20:
450:. Frederick offered to release both captive cardinals if Otto were elected pope, but the free cardinals refused. Otto was released in the summer of 1242, but James remained a prisoner. Celestine died shortly after his election and the cardinals refused to hold another election until James was released. Frederick refused to release him until
427:. Otto reportedly received better treatment than James, perhaps because he was seen as more valuable in negotiations, but probably because Frederick harboured ill-will against him from his two previous legations in Lombardy. After the death of Gregory IX on 22 August 1241, the cardinals were moved to
267:
were asked by the general chapter of the
Cistercian order to curb the luxurious living of certain Cistercians who had become bishops in Italy. In the general chapters of 1238 and 1239, it was ordered that James and Raniero be remembered annually in the order's prayers as a reward for their service.
474:
and left Rome for France. James was welcomed by the Romans, who described him as an angel descended from heaven. James's last subscription as a cardinal is dated 26 April 1244. He died in Rome in June, probably on 25 June, and was buried in
Clairvaux in accordance with his will. His head and a
295:(pro-papal) fold, blocking Frederick's diet. The emperor complained to the pope about James, whom he regarded as an enemy and not a mediator, but the pope was initially unmoved. During his stay in native city, James arranged the election of a Cistercian named Egidio to the curacy of the
349:
for the crusade against
Frederick II. The emperor tried to prevent him from reaching France, but he travelled by sea disguised as a pilgrim. Despite several face-to-face meetings, James was unable to persuade Louis to turn against Frederick.
214:. The mission was a failure because James chose, out of partiality to his native city, to bring the league's terms to the emperor rather than the emperor's terms to the league. Frederick, who was holding an
245:
on Andrew, meeting all of Robert's demands. By the treaty, Andrew agreed not to employ Jews or
Muslims in his financial administration. James was still in Hungary in the spring of 1234. His chaplain,
399:, at which he urged the French bishops to accompany him to Rome. Joined by Otto of Tonengo, James and the bishops sailed from Genoa on 25 April in order to avoid Frederick's troops in central Italy.
395:. He was still in France in early 1241, when Gregory IX called for a council to meet in Rome at Easter to pass judgement on the emperor. In response, James convoked a council at
127:
332:
419:. Frederick hoped to convince the cardinals to intercede with the pope to have his excommunication lifted. After the French bishops were freed, the cardinals were brought to
102:
on two occasions (1238–1239, 1243–1244). He was captured by the emperor and imprisoned for two years on account of his efforts towards an anti-imperial alliance (1241–1243).
921:
920:, who does not mention an earlier stay in Salerno. He says that, while the cardinals were initially taken to Pisa, the rest of the prisoners were taken to the
234:
288:
716:, James subscribed a papal document on 5 May 1234, was elected cardinal a second time on 17 October 1234 and finally consecrated bishop on 15 March 1235.
362:
1236:
377:
1322:
1337:
1332:
335:. Because of the political situation in Italy, James did not immediately leave Rome. In 1239, James was exercising the office of
454:
was removed as legate from
Lombardy. By 1243, however, Frederick was seen throughout Europe as responsible for maintaining the
740:, pp. xlii–xliii. Roger was back in James's service in 1236–1239, but he returned again to Hungary in time to experience
1044:
357:. In September 1239, he interceded to maintain the alliance between Aragon and Genoa. In October 1239 or 1240, he wrote from
1283:
1269:
1186:
Mihalache, Robert-Marius (2021). "The
Implications for Transylvania of Cardinal Jacob of Preneste's Legation (1232–1234)".
1151:
1137:
1054:
Almási, Tibor (1993). "Egy ciszterci bĂboros a pápai világhatalom szolgálatában. Pecorari Jakab magyarországi legáciĂłja ".
1035:
Almási, Tibor (1989). "Pecorari Jakab bĂboros diplomáciai pályája ". In Kulcsár, PĂ©ter; Mader, BĂ©la; Monok, István (eds.).
1342:
222:
91:
1264:
1347:
1088:
741:
331:
and nominated James as his legate to lift the latter's excommunication and secure his participation in the planned
207:
291:
and his brief was to block the holding of an imperial diet at
Piacenza. He successfully brought Piacenza into the
1220:"Biographical Dictionary: Pope Gregory IX (1227–1241) — Consistory of September 1231 (III) — Celebrated in Rieti"
230:
75:
1132:
1107:
182:
79:
1215:
1081:
Master Roger's
Epistle to the Sorrowful Lament upon the Destruction of the Kingdom of Hungary by the Tatars
459:
32:
1016:
Imagining the Human
Condition in Medieval Rome: The Cistercian Fresco Cycle at Abbazia delle Tre Fontane
1327:
296:
110:
James was born between 1170 and 1180. His father was
Torniello of Pecorara. His family took its name,
149:
between 1211 and 1219. For reasons unknown, he abandoned the secular clergy and Ravenna to become a
170:
928:
412:
328:
307:. He then returned to Rome. In February 1237, he was replaced as legate in Lombardy by Cardinals
292:
287:. In June 1236, he was sent for a second time as legate in Lombardy. He was replacing the legate
36:
218:
in Ravenna at the time, refused to meet the cardinals and conceived a strong dislike for James.
868:
451:
166:
63:
1312:
476:
134:
1317:
1039:(in Hungarian). JATE Központi Könyvtár, JATE BTK Magyar Történeti Intézet. pp. 59–69.
367:
324:
226:
146:
8:
463:
443:
238:
415:
on 3 May 1241. Otto and James were captured and initially imprisoned in Pisa under King
1203:
1094:
392:
373:
304:
246:
154:
916:, who does not mention Tivoli. For the two stays in Tivoli and the stay in Capua, see
466:. His first subscription after his liberation was on 23 September 1243. The new pope,
1279:
1207:
1174:
1147:
1098:
1084:
1063:
1040:
746:
424:
342:
300:
241:). This mission was more successful than his previous one. In 1233, James forced the
56:
28:
1251:
1195:
416:
408:
376:
affairs as well, dealing with an accusation of pluralism against the archdeacon of
312:
272:
95:
354:
308:
264:
203:
158:
71:
24:
1000:
quotes both the epitaph in Clairvaux and the inscription on the urn in Piacenza.
1023:
984:
says that after his term as vicar he followed the pope into France and died at
337:
211:
138:
99:
1255:
130:. Nothing is known of his education. At some point, he was ordained a priest.
98:(1235), Lombardy a second time (1236–1237) and France (1239–1241). He was the
1306:
1173:
Lomax, John Phillip (1996). "Frederick II, His Saracens, and the Papacy". In
1161:
1067:
428:
299:. In 1237, he negotiated an alliance between the Papacy and the republics of
242:
41:
19:
871:
in September 1239. He has him subscribing a papal document on 23 June 1239.
455:
447:
436:
199:
162:
83:
1199:
1119:
1219:
1076:
934:
467:
259:
for a short period. Around this time, he founded a Cistercian nunnery at
253:
67:
275:, where he arranged a peaceful settlement between the warring cities of
382:
178:
174:
150:
142:
185:. His first subscription to a document as such is from November 1234.
755:
1275:
1143:
875:, p. 157, appears to have him arriving in France only in 1240.
388:
372:
detailing Frederick's crimes. He interfered in other Aragonese and
346:
276:
119:
115:
87:
462:, James was released in May 1243 just in time to take part in the
435:
in the Kingdom of Sicily. After the death of Gregory's successor,
126:
in Pecorara or at Piacenza. He was probably the uncle of Cardinal
1237:"The Crusade Against Frederick II: A Neglected Piece of Evidence"
623:
621:
619:
420:
353:
Without leaving France, he began working the papal alliance with
280:
260:
123:
942:
938:
407:
The Genoese fleet was intercepted by the pro-imperial fleet of
215:
1295:
Heresy, Crusade, and Inquisition in Southern France, 1100–1250
961:
959:
616:
341:(papal vicar in Rome). In November, he left on his mission to
1124:
Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526
432:
396:
284:
221:
Shortly before July 1232, James was transferred as legate to
122:. They belonged to the local elite. James was born either at
949:, the cardinals were kept in Amalfi for two years. See also
233:, who had excommunicated the king for failing to uphold the
1166:
The Spanish Church and the Papacy in the Thirteenth Century
985:
956:
744:. He wrote an eyewitness account of the destruction in his
358:
878:
1179:
Medieval Christian Perceptions of Islam: A Book of Essays
442:
Owing to his confinement, James did not take part in the
206:
with the purpose of negotiating a reconciliation between
193:
1083:. Central European University Press. pp. xli–liii.
835:, p. 190, believes James did visit Raymond in 1238.
773:
761:
263:
in the diocese of Palestrina. In 1234, he and Cardinal
1037:
Tanulmányok Karácsonyi Béla hetvenedik születésnapjára
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
345:
to obtain the support of Count Raymond VII and King
1105:
981:
946:
900:
812:
800:
751:
719:
693:
677:
627:
547:
470:, immediately appointed James for a second term as
458:. Finally, through the intervention of the Emperor
589:
564:
439:, in April 1242, they were moved back to Tivoli.
1304:
758:, was another member of James's early legations.
700:, however, places his election as abbot in 1231.
431:. Early in March 1242, they were transferred to
391:in Navarre for the brother of the archdeacon of
1126:. Translated by Tamás Pálosfalvi. I. B. Tauris.
402:
1226:. Florida International University Libraries.
803:dates James's replacement to November 1236.
1013:
507:
157:in 1215. In 1223, he was elected abbot of
133:James's first clerical posting was in the
1292:
1185:
953:, p. 347, on the treatment of James.
872:
828:
816:
55:(1170s – June 1244) was an Italian monk,
1234:
1106:Carpegna Falconieri, Tommaso di (2005).
1022:
965:
950:
796:
779:
767:
499:
225:. There his brief was to reconcile King
18:
1262:
1214:
1160:
1130:
1074:
997:
977:
937:and thence, on 10 June 1241, by sea to
917:
913:
896:
884:
864:
860:
848:
844:
832:
792:
737:
713:
709:
697:
689:
673:
669:
650:
646:
610:
583:
551:
543:
515:
271:In 1235, James was sent as a legate to
1305:
1224:The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
1114:. Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.
1053:
1034:
531:
194:Legatine missions in Italy and Hungary
1244:The Journal of Ecclesiastical History
1172:
1118:
912:For Salerno and their treatment, see
867:says that he was sent as a legate to
725:
665:
663:
661:
659:
526:, p. 195). He is referred to as
523:
475:finger, however, were inurned in the
76:Created a cardinal by Pope Gregory IX
1270:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
1138:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
754:, Tedaldo Visconti, the future Pope
642:
640:
638:
636:
323:In May 1238, the pope suspended the
318:
1276:Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
1144:Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
252:After Hungary, James worked at the
237:(itself an expanded version of the
13:
890:
656:
169:and, about 1227, appointed him an
14:
1359:
1297:. University of California Press.
633:
198:In January 1232, James was named
1028:Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor
554:both give his date of birth as "
208:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
1323:Religious leaders from Piacenza
1056:Magyar Egyháztörténeti Vázlatok
1014:Aavitsland, Kristin B. (2012).
1006:
991:
971:
906:
854:
851:dates this appointment to 1238.
838:
822:
806:
785:
731:
1338:Cardinal-bishops of Palestrina
1333:13th-century Italian cardinals
1230:PECORARA, O.Cist., Giacomo da.
1181:. Routledge. pp. 175–197.
703:
683:
537:
494:His names may also appear as
488:
1:
1293:Wakefield, Walter L. (1974).
1168:. Cambridge University Press.
555:
530:in Hungarian historiography (
482:
183:cardinal-bishop of Palestrina
105:
464:May–June 1243 papal election
460:Baldwin II of Constantinople
403:Imprisonment and final years
333:crusade against Frederick II
202:in northern Italy alongside
39:in 1241, from a copy of the
7:
1235:Raccagni, Gianluca (2016).
188:
70:in 1215, becoming abbot of
10:
1364:
1131:Gardoni, Giuseppe (2015).
177:. In September 1231, Pope
62:James was a cleric in the
1343:Diplomats of the Holy See
1272:, Volume 80: Ottone–Pansa
1256:10.1017/S002204691600066X
518:). In Latin, his name is
249:, chose to remain there.
165:put him in charge of the
100:vicar of the city of Rome
16:Italian monk and diplomat
1348:Papal legates to Hungary
1263:Silanos, Pietro (2014).
1112:Enciclopedia Federiciana
1079:(2010). "Introduction".
982:Carpegna Falconieri 2005
947:Carpegna Falconieri 2005
901:Carpegna Falconieri 2005
813:Carpegna Falconieri 2005
801:Carpegna Falconieri 2005
752:Carpegna Falconieri 2005
694:Carpegna Falconieri 2005
678:Carpegna Falconieri 2005
628:Carpegna Falconieri 2005
548:Carpegna Falconieri 2005
210:, and the cities of the
128:James of Castell'Arquato
1108:"Giacomo di Palestrina"
742:Mongol invasion of 1241
329:Raymond VII of Toulouse
297:church of Sant'Antonino
114:, from their castle at
31:on the ship flying the
1140:, Volume 82: Pazzi–Pia
452:Gregorio di Montelongo
327:in the lands of Count
137:in Piacenza. He was a
78:in 1231 and given the
45:
23:James of Pecorara and
1200:10.33993/TR.2021.2.04
1099:10.7829/j.ctt2jbnhk.9
477:cathedral of Piacenza
135:church of San Donnino
80:diocese of Palestrina
66:before he joined the
22:
1274:(in Italian). Rome:
1188:Transylvanian Review
1142:(in Italian). Rome:
831:, pp. 149–150.
799:, pp. 300–301.
520:Jacobus de Pecoraria
147:cathedral of Ravenna
118:in the territory of
1265:"Ottone da Tonengo"
1133:"Pecorara, Giacomo"
968:, pp. 351–354.
887:, pp. 190–191.
819:, pp. 149–150.
738:Bak & Rady 2010
444:1241 papal election
239:Golden Bull of 1222
235:Golden Bull of 1231
231:Robert of Esztergom
74:in France in 1223.
53:Giacomo da Pecorara
791:For the date, see
510:, p. 55) and
496:Jacopo da Pecorara
413:a battle of Giglio
289:Alberto da Rezzato
247:Roger of Torrecuso
167:papal penitentiary
155:abbey of Clairvaux
46:
35:) captured at the
1328:Cistercian abbots
1216:Miranda, Salvador
1175:John Victor Tolan
1046:978-963-4818-18-2
747:Carmen miserabile
425:Kingdom of Sicily
319:Mission to France
82:, he served as a
64:church of Ravenna
49:James of Pecorara
1355:
1298:
1289:
1285:978-8-81200032-6
1259:
1241:
1231:
1211:
1182:
1169:
1157:
1153:978-8-81200032-6
1127:
1115:
1102:
1071:
1062:(1–2): 129–141.
1058:(in Hungarian).
1050:
1031:
1019:
1001:
995:
989:
975:
969:
963:
954:
932:
910:
904:
894:
888:
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876:
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826:
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654:
644:
631:
625:
614:
608:
587:
581:
562:
560:
557:
541:
535:
504:Giacomo Pecorari
502:, p. 734),
492:
446:, which elected
417:Enzo of Sardinia
411:and defeated in
387:and procuring a
386:
371:
313:Rainald of Ostia
37:battle of Giglio
1363:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1286:
1239:
1154:
1091:
1075:Bak, János M.;
1047:
1024:Abulafia, David
1009:
1004:
996:
992:
976:
972:
964:
957:
945:. According to
926:
911:
907:
895:
891:
883:
879:
859:
855:
843:
839:
827:
823:
811:
807:
790:
786:
778:
774:
766:
762:
750:. According to
736:
732:
724:
720:
712:. According to
708:
704:
688:
684:
668:
657:
645:
634:
626:
617:
609:
590:
582:
565:
558:
542:
538:
512:Jacopo Pecorari
508:Aavitsland 2012
493:
489:
485:
405:
380:
365:
321:
309:Thomas of Capua
265:Raniero Capocci
243:Treaty of Bereg
229:and Archbishop
204:Otto of Tonengo
196:
191:
159:Trois-Fontaines
108:
72:Trois-Fontaines
29:cardinal's hats
25:Otto of Tonengo
17:
12:
11:
5:
1361:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1300:
1299:
1290:
1284:
1260:
1250:(4): 721–740.
1232:
1212:
1183:
1170:
1162:Linehan, Peter
1158:
1152:
1128:
1116:
1103:
1089:
1072:
1051:
1045:
1032:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:
990:
970:
955:
905:
889:
877:
873:Wakefield 1974
853:
837:
829:Wakefield 1974
821:
817:Wakefield 1974
805:
784:
782:, p. 296.
772:
770:, p. 295.
760:
730:
718:
702:
682:
655:
632:
615:
588:
563:
536:
534:, p. 59).
528:Pecorari Jakab
486:
484:
481:
472:vicarius urbis
404:
401:
363:Pere d'Albalat
361:to Archbishop
338:vicarius urbis
320:
317:
212:Lombard League
195:
192:
190:
187:
107:
104:
59:and diplomat.
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1360:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
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1336:
1334:
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1249:
1245:
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1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
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1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
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1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
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1100:
1096:
1092:
1090:9789639776951
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1030:. Allen Lane.
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1011:
999:
994:
987:
983:
979:
974:
967:
966:Abulafia 1988
962:
960:
952:
951:Abulafia 1988
948:
944:
940:
936:
930:
925:
924:
919:
915:
909:
902:
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893:
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866:
862:
857:
850:
846:
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834:
830:
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809:
802:
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797:Abulafia 1988
794:
788:
781:
780:Abulafia 1988
776:
769:
768:Abulafia 1988
764:
757:
753:
749:
748:
743:
739:
734:
728:, p. 96.
727:
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553:
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529:
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521:
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509:
505:
501:
500:Raccagni 2016
497:
491:
487:
480:
478:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:papal vacancy
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
400:
398:
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266:
262:
258:
257:
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244:
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224:
219:
217:
216:imperial diet
213:
209:
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201:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
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160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
129:
125:
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113:
103:
101:
97:
94:(1232–1234),
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
58:
54:
50:
44:
43:
42:Nuova Cronica
38:
34:
30:
26:
21:
1313:1170s births
1294:
1268:
1247:
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1194:(2): 43–55.
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1080:
1077:Rady, Martyn
1059:
1055:
1036:
1027:
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1007:Bibliography
998:Miranda 2018
993:
978:Gardoni 2015
973:
941:and finally
922:
918:Miranda 2018
914:Silanos 2014
908:
897:Gardoni 2015
892:
885:Linehan 1971
880:
865:Miranda 2018
861:Gardoni 2015
856:
849:Miranda 2018
845:Gardoni 2015
840:
833:Linehan 1971
824:
808:
793:Miranda 2018
787:
775:
763:
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714:Miranda 2018
710:Gardoni 2015
705:
698:Miranda 2018
690:Gardoni 2015
685:
674:Miranda 2018
670:Gardoni 2015
651:Miranda 2018
647:Gardoni 2015
611:Miranda 2018
584:Gardoni 2015
552:Miranda 2018
544:Gardoni 2015
539:
527:
519:
516:Miranda 2018
511:
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495:
490:
471:
448:Celestine IV
441:
437:Celestine IV
406:
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270:
255:
251:
220:
200:papal legate
197:
163:Honorius III
153:monk in the
132:
112:de Pecoraria
111:
109:
84:papal legate
61:
52:
48:
47:
40:
1318:1244 deaths
935:San Miniato
927: [
559: 1170
532:Almási 1989
468:Innocent IV
381: [
366: [
325:Inquisition
68:Cistercians
1307:Categories
1120:Engel, Pál
1018:. Ashgate.
726:Engel 2001
524:Lomax 1996
483:References
181:named him
179:Gregory IX
175:Roman Rota
151:Cistercian
143:archdeacon
106:Early life
33:papal arms
1218:(2018) .
1208:239693355
1068:0865-5227
756:Gregory X
374:Navarrese
227:Andrew II
1164:(1971).
1122:(2001).
1026:(1988).
869:Provence
393:Beauvais
389:benefice
347:Louis IX
277:Florence
189:Cardinal
120:Piacenza
116:Pecorara
90:(1232),
88:Lombardy
57:cardinal
1177:(ed.).
423:in the
421:Salerno
378:Aristot
281:Orvieto
273:Tuscany
261:Paliano
223:Hungary
173:of the
171:auditor
161:. Pope
145:of the
124:Cicogni
96:Tuscany
92:Hungary
1282:
1206:
1150:
1097:
1087:
1066:
1043:
943:Amalfi
939:Naples
429:Tivoli
355:Aragon
343:France
305:Venice
293:Guelph
254:Roman
1240:(PDF)
1204:S2CID
1095:JSTOR
931:]
923:Rocca
433:Capua
397:Meaux
385:]
370:]
301:Genoa
285:Siena
256:curia
139:canon
1280:ISBN
1228:s.v.
1148:ISBN
1085:ISBN
1064:ISSN
1041:ISBN
986:Lyon
795:and
692:and
550:and
409:Pisa
359:Nice
311:and
303:and
283:and
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51:or
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