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193:, made a hydrogen balloon ascent in London. Tytler's venture was expensive, but succeeded after several attempts on 25 August 1784, in Edinburgh. His balloon rose a few feet from the ground. Two days later he managed to reach a height of not more than 300 feet, travelling for half a mile between Green House on the northern edge of what is now
168:
The second edition of the
Encyclopædia Britannica is politically moderate because Bell and Macfarquhar curbed Tytler's reformism. Tytler expressed sympathy for the French Revolution of 1789 and called on the British not to pay taxes. He also denounced public officials. One of his pamphlets, published
92:
In 1765, Tytler married
Elizabeth Rattray, the orphaned daughter of a solicitor. Soon after, he fled Scotland to escape his creditors. His financial problems may have come from his alcoholism. He went to northern England, where he again tried to make a living as an apothecary. After fathering several
84:
and studied medicine at the
University of Edinburgh, after which he was apprenticed to a ship's surgeon for one year. He may not have been awarded a degree, although the 11th edition of Britannica refers to him as James Tytler, M.A. He declined to practise medicine but instead opened a pharmacy in
103:
The years when Tytler worked as editor of the
Encyclopædia Britannica (1777–1784 for the second edition, and 1788–1793 for the third) were his most lucrative. He also earned income from editing other works and translations. In March 1785 he became bankrupt again, possibly due to the costs of his
56:
A social outcast, Tytler did much hack work for low pay and rarely if ever emerged from poverty. But ... he deserves to be remembered as a man of many talents – as a political and religious controversialist, scholar, journalist, poet, song writer, musician, balloonist, pharmacist, surgeon and
148:, had been assisted by Tytler on another work. As a group of historiographers wrote, 'Tytler displayed an uncharacteristic steadiness of purpose while working on the second edition.' Reviews of the second edition were lukewarm, but the sales showed an appreciation by the reading public.
151:
Tytler contributed some long treatises to the third edition (1788–1797), and may have been its first editor before he left
Edinburgh in March 1788, the month before the first number was published. This left the editor's chair to Britannica's co-owner and Bell's partner,
201:. Later trials were less fortunate. In October his balloon only took off after Tytler left the basket, to the disappointment of the crowd. Having previously been 'the toast of Edinburgh', he was ridiculed and called a coward. His last flight was on 26 July 1785.
204:
Tytler was overshadowed by
Lunardi—the self-styled "Daredevil Aeronaut"—who carried out five sensational flights in Scotland, creating a ballooning fad and inspiring ladies' fashions in skirts and hats. The "Lunardi bonnet" is mentioned in the poem
181:, in which he denounced the elites of the Old World. Disappointed with the Scottish and Irish, he praised the Americans and the French for fighting against superstition and tyranny (despite the suppression of religion in revolutionary France).
277:
by Sir James
Fergusson of Kilkerran (1972, p. 18). Kathleen Hardesty Doig, Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland and Dennis A. Trinkle: James Tytler's edition (1777–1784): a vast expansion and improvement. In: Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland (ed.):
104:
engaging in hot air ballooning. He moved between several locations in
Scotland and northern England. Elizabeth Rattray sued him for divorce in 1788, because he had lived with Jean Aitkenhead since about 1779 and had twin daughters with her.
282:. Voltaire Foundation, Oxford 2009, pp. 69–155, here 71. The book "The Great EB, the story of Encyclopædia Britannica," by Herman Kogan, states that he was 29 when he began work for Britannica, which puts his year of birth at or around 1748
469:
Kathleen
Hardesty Doig, Frank A. Kafker, William E. Morris: Colin Macfarquhar, George Gleig and possibly James Tytler's edition (1788–1797): the attainment of recognition and eminence. In: Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland (ed.):
173:
of aristocrats' usurping the rights of king and people. Not money, but honest and upright behaviour should qualify a man for being an elector. As a consequence Tytler was outlawed for sedition in
January 1793.
80:, Scotland, the son of a Presbyterian minister. His father taught him Greek, Latin and theology. He probably studied for the ministry but was not interested in (Orthodox) Calvinism. He became a preacher in the
124:, a radical Protestant sect. In the 1770s, Tytler left the sect and denounced it together with all churches. He remained a fervent Christian without denomination. In Salem he never went to church.
558:
Kathleen Hardesty Doig, Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland and Dennis A. Trinkle: James Tytler's edition (1777–1784): a vast expansion and improvement. In: Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland (ed.):
536:
Kathleen Hardesty Doig, Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland and Dennis A. Trinkle: James Tytler's edition (1777–1784): a vast expansion and improvement. In: Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland (ed.):
523:
Kathleen Hardesty Doig, Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland and Dennis A. Trinkle: James Tytler's edition (1777–1784): a vast expansion and improvement. In: Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland (ed.):
496:
Kathleen Hardesty Doig, Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland and Dennis A. Trinkle: James Tytler's edition (1777–1784): a vast expansion and improvement. In: Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland (ed.):
456:
Kathleen Hardesty Doig, Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland and Dennis A. Trinkle: James Tytler's edition (1777–1784): a vast expansion and improvement. In: Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland (ed.):
443:
Kathleen Hardesty Doig, Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland and Dennis A. Trinkle: James Tytler's edition (1777–1784): a vast expansion and improvement. In: Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland (ed.):
430:
Kathleen Hardesty Doig, Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland and Dennis A. Trinkle: James Tytler's edition (1777–1784): a vast expansion and improvement. In: Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland (ed.):
417:
Kathleen Hardesty Doig, Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland and Dennis A. Trinkle: James Tytler's edition (1777–1784): a vast expansion and improvement. In: Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland (ed.):
404:
Kathleen Hardesty Doig, Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland and Dennis A. Trinkle: James Tytler's edition (1777–1784): a vast expansion and improvement. In: Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland (ed.):
362:
Kathleen Hardesty Doig, Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland and Dennis A. Trinkle: James Tytler's edition (1777–1784): a vast expansion and improvement. In: Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland (ed.):
322:
Kathleen Hardesty Doig, Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland and Dennis A. Trinkle: James Tytler's edition (1777–1784): a vast expansion and improvement. In: Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland (ed.):
291:
Kathleen Hardesty Doig, Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland and Dennis A. Trinkle: James Tytler's edition (1777–1784): a vast expansion and improvement. In: Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland (ed.):
107:
He returned to Edinburgh in 1791. He was outlawed in absentia by the Scottish High Court because of political dissent and moved to Belfast in 1793, then in 1795 to the United States. In
189:
The inventive Tytler rivalled the French pioneers of hot air ballooning and was the first person in Britain to ascend in a balloon, almost a month before his rival to the title,
134:
Tytler had previously written more than edited; for example, in 1774 he was the author of two religious pamphlets that earned him little or no money. He came late to the
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printer. In addition ... he was an outstanding encyclopedist whose editorship of the second edition earns him a notable place in the history of encyclopedias.
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children there, he returned to Edinburgh in 1772 or 1773. In 1774 or 1775 Tytler separated from his wife; at the time the couple had five children.
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117:, published some works and sold medicine. On 9 January 1804, Tytler left his house drunk; two days later the sea returned his body.
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Leith, near Edinburgh, which was a financial failure, leaving him in debt. The two longest articles in the second edition of
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39:(17 December 1745 – 11 January 1804) was a Scottish apothecary and the editor of the second edition of
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when he came back to Edinburgh, up to the letter M, which was produced in 1792 or 1793.
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The Early Britannica (1768–1803): the growth of an outstanding encyclopedia
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The Early Britannica (1768–1803): the growth of an outstanding encyclopedia
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The Early Britannica (1768–1803): the growth of an outstanding encyclopedia
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The Early Britannica (1768–1803): the growth of an outstanding encyclopedia
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The Early Britannica (1768–1803): the growth of an outstanding encyclopedia
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The Early Britannica (1768–1803): the growth of an outstanding encyclopedia
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The Early Britannica (1768–1803): the growth of an outstanding encyclopedia
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The Early Britannica (1768–1803): the growth of an outstanding encyclopedia
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The Early Britannica (1768–1803): the growth of an outstanding encyclopedia
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The Early Britannica (1768–1803): the growth of an outstanding encyclopedia
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The Early Britannica (1768–1803): the growth of an outstanding encyclopedia
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The Early Britannica (1768–1803): the growth of an outstanding encyclopedia
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The Early Britannica (1768–1803): the growth of an outstanding encyclopedia
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The Early Britannica (1768–1803): the growth of an outstanding encyclopedia
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The Great EB, the story of Encyclopædia Britannica, Herman Kogan, p. 16.
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45:. Tytler became the first person in Britain to fly by ascending in a
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487:, 1797, Vol.1, p. preface, Gleig lists authors of the 3rd edition
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The Great EB, the story of Encyclopædia Britannica, Herman Kogan,
179:
Rising the sun in the west, or the Origin and progress of liberty
434:. Voltaire Foundation, Oxford 2009, pp. 69–155, here 73/74, 155.
421:. Voltaire Foundation, Oxford 2009, pp. 69–155, here p. 154/155.
344:
The Great EB, the story of Encyclopædia Britannica, Herman Kogan
447:. Voltaire Foundation, Oxford 2009, pp. 69–155, here 71, 74/75.
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Ranger's Impartial List of the Ladies of Pleasure in Edinburgh
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Ranger's Impartial List of the Ladies of Pleasure in Edinburgh
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are Surgery and Pharmacy, reflecting his fields of expertise.
474:. Voltaire Foundation, Oxford 2009, pp. 157–251, here p. 158.
562:. Voltaire Foundation, Oxford 2009, pp. 69–155, here p. 151.
540:. Voltaire Foundation, Oxford 2009, pp. 69–155, here p. 154.
527:. Voltaire Foundation, Oxford 2009, pp. 69–155, here p. 153.
500:. Voltaire Foundation, Oxford 2009, pp. 69–155, here p. 139.
460:. Voltaire Foundation, Oxford 2009, pp. 69–155, here p. 146.
392:"The secret guide to 18th century Edinburgh's working girls"
295:. Voltaire Foundation, Oxford 2009, pp. 69–155, here p. 155.
366:. Voltaire Foundation, Oxford 2009, pp. 69–155, here 73/74.
326:. Voltaire Foundation, Oxford 2009, pp. 69–155, here 71/73.
483:
George Gleig in the foreword to the 1797 printing of the
177:
On the ship to America in 1795 Tytler wrote a pamphlet
100:
a private book detailing 66 sex workers in the city.
169:in 1792, described the House of Commons as a 'vile
570:
408:. Voltaire Foundation, Oxford 2009, pp. 151–152.
156:. Tytler continued to contribute heavily to the
120:James and Elizabeth Rattray were members of the
251:"Tytler's Up !", a tune in Tytler's honour
96:Under the pseudonym "Ranger" Tytler published
62:Hardesty Doig, Kafker, Loveland, Trinkle, 2009
52:A group of historiographers wrote about him:
594:Contributors to the Encyclopædia Britannica
394:. Edinburgh Evening News. 6 February 2017.
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549:Grant's Old and New Edinburgh vol.5 p.135
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511:"James Tytler | Scottish editor"
485:Encyclopædia Britannica Third Edition
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60:—
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