given to British journalists who wrote pro-Czechoslovak articles to make these articles widely available in a bid to influence British public opinion. The two most important British intellectuals whom Masaryk supported were the journalist
937:, and point to the presence of nail marks on the window sill from which Masaryk fell, as well as smearings of feces and Masaryk's stated intention to leave Prague the next day for London. Members of Masaryk's family—including his former wife, Frances Crane Leatherbee, a former in-law named Sylvia E. Crane, and his sister
403:, both of whom were staunch supporters of Czechoslovakia and longtime friends of his father, President Masaryk. Masaryk provided the funds to make the writings of Steed and Seton-Watson available to the widest possible audience. The faculty and students at the School of East European and Slavonic Studies at
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in foreign policy. A sign of the new foreign policy came with the order that the staff of the legation in London should remove all the portraits of
President Beneš and President Masaryk from the walls. After the Munich conference, Masaryk met with Chamberlain and Halifax at 10 Downing Street where he
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Czech historian Václava Jandečková has tentatively suggested in her 2015 monograph "Kauza Jan
Masaryk: Nový pohled" (The Jan Masaryk Case: A New Perspective) that Masaryk might have been murdered by Jan Bydžovský and František Fryč, who believed they were working for the British intelligence service
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on 19 September 1938. However, at the Bad
Godesberg summit on 24 September 1938, Hitler rejected the Anglo-French plan for ceding the Sudetenland to Germany, telling Chamberlain that the Sudetenland needed to be annexed to Germany before 1 October 1938 rather than after October 1 as the Anglo-French
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A new investigation that opened in 2019 included a new expert opinion regarding the mechanics of the fall, and an old tape by the policeman who was among the first at the crime scene, testifying the body had been already moved when he arrived. The investigation closed in 2021, with murder, accident
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on 22 June 1941, Beneš had an unlimited faith in the potential of the Soviet Union, believing that
Germany would be defeated by the spring of 1942 at the latest. Masaryk told the other cabinet members: "he now only has Russia on his mind. We must hold him, so that he won’t fly off to the sky". In
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The resulting Munich
Agreement of 30 September 1938 put an end to the crisis. Though the Munich Agreement was actually a compromise as Hitler dropped the demand to have the Sudetenland before 1 October 1938, it was agreed that the Sudetenland would go to Germany in stages over the course of October
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had visited London four times between 1935-1938 to give speeches criticising Czechoslovakia. Masaryk realized belatedly that Czechoslovakia was losing the propaganda war as the British media became enamoured of Henlein. In late December 1936 Masaryk gave an address to a group of British MPs to make
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radio show to celebrate the Jewish new year, Masaryk urged people in the Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia to assist the Jewish community, saying it was incumbent to extend a helping hand to the "most wretched of the wretched" as he called the Jews of the protectorate, saying that he wanted ordinary
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Beneš's main interest as president of a government-in-exile to have the British agree to abrogate the Munich Agreement and accept that after the war the Sudetenland was to become part of Czechoslovakia again, a war aim that the British were initially opposed to as the British position until August
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on 1 February 1940, Masaryk declared his war aims as: "My conviction is that our little country is not going to be saved by any of these grand 'isms'-neither Fascism nor Bolshevism, Pan-Germanism or Pan-Slavism...I am definitely a Slav, but I hope an European first. I am convinced that the fate of
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arrived in London in October 1936 as the new German ambassador to the Court of St. James, he sent out invitations to the other ambassadors to attend a ball to introduce himself as was the normal practice at the time. Instead of using French (the language of diplomacy) in his invitations, which was
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and learned Polish during his wartime career. The fact that his father was in exile, working for Czech independence from the Austrian empire, made him the subject of bullying and hazing during his military service as the son of a "traitor". His unhappy military service made him unwilling to speak
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to occupied Czechoslovakia starting in September 1939 and ending in April 1945. Masaryk's speeches on the BBC's Czech language station made him into a national hero. It was illegal to listen to the BBC in the Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia, but that did not stop people from tuning in to the BBC
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He is reputed to have had an exquisite sense of humour. It is reported that when he was a young Czechoslovak Ambassador to the US, he attended many parties and once the hostess invited him to play the violin. Accepting graciously, he played a Czech nursery song to enthusiastic applause from the
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in the 1950s (in an unrelated case); but later denied it. Jandečková argues that this confession cannot be so easily dismissed as has been believed, especially since Bydžovský certainly was not hallucinating or drugged, and the interrogators seem to have been surprised by his confession (at his
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Right from his arrival in London, Masaryk in his reports to Prague warned that many officials in Great Britain's Foreign Office were in the grip of nostalgia for the Austrian empire, haunted by what he called the "ghost of the Habsburg empire". Masaryk expressed concern that many in the Foreign
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In October 1938, the Sudetenland was occupied by Germany and Masaryk resigned as ambassador in protest, although he remained in London. Other government members including Beneš also resigned. In his last dispatch to Prague on 5 December 1938, Masaryk reported that the British now regarded
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The Ministry of the Interior claimed that he had committed suicide by jumping out of the window, but at the time, it was widely assumed that he was murdered at the behest of the nascent Communist government. On the other hand, many of his close associates (e.g. his secretary
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to tell Chamberlain that through Beneš had accepted the results of the Berchtesgaden summit, he rejected the German timetable for handing over the Sudetenland put forward at the Bad Godesberg summit. Much to Masaryk's annoyance, both Chamberlain and the Foreign Secretary,
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572:. To Masaryk's fury, the Munich conference was a return to the congress diplomacy of the 19th century where the leaders of the great powers would meet to decide the fate of Europe with no involvement from the small powers. Halifax told Masaryk that
529:. As a further step, Beneš had a large sum of money transferred to the Czechoslovak legation for Masaryk to spend on winning over British public opinion. Masaryk donated much of the money to Churchill's group "The Focus". Unknown to Masaryk, the
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went bankrupt, Masaryk granted him enough money to keep his journal afloat. As part of his cultural diplomacy, Masaryk sometimes worked with Yugoslav diplomats to provide the money for journalists willing to challenge the pro-Hungarian slant of
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In April 1945, Beneš and Masaryk travelled to Moscow to meet Stalin, where it was agreed that the foreign policy of Czechoslovakia would be aligned with the Soviet Union, but that Czechoslovakia would retain its independence and democracy.
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In June 1943, Masaryk spoke with Philip Nichols of the Foreign Office and expressed much doubt about a proposed treaty to create a military alliance between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union that was being energetically championed by
332:, where he lived for a time as a drifter and for a time as a steelworker. Because of his youth in the United States, Masaryk always spoke both Czech and English with a strong American accent. He returned home in 1913 and served in the
432:, whom he described as a Nazi sympathizer, writing in a dispatch to Prague that king "felt closer to fascism and Nazism than democracy, which he found slow and boring." Masaryk was equally hostile towards the king's mistress, Mrs.
436:, whom he reported has stated she felt at home in Vienna and Budapest while loathing Prague. When Edward abdicated to marry Mrs. Simpson, Masaryk was relieved, writing that Ribbentrop had "lost in Mrs. Simpson a dangerous ally".
930:, a friend of Masaryk who worked with him in Prague in 1947, and also a friend of Masaryk's fiancée Marcia Davenport, wrote, "The Communists used him and, when his usefulness was past, flung him out of a window to his death."
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From 1924 until their divorce in 1931, Masaryk was married to Frances Crane Leatherbee (1887-1954). An heiress to the Crane piping, valves and elevator fortune, and the former wife of Robert Leatherbee, she was a daughter of
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audience. Leaving the party with a friend, he was asked why had he been asked to play the violin, to which he replied: "Oh, it's all very simple-- don't you see? They have mixed me up with my father; they mixed him up with
1174:. Masaryk a legie (TGM and legions), váz. kniha, 219 str., vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karviná) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk democratic movement in Prague), 2019,
994:, a U.S. ambassador to Czechoslovakia. By that marriage, Masaryk had three stepchildren: Charles Leatherbee, Robert Leatherbee Jr., and Richard Crane Leatherbee. Stepson Charles Leatherbee (Harvard 1929) co-founded the
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our people cannot be separated from that of other Central European and Danubian peoples, whether they are Slavs or not...Narrow nationalism should disappear...An equal partnership in the cause of an European
576:, the Czechoslovak minister-plenipotentiary in Berlin, would be allowed to attend the Munich conference only as an "observer" for "information only" with no power to be actually involved in the conference.
517:, the leader of the Labour Party, which was the Official Opposition to the Conservative-dominated National Government. Maisky and Masaryk encouraged Attlee to challenge the government's policy in the
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In February 1948 the majority of the non-communist cabinet members resigned, hoping to force new elections, but instead a communist government under Gottwald was formed in what became known as the
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467:. Churchill warned Masaryk that British public opinion was turning against Czechoslovakia because of the Sudetenland issue, which the German government "would be able to use against us".
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but Masaryk stayed on as Foreign Minister. He was concerned with retaining the friendship of the Soviet Union, but was dismayed by the veto they put on Czechoslovak participation in the
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tended to be very sympathetic towards Czechoslovakia, which was seen as a model democracy, and Masaryk often provided the funds to publicise their work. In 1930, when Steed's journal
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1938. Without the natural defensive barrier posed by the mountains of the Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia was defenseless against Germany, and as such the new Czechoslovak president
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Early in 1947...Czech weaponry might be available...personally approved by...Jan Masarik. Ideology played no role in these initial transaction. They were exclusively commercial
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should go to Germany. Rothermere's leader caused much worry in Prague and Beneš rushed to London to inquire if Rothermere was acting on behalf of the British government.
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509:) on 12 September 1938. In an attempt to sway British public opinion against the policy of the Chamberlain government, Masaryk, together with the Soviet ambassador
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Cornwell, Mark (1993). "The rise and fall of a 'special relationship'?: Britain and Czechoslovakia, 1930-1948". In Brian Brivati, Brian and Harriet Jones (ed.).
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in the summer and fall of 1938, Masaryk traveled between London and Prague to meet with Beneš. To resolve the Sudetenland crisis, British Prime Minister
1021:, whom he felt had a strong affinity to Czechs and to the city of Prague, depicted in several of her books. Davenport had in 1944 divorced her husband
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and is known to have followed Masaryk to post-war Prague and lived with him there from 1945 to 1948. Following the Communist coup she returned to
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Discussions about the mysterious circumstances of his death continued for some time. Those who believe that Masaryk was murdered called it the
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trial, the Masaryk murder was not "used" or even mentioned, although a separate re-investigation by the StB continued for more than a year).
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In the Shadow of Munich British Policy Towards Czechoslovakia from the Endorsement to the Renunciation of the Munich Agreement (1938-1942)
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Office were openly hostile towards Czechoslovakia and considered the nation a mistake that should never have been allowed to happen.
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to the US in 1919 and then as counselor to the legation in London. In 1922, he became secretary to the Czechoslovak foreign minister
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1052:. And they mixed the piano up with the violin." Jan Masaryk was active in many societies, among those he was active freemason.
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Jan Masaryk's remains were buried next to his parents in a plot at Lány cemetery, where in 1994 also the ashes of his sister
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Masaryk remained Foreign Minister following the liberation of Czechoslovakia as part of the multi-party, communist-dominated
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Czechs to be able say after the war that "we remained decent people". A supporter of Zionism, Masaryk was a friend of Dr.
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radio show was the most popular radio program in Czechoslovakia and Masaryk was the most popular speaker on the show.
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plan called for. The Bad Godesberg summit pushed Europe to the brink of war. On 25 September 1938, Masaryk arrived at
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On 10 March 1948 Masaryk was found dead, dressed only in his pajamas, in the courtyard of the Foreign Ministry (the
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was caused by influence on Lord Rothermere of Princess von Hohenlohe, whom Masaryk also knew was the mistress of
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356:. Masaryk had been dominated by his father, and afterward by Beneš, who played the role of a surrogate father.
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on 15 September 1938. At the Berchtesgaden summit, it was agreed that the Sudetenland would "go home to the
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agents. Bydžovský confessed to murdering Masaryk when interrogated in prison by the Czech secret police
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1958:. Pittsburgh, USA: University Center for international Studies, University of Pittsburgh. p. 207.
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829:. A memorial to his memory and his presidency of the Organisation is located in Geneva, Switzerland.
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2131:"Kauza Jan Masaryk (nový pohled) - Doznání k vraždě a tajný přešetřovací proces StB z let 1950–1951"
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in a recital of Czech folk songs issued on 78 RPM records to commemorate the victims of the
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show, where he called for "a free Czechoslovakia in a free Europe". During the war, the
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very much of his time as a soldier after the war as it held too many painful memories.
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Czechoslovakia Between Stalin and Hitler The Diplomacy of Edvard Beneš in the 1930s
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Uranium Matters: Central European Uranium in International Politics, 1900-1960
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Czechs, Slovaks and the Jews, 1938-48: Beyond Idealisation and Condemnation
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2259:"CLASSICAL MUSIC; Once, the Voice Was Melody Itself. In Fact, It Still Is"
510:
429:
385:
368:
On 21 June 1927, under the influence of his Hungarian mistress, Princess
1032:
Masaryk was a skilled amateur pianist. In that capacity, he accompanied
1014:, who became one of the co-directors of the University Players in 1931.
2865:
2101:
2063:
1932:
629:). On 8 September 1939, Masaryk gave his first radio broadcast on the
536:
289:
2064:"Police close case on 1948 death of Jan Masaryk - murder, not suicide"
300:
described Masaryk as "a brave, honest, turbulent, and impulsive man".
2537:
Battle for the Castle The Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe, 1914-1948
621:
every Wednesday night to hear him speak on a radio program entitled
475:
2632:
The Unbearable Burden of History The Sovietization of Czechoslovakia
849:
685:
605:
285:
3015:
324:, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk's American wife. Masaryk was educated in
798:
654:
439:
Unlike Beneš, Masaryk understood that the pro-Hungarian slant of
948:
The highest-ranking Soviet Bloc intelligence defector, Lt. Gen.
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1128:
1041:
1026:
784:
680:
was established in Britain in July 1940, Masaryk was appointed
325:
309:
232:
212:
30:
2847:
2556:
The Soviets, the Munich Crisis, and the Coming of World War II
1017:
In 1945 the exile Masaryk became close to the American writer
416:, which was just as alarming to Belgrade as it was to Prague.
1784:
1782:
1780:
1767:
1765:
380:
newspaper calling for Hungary to regain lands lost under the
3250:
Government ministers of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile
1913:
1911:
1909:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1794:
1355:
1353:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
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1277:
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1260:
1155:
1153:
2399:. Leicester: Leicester University Press. pp. 130–150.
1467:
1465:
1037:
1010:. He married Mary Lee Logan (1910-1972), younger sister of
965:
2198:
But Not Forgotten: The Adventure of the University Players
1777:
1762:
1919:
The Real History of the Cold War: A New Look at the Past,
1906:
1816:
1740:
1738:
1694:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1440:
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1350:
1272:
1150:
969:
617:
2080:(1st ed.). London: Sherwood Press. pp. 31–33.
1983:(1st ed.). London: Latimer House. pp. 153–177.
1896:
1894:
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1199:
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2518:
The Newspaper Axis Six Press Barons Who Enabled Hitler
1750:
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1559:
1477:
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Orders, decorations, and medals of the Czech Republic
1891:
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1365:
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806:
of which Jan Masaryk was president from 1947 to 1948.
616:
During the war he regularly made broadcasts over the
359:
2594:
The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia Facing the Holocaust
2467:
The Hungarians A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat
1655:
1626:
1532:
1377:
1184:
1135:
3185:
Ambassadors of Czechoslovakia to the United Kingdom
2322:"Jan Masaryk Silver Medal of Honor to James Denton"
1613:. Lexington MA: Plunkett Lake Press. Archived from
1394:
911:In a second investigation taken in 1968 during the
3190:Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
2453:
2418:
1849:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 56–.
1219:
1104:
3275:Recipients of the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
1060:The Honorary Silver Medal of Jan Masaryk (Czech:
877:, the United States Ambassador to Czechoslovakia.
344:He then joined the diplomatic service and became
3166:
2448:
1842:
1833:p. 185 Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
474:, introduced Masaryk to the newly crowned king,
334:Austro-Hungarian Army during the First World War
284:(14 September 1886 – 10 March 1948) was a Czech
16:Czechoslovak diplomat and politician (1886–1948)
3290:World Federation of United Nations Associations
2691:. Budapest: Central European University Press.
2413:
2359:Prague in Black Nazi Rule and Czech Nationalism
827:World Federation of United Nations Associations
804:World Federation of United Nations Associations
155:World Federation of United Nations Associations
1921:p. 133 New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.
3001:
2779:
2378:The Labour Party and Foreign Policy A History
1836:
1811:Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1,
312:, he was the son of professor and politician
2686:
2503:Powell, Robert (April 1950). "Jan Masaryk".
2200:. New York, William Sloane Associates: 1951.
1788:
1293:
1266:
1159:
990:, a U.S. minister to China; and a sister of
673:...A Free Czechoslovakia in a Free Europe".
454:Starting in 1935, the Sudeten German leader
2591:
2577:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
2433:
2265:, March 7, 1993, accessed October 30, 2008.
1771:
3008:
2994:
2786:
2772:
1846:Israel and Europe: An Appraisal in History
935:Third (or Fourth) Defenestration of Prague
908:) have always defended the suicide story.
768:saw their position strengthened after the
2670:The Masaryks The Making of Czechoslovakia
2596:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
2469:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2375:
1471:
391:To counter the pro-Hungarian articles in
2970:1946 Czechoslovak parliamentary election
2572:
2553:
2394:
2285:"Tajné společenství v Čechách – zednáři"
1953:
1930:
1877:. New York: Springer. pp. 121–122.
1502:
1490:
1456:
868:
848:
836:
797:
2687:Zeman, Zbyněk; Karlsch, Rainer (2008).
2610:
2515:
2464:
2361:. Harvard University Press: Cambridge.
2107:
1872:
1756:
1744:
1729:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1565:
1444:
1099:
885:in Prague) below his bathroom window.
825:Masaryk served as the President of the
296:from 1940 to 1948. American journalist
3167:
2672:. New York: Barnes & Noble Books.
2648:
2629:
2534:
2502:
2356:
2075:
2025:Czechoslovakia: Anvil of the Cold War,
2023:Crane, John O. & Sylvia E. (1991)
1978:
1900:
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1700:
1688:
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1649:
1553:
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1514:
1371:
1359:
1344:
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1308:
1213:
1144:
1093:
428:, Masaryk was hostile to the new king
167:2 August 1946 – 10 March 1948
2989:
2767:
2713:Newspaper clippings about Jan Masaryk
2667:
2505:The Slavonic and East European Review
2483:
2337:
1831:The Clash of Ideas in World Politics,
1813:p. 251 New York: Taylor & Francis
1661:
1632:
1427:
1388:
1240:
1228:
952:, claimed he had a conversation with
919:concluded that it had been a murder.
793:expel the country's German population
59:21 July 1940 – 10 March 1948
3141:Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
2615:. Prague: Charles University Press.
2520:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2460:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
2440:. Lexington MA: Plunkett Lake Press.
1055:
470:In May 1937, the Foreign Secretary,
265:Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren
3300:People of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
3245:Foreign ministers of Czechoslovakia
2575:The Origins of the Second World War
2539:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
964:, but most probably fell victim to
539:the Czechoslovak diplomatic codes.
521:. Masaryk was also in contact with
13:
3265:People from the Kingdom of Bohemia
2331:
2227:
2203:
2027:pp. xiv, 321-323 New York: Praeger
2001:. January 12, 1970. Archived from
1843:Howard M. Sachar (24 March 2010).
795:, including German-speaking Jews.
376:published a leader (editorial) in
360:Minister-plenipotentiary in London
294:Foreign Minister of Czechoslovakia
14:
3311:
3260:People executed by defenestration
2795:First Cabinet of Klement Gottwald
2706:
2397:What Difference did the War Make?
1956:Alice Garrigue Masaryk, 1879-1966
1931:Horáková, Pavla (11 March 2002).
764:government. The Communists under
3210:Czech people of American descent
2380:. London: Taylor & Francis.
2170:"My Family Tree, 1772 - present"
1954:Mitchell, Ruth Crawford (1960).
1243:"Czechs in History: Jan Masaryk"
755:
678:Czechoslovak government-in-exile
29:
2314:
2303:
2277:
2268:
2251:
2186:
2162:
2148:
2123:
2094:
2069:
2056:
2030:
2017:
1987:
1972:
1947:
1933:"Jan Masaryk died 54 years ago"
1924:
1866:
1600:
980:
841:Grave of the Masaryk family in
3285:World War II political leaders
3220:Czech people of Slovak descent
3215:Czech people of French descent
2558:. Cambridge University Press.
2342:. New York: Crown Publishing.
1234:
1165:
1062:Stříbrná medaile Jana Masaryka
543:who was a close friend of Sir
1:
2975:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
1241:Carey, Nick (12 April 2000).
1087:
303:
134:1925 – December 1938
119:Czechoslovakia Ambassador to
3017:Ministers of Foreign Affairs
2736:German occupational ministry
2668:Zeman, Zbyněk A. B. (1976).
2516:Olmsted, Kathryn S. (2022).
2215:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
7:
2742:Minister of Foreign Affairs
2717:20th Century Press Archives
2653:. New York: Vintage Books.
2634:. San Francisco: Academia.
2592:Rothkirchen, Livia (2006).
2488:. Oxford University Press.
2104:, Radio Prague, 18-12-2006.
2066:, Radio Prague, 06-01-2004.
1067:
688:or with President Beneš at
640:In an article published in
527:French ambassador in London
318:president of Czechoslovakia
10:
3316:
2291:(in Czech). Česká televize
2114:The Kremlin’s Killing Ways
2076:August, Frantisek (1984).
922:In his 1981 autobiography
611:
372:, the British press baron
271:In exile 1940 – April 1945
3139:
3091:
3073:
3055:
3027:
2952:
2877:
2858:
2835:
2812:
2752:
2739:
2733:
2728:
2651:Munich The Price of Peace
2573:Rothwell, Victor (2001).
977:or suicide all possible.
701:1942 Masaryk received an
692:, both near Aylesbury in
642:Central European Observer
275:
270:
260:
250:
242:
222:
202:
197:
193:
181:
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152:
138:
127:
117:
105:
93:
73:
63:
52:
41:
37:
28:
21:
3240:Deaths by defenestration
2649:Taylor, Telford (1979).
2376:Callaghan, John (2007).
2239:digital.library.pitt.edu
1995:"Books: Murder Will Out"
1809:Cook, Bernard A. (2001)
1789:Zeman & Karlsch 2008
1294:Zeman & Karlsch 2008
1267:Zeman & Karlsch 2008
1160:Zeman & Karlsch 2008
832:
716:In a 1943 speech on the
535:("Research Office") had
489:visited Germany to meet
243:Cause of death
3270:Politicians from Prague
2554:Ragsdale, Hugh (2004).
2535:Orzoff, Andrea (2009).
2338:Bloch, Michael (1992).
2310:de:Jan-Masaryk-Medaille
1082:List of unsolved deaths
1004:Falmouth, Massachusetts
992:Richard Teller Crane II
370:Stephanie von Hohenlohe
3205:Czechoslovak diplomats
3200:Children of presidents
2859:Deputy Prime Ministers
2465:Lendvai, Paul (2004).
2456:Too Strong for Fantasy
2437:Speaking to My Country
2118:National Review Online
1979:Josten, Josef (1949).
1610:Speaking to My Country
900:, his press assistant
878:
866:
846:
807:
742:Edward Osóbka-Morawski
513:, was in contact with
421:Joachim von Ribbentrop
316:(who became the first
314:Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
255:Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
143:Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
3295:Diplomats from Prague
3065:František Chvalkovský
2630:Sviták, Ivan (1990).
2611:Smetana, Vít (2008).
2357:Bryant, Chad (2009).
2289:ČT24 - Česká televize
2168:Leatherbee, Richard,
1917:Axelrod, Alan (2009)
1873:Láníček, Jan (2013).
1829:Owen, John M. (2010)
1607:Masaryk, Jan (2011).
1117:Harper & Brothers
904:, his sister Olga or
872:
852:
840:
801:
789:1948 Arab–Israeli War
696:. With the launch of
602:a puppet Slovak state
584:promptly performed a
409:The Review of Reviews
405:King's College London
3195:Bates College alumni
2484:Lukes, Igor (1996).
2434:Jan Masaryk (2011).
2183:, December 13, 2005.
2078:Red Star Over Prague
698:Operation Barbarossa
552:Berchtesgaden summit
336:. Masaryk served in
282:Jan Garrigue Masaryk
207:Jan Garrigue Masaryk
2729:Government offices
2257:Crutchfield, Will,
2005:on November 4, 2012
1107:Inside Europe Today
1075:A Prominent Patient
892:were laid to rest.
875:Laurence Steinhardt
604:was established in
598:Bohemia and Moravia
487:Neville Chamberlain
401:Robert Seton-Watson
246:Disputed – see text
3101:Vladimír Clementis
3093:Socialist Republic
2885:Vladimír Clementis
2756:Vladimír Clementis
2444:Madeleine Albright
2263:The New York Times
2211:"Marcia Davenport"
2181:genealogyboard.com
2175:2007-09-30 at the
2044:. January 28, 1990
2042:The New York Times
1703:, p. 335-336.
1621:Madeleine Albright
1362:, p. 147-148.
1172:PRECLÍK, Vratislav
996:University Players
943:The New York Times
924:History and Memory
879:
867:
847:
808:
483:Sudetenland crisis
461:Austen Chamberlain
399:and the historian
322:Charlotte Garrigue
292:who served as the
121:the United Kingdom
112:Vladimír Clementis
3225:Czech Protestants
3162:
3161:
3126:Bohuslav Chňoupek
2983:
2982:
2945:
2937:
2929:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2893:Zdeněk Fierlinger
2889:
2870:
2851:
2828:
2762:
2761:
2753:Succeeded by
1884:978-1-137-31747-6
1856:978-0-307-48643-1
1180:978-80-87173-47-3
1056:Jan Masaryk Medal
1023:Russell Davenport
1008:Bretaigne Windust
954:Nicolae Ceauşescu
917:Velvet Revolution
873:Jan Masaryk with
746:Lublin government
731:Zdeněk Fierlinger
557:10 Downing Street
495:his vacation home
465:Winston Churchill
447:, the adjunct to
426:Abdication crisis
382:Treaty of Trianon
346:chargé d'affaires
279:
278:
210:14 September 1886
188:Nasrollah Entezam
153:President of the
100:German occupation
84:Zdeněk Fierlinger
3307:
3230:Czech Freemasons
3010:
3003:
2996:
2987:
2986:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2868:
2845:
2843:Klement Gottwald
2822:
2807:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2734:Preceded by
2726:
2725:
2702:
2683:
2664:
2645:
2626:
2607:
2588:
2569:
2550:
2531:
2512:
2499:
2480:
2461:
2459:
2450:Marcia Davenport
2441:
2430:
2427:Harper & Row
2424:
2421:The Masaryk Case
2410:
2391:
2372:
2353:
2326:
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2207:
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2194:Houghton, Norris
2190:
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2015:
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2010:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1951:
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1944:
1942:
1940:
1928:
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1915:
1904:
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1870:
1864:
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1840:
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1807:
1792:
1786:
1775:
1772:Rothkirchen 2006
1769:
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1754:
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1715:
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1269:, p. 82-83.
1264:
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1110:
1097:
1019:Marcia Davenport
988:Charles R. Crane
950:Ion Mihai Pacepa
939:Alice Masaryková
926:, US Ambassador
890:Alice Masaryková
820:fellow traveller
766:Klement Gottwald
682:Foreign Minister
570:Édouard Daladier
566:Benito Mussolini
545:Nevile Henderson
519:House of Commons
328:and also in the
229:
198:Personal details
184:
174:
165:
132:
122:
108:
96:
88:Klement Gottwald
76:
57:
43:Foreign Minister
33:
19:
18:
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3314:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3280:Unsolved deaths
3165:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3149:Jiří Dienstbier
3135:
3131:Jaromír Johanes
3087:
3069:
3057:Second Republic
3051:
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2699:
2698:978-963977600-5
2680:
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2642:
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2604:
2585:
2566:
2565:978-113945025-6
2547:
2528:
2496:
2495:978-019510266-6
2477:
2415:Claire Sterling
2407:
2388:
2369:
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2334:
2332:Further reading
2329:
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2191:
2187:
2177:Wayback Machine
2167:
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2158:. 8 March 2021.
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1040:eradication of
1034:Jarmila Novotná
1006:, in 1928 with
983:
928:Charles W. Yost
857:national motto
835:
779:Czechoslovakia
758:
694:Buckinghamshire
614:
507:Reichsparteitag
445:Fritz Wiedemann
374:Lord Rothermere
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3235:Czech Zionists
3232:
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3212:
3207:
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3154:Jozef Moravčík
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3075:Third Republic
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3029:First Republic
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3013:
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2998:
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2981:
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2972:
2967:
2965:National Front
2962:
2960:Košice Program
2956:
2954:
2950:
2949:
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2946:
2941:Ludvík Svoboda
2938:
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2917:Zdeněk Nejedlý
2914:
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2901:Václav Kopecký
2898:
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2836:Prime Minister
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2746:Czechoslovakia
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2707:External links
2705:
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2055:
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2016:
1986:
1981:Oh, My Country
1971:
1964:
1946:
1935:. Radio Prague
1923:
1905:
1903:, p. 337.
1890:
1883:
1865:
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1776:
1774:, p. 184.
1761:
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1749:
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1625:
1617:on 2012-03-16.
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1546:
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1472:Callaghan 2007
1461:
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1449:
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1432:
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1376:
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1332:
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979:
863:Truth prevails
834:
831:
770:1946 elections
762:National Front
757:
754:
723:Chaim Weizmann
669:, Masaryk and
627:London Calling
613:
610:
574:Vojtěch Mastný
541:Hermann Göring
523:Charles Corbin
515:Clement Attlee
456:Konrad Henlein
441:The Daily Mail
434:Wallis Simpson
414:The Daily Mail
393:The Daily Mail
378:The Daily Mail
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3106:Viliam Široký
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2020:
2004:
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1996:
1990:
1982:
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1965:0-916002-48-9
1961:
1957:
1950:
1934:
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1790:
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1597:, p. 70.
1596:
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1585:, p. 60.
1584:
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1543:
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1536:
1528:
1523:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1503:Ragsdale 2004
1499:
1493:, p. 85.
1492:
1491:Rothwell 2001
1487:
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1483:
1481:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1458:
1457:Cornwell 1993
1453:
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1429:
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1296:, p. 83.
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1122:
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1096:
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1078:, a 2017 film
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918:
914:
913:Prague Spring
909:
907:
906:Viktor Fischl
903:
899:
893:
891:
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883:Černín Palace
876:
871:
864:
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859:Pravda vítězí
856:
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774:Marshall Plan
771:
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756:After the war
753:
749:
747:
743:
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735:fait accompli
732:
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724:
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707:Bates College
704:
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690:Aston Abbotts
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397:Wickham Steed
394:
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366:
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342:
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330:United States
327:
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320:in 1918) and
319:
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226:10 March 1948
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48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
3111:Václav David
3082:
3047:Kamil Krofta
3037:Edvard Beneš
2925:Václav Nosek
2908:
2820:Edvard Beneš
2740:
2688:
2669:
2650:
2631:
2612:
2593:
2574:
2555:
2536:
2517:
2508:
2504:
2485:
2466:
2455:
2442:Foreword by
2436:
2425:. New York:
2420:
2396:
2377:
2358:
2339:
2316:
2305:
2295:21 September
2293:. Retrieved
2288:
2279:
2270:
2262:
2253:
2242:. Retrieved
2238:
2229:
2218:. Retrieved
2214:
2205:
2197:
2188:
2180:
2164:
2150:
2139:. Retrieved
2134:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2096:
2077:
2071:
2058:
2046:. Retrieved
2041:
2032:
2024:
2019:
2007:. Retrieved
2003:the original
1998:
1989:
1980:
1974:
1955:
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1926:
1918:
1874:
1868:
1860:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1810:
1757:Smetana 2008
1752:
1745:Smetana 2008
1730:Smetana 2008
1725:
1696:
1684:
1657:
1628:
1619:Foreword by
1615:the original
1609:
1602:
1595:Smetana 2008
1590:
1583:Smetana 2008
1566:Olmsted 2022
1561:
1549:
1522:
1510:
1498:
1452:
1445:Lendvai 2004
1367:
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1247:Radio Prague
1236:
1167:
1106:
1095:
1073:
1061:
1059:
1046:
1031:
1016:
1012:Joshua Logan
1000:summer stock
984:
981:Private life
975:
958:
947:
942:
932:
923:
921:
910:
902:Josef Josten
894:
887:
880:
858:
855:Czechoslovak
824:
809:
802:Flag of the
778:
759:
750:
739:
734:
727:
717:
715:
711:
675:
647:Risorgimento
646:
641:
639:
634:
630:
626:
622:
615:
595:
591:
585:
578:
562:Lord Halifax
551:
549:
530:
502:
491:Adolf Hitler
480:
472:Anthony Eden
469:
453:
449:Adolf Hitler
440:
438:
418:
413:
408:
392:
390:
377:
367:
363:
354:Edvard Beneš
350:Edvard Beneš
343:
307:
298:John Gunther
281:
280:
228:(1948-03-10)
183:Succeeded by
177:Post created
162:
147:Edvard Beneš
129:
107:Succeeded by
99:
68:Edvard Beneš
54:
3180:1948 deaths
3175:1886 births
3083:Jan Masaryk
3042:Milan Hodža
2909:Jan Masaryk
2798: [
1901:Powell 1950
1718:Powell 1950
1701:Powell 1950
1689:Sviták 1990
1677:Bryant 2009
1650:Powell 1950
1554:Powell 1950
1542:Taylor 1979
1527:Taylor 1979
1515:Taylor 1979
1372:Orzoff 2009
1360:Orzoff 2009
1345:Orzoff 2009
1328:Orzoff 2009
1309:Orzoff 2009
1214:Powell 1950
1145:Powell 1950
1002:company in
898:Antonín Sum
787:during the
718:Volá Londýn
635:Volá Londýn
631:Volá Londýn
623:Volá Londýn
511:Ivan Maisky
481:During the
430:Edward VIII
386:Sudetenland
173:Preceded by
95:Preceded by
23:Jan Masaryk
3169:Categories
3116:Jiří Hájek
2933:Jan Šrámek
2866:Petr Zenkl
2750:1945–1948
2584:0719059585
2406:071852263X
2340:Ribbentrop
2244:2020-11-25
2220:2020-11-25
2141:2017-05-17
2137:(in Czech)
2135:www.bux.cz
1662:Zeman 1976
1633:Zeman 1976
1428:Lukes 1996
1389:Bloch 1992
1252:28 October
1229:Zeman 1976
1119:. p.
1088:References
1050:Paderewski
812:Czech coup
586:volte-face
582:Emil Hácha
304:Early life
290:politician
80:Jan Šrámek
3121:Ján Marko
2878:Ministers
2813:President
781:sold arms
476:George VI
163:In office
139:President
130:In office
64:President
55:In office
2452:(1967).
2417:(1969).
2173:Archived
1113:New York
1103:(1961).
1068:See also
845:cemetery
686:Wingrave
659:Comenius
606:Slovakia
308:Born in
286:diplomat
261:Religion
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