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From the beginning of his career, Cattell worked to establish psychology as a field as worthy of study as any of the hard physical sciences, such as chemistry or physics. He believed that further investigation would reveal that intellect itself could be parsed into standard units of measurements. He
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span, and rate of movement. There are two types of perspectives on measuring intelligence which are: 1.) Derived from
Aristotle that asserts it is only through the identification of intelligence that its measurement becomes possible, through identification does not necessarily imply a definition 2.)
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to foster his interest in applied psychology. Because he was never able to really explain how psychologists apply their work, the organization failed until it was taken over by other psychologists who had experience in applied psychology. Towards the end of his life, Cattell edited and published
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Cattell's research on individual differences played a significant role in introducing and emphasizing the experimental technique and importance of methodology in experimentation in
America. Cattell's design of mental tests were influenced by Wundt's definition of psychology in regards to the
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all measurement is based on comparison and that different bases of comparison are possible. When
Cattell moved to Columbia University, the battery of tests became compulsory for all freshmen. Cattell believed that his mental tests were measuring intelligence; however, in 1901
588:, Cattell administered a battery of ten tests to student volunteers, and for the first time introduced the term "mental tests" as a general term for his set of tests which included measures of sensation, using weights to determine just-noticeable differences, reaction time,
533:, defined as the "applied science or the bio-social movement which advocates the use of practices aimed at improving the genetic composition of a population, usually referring to human populations." Cattell's belief in eugenics was heavily influenced by the research of
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fairly well compounded met circumstances to which it was unusually fit to react”. Cattell's belief in eugenics even motivated him to offer his own children monetary gifts of $ 1,000 if they married the offspring of a university professor or academic professional.
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Cattell married
Josephine Owen, the daughter of an English merchant, in 1888. Their seven children obtained their pre-college educations at home with their parents as instructors. The whole family shared in Cattell's editorial work. One daughter,
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achievements of psychophysics and by Galton's view on the importance of the senses for judgement and intelligence. Regarding the beginnings of his mental tests, in
Leipzig, Cattell independently began to measure “simple
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for nearly 50 years. During that time, he did much to promote psychology as a science by seeing to it that empirical studies in psychology were prominently featured in the journal. On
Cattell's editorship of
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In connection with his eugenicist beliefs, Cattell's own research found that men of science were likely to have fathers who were clergymen or professors. Incidentally, Cattell's father was both.
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Cattell was well known for his involvement in creating and editing scientific journals. He was so involved in owning and publishing journals, that his research productivity declined. Along with
1085:“Boeck, P.D., Gore, L. R., Gonzalez, T., & Martin, E. S. (2019). “An Alternative View on the Measurement of Intelligence and its History”. The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence, 47-74.
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journals. To help himself in the process, he created the
Science Press Printing Company in order to produce his journals. He continued his work on journals until his death in 1944.
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in Easton shortly after James' birth. In 1859, William
Cattell married Elizabeth "Lizzie" McKeen; together, they shared Lizzie's substantial inheritance. James' uncle
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Cattell believed that he had “inherited ability", but he also credited the influence of his environment, saying "it was my fortune to find a birthplace in the sun. A
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Cattell entered
Lafayette College in 1876 at the age of sixteen and graduated in four years with the highest honors. In 1883, the faculty at Lafayette awarded him an
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429:); it was accepted by the University of Leipzig in 1886. Cattell tried to explore the interiors of his own mind through the consumption of the then-legal drug
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292:. Cattell helped establish psychology as a legitimate science, worthy of study at the highest levels of the academy. At the time of his death,
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Benschop; Draaisma, D (2000). "In pursuit of precision: the calibration of minds and machines in late nineteenth-century psychology".
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In
October 1882, Cattell left Germany for his fellowship in October 1882. The fellowship was not renewed, and Cattell returned to
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between scores on Cattell's tests and academic performance. The tests were finally rendered irrelevant with the development of
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In 1889, he returned to the U.S. to become a professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1891, he moved to
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516:. He later sued the university and won an annuity. In 1921, he used the money that he gained from the settlement to start
485:, where he became department head of psychology, anthropology, and philosophy. In 1895, he was appointed president of the
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1981:
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wrote "there is no denying that it significantly enhanced psychology’s visibility and status among the older sciences."
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939:"Eugenics", Unified Medical Language System (Psychological Index Terms), National Library of Medicine, 26 Sep. 2010.
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The partnership between Wundt and Cattell proved highly productive; the two helped to establish the formal study of
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At the beginning of Cattell's career, many scientists regarded psychology simply as a minor field of study, or as a
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835:, Autumn, pp. 297-305, with respect to Cattell's views on the war and place in the debate on academic freedom.
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Baron cites C. S. Gruber (1972), "Academic freedom at Columbia University: The case of James McKeen Cattell",
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Like many eminent scientists and scholars of the time, Cattell's thought was influenced by belief in
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which is a collection of beliefs or practices regarded as a scientific method when it is not such as
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763:(1893–1989), followed in her father's footsteps, establishing a small child psychology practice in
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512:, were fired from Columbia University for opposing the United States’ conscription policy during
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at the University of Cambridge. He made occasional visits to the U.S., where he gave lectures at
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271:. He was a long-time editor and publisher of scientific journals and publications, including
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433:. Under the influence of this drug, Cattell once compared the whistling of a schoolboy to a
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417:. Under Wundt, Cattell became the first American to publish a dissertation in the field of
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http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/cattell-james-m.pdf
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Biographical Memoir of James McKeen Cattell 1860-1944. National Academy of the Sciences
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Godin (2007). "From eugenics to scientometrics: Galton, Cattell, and men of science".
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In 1917, Cattell and English professor Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Dana, grandson of
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and, within five years of acquiring it, made it the official publication of the
305:. His public opposition to the draft led to his dismissal from his position at
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873:. Vol. Supplement Three (1941-1945). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
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http://en.wikibooks.org/Applied_History_of_Psychology/Models_of_Assessment
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as a fraud. He was involved in a debate over Piper with the psychologist
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513:
361:
302:
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277:, and served on the board of trustees for Science Service, now known as
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Sokal (1971). "The unpublished autobiography of James McKeen Cattell".
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Sokal, M. M. (1980). "Science and James McKeen Cattell, 1894 to 1945".
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with Wundt in Germany in 1886, Cattell took up a lecturing post at the
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1284:(1st ed.). New York, New York: The Psychological Corporation.
1239:
Kimble, Gregory A; Wertheimer, Michael; White, Charlotte. (2013).
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376:
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Sokal (1980). "Science and James McKeen Cattell, 1894 to 1945".
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Cattell (1992). "Retrospect: psychology as a profession. 1937".
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Cattell was uncompromisingly opposed to American involvement in
767:, and developing tests to assess the intelligence of infants.
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Short biography, bibliography, and links on digitized sources
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The Measurement of Intelligence of Infants and Young Children
259:(May 25, 1860 – January 20, 1944) was the first professor of
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Applied History of Psychology/Models of Testing. Wikibooks.
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motivated Cattell's emphasis on studying “the psychology of
309:, which later led many American universities to establish
110:
1112:"The Scientific Monthly and the Popular Science Monthly"
648:. In 1915, the title was purchased from him and became
597:, a student of Cattell, demonstrated that there was no
1343:(3rd ed.). Garrison, New York: The Science Press.
372:, was a great influence during his time at Lafayette.
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Presidents of the American Psychological Association
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Connections in the history and systems of psychology
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The main street in the College Hill neighborhood of
1165:
American Women in Science:A Biographical Dictionary
635:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
1162:
1132:
956:
497:also established the methods of Wilhelm Wundt and
1340:American Men of Science: A Biographical Directory
379:for doctoral studies, where he was supervised by
2508:
1571:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
1413:
799:, Cattell's alma mater, is named after Cattell.
746:. In a letter to James, Cattell wrote that the "
742:journal. He took issue with James's support for
395:. An essay on Lotze won Cattell a fellowship at
298:credited him as "the dean of American science."
1566:Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
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867:Dorothy Ross (1973). "Cattell, James McKeen".
818:
694:In 1906, Cattell became the first compiler of
27:American psychologist and educator (1860–1944)
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1453:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
489:. In 1888, he was elected as a member to the
1103:
1060:
1058:
866:
375:Cattell found his calling after arriving in
313:as a means of protecting unpopular beliefs.
814:
812:
660:, which went to the subscribers of the old
576:, Cattell published nine articles on human
421:. The title of his German dissertation was
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1087:https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108770422.005
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2542:Academics of the University of Cambridge
1110:Cattell, James McKeen (September 1915).
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501:, including mental testing, in the U.S.
2567:Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge
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1327:
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990:
988:
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708:, were listed in this first edition of
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2547:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
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1585:Works by or about James McKeen Cattell
1385:Whipple (2004). "Eminence revisited".
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263:in the United States, teaching at the
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1516:
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862:
860:
858:
856:
844:
750:is doing much to injure psychology".
572:Between 1883 and 1886, influenced by
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985:
410:the next year as Wundt's assistant.
2537:20th-century American psychologists
1241:Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology
458:in England, and became a Fellow of
24:
2597:University of Pennsylvania faculty
1640:American Psychological Association
1321:
1048:Thorne, B. M., Henley, T. (2001).
959:A history of psychology in letters
885:"Cattell, James McKeen (CTL886JM)"
853:
783:, on January 20, 1944, at age 83.
654:. He, in turn, founded and edited
487:American Psychological Association
25:
2608:
2572:American intelligence researchers
1553:James McKeen Cattell bibliography
1546:
690:American Men and Women of Science
2582:People from Easton, Pennsylvania
2527:19th-century American scientists
1330:"Psychometrische Untersuchungen"
870:Dictionary of American Biography
845:Smyth, Edward (March 18, 2015).
753:
627:. He also acquired the journal
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1253:
1233:
1216:
1200:
1183:
1154:
1126:
700:. Despite the name, two women,
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219:
1337:Cattell, James McKeen (1921).
1328:Cattell, James McKeen (1886).
1261:A History of Modern Psychology
933:
919:
895:
877:
838:
748:Society for Psychical Research
491:American Philosophical Society
423:Psychometrische Untersuchungen
333:minister, became president of
13:
1:
1576:Works by James McKeen Cattell
1150:– via Internet Archive.
1142:. New York: The Science Press
963:. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown.
802:
715:
518:The Psychological Corporation
2592:Scientists from Pennsylvania
1302:. 21 January 1944. p. 3
847:"Cattell, Alexander Gilmore"
621:, he co-founded the journal
7:
2557:Columbia University faculty
1459:(1): 7–8, discussion 9–15.
1259:Goodwin, C. James. (2015).
1243:. Psychology Press. p. 23.
1052:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
889:A Cambridge Alumni Database
640:In 1900, Cattell purchased
612:
445:
360:and also showed a gift for
10:
2613:
2532:19th-century psychologists
1161:Bailey, Martha J. (1994).
891:. University of Cambridge.
821:"History: Cattell at Penn"
777:Lancaster General Hospital
687:
667:Cattell was the editor of
586:University of Pennsylvania
506:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
472:University of Pennsylvania
427:Psychometric Investigation
265:University of Pennsylvania
147:University of Pennsylvania
2562:Critics of parapsychology
2355:
2194:
2033:
1872:
1711:
1646:
1519:The American Psychologist
1399:10.1037/1093-4510.7.3.265
1350:Social Studies of Science
1208:Mrs. Piper, "the medium".
786:
720:Cattell was skeptical of
646:D. Appleton & Company
607:intelligence measurements
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250:
240:
229:
206:
202:
198:
168:
156:
138:
124:
117:
89:
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48:
39:
32:
2577:Lafayette College alumni
2465:Jessica Henderson Daniel
1465:10.1037/0022-006X.60.1.7
1362:10.1177/0306312706075338
1280:Cattell, Psyche (1940).
1224:Mrs. Piper, "the medium"
1064:Pillsbury, W.B. (1947).
770:
599:statistical relationship
584:. As a professor at the
397:Johns Hopkins University
387:. He also studied under
317:Early life and education
189:Edward Kellog Strong Jr.
2429:Suzanne Bennett Johnson
2041:Robert Richardson Sears
1886:Harry Levi Hollingworth
1773:Walter Bowers Pillsbury
1678:George Stuart Fullerton
1502:10.1126/science.7025202
1428:10.1080/000337900296281
1222:Cattell, J. M. (1898).
1189:Cattell, J. M. (1898).
1139:American Men of Science
1116:Popular Science Monthly
1017:10.1126/science.7025202
819:Jonathan Baron (2006).
781:Lancaster, Pennsylvania
765:Lancaster, Pennsylvania
710:American Men of Science
697:American Men of Science
684:American Men of Science
662:Popular Science Monthly
642:Popular Science Monthly
468:Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
456:University of Cambridge
393:University of Göttingen
327:William Cassady Cattell
245:William Cassady Cattell
143:University of Cambridge
82:Lancaster, Pennsylvania
2149:George Armitage Miller
1839:Margaret Floy Washburn
1755:Henry Rutgers Marshall
1296:"Dr. James M. Cattell"
1191:Mrs. Piper, the medium
930:, November 1917, p.294
657:The Scientific Monthly
582:individual differences
543:individual differences
510:Richard Henry Dana Jr.
1387:History of Psychology
706:Charlotte Angas Scott
688:Further information:
450:After completing his
385:University of Leipzig
177:Harry L. Hollingworth
107:University of Leipzig
2471:Rosie Phillips Davis
2202:Wilbert J. McKeachie
1982:John Edward Anderson
1922:Louis Leon Thurstone
1916:Walter Richard Miles
1910:Walter Samuel Hunter
1833:Shepherd Ivory Franz
1767:Charles Hubbard Judd
1749:James Rowland Angell
1672:James McKeen Cattell
1660:George Trumbull Ladd
1594:James McKeen Cattell
1300:Harrisburg Telegraph
907:search.amphilsoc.org
903:"APS Member History"
793:Easton, Pennsylvania
624:Psychological Review
347:United States Senate
339:Alexander G. Cattell
323:Easton, Pennsylvania
321:Cattell was born in
257:James McKeen Cattell
181:Shepherd Ivory Franz
63:Easton, Pennsylvania
34:James McKeen Cattell
2423:Melba J. T. Vasquez
2292:Charles Spielberger
2250:Janet Taylor Spence
2059:Orval Hobart Mowrer
2053:Laurance F. Shaffer
1934:Albert Poffenberger
1797:Robert S. Woodworth
1743:Mary Whiton Calkins
1494:1980Sci...209...43S
1009:1980Sci...209...43S
539:theory of evolution
483:Columbia University
307:Columbia University
281:from 1921 to 1944.
279:Society for Science
151:Columbia University
2417:Carol D. Goodheart
2185:Donald T. Campbell
1976:Calvin Perry Stone
1964:Leonard Carmichael
1863:I. Madison Bentley
1821:John Wallace Baird
1761:George M. Stratton
1731:William Lowe Bryan
1684:James Mark Baldwin
1638:Presidents of the
1562:Virtual Laboratory
1206:James, W. (1898).
1134:Cattell, J. McKEEN
953:Benjamin, L.T. Jr.
744:psychical research
619:James Mark Baldwin
525:Eugenicist beliefs
460:St. John's College
435:symphony orchestra
358:English literature
295:The New York Times
2552:American skeptics
2504:
2503:
2483:Jennifer F. Kelly
2453:Susan H. McDaniel
2435:Donald N. Bersoff
2363:Norine G. Johnson
2346:Patrick H. DeLeon
2316:Robert J. Resnick
2274:Raymond D. Fowler
2268:Bonnie Strickland
2220:Nicholas Cummings
2214:M. Brewster Smith
2113:Charles E. Osgood
1994:Edwin Ray Guthrie
1827:Walter Dill Scott
1580:Project Gutenberg
1416:Annals of Science
1269:978-1-118-83375-9
1263:. Wiley. p. 154.
1169:. ABC-CLIO, Inc.
797:Lafayette College
664:as a substitute.
464:Bryn Mawr College
335:Lafayette College
254:
253:
169:Doctoral students
119:Scientific career
94:Lafayette College
16:(Redirected from
2604:
2489:Frank C. Worrell
2387:Ronald F. Levant
2381:Diane F. Halpern
2375:Robert Sternberg
2298:Jack Wiggins Jr.
2280:Joseph Matarazzo
2226:Florence Denmark
2208:Theodore H. Blau
2161:Kenneth B. Clark
2071:Theodore Newcomb
2047:J. McVicker Hunt
1946:Edward C. Tolman
1904:Herbert Langfeld
1791:Howard C. Warren
1785:Edward Thorndike
1690:Hugo MĂĽnsterberg
1632:
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1608:
1604:
1589:Internet Archive
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1531:10.1037/h0032048
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828:
827:
816:
775:Cattell died at
678:Ludy T. Benjamin
567:mental processes
223:
221:
185:Edward Thorndike
158:Doctoral advisor
77:
74:January 20, 1944
58:
56:
44:
30:
29:
21:
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2500:
2477:Sandra Shullman
2369:Philip Zimbardo
2351:
2334:Martin Seligman
2304:Frank H. Farley
2190:
2137:Gardner Lindzey
2089:Wolfgang Köhler
2065:E. Lowell Kelly
2029:
1970:Herbert Woodrow
1928:Joseph Peterson
1868:
1857:G. Stanley Hall
1707:
1654:G. Stanley Hall
1642:
1636:
1549:
1488:(4452): 43–52.
1324:
1322:Further reading
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2155:George Albee
2083:Harry Harlow
2077:Lee Cronbach
1898:Karl Lashley
1892:Edwin Boring
1851:Lewis Terman
1719:Josiah Royce
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139:Institutions
118:
76:(1944-01-20)
59:May 25, 1860
2522:1944 deaths
2517:1860 births
2006:Carl Rogers
1422:(1): 1–25.
1230:7: 641-642.
1213:7: 640-641.
1197:7: 534-535.
1146:November 7,
724:claims and
514:World War I
362:mathematics
303:World War I
2511:Categories
2244:Max Siegel
1696:John Dewey
1306:2021-05-03
912:2021-07-07
826:2014-09-24
803:References
795:, home to
722:paranormal
716:Skepticism
580:rates and
470:, and the
419:psychology
343:New Jersey
290:phrenology
261:psychology
129:Psychology
55:1860-05-25
2195:1976–2000
2034:1951–1975
1873:1926–1950
1712:1901–1925
1647:1892–1900
553:germplasm
401:Baltimore
370:philogist
1444:37504910
1436:11624166
1407:15382378
1378:13166578
1370:18348397
979:26931839
955:(1993).
613:Journals
537:, whose
531:eugenics
446:Academia
230:Children
1587:at the
1564:of the
1560:in the
1539:4934276
1510:7025202
1490:Bibcode
1482:Science
1473:1556288
1228:Science
1211:Science
1195:Science
1025:7025202
1005:Bibcode
997:Science
739:Science
736:in the
674:Science
669:Science
630:Science
431:hashish
408:Leipzig
391:at the
377:Germany
345:in the
274:Science
224:
216:
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2014:(1948)
2008:(1947)
2002:(1946)
1996:(1945)
1990:(1944)
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1972:(1941)
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787:Legacy
441:Career
241:Father
235:Psyche
207:Spouse
125:Fields
84:, U.S.
65:, U.S.
1440:S2CID
1374:S2CID
771:Death
644:from
452:Ph.D.
218:(
214:
1535:PMID
1506:PMID
1469:PMID
1432:PMID
1403:PMID
1366:PMID
1265:ISBN
1245:ISBN
1171:ISBN
1148:2018
1021:PMID
975:OCLC
965:ISBN
704:and
508:and
368:, a
354:M.A.
329:, a
71:Died
49:Born
1596:at
1578:at
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