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680:, claimed the Crow had poisoned Beckwourth. He said the tribe felt they could no longer trust him. Beckwourth was buried at the lodge of Iron Bull near Fort Smith and Clarks Fork in Crow Territory. Lt. Templeton, stationed at Fort C.F. Smith in the "heart of the Crow Hunting Grounds", chronicled the end of Beckwourth's life in his diary. He wrote "On his arrival at the village he and Thompson were taken into the lodge of the Iron Bull and were his guest while he remained. There Beckwourth died and was buried by his host."
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around 1809, when James was young, taking James' mother and all her children with him. Although
Beckwith acknowledged and raised his mixed-race children as his own, he legally held them as owner. His father arranged to apprentice him to a blacksmith so that he could learn a good trade. At age 19, he
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The reliability of
Beckworth's autobiography was called into question from the beginning; an editor of it quoted the observation "that some one said of him that some men are rarely worthy of belief, but that Jim was always Beckwourthy of un-belief." "I knew Jim intimately and he was the biggest liar
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For the next eight to nine years, Beckwourth lived with a Crow band, who named him "Bull's Robe." He rose in their society from warrior to chief (a respected man) and leader of the "Dog Clan". According to his book, he eventually ascended to the highest-ranking war chieftaincy of the Crow tribe. He
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arts of the tale smack of the "fish story." Mr. Beckwourth, or his narrator, has it all his own way, and we can fancy a lurking smile at the thought how glibly he puts together such a discordant mass of material brought out from the storehouse of memory, where there is no one at hand positively to
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By his account, the business communities of the gold towns in
California were supposed to fund the making of the trail. However, when Beckwourth tried to collect his payment in 1851 after leading a party, Marysville suffered from two huge fires and town leaders were unable to pay. (In 1996, in
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was published in 1856. According to the contract, Beckwourth was entitled to one-half of the proceeds, but he never received any income from Bonner. The book provides historical information on how U.S. government officials used alcohol; how occupations affect those who work in the field; the
419:. According to his account, he was mistaken for the lost son of a Crow chief, so they admitted him to the nation. Independent accounts suggest his stay with the Crow was planned by the Rocky Mountain Fur Company to advance its trade with the tribe. Beckwourth married the daughter of a
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as a safe place and were flying an
American flag to show their peaceful intentions. Outraged by his involvement in the massacre, the Cheyenne banned Beckwourth from trading with them. Well into his sixties by then, Beckwourth returned to trapping. In 1866, during
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In 1996, the city of
Marysville, California renamed its largest park as Beckwourth Riverfront Park to commemorate his contributions to development of the city. For a few years, the "Beckwourth Frontier Days" were celebrated annually in October and were the only
458:...had done this evil thing," by trading infected blankets with the Indians, and pointing out that "Beckwourth...was a Negro, and therefore not a white man." From 1838 to 1840, Beckwourth was an Indian trader to the Cheyenne, on the
580:. In the winter of 1854/55, the itinerant judge Thomas D. Bonner stayed in the hotel, and on winter nights Beckwourth told him his life story. Bonner wrote it down, edited the material the following year, and offered the book to
446:. In his book, he claims to have been a soldier and courier. According to historical records, he was a civilian wagon master in the baggage division. During one trade exchange Beckwourth may have helped to spread
290:", but was also a temperance speaker and journalist, who, according to his preface, by chance was present in Beckwourth's rustic California hotel when he decided to dictate his memoirs. The book was published in
435:. Beckwourth participated in raids by the Crow on neighboring nations and the occasional white party. Sometimes such raids escalated to warfare, most often against bands of their traditional Blackfoot enemy.
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with a wife (or consort), Maria Luisa
Sandoval and a child Matilda. In 1843, he departed for California and when he returned to Pueblo in 1846 Luisa was married (in the informal style of the mountains) to
219:(April 26, 1798/1800 – October 20, 1866) was an American fur trapper, rancher, businessman, explorer, author and scout. Known as "Bloody Arm" because of his skill as a fighter, Beckwourth was of
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recognition of his contribution to the city's development and of the outstanding debt to him, the City of
Marysville officially renamed the town's largest park as Beckwourth Riverfront Park.)
545:, a low-elevation pass through the Sierra Nevada mountain chain. In 1851, he improved what became the Beckwourth Trail, originally a Native American path through the mountains. It began near
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Elinor Wilson has defended
Beckwourth's narration as a valuable source of social history, especially for life among the Crow, although not all its details are reliable or accurate. The
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The Life and
Adventures of James P. Beckwourth, Mountaineer, Scout, and Pioneer, and Chief of the Crow Nation of Indians. With Illustrations. Written from His Own Dictation
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The Life and
Adventures of James P. Beckwourth, Mountaineer, Scout, and Pioneer, and Chief of the Crow Nation of Indians. With Illustrations. Written from His Own Dictation
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While guiding a military column to a Crow band in Montana, Beckwourth complained of severe headaches and suffered nosebleeds, most probably the result of a severe case of
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The life and adventures of James P. Beckwourth, mountaineer, scout, and pioneer, and chief of the Crow Nation of Indians. Written from his own dictation by T. D. Bonner
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In 1837, when the American Fur Company did not renew his contract, Beckwourth returned to St. Louis. He volunteered with the United States Army to fight in the
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on November 29, 1864, in which the U.S. Army slaughtered an estimated 70-163 Cheyenne people, who had camped in an area suggested by the previous commander of
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of the 1960s celebrated Beckwourth as an early African-American pioneer. He has since been featured as a role model in children's literature and textbooks.
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began in 1846, Beckwourth returned to the United States. He brought along nearly 1,800 stolen Mexican horses as spoils of war. In the war, he served as a
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286:, which thousands of settlers followed to central California. Beckwourth narrated his life story to Thomas D. Bonner, who was described as "an itinerant
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Later that year, Beckwourth claimed to have been captured by Crow while trapping in the border county between the territories of Crow, Cheyenne, and
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that "white men" were responsible for destroying his people, Bridger replied that Whites didn't do that, "he told Little Robe how Jim Beckwourth a
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and sold to whites. This lore was widely believed, as Beckwourth had adopted Native American dress and was taken by some people as an Indian.
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crosses the Sierra at this pass at an elevation of 1,591 m (5,221 ft); it is the lowest pass crossing the Sierras in California.
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told the campfire story of Beckwourth's being the child of a Crow chief. He claimed Beckwourth had been stolen as a baby by raiding
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still trapped but did not sell his or Crow furs to his former partners of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company. Instead, he sold to
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historical relationship among diseases, wildlife, and the environment; as well as reports dealing with massacres and war.
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What is now West 5th Ave. in Denver, Colorado, was named Beckwourth Street (sometimes Beckwith) after James Beckwourth.
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The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth: Mountaineer, Scout and Pioneer, and Chief of the Crow Nation of Indians
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In 1994, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 29-cent commemorative postage stamp honoring Beckwourth as part of the set
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In 2011 a memorial commemorating Beckwourth's role in the founding of Pueblo, Colorado, was erected in that city.
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California State Library - California History Room, Finding Aid on OAC. Beckwourth-Wilson research collection.
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heard that the Crows had poisoned him. Beckwourth returned to the Crow village, where he died in 1866.
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east of the mountains, climbed to the pass named for him, and went along a ridge, between two forks of
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Beckwourth le Chasseur. Scènes de la vie sauvage en Amérique traduit de l'anglo-américain par Noblet
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was fired by the artisan after getting into an argument with him. His father freed Beckworth by
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Beckwourth began ranching in the Sierra. His ranch, trading post, and hotel, in today's
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In 1859, Beckwourth returned to Missouri briefly but settled later that year in
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Black Pioneers: Images of the Black Experience on the North American Frontier
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In 1850, Beckwourth was credited with discovering what came to be called
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that ever lived." A review when it appeared called it "half fiction":
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James Beckwith was born into slavery in April 26, 1798 (or 1800), in
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to an Indian tribe. When Little Robe had complained to fur trapper
335:. Of multiracial descent, his father was Jennings Beckwith, a white
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Jim Beckwourth : Black Mountain man and War Chief of the Crows
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by the government. In 1864, Beckwourth was hired as a scout by
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696:, New York: Doubleday, 1963 (novel based on Beckwourth's life)
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between the Arkansas River and California, then controlled by
530:, Beckwourth went to California. He first opened a store at
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Fur trapper, rancher, businessman, explorer, author and scout
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Jim Beckwourth – Black Mountain Man, War Chief of the Crows
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Jim Beckwourth – Black Mountain Man, War Chief of the Crows
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Jim Beckwourth – Black Mountain Man, War Chief of the Crows
646:, the United States Army again employed him as a scout at
1141:. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman and London, 1972,
891:
889:
1172:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 42–43.
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for several years. He is credited with the discovery of
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American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
1457:, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1997, 2002
886:
1423:
Oswald, Delmot R. (1983) . "James P. Beckwourth". In
1637:United States Army personnel of the Seminole Wars
372:As a young man in 1824 Beckwourth joined General
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1500:University of Nebraska Press. Bison Book. 1970.
1298:Denver Streets: Names, Numbers, Locations, Logic
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714:. (novel about Beckwourth's life with the Crow)
1300:. Denver: New Social Publications. p. 36.
1088:, James Beckwourth Website, accessed 6 Oct 2009
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1632:American military personnel of the Indian Wars
1522:The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth
1192:
1123:The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth
586:The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth
1647:African-American United States Army personnel
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811:List of African American pioneers of Colorado
605:. Working as a storekeeper in the employ of
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674:, a personal friend and the founder of the
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1547:African Americans in the American Old West
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954:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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384:during Ashley's expedition to explore the
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1323:"Memorial pays tribute to Pueblo founder"
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976:. Preface to the new English edition, by
576:, were the starting of the settlement of
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878:. 10 August 1865. p. 3 – via
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238:As a young man, Beckwourth moved to the
1403:"The Last Years of James P. Beckwourth"
1102:. Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 74.
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1597:People from Frederick County, Virginia
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1100:That's Not in My American History Book
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748:. This pass and route was used by the
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1005:. 21 Aug 1856. p. 1 – via
849:. 16 Dec 1841. p. 3 – via
706:, New York: St Martin's Press, 1996,
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1265:"The Harder They Fall (2021) - IMDb"
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756:route. The pass is located east of
633:. Chivington's men perpetrated the
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341:Sir Marmaduke Beckwith, 3rd Baronet
13:
1602:People from Marysville, California
1567:American people of English descent
1462:The Encyclopedia of American Crime
1345:
486:In 1844, Beckwourth traded on the
411:Beckwourth as Indian warrior, 1856
359:in court in 1824, 1825, and 1826.
14:
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1612:African–Native American relations
1504:
1355:(1856). Bonner, Thomas D. (ed.).
1202:. Boston: Little, Brown. p.
899:(1856). Bonner, Thomas D. (ed.).
609:, Beckwourth was appointed as an
1572:American people of Irish descent
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779:festival in northern California.
752:to cross the Sierra along their
242:, first making connections with
235:so that he could learn a trade.
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1657:African-American businesspeople
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1170:Pueblo, Hardscrabble, Greenhorn
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727:, his role was played by actor
1393:(76): 455–472. September 1856.
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806:History of slavery in Colorado
266:, the lowest pass through the
76:near Fort Smith, Montana, U.S.
1:
1557:People from American folklore
1386:Harper's New Monthly Magazine
972:(1892). Bonner, T. D. (ed.).
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623:3rd Colorado Cavalry Regiment
526:By 1848 and the start of the
472:Bent, St. Vrain & Company
326:
172:3rd Colorado Cavalry Regiment
16:American explorer (died 1866)
1662:19th-century American slaves
1498:Jim Bridger, A Mountain Man.
1480:University of Oklahoma Press
1437:University of Nebraska Press
1321:Bonham, Nick (22 May 2011).
1037:University of Oklahoma Press
518:, was slain in that revolt.
302:. A translation appeared in
7:
1677:People enslaved in Virginia
1617:United States Indian agents
1525:public domain audiobook at
1235:. Univ. of Oklahoma Press.
789:
534:. He soon sold and went to
521:
514:, then interim governor of
10:
1693:
1464:, Facts of File Inc., 1982
1199:The Year of Decision: 1846
378:Rocky Mountain Fur Company
333:Frederick County, Virginia
101:Rocky Mountain Fur Company
49:Frederick County, Virginia
1066:"Beckworth's Early Years"
874:Pittsfield, Massachusetts
845:Pittsfield, Massachusetts
746:Plumas County, California
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1667:American autobiographers
1429:Trappers of the Far West
1296:Goodstein, Phil (1994).
1168:Lecompte, Janet (1978).
750:Western Pacific Railroad
657:
506:and helped suppress the
396:, trapper and colleague
368:Fur trade and Crow tribe
217:James Pierson Beckwourth
45:April 26, 1798 (or 1800)
1582:Explorers of California
1468:Wilson, Elinor (1972).
1229:Wilson, Elinor (1988).
1025:Wilson, Elinor (1972).
930:Noblet, Pierre (1860).
510:. His former employer,
470:. In 1840, he moved to
1098:Ayres, Thomas (2000).
978:Charles Godfrey Leland
836:"A Temperance Address"
578:Beckwourth, California
412:
317:
1411:The Colorado Magazine
1363:Harper & Brothers
1329:. Gannet Publications
907:Harper & Brothers
582:Harper & Brothers
410:
321:civil rights movement
312:
240:Western United States
227:in Frederick County,
1607:American blacksmiths
1562:American fur traders
1353:Beckwourth, James P.
1327:The Pueblo Chieftain
970:Beckwourth, James P.
897:Beckwourth, James P.
720:The Harder They Fall
694:Follow the Free Wind
621:, who commanded the
496:Mexican–American War
433:American Fur Company
288:justice of the peace
280:California Gold Rush
258:, he lived with the
105:American Fur Company
1286:U.S. Stamp Gallery.
796:Mount Ina Coolbrith
769:Legends of the West
758:Portola, California
677:Rocky Mountain News
635:Sand Creek massacre
440:Second Seminole War
276:Portola, California
221:multiracial descent
195:Sand Creek massacre
185:Second Seminole War
65:Fort Smith, Montana
1652:American hoteliers
1592:People from Denver
1552:American explorers
1496:Vestal, Stanley.
870:The Pittsfield Sun
841:The Pittsfield Sun
684:In popular culture
615:United States Army
603:Colorado Territory
413:
346:Jennings moved to
282:. He improved the
223:, being born into
162:United States Army
1672:Colorado pioneers
1577:American pioneers
816:Beckwith baronets
717:In the 2021 film
488:Old Spanish Trail
466:, Colorado, near
462:, working out of
380:. He worked as a
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1453:John W. Ravage,
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429:John Jacob Astor
392:. In July 1825,
284:Beckwourth Trail
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81:Other names
60:October 20, 1866
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1401:(August 1928).
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672:William Byers
669:
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608:
607:Louis Vasquez
604:
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584:in New York.
583:
579:
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574:Sierra Valley
570:
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555:Feather River
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269:
268:Sierra Nevada
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89:Occupation(s)
87:
83:
79:
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73:Resting place
71:
66:
59:
55:
50:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
1622:Free Negroes
1587:Mountain men
1521:
1497:
1470:
1461:
1454:
1428:
1415:
1409:
1390:
1384:
1361:. New York:
1357:
1352:
1331:. Retrieved
1326:
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1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1027:
999:
996:"The Review"
990:
973:
969:
964:
938:. Retrieved
932:
925:
905:. New York:
901:
896:
868:
859:
839:
830:
801:George Bonga
768:
723:directed by
718:
703:
693:
675:
664:hypertension
661:
648:Fort Laramie
631:Colorado War
611:Indian agent
596:
585:
571:
567:
547:Pyramid Lake
540:
525:
512:Charles Bent
485:
464:Fort Vasquez
437:
425:
414:
390:mountain man
371:
357:emancipation
345:
330:
318:
313:
308:
299:
272:Reno, Nevada
256:mountain man
237:
216:
215:
190:Colorado War
178:Battles/wars
1542:1866 deaths
1433:Lincoln, NE
1086:"Biography"
704:Bloody Hand
668:Jim Bridger
563:Donner Pass
508:Taos Revolt
494:. When the
468:Platteville
452:Jim Bridger
353:manumission
298:in 1856 as
278:during the
260:Crow people
244:fur traders
97:Employer(s)
1627:Crow tribe
1536:Categories
1179:0806117230
1149:, p. 86/87
1071:August 25,
980:. London:
822:References
700:Matt Braun
559:Marysville
536:Sacramento
516:New Mexico
481:John Brown
394:rendezvous
327:Early life
233:blacksmith
128:Allegiance
84:Bloody Arm
1251:833224204
950:cite book
639:Fort Lyon
528:Gold Rush
504:U.S. Army
502:with the
417:Blackfoot
306:in 1860.
248:St. Louis
1527:LibriVox
1333:25 March
1196:(1943).
1127:page 263
1125:, 1865,
940:3 August
790:See also
729:RJ Cyler
617:officer
549:and the
522:Business
448:smallpox
402:Cheyenne
382:wrangler
348:Missouri
252:Missouri
229:Virginia
148:Service/
111:Children
1427:(ed.).
936:. Paris
500:courier
456:Mulatto
444:Florida
337:planter
254:. As a
225:slavery
1486:
1443:
1369:
1304:
1249:
1239:
1176:
1145:
1106:
1043:
913:
736:Legacy
710:
666:, but
627:Apache
599:Denver
532:Sonoma
492:Mexico
363:Career
304:France
296:London
274:, and
159:
150:branch
138:
67:, U.S.
51:, U.S.
1406:(PDF)
658:Death
421:chief
63:near
1484:ISBN
1441:ISBN
1367:ISBN
1335:2021
1302:ISBN
1270:IMDb
1247:OCLC
1237:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1104:ISBN
1073:2021
1041:ISBN
956:link
942:2014
911:ISBN
708:ISBN
650:and
294:and
168:Unit
57:Died
38:Born
442:in
376:'s
246:in
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114:4
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