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Cripple Creek mine owners felt they had an ally and they could provoke the miners with impunity. The mine owners cut back hard-earned benefits and it was those cutbacks that caused the strike of 1903–04. In response to the strike, Peabody sent in The
Colorado National Guard which broke into miner's homes, harassed their wives and children, and forcefully deported union men out of Cripple Creek. Peabody's militia arrested and jailed miners against whom there were no charges, often removing them from their homes. When judicial authorities objected to this illegal treatment Peabody tried to suspend the writ of habeas corpus that was being used to protect illegally-arrested miners. When miners resisted military violence, Peabody responded with martial law. His troops destroyed the offices of the press and assumed military command of Cripple Creek until both the strike and the union had been destroyed.
516:, ripped into his handling of the Cripple Creek strike and insisted that he could handle Colorado's vicious "industrial warfare." After the election, it appeared Adams had won, but Republicans, who still controlled the state legislature, insisted that significant fraud and corruption had conspired to steal the election from Peabody (in reality, both sides had committed major violations of election law). On the day that Adams took office (March 17, 1905), the Republican-controlled legislature voted to remove him from office and reinstall Peabody, on the condition that Peabody immediately resign. He did so, and at day's end it was Peabody's
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National Guard soldiers prepare to lynch a man during a labor strike in
Cripple Creek, Colorado. The soldiers are positioned throughout the room and many hold rifles with bayonets. One National Guardsman holds the end of a rope that is slung over a light fixture and knotted around a man's neck. The victim may be Sheriff Henry Robertson. He stands on a chair with his hands behind his back. Chairs are scattered throughout the room. Date ."
31:
473:." With the support of the state militia, the owners regained control of the mines, and by midsummer the strike was broken (although it was never officially terminated by the Federation). The mines reopened with non-union labor, and the labor unions lost significant power in Cripple Creek, and in the state.
420:
While the
Federation worked to expel all non-union miners from the county, mine owners refused to negotiate over the Federation's complaints, and the struggle degenerated into violence by both parties; while the mine owners tried desperately to import non-union miners from elsewhere in the state, the
619:
The
Western History and Genealogy section of the Denver Public Library has an online photograph, copyright © 1995-2007 by the Denver Public Library, Colorado Historical Society, and the Denver Art Museum, provided with the caption, "Colorado National Guard soldiers lynch labor sympathizer – Colorado
495:
Peabody's role in helping mine owners crush the strike at
Cripple Creek and, ultimately, the union itself, is particularly ugly. The miners had conducted a nonviolent strike nine years earlier and their policy was one of nonviolence. But when Peabody, a banker, was elected governor of Colorado,
310:
for two years. He helped organize the Cañon City Water Works
Company and served as its secretary and treasurer for many years. He was instrumental in forming the Electric Light Company of Cañon City and served as that organization's first president. In addition, he was a member of the
278:, and the couple eventually had four children together (James, Clellan, Cora May, and Jessie Anne). Peabody quickly climbed the ladder at Clelland's store, becoming a manager, then a full partner, and then purchasing the store outright in 1882. In 1885, he was elected
425:
to look into the situation; on the committee's recommendation, Peabody ordered the state militia to "defuse" the situation. On
September 4, 1903, almost 1,000 militiamen entered Teller County and essentially established martial law.
540:
built by his father-in-law and employer, James
Clelland. There he devoted his time to caring for his various financial interests. He largely faded from the public eye, and died November 23, 1917. He is buried in Cañon City.
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The
Colorado National Guard made several dozen unwarranted arrests of miners and their supporters and held many people without formal charges, some for several days. Colorado National Guard Adjutant General
512:
Peabody ran for a second term in 1904, but was vilified by his opponents, who declared "Anybody but
Peabody!" and felt that he was in league with the mine owners. Peabody's opponent, Democrat
332:
Because of his contributions to Cañon City, Fremont County, and the State of Colorado at large, he became widely known in state politics and was an active member of the Colorado
239:
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During Peabody's administration, miners' unions acted on a variety of issues, including wages, hours, and working conditions. One particular issue of consequence was the
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524:, who occupied the governor's mansion in Denver – thus making Colorado the only state to have three different governors (Adams, Peabody, McDonald) on the same day.
340:. He ran on a "law and order" platform and was elected, but his administration met with numerous difficulties, especially labor issues in Colorado's many mines.
258:; after completing his degree the following year, Peabody followed his family and kept the books for the family dry goods store for three years (1872 to 1875).
421:
union used its clout to barricade roads and rail lines into Cripple Creek. The owners appealed to Peabody, who dispatched an investigatory committee from
218:, and is noted by some for his public service in Cañon City and by others for his brutality in crushing the miners' strike in Cripple Creek in 1903–04.
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that he had committed the attack at the Independence Station. He also admitted to serving as a paid informant for the Mine Owners Association, and to
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In 1889, while still serving in the position of county clerk, Peabody helped to organize the First National Bank of Cañon City, and was elected
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230:, where his family raised crops and children. He attended school in Vermont, and later furthered his education there at the
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449:, which had been a largely pro-union periodical, and captured strikers, who were then confined in the infamous "
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445:, and was forced to resign under threat of hanging. The mine owners used force to take over the press of the
215:
508:
1904 caricature of Colorado Governor James H. Peabody executed by B.S. White of American Cartoonist Magazine
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On June 6, 1904, after nine months of the strike, someone destroyed the Independence Railway Station near
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406:, were considered sympathetic to the union. In 1903 the WFM called a strike in support of mill workers.
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437:, killing 13 non-union miners. County Sheriff Henry Robertson became a target of the Cripple Creek
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in his "general mercantile" store. On March 19, 1878, he married his employer's daughter,
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of the Colorado Masons; at that time, he was the youngest Grand Master Mason in America.
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Carlson, Peter (1983). Roughneck: The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood. W. W. Norton.
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Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 119.
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254:. In 1871, while James was still in business college there, his family moved to
662:, Urbana and Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 1998, esp Chapters 8 and 9.
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whenever he felt it necessary, a strategy many felt was heavy-handed.
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383:. Peabody's tactic in dealing with these strikes was to call out the
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All That Glitters: Class, Conflict and Community in Cripple Creek
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fraternity, and, in 1885, at the age of 32, he was elected
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After his "victory" and resignation, Peabody returned to
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of the Bank in 1891. He also served Cañon City as city
226:
James was the youngest of 17 children. He was born in
1104:
390:The union representing hard rock miners was the
336:; in 1902, he was the Republican candidate for
214:(August 21, 1852 – November 23, 1917) was the
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103:January 13, 1903 – January 10, 1905
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780:
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246:. Three of his brothers fought for the
1133:Republican Party governors of Colorado
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394:(WFM). The coal miners' union was the
352:, and miners conducted strikes in the
290:, who had held the post for 18 years.
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560:
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536:and retired to private life at the
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1123:Bryant and Stratton College alumni
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216:13th and 15th Governor of Colorado
14:
1159:
1143:19th-century American politicians
591:"Fremont County official website"
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1148:People from Cañon City, Colorado
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490:committing numerous other crimes
398:(UMW). Some of the officials in
480:later wrote in a confession to
16:American politician (1852–1917)
652:
643:
626:
623:, retrieved February 25, 2009.
613:
583:
453:" or taken under guard to the
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1128:Colorado city council members
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1138:People from Topsham, Vermont
392:Western Federation of Miners
7:
343:
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266:In early 1875, he moved to
240:Stratton Commercial College
10:
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402:, and particularly in the
323:Administration as governor
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672:Party political offices
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469:, hell! We'll give 'em
439:Mine Owners' Association
284:Fremont County, Colorado
276:Frances Lillian Clelland
201:Frances Lillian Clelland
385:Colorado National Guard
705:Henry Augustus Buchtel
509:
500:Attempt at re-election
457:border and abandoned.
404:Cripple Creek District
317:Grand Master (Masonic)
212:James Hamilton Peabody
23:James Hamilton Peabody
803:Governors of Colorado
764:Jesse Fuller McDonald
507:
476:A union member named
465:said of the miners, "
306:for two years and as
91:Jesse Fuller McDonald
67:Jesse Fuller McDonald
754:Governor of Colorado
727:Governor of Colorado
689:Governor of Colorado
658:Jameson, Elizabeth,
441:and their ally, the
338:Governor of Colorado
268:Cañon City, Colorado
181:Cañon City, Colorado
44:Governor of Colorado
720:James Bradley Orman
518:lieutenant governor
416:Colorado Labor Wars
396:United Mine Workers
244:Burlington, Vermont
124:James Bradley Orman
712:Political offices
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443:Citizens' Alliance
252:American Civil War
42:13th and 15th
1100:
1099:
813:(1861–1876)
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769:
761:Succeeded by
734:Succeeded by
702:Succeeded by
381:Las Animas County
270:, and worked for
222:Family background
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174:November 23, 1917
112:Warren A. Haggott
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597:. Archived from
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570:www.Colorado.gov
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431:Victor, Colorado
334:Republican Party
286:, unseating the
262:Early employment
256:Pueblo, Colorado
228:Topsham, Vermont
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164:Topsham, Vermont
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146:Personal details
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878:(since 1876)
811:Territorial
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687:nominee for
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603:. Retrieved
599:the original
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573:. Retrieved
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566:"Archives -"
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471:post mortems
463:Sherman Bell
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280:county clerk
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176:(1917-11-23)
131:Succeeded by
98:
86:Succeeded by
51:
1118:1917 deaths
1113:1852 births
365:Clear Creek
119:Preceded by
74:Preceded by
1107:Categories
1062:Vanderhoof
1047:E. Johnson
1037:W. Johnson
1007:E. Johnson
747:Alva Adams
737:Alva Adams
731:1903-1905
685:Republican
545:References
534:Cañon City
514:Alva Adams
192:Republican
157:1852-08-21
136:Alva Adams
108:Lieutenant
79:Alva Adams
62:Lieutenant
1052:McNichols
1017:T. Ammons
972:E. Ammons
482:Pinkerton
379:mines of
373:Telluride
304:treasurer
300:President
288:incumbent
99:In office
52:In office
1042:Thornton
1002:W. Adams
967:Shafroth
957:McDonald
952:A. Adams
932:A. Adams
927:McIntire
907:A. Adams
832:Cummings
640:., p. 62
451:bullpens
435:dynamite
344:Problems
328:Election
308:alderman
977:Carlson
962:Buchtel
947:Peabody
433:, with
313:Masonic
250:in the
1082:Ritter
1027:Vivian
1012:Talbot
997:Morley
982:Gunter
937:Thomas
912:Cooper
892:Pitkin
876:State
852:McCook
847:Elbert
842:McCook
822:Gilpin
636:
605:May 3,
575:May 3,
484:agent
455:Kansas
423:Denver
410:Strike
371:, and
358:silver
238:, and
198:Spouse
1092:Polis
1077:Owens
1072:Romer
1032:Knous
992:Sweet
987:Shoup
942:Orman
922:Waite
917:Routt
902:Eaton
897:Grant
887:Routt
857:Routt
827:Evans
758:1905
528:Death
361:mines
248:Union
236:Barre
1067:Lamm
1057:Love
1022:Carr
837:Hunt
698:1904
694:1902
634:ISBN
607:2019
577:2019
377:coal
356:and
354:gold
282:for
183:, US
171:Died
166:, US
151:Born
363:at
242:at
234:at
1109::
696:,
593:.
568:.
553:^
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367:,
795:e
788:t
781:v
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159:)
155:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
