919:; 1990) This novel first appeared in Finnish as the political situation in Estonia was very unclear owing to the imminent collapse of the Soviet Union. It tells the story of Peeter Mirk (another of Kross' alter egos) who has just returned from eight years of labour camp and internal exile in Siberia and is looking for work, in order to avoid being sent back, labelled as a "parasite to Soviet society". And he needs the money to live on. It is now 1954, Stalin is dead, and there is a slight political thaw. He finds a job on an archaeological dig near the main bastion in central Tallinn. There he finds a manuscript written in the 13th century by a leprous clergyman, a document which could overturn some of the assumptions about the history of Estonia that the Soviet occupier has. The novel also gives portraits of several luckless individuals who have been caught up in the paradoxes of German and Russian occupations.
739:, 1998; English: 2003; translator: Eric Dickens). The protagonist of this novel is Ullo Paerand, a restless young man of many talents. He attends a prestigious private school, but when his speculator father abandons him and his mother the money runs out. He then helps his mother run a laundry to make ends meet. He works his way up, ultimately becoming a messenger boy for the Estonian Prime Minister's office. He is even offered a chance to escape abroad by going to study at the Vatican, but stays in Estonia. This semi-autobiographical novel is set against the background of a very stormy epoch in the history of Estonia, from when the Soviets occupy the country in 1940, the German occupation the next year, the notorious bombing of central Tallinn by the Soviet airforce on 9 March 1944, and a further thirty years of life in the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic.
775:. The chronicle describes the political horse-trading between the various countries and churches of the day. The Estonians, mostly of peasant stock in those days, always ended up as piggies in the middle. There were also three outbreaks of the bubonic plague to contend with. Russow was the humble son of a peasant, but became a German-speaking clergyman, which was a big step up in society. The fact that he could read, let alone write a chronicle, was unusual. The tetralogy starts with a famous scene where the then-ten-year-old Balthasar watches some tightrope walkers in Tallinn, a metaphor for his own diplomatic tightrope walking later in life. He appears as something of a rough diamond throughout the books. The entire tetralogy has been translated into Dutch, Finnish, German, Latvian, Russian, and English.
891:(Wesenberg, in German) is an Estonian provincial town and in those days the baroness dominated. Falck soon gets involved in the struggle between the townspeople and the baroness. And as he has been employed by her, he is initially obliged to take her side. But as she begins to confiscate land, he grows disillusioned with her. The townspeople, for their part, attempt to reclaim the rights that they had had earlier under Swedish colonial rule, decades before. Sweden lost Estonia to Russia around 1710, so in the epoch in which this novel is set, Rakvere and indeed Estonia are part of the Russian Empire, despite the fact that this local dispute is between the German-speaking baronial classes and Estonian-speaking peasants. A panoramic novel of divided loyalties and corruption.
356:
25:
665:(1845–1909) gets on the train in Pärnu heading for the Foreign Ministry of the Russian Empire in the capital, Saint Petersburg. During the journey, he thinks back over the events and episodes of his life. Should he have made a career working for the Russian administration as a compiler of treaties at the expense of his Estonian identity? He also muses on his namesake, a man who worked on a similar project in earlier decades. A novel that examines the compromises involved when making a career in an empire when coming from a humble background.
559:
289:
751:, four volumes 1970–1980; English: three volumes 2016–2018; translator: Merike Lepasaar Beecher) This is Kross' first major work and his largest in volume. The idea started out as a film script, which was shelved, then became a TV serial, and finally the four-volume suite of novels which is one of Kross' most famous works. It is set in the 16th century, especially the middle, before and during the
679:(1879–1935) from the island of Naissaar who loses his right hand in a firework accident during his teenage years. He nevertheless uses his remaining hand to work wonders when polishing high-quality lenses and mirrors for astronomical telescopes. Later on, when living in what had become Nazi Germany, he himself invents large stellar telescopes that are still to be found at, for instance, the
929:; 1993) In 1941, a young Estonian law student is a fugitive from the occupying German Nazis, as he is suspected of being a resistance fighter. He is accused of writing certain things during the one-year Soviet occupation the previous year. But what the German occupiers dislike especially is that this young law student is writing a work about the Estonian politician and freedom fighter
643:(1787–1836), who was an adjutant to the relatively liberal Czar of Russia, Alexander I. Von Bock wishes to interest the Czar in the idea of liberating the serfs, i.e. the peasant classes, people who were bought and sold almost like slaves by rich landowners. But this is too much for the Czar and in 1818 von Bock is arrested and kept, at the Czar's pleasure, in a prison in
340:
in the 17th century and German was the language of the upper échelons of
Estonian society for hundreds of years). As can be seen from the list below by the year 2015 five books of Kross' works have been published in English translation with publishing houses in the United States and UK. But a number of shorter novels, novellas, and short stories were published during
705:, 1988 – most of the stories there; English: 1995; translator: Eric Dickens). This collection contains six semi-autobiographical stories mostly dealing with Jaan Kross' life during the Nazi-German and Soviet-Russian occupations of Estonia, and his own imprisonment during those two epochs. The stories, some of which have appeared elsewhere in this translation, are.
578:). These two volumes ended up with a total of 1,200 pages, including quite a few photographs from his life. His life started quietly enough, but after describing quite innocuous things such as the summer house during his childhood and his schooldays, Kross moves on to the first Soviet occupation of Estonia, his successful attempt to avoid being drafted for the
901:; 1988) Jaan Kross' alter ego Jaak Sirkel will soon matriculate from school in the mid-1930s. Young people eagerly go to the cinema in their free time; at school, they have the usual sprinkling of eccentric teachers. Europe is gradually moving towards war, and this overshadows the lives of the young people. After the
367:
Kross knew the German language from quite an early age as friends of the family spoke it as their mother tongue, and Kross' mother had a good command of it. His
Russian, however, was mainly learnt while working as a slave labourer in the Gulag. But he also had some knowledge of Swedish and translated
582:
during the Nazi German occupation, and a long section covering his experiences of prison and the labour camps. The last part describes his return from the camps and his attempts at authorship. The second volume continues from when he moved into the flat in central
Tallinn where he lived for the rest
351:
original. Sometimes translations were however done, during Soviet times by first being translated into
Russian and then from Russian into English, not infrequently by native speakers of Russian or Estonian. Nowadays, Kross' works are translated into English either directly from the Estonian, or via
339:
Because of Kross' status and visibility as a leading
Estonian author, his works have been translated into many languages, but mostly into Finnish, Swedish, Russian, German, and Latvian. This is on account of geographical proximity but also a common history (for example, Estonia was a Swedish colony
972:
in a short review article on the internet. It is a novel about the differences in mentality between the
Estonians who lived in the Soviet Union, and those that escaped abroad, and their descendants. It is also a novel about greed and covetousness, ownership, and is even a love story between older
534:
Another common feature of Kross's novels is a comparison, sometimes overt but usually covert, between various historical epochs and the present day, which for much of Kross' writing life consisted of Soviet reality, including censorship, an inability to travel freely abroad, a dearth of consumer
535:
goods, the ever-watchful eye of the KGB and informers, etc. Kross was always very skilful at always remaining just within the bounds of what the Soviet authorities could accept. Kross also enjoyed playing with the identities of people who have the same, or nearly the same, name. This occurs in
281:, then doing easier jobs, plus two years still living as a deportee, but not in a labour camp. Upon his return to Estonia in 1954 he became a professional writer, not least because his law studies during Estonian independence were now of no value whatsoever, as Soviet law held sway.
687:. Schmidt has to wrestle with his conscience when living in Germany as the country is re-arming and telescopes could be put to military use. But because Germany was the leading technical nation at the time, he feels reasonably comfortable there, first in the run-down small town of
513:
which describes Kross' alter ego Peeter Mirk and his adventures with archaeology, conformism, revolt, compromise and skulduggery after he has returned from the
Siberian labour camps and internal exile out there. And also the novel that has appeared in English translation is titled
480:
Within the framework of the historical novel, Kross' novels can be divided up into two types: truly historical ones, and more contemporary narratives with an element of autobiography. In the list below, the historical ones, often set in previous centuries, include the
955:
did with his patients. This ritual is meant to give his boy strength by way of prayer. Others react in a more conventional way to the tensions of 1939. This is also where the reader first meets the fellow student who will become the protagonist in Kross' novel
962:. The novel is partly a love story, where Sirkel, a friend of Tarna's is in love with his girlfriend Riina. And Tarna is in Siberia... Conflicting loyalties. When the Germans invade Estonia Tarna can return to Estonia. The Riina problem gets more tangled.
877:, the capital of Estonia. As a model for his Christ, he picks out an Estonian peasant from the island of Hiiumaa. Later it transpires that the man he used as a model was a sadistic criminal, and this is held against Köler by his Baltic-German overlords.
521:
A stylistic leitmotif in Kross' novels is the use of the internal (or inner) monologue, usually when the protagonist is trying to think his way out of a thorny problem. The reader will note that every protagonist or narrator, from
Timotheus von Bock in
440:. However, Kross' acclaim internationally (and nationally even after the regaining of Estonian independence) shows that his novels also deal with topics beyond such concerns; rather, they deal with questions of mixed identities, loyalty, and belonging.
95:
933:(1889–1918) who was obliged to flee from the Germans back in 1918 (during another period of Estonia's tangled history) and was shot by firing squad when he had just reached Helsinki, around the time that Estonia became independent of Russia.
824:
who, after passing his exams, does not want to become a theologian but wants to study military medicine in Saint
Petersburg, then the capital of the Russian Empire; meanwhile, he meets a peasant who can tell him about the Estonian epic hero
1468:
This novel has also been translated into
Bulgarian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Latvian, Lithuanian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish, and
1324:
and has not yet appeared in any other language except Finnish and Estonian. It covers both the biographical and textual aspects of Kross' work, also dealing with matters such as Kross the poet and Kross the playwright.
647:. Von Bock is released when the next Czar ascends the throne, but by that time he is having mental problems during his last years under house arrest. This is regarded as Kross's most accomplished novel, along with the
628:
2012, Between Three Plagues, 2016-2018. Descriptions of the above books can also be found on various websites and online bookshops. The protagonists of several of the books listed here are based on real-life figures.
526:
to Kross' two alter egos, Jaak Sirkel and Peeter Mirk in the semi-autobiographical novels, indulges in this. And especially Bernhard Schmidt, the luckless telescope inventor, in the novel that appeared in English as
550:
dimension, given the fact that quite a few of his characters are based on real-life people, both in the truly historical novels and the semi-autobiographical ones. These lectures are collected in a book entitled
284:
At first, Kross wrote poetry, alluding to a number of contemporary phenomena under the guise of writing about historical figures. But he soon moved to writing prose, a genre that was to become his principal one.
3723:
816:
as he has been instrumental in putting down a rebellion in Russia; this is the story of his pangs of conscience, but also how he brings his peasant parents to the ceremony to show his origins (
905:, some of Sirkel's schoolmates end up in the Soviet Army, and others fighting in the Nazi German military – the tragedy of a small country fought over by two superpowers. In the devastating
2609:
1534:
Some of the above information is from the Finnish translation by Kaisu Lahikainen and Jouko Vanhanen, WSOY, Helsinki, 2003, 1240 pages, where the four volumes were published together.
887:; 1982) The novel is set in the year 1764. The young Berend Falck is taken on by the Baroness Gertrude von Tisenhausen. Falck is an ethnic Estonian, von Tisenhausen a Baltic-German.
314:(1977). He also held several honorary doctorates and international decorations, including the highest Estonian order and one of the highest German orders. In 1999 he was awarded the
2125:
2326:
3360:
3443:
3236:
2743:
951:
by the Reds, when the Soviets occupied Estonia in 1940. Indrek's father performs a strange ritual with several people standing around the dining table and holding hands – as
2897:
2717:
3370:
3329:
3298:
3094:
600:
Six books by Jaan Kross have been published in English translation, five novels and one collection of stories: The English translations appeared in the following order:
3282:
2928:
2856:
2542:
315:
3494:
2964:
455:, which because of its subject matter (academics, expertise, and national loyalty) is very popular in academia and an important "professorial novel". The later novel
3597:
3540:
3437:
2969:
2526:
3293:
3145:
3354:
2702:
2692:
3417:
3718:
2408:
2388:
1312:
The only biography of any length of Jaan Kross to date was first published in Finnish by WSOY, Helsinki, in 2008 and was written by the Finnish literary scholar
2841:
3504:
3119:
2846:
2769:
2094:
3164:
3109:
3078:
2707:
3592:
3509:
3195:
2686:
2439:
3005:
2882:
2403:
2217:
3422:
3169:
2995:
2496:
2490:
2243:
640:
352:
the Finnish version. A reasonably complete list of translations of works by Jaan Kross into languages other than English can be found on the ELIC website.
325:
3246:
2562:
2336:
1156:
505:(Wikman being based on his alma mater the Westholm Grammar School – both names are of Swedish origin) a similar sort of novel about his university chums,
3365:
3200:
3160:
3063:
3037:
2949:
2712:
2300:
2083:
1980:
1313:
3581:
3489:
2820:
2738:
2063:
1068:
3566:
3463:
3385:
3226:
3073:
2944:
2815:
2789:
2753:
2666:
2413:
1771:, Eesti Keele Sihtasutus, Tallinn, 2009, 530 pages. (Estonian translation of a Finnish work; the largest biography of Kross available in any language.)
1266:
3262:
2954:
2851:
2774:
2424:
3272:
3099:
3052:
2959:
2923:
2825:
2656:
2516:
2429:
2222:
2119:
3703:
3561:
3339:
2748:
2614:
2197:
3643:
3458:
3318:
3129:
2892:
2583:
2552:
2290:
1120:
1056:
258:
254:
3216:
2398:
2176:
3190:
2810:
2764:
2501:
2434:
2109:
341:
3042:
2557:
546:
When Kross was already in his late 70s he gave a series of lectures at Tartu University explaining certain aspects of his novels, not least the
3499:
3032:
2903:
2588:
2531:
2485:
2227:
1830:
1180:
801:, a painter who has been working at the court of Spain but now wants to join the painters' guild in Tallinn which is as good as a closed shop (
257:(1941–1944), suspected of what was termed "nationalism", i.e., promoting Estonian independence. Then, on 5 January 1946, when Estonia had been
2733:
3708:
3231:
3088:
2975:
2836:
2598:
2418:
2263:
2186:
2078:
1010:"He was one of those who kept fresh the spirits of the people and made us ready to take the opportunity of restoring Estonia's independence."
1851:
2114:
2382:
1168:
3653:
3288:
1206:
420:
Kross' novels and short stories are almost universally historical; indeed, he is often credited with a significant rejuvenation of the
1421:
See list of publications. The publishing houses are, Harvill (now Harvill Secker), London, and Northwestern University Press, Illinois
477:, and today considered by several critics as his finest, has not been translated into English yet; it is however available in German.
306:
Kross was by far the most translated and nationally and internationally best-known Estonian writer. He received the honorary title of
3683:
3678:
1478:
This novel has also been translated into Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Hungarian, Latvian, Norwegian, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish
3663:
3658:
94:
3728:
2007:
1748:
1431:
1304:
Between 1968 and 1995, Kross published six small volumes of essays and speeches, a total of about 1,200 small-format pages.
3668:
424:
of the historical novel. Most of his works take place in Estonia and deal, usually, with the relationship of Estonians and
311:
981:
Jaan Kross died in Tallinn, at the age of 87, on 27 December 2007. He is survived by his wife, children's author and poet
501:
set around 1918. The semi-autobiographical novels include Kross' novel about the ultimate fates of his schoolmates, i.e.
839:). The final story is set in the 1860s, when a national consciousness was awakening in Estonia and the newspaper editor
3693:
3688:
1981:
https://web.archive.org/web/20140222095137/http://www.estlit.ee/?id=10878&author=10878&c_tpl=1066&tpl=1063
639:, 1978; English: 1994; translator: Anselm Hollo). This tragic novel is based on the life of a Baltic-German nobleman,
231:(1938–1945) and graduated from its School of Law. He taught there as a lecturer until 1946, and again as Professor of
583:
of his life, plus his growing success as a writer. There is also a section covering his one-year term as a Member of
68:
46:
39:
3713:
3648:
1320:. Salokannel is also the Finnish translator of several of Kross's key works His Kross biography is entitled simply
470:
3257:
2805:
566:
During the last twenty years of his life, Jaan Kross occupied some of his time with writing his memoirs (entitled
1578:
Book description based on the blurb of the Swedish translation by Ivo Iliste, Fripress / Legenda, Stockholm, 1991
1341:
1112:
1106:
608:
451:
239:
1974:
355:
437:
3638:
821:
432:. Very often, Kross' description of the historical struggle of the Estonians against the Baltic Germans is a
261:, he was arrested by the Soviet occupation authorities who kept him a short while in the cellar of the local
3673:
1956:(From the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact to the Bases Agreement; documents), Perioodika, Tallinn, 1989, 190 pages.
1940:(Suppressed Memories), Atlantis, Stockholm, 2007, 344 pages (Swedish translation of the Estonian original:
1317:
2728:
539:
where two different Martens figures are discussed, legal experts who lived several decades apart, and in
2913:
273:, Russia. He spent a total of eight years in this part of North Russia, six working in the mines at the
2000:
1869:
662:
3308:
2047:
373:
3022:
943:; 1995) Another novel involving Kross' alter ego, Jaak Sirkel, who is by now a first-year student at
680:
661:, 1984; English: 1994; translator: Anselm Hollo). In early June 1909, the ethnic Estonian professor,
543:
where in one dream sequence the protagonist Bernhard Schmidt meets a number of others named Schmidt.
333:
973:
people. This is Kross' last novel and is set in the 1990s, after Estonia regained its independence.
968:(idem; 2001) Tahtamaa is a plot of land by the sea. This novel is described by Rutt Hinrikus of the
3698:
2887:
1783:
works of Kross in their original Estonian versions. (Also some in Finnish and Swedish translation.)
1126:
969:
624:
449:
has been considered Kross' best novel; it is also the most translated one. Also well-translated is
33:
3587:
3520:
2346:
2295:
2145:
1614:
906:
902:
840:
809:
764:
3185:
2603:
2155:
2130:
1134:
848:
50:
3545:
3180:
1818:(Estonian bio-bibliographical writers' reference work), 2000. The article on Jaan Kross there.
265:
headquarters, then kept him in prison in Tallinn, finally in October 1947, deporting him to a
3000:
2573:
2454:
2357:
2238:
2161:
1993:
692:
360:
322:
242:: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania; imprisoned and executed most of their governments. In 1941,
3576:
3205:
3174:
3114:
2135:
2073:
820:) The third story is set in around 1824, and about the collator of Estonian folk literature
3633:
3628:
3453:
3155:
2521:
2280:
2202:
1653:
1086:
990:
986:
602:
445:
2980:
2861:
2042:
675:, 1987; English: 2012; translator: Eric Dickens). This novel is about the ethnic Estonian
8:
3324:
3140:
2985:
2918:
2872:
2624:
2567:
2449:
2258:
2181:
1900:(Estonian History From National Awakening to the Present Day), Koolibri, 1992, 376 pages.
228:
151:
3525:
3349:
3150:
3124:
2593:
2480:
2475:
2341:
997:
763:, and was by the 1550s split up into several parts ruled by Denmark, Sweden, Russia and
377:
3473:
3448:
3407:
3252:
3221:
3134:
3104:
3058:
2779:
2676:
2671:
2661:
2352:
2140:
2104:
2068:
2058:
783:
The majority of Kross's novels remain untranslated into English. These are as follows:
772:
307:
188:
3432:
2990:
2233:
2171:
1516:
This novel has also been translated into Dutch, Finnish. Latvian, Russian, and Swedish
3551:
3515:
2908:
2800:
2784:
2634:
2191:
2032:
1744:
1588:
1566:
1377:, pages vii and viii, and pages 118–453 of the first volume of his memoirs (op. cit.)
1044:
826:
747:
574:– this translation of the title avoids the unfortunate connotation of the expression
348:
3344:
2444:
2362:
1910:(14 June 1941; about the deportations to Siberia), Valgus, Tallinn, 1990, 210 pages.
3313:
2629:
2547:
2506:
2470:
2367:
944:
870:
768:
676:
3241:
2285:
1435:
644:
3607:
3068:
2933:
2794:
2465:
2372:
2316:
2310:
2248:
1872:(ELM), published in Tallinn, especially during Kross' 80th birthday year of 2000.
767:. The protagonist is, as is often the case with Kross, a real-life figure called
461:
3484:
3375:
2681:
2619:
2253:
866:
547:
3479:
3427:
3334:
2758:
2321:
2305:
2207:
2166:
1930:(the author's father's letter from the labour camps), Tallinn, 1992, 260 pages.
1854:
on the Estonian Literature Information Centre website pertaining to Jaan Kross.
1600:
Book description based on the blurb of the Dutch translation by Frans van Nes,
1094:
798:
397:
393:
385:
369:
224:
184:
2939:
2460:
1812:, Eesti Keele Sihtasutus, Tallinn, 2003 and 2008. A total of some 1,200 pages.
1587:
Book description based on the blurb of the Swedish translation by Ivo Iliste,
1561:
Book description based on the blurb of the Swedish translation by Ivo Iliste,
1543:
These four novellas have been translated into Finnish and Russian as one book.
1487:
This novel is also available in French, in Jean-Luc Moreau's translation, 1994
695:
just outside Hamburg. But the rise of the Nazis is literally driving him mad.
381:
3622:
3602:
3535:
3530:
3380:
3303:
3047:
3027:
2877:
2830:
2697:
2578:
2377:
2331:
2099:
2053:
1975:
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/jul/05/featuresreviews.guardianreview4
1923:
1826:
1822:
1026:
869:(1826–1899) who had become a famous portrait painter at the Russian court in
844:
466:
425:
389:
368:
one crime novel by Christian Steen (pseudonym of the exile Estonian novelist
270:
2089:
1130:, Northwestern University Press, 2012, in Eric Dickens' translation). Novel.
930:
3571:
3412:
3267:
2866:
2511:
2393:
2016:
1752:
1198:
958:
952:
909:, not far from the Russian-Estonian border, Estonians fight on both sides.
804:
752:
618:
595:
344:(i.e. 1944–1991) in English translation and published in the Soviet Union.
250:
243:
3390:
1963:(Jaan Kross- Bibliography), Bibilotheca Baltica, Tallinn, 1997, 368 pages.
1950:(Russification in Estonia 1880–1917; documents), Tallinn, 1997, 234 pages.
3556:
3468:
3210:
3083:
2537:
2212:
1985:
1893:(The Estonian People's History Book), Koolibri, Tallinn, 1993, 176 pages.
1858:
1080:
474:
1920:(Red Terror), Välis-Eesti & EMP, Stockholm, Sweden, 1996, 250 pages.
1273:, Northwestern University Press, Evanston, Illinois, 1996 (The stories:
865:; 1974) This short novel tells the story of the ethnic Estonian painter
2722:
2639:
1504:, edited by Kajar Pruul and Darlene Reddaway (op.cit.), there entitled
1192:
993:, praised Kross "as a preserver of the Estonian language and culture."
982:
831:
778:
329:
204:
173:
1591:, Stockholm, 1993. This novel is also available in Finnish and French.
1569:. Stockholm, 1992. It has also been translated into Finnish and German
797:; 1972) This slim volume contains four novellas. The first deals with
2150:
1933:
1913:
1903:
1790:, Prometheus, Amsterdam, 2000 (Dutch translation by Frans van Nes of
688:
584:
579:
558:
288:
200:
1821:
Various reviews and obituary notices in The Guardian, TLS, etc., by
2037:
1284:
684:
433:
429:
1805:, Walter de Gruyter (publishers), 2006, pages 681–696 (in German).
1671:
948:
888:
874:
756:
220:
216:
121:
117:
587:
after renewed independence, and his trips abroad with his wife.
3724:
Recipients of the Order of the National Coat of Arms, 1st Class
1022:
760:
274:
1639:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1262:
Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1982, translator Robert Dalglish.
1152:, Harvill, 1995, in Eric Dickens' translation). Short-stories.
755:
which lasted, on and off, from the 1550s to the early 1580s.
421:
266:
1355:
Estonian Literature Information Centre article on Jaan Kross
332:
in Italy. He was reportedly nominated several times for the
1392:
1380:
947:. One of his fellow students Indrek Tarna has been sent to
813:
788:
278:
262:
518:, and most of his short stories belong to this subgenre.
873:. He is now, in 1879, painting a fresco for a church in
843:
starts an Estonian-language newspaper with his daughter
596:
Short synopses of works available in English translation
1886:(Estonian History), Koolibri, Tallinn, 1999, 230 pages.
1116:, Harvill, 1994, in Anselm Hollo's translation). Novel.
1090:, Harvill, 1992, in Anselm Hollo's translation). Novel.
223:, son of a skilled metal worker, Jaan Kross studied at
1459:, Dipa Verlag, 2002, translator: Cornelius Hasselblatt
1202:, Harvill, 2003, in Eric Dickens' translation). Novel.
555:(Autobiographism and Subtext) which appeared in 2003.
1244:) 2008. Second (posthumous) volume of autobiography.
779:
Short synopses of works not yet available in English
497:
set at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, and
1808:Both volumes of Jaan Kross' autobiography entitled
1344:
Jaan Kross, Estonia's best known writer, dies at 87
1291:, Dedalus Books, Sawtry, England, 2011 (The story:
1775:Loccumer Protokolle '89 – Der Verrückte des Zaren
729:. In all of them, there is a tragi-comic aspect.
436:for the contemporary struggle against the Soviet
372:) from that Swedish. He also translated works by
3620:
1979:Estonian Literature Information Centre profile:
808:). The second story tells of an ethnic Estonian
1038:Selected Estonian titles in chronological order
240:invaded and occupied the three Baltic countries
3719:Recipients of the Order of the Badge of Honour
1954:Molotovi-Ribbentropi paktist baaside lepinguni
1256:Four Monologues on the Subject of Saint George
301:
2001:
1615:"Jaan Kross. Tahtamaa. – Free Online Library"
238:In 1940, when Kross was 20, the Soviet Union
199:(19 February 1920 – 27 December 2007) was an
1393:"Breaking News, World News & Multimedia"
1875:Tannberg / Mäesalu / Lukas / Laur / Pajur:
1743:, Eesti Keele Sihtasutus, 2009, 542 pages,
759:included parts of what are now Estonia and
2015:
2008:
1994:
1836:Translator Eric Dickens' introductions to
489:set in the 18th (the title is ambiguous),
1777:1989, 222 pages. (Festschrift in German.)
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1258:in the anthology of Estonian literature
557:
354:
287:
32:This article includes a list of general
1289:The Dedalus Book of Estonian Literature
1249:Stories in English-language anthologies
459:, set in the mid-1950s, deals with the
347:Translations have mostly been from the
3621:
1898:Eesti ajalugu ärkimisajast tänapäevani
1224:) 2003. First volume of autobiography.
1989:
1868:A couple of articles on Kross in the
1739:Estonian version: Juhani Salokannel:
1412:See Bibliografia op.cit.pages 100–139
1025:celebrated his 100th birthday with a
296:
3709:Honoured Writers of the Estonian SSR
3704:People's Writers of the Estonian SSR
1052:), 1970–1976. A tetralogy of novels.
485:tetralogy, set in the 16th century,
415:
316:Baltic Assembly Prize for Literature
99:Jaan Kross in 1987, by Guenter Prust
18:
3644:Members of the Riigikogu, 1992–1995
1803:Geschichte der estnischen Literatur
1500:is also available in the anthology
1234:) 2003. Lectures on his own novels.
683:in California and on the island of
308:People's Writer of the Estonian SSR
246:invaded and took over the country.
13:
1879:, Avita, Tallinn, 2000, 332 pages.
1525:Salokannel, op. cit. pages 175–228
1364:Tannberg and others, pages 238–267
803:Four Monologues on the Subject of
253:for six months in 1944 during the
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3740:
3654:Estonian male short story writers
1967:
3684:21st-century short story writers
3679:20th-century short story writers
1838:The Conspiracy and Other Stories
1552:Available in Finnish translation
1375:The Conspiracy and Other Stories
1150:The Conspiracy and Other Stories
812:who will now be knighted by the
699:The Conspiracy and Other Stories
614:The Conspiracy and Other Stories
249:Kross was first arrested by the
93:
23:
3664:21st-century Estonian novelists
3659:20th-century Estonian novelists
1882:Andres Adamson, Sulev Valdmaa:
1733:
1705:
1689:
1664:
1646:
1632:
1607:
1594:
1581:
1572:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1462:
1373:ELIC article on Jaan Kross and
1032:
312:State Prize of the Estonian SSR
259:reconquered by the Soviet Union
1751:, translated into Estonian by
1450:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1342:International Herald Tribune:
1335:
1:
1604:, Prometheus, Amsterdam, 2000
1328:
822:Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald
771:(c 1536–1600), who wrote the
469:'s death as well as with the
210:
3444:George Demetrius Bambiniotis
1959:Vaime Kabur and Gerli Palk:
1948:Venestamine Eestis 1880–1917
1654:"Jaan Kross' 100th Birthday"
1318:Finnish Institute in Tallinn
1295:. Translator: Eric Dickens.)
1113:Professor Martens' Departure
655:Professor Martens' Departure
609:Professor Martens' Departure
537:Professor Martens' Departure
495:Professor Martens' Departure
452:Professor Martens' Departure
359:Kross and German translator
255:German occupation of Estonia
227:Gymnasium, and attended the
7:
3729:Burials at Rahumäe Cemetery
3669:20th-century Estonian poets
1695:These volumes are entitled
1506:The Day His Eyes Are Opened
1316:, the then director of the
1279:The Day His Eyes Are Opened
1232:Autobiographism and Subtext
590:
302:Recognition and translation
16:Estonian writer (1920–2007)
10:
3745:
1961:Jaan Kross – Bibliograafia
1870:Estonian Literary Magazine
1833:, Ian Thomson, and others.
1761:
1728:Professor Martensi ärasõit
1281:. Translator: Ritva Poom.)
1228:Omaeluloolisus ja alltekst
1107:Professor Martensi ärasõit
1016:
663:Friedrich Fromhold Martens
659:Professor Martensi ärasõit
553:Omaeluloolisus ja alltekst
471:Danish conquest of Estonia
330:International Nonino Prize
205:International Nonino Prize
3694:21st-century male writers
3689:20th-century male writers
3399:
3330:Vera Bitrakova-Grozdanova
3095:Vasilka Gerasimova-Tomova
3014:
2648:
2604:Apostolos E. Vacalopoulos
2272:
2024:
1973:Guardian biography 2003:
1498:The Days Eyes Were Opened
1003:
985:, and four children. The
853:A While in a Swivel Chair
818:Michelson's Matriculation
681:Mount Palomar Observatory
493:set in the 19th century,
487:A Rakvere Novel / Romance
336:during the early 1990s.
334:Nobel Prize in Literature
179:
165:
157:
147:
139:
127:
104:
92:
85:
2914:Zoe Dumitrescu-Bușulenga
2857:Johannes Karayannopoulos
1896:Silvia Õispuu (editor):
1846:Sailing Against the Wind
1816:Eesti kirjanike leksikon
1810:Kallid kaasteelised I-II
1127:Sailing Against the Wind
1074:The Third Range of Hills
976:
970:Estonian Literary Museum
859:The Third Range of Hills
837:Two Lost Sheets of Paper
727:The Day Eyes Were Opened
669:Sailing Against the Wind
625:Sailing Against the Wind
541:Sailing Against the Wind
529:Sailing Against the Wind
363:in Hamburg, October 1985
203:writer. He won the 1995
3714:Herder Prize recipients
3649:Estonian male novelists
3541:Kazimir Popkonstantinov
3438:Evanghelos Moutsopoulos
3309:Justinas Marcinkevičius
2970:Nikos Gabriel Pentzikis
2146:Alexandru A. Philippide
2048:Lucijan Marija Škerjanc
1801:Cornelius Hasselblatt:
1064:), 1972. Four novellas.
996:Kross is buried at the
907:Battle of Velikiye Luki
903:war has reached Estonia
841:Johann Voldemar Jannsen
651:tetralogy (see below).
374:Pierre-Jean de Béranger
53:more precise citations.
3283:Dunja Rihtman-Auguštin
2729:Władysław Bartoszewski
2693:Athanasios Aravantinos
2610:Gordana Babić-Đorđević
1619:www.thefreelibrary.com
1502:Estonian Short Stories
1271:Estonian Short Stories
1012:— Toomas Hendrik Ilves
849:Estonian Song Festival
563:
507:Mesmer's Circle / Ring
364:
321:In 1990 Kross won the
293:
3588:Włodzimierz Borodziej
3495:Stanisław Mossakowski
2965:Petar Miljković-Pepek
2718:Jan Józef Szczepański
2574:Magdalena Abakanowicz
2409:Stylianos Pelekanidis
2358:Stylianos Harkianakis
2296:Kazimierz Michałowski
2162:Constantin Daicoviciu
1891:Eesti rahva ajaraamat
1672:"Estonian Literature"
1050:Between Three Plagues
1021:On 19 February 2020,
743:Between Three Plagues
693:Bergedorf Observatory
649:Between Three Plagues
561:
499:Elusiveness / Evasion
483:Between Three Plagues
361:Cornelius Hasselblatt
358:
323:Amnesty International
291:
3639:Writers from Tallinn
3294:Andrei Corbea-Hoișie
3156:Andrzej Szczypiorski
3023:Maja Bošković-Stulli
2770:Konstantinos Dimaras
2522:Krzysztof Penderecki
1146:Silmade avamise päev
991:Toomas Hendrik Ilves
987:President of Estonia
703:Silmade avamise päev
3674:Estonian male poets
3593:Nicos Hadjinicolaou
3546:Romualdas Požerskis
3510:Ana Maria Zahariade
3325:Svetlana Alexievich
3196:Michael G. Meraklis
2986:Aris Konstantinidis
2929:Mieczysław Porębski
2888:Vladimir Veličković
2873:Roman Brandstaetter
2806:Růžena Grebeníčková
2687:Elida Maria Szarota
2625:Manousos Manousakas
2568:Yiannis Spyropoulos
2450:Pandelis Prevelakis
2440:Maria Ana Musicescu
2259:Yiannis Papaioannou
2182:Anastasios Orlandos
1942:Tõrjutud mälestused
1767:Juhani Salokannel:
1660:. 19 February 2020.
1238:Kallid kaasteelised
1218:Kallid kaasteelised
829:, here of the epic
691:, then at the main
568:Kallid kaasteelised
402:Alice in Wonderland
229:University of Tartu
152:University of Tartu
3598:Gabriela Kiliánová
3577:Eimuntas Nekrošius
3474:Lech Trzeciakowski
3408:Yurii Andrukhovych
3253:Tasos Athanasiadis
3206:Wisława Szymborska
3175:Zigmas Zinkevičius
3170:Takis Varvitsiotis
3115:Răzvan Theodorescu
3059:Manolis Andronikos
2996:Virginia Paskaleva
2677:Vjenceslav Richter
2672:Dimitrios Loukatos
2497:Nikolaos Andriotis
2491:Kazimierz Wejchert
2435:Stanislav Libenský
2353:Veselin Beshevliev
2141:Spyridon Marinatos
2136:Witold Lutosławski
2105:Aleksander Kobzdej
2059:Manolis Hatzidakis
1877:History of Estonia
1788:De ring van Mesmer
1697:Vahelugemised I-VI
1602:De ring van Mesmer
1589:Natur & Kultur
1567:Natur & Kultur
1563:Romanen om Rakvere
1300:Kross the essayist
1242:Dear Co-Travellers
1222:Dear Co-Travellers
773:Livonian Chronicle
641:Timotheus von Bock
572:Dear Co-Travellers
564:
562:Jaan Kross in 2004
400:from Russian, and
365:
328:. He won the 1995
326:Golden Flame Prize
297:Career as a writer
294:
292:Jaan Kross in 1938
189:Eerik-Niiles Kross
3616:
3615:
3516:Theodore Antoniou
3355:Ferdinand Milučký
3258:Bogdan Bogdanović
3201:Mindaugas Navakas
3110:Jerzy Tchórzewski
3038:Yorgos Sicilianos
2981:Bronisław Geremek
2950:Jerzy Buszkiewicz
2909:Christos Kapralos
2785:Constantin Lucaci
2713:Aleksandar Nichev
2708:Sona Kovacevicová
2703:Vojislav J. Đurić
2635:Alexandru Rosetti
2327:Branko Maksimović
2301:Mihail Sokolovski
2192:Pancho Vladigerov
2156:Svetozar Radojčić
2131:Vladimír Kompánek
2084:Hristo Vakarelski
2043:Stanisław Lorentz
2033:Oto Bihalji-Merin
1938:Förträngda minnen
1863:Books and Writers
1857:Petri Liukkonen.
1749:978-9985-79-266-7
1640:"Cemetery Portal"
1314:Juhani Salokannel
1260:The Love That Was
1087:The Czar's Madman
1062:Under Clio's Gaze
1045:Kolme katku vahel
748:Kolme katku vahel
715:The Stahl Grammar
633:The Czar's Madman
603:The Czar's Madman
576:fellow-travellers
524:The Czar's Madman
491:The Czar's Madman
446:The Czar's Madman
416:Content and style
194:
193:
79:
78:
71:
3736:
3521:Michał Głowiński
3464:Nedjeljko Fabrio
3386:Karolos Mitsakis
3350:Dževad Karahasan
3314:Dorota Simonides
3227:Konstantin Iliev
3151:Ștefan Niculescu
3074:Stefan Kaszynski
3006:András Vizkelety
3001:Adriena Šimotová
2883:József Ujfalussy
2816:Demetrios Pallas
2790:Krasimir Manchev
2754:Stefana Stoykova
2744:Gunther Schuller
2667:Stefka Georgieva
2630:Vera Mutafchieva
2548:Kazimierz Dejmek
2507:Emmanuel Kriaras
2481:Nichita Stănescu
2476:Dezső Keresztury
2471:Ioannis Kakridis
2455:Stanojlo Rajičić
2389:Władysław Czerny
2368:Zbigniew Herbert
2347:Virgil Vătășianu
2342:Henryk Stażewski
2218:Marijan Matković
2010:
2003:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1916:and Jaan Tross:
1755:
1737:
1731:
1709:
1703:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1611:
1605:
1598:
1592:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1434:. Archived from
1428:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1389:
1378:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1339:
1267:Darlene Reddaway
1148:1988, (English:
1110:1984, (English:
998:Rahumäe cemetery
945:Tartu University
871:Saint Petersburg
769:Balthasar Russow
765:Poland-Lithuania
677:Bernhard Schmidt
378:Honoré de Balzac
134:
131:27 December 2007
115:19 February 1920
114:
112:
97:
83:
82:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3699:Gulag detainees
3619:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3608:Vojteh Ravnikar
3505:Ludvík Václavek
3454:Péter Esterházy
3433:Andrej Mitrović
3395:
3371:Nikola Georgiev
3299:Eliška Fučíková
3273:Lech Kalinowski
3247:Marian Zgórniak
3146:Dževad Juzbašić
3120:Elena Várossová
3100:Petro Kononenko
3069:Blaga Dimitrova
3053:Stoimen Stoilov
3010:
2991:Dejan Medaković
2960:Nikolai Genchev
2934:Edvard Ravnikar
2924:Donka Petkanova
2898:Gheorghe Vrabie
2847:Boris Gaberščik
2826:Simeon Pironkov
2795:Krzysztof Meyer
2657:Emil Condurachi
2644:
2466:Marin Goleminov
2430:Hristo M. Danov
2373:Eugen Jebeleanu
2337:Jaroslav Pešina
2317:Dragotin Cvetko
2311:Bence Szabolcsi
2268:
2249:Milovan Gavazzi
2234:Jan Białostocki
2223:Ksawery Piwocki
2203:Albín Brunovský
2172:Miroslav Krleža
2120:Dimiter Statkov
2095:Dezső Dercsényi
2020:
2014:
1970:
1796:Mesmer's Circle
1764:
1759:
1758:
1738:
1734:
1730:(Finnish, 1986)
1724:Pietarin tiellä
1710:
1706:
1701:Intertexts I-VI
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1599:
1595:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1438:on 3 March 2016
1430:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1196:1998 (English:
1188:), 1995. Novel.
1186:Mesmer's Circle
1176:), 1993. Novel.
1164:), 1990. Novel.
1157:Väljakaevamised
1142:), 1988. Novel.
1140:The Wikman Boys
1124:1987 (English:
1102:), 1982. Novel.
1100:A Rakvere Novel
1084:1978 (English:
1076:), 1974. Novel.
1035:
1019:
1006:
989:(at the time),
979:
937:Mesmer's Circle
917:Väljakaevamised
895:The Wikman Boys
881:A Rakvere Novel
847:and founds the
781:
598:
593:
503:The Wikman Boys
418:
310:(1985) and the
304:
299:
277:labour camp in
233:Artes Liberales
213:
172:
170:
148:Alma mater
132:
116:
110:
108:
100:
88:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3742:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3582:Krešimir Nemec
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3490:Károly Manherz
3487:
3482:
3480:Vasil Gyuzelev
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3459:Radost Ivanova
3456:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3428:Marek Kopelent
3425:
3420:
3418:János Böhönyey
3415:
3410:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3345:Henryk Górecki
3342:
3337:
3335:Mircea Dinescu
3332:
3327:
3321:
3319:Elena Toncheva
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3181:Sándor Kányádi
3177:
3172:
3167:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3141:István Borzsák
3137:
3132:
3130:Dionysis Zivas
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2919:György Györffy
2916:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2895:
2893:Velizar Velkov
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2821:Károly Perczel
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2759:C. A. Trypanis
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2739:Jozef Jankovič
2736:
2731:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2584:Zdenko Kolacio
2581:
2576:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2553:Stoyan Dzudzev
2550:
2545:
2543:Đurđe Bošković
2540:
2534:
2529:
2527:Anastas Petrov
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2445:Gábor Preisich
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2363:János Harmatta
2360:
2355:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2322:Atanas Dalchev
2319:
2313:
2308:
2306:Zaharia Stancu
2303:
2298:
2293:
2291:Georgios Megas
2288:
2283:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2208:Bohuslav Fuchs
2205:
2200:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2167:Roman Ingarden
2164:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2064:Emanuel Hruška
2061:
2056:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2013:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1969:
1968:External links
1966:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1908:14. juuni 1941
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1855:
1849:
1834:
1819:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1732:
1720:Rakvere romaan
1716:Keisarin hullu
1704:
1688:
1663:
1645:
1631:
1606:
1593:
1580:
1571:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1461:
1449:
1432:"ELIC website"
1423:
1414:
1405:
1379:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1297:
1296:
1282:
1263:
1246:
1245:
1235:
1225:
1215:
1214:) 2001. Novel.
1203:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1153:
1143:
1135:Wikmani poisid
1131:
1121:Vastutuulelaev
1117:
1103:
1095:Rakvere romaan
1091:
1077:
1069:Kolmandad mäed
1065:
1057:Klio silma all
1053:
1034:
1031:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1005:
1002:
978:
975:
899:Wikmani poisid
885:Rakvere romaan
863:Kolmandad mäed
799:Michael Sittow
795:Klio silma all
780:
777:
719:The Conspiracy
673:Vastutuulelaev
597:
594:
592:
589:
426:Baltic Germans
417:
414:
412:from English.
398:David Samoilov
394:Ivan Goncharov
386:Bertolt Brecht
370:Karl Ristikivi
303:
300:
298:
295:
225:Jakob Westholm
212:
209:
192:
191:
185:Kristiina Ross
181:
177:
176:
169:Helga Pedusaar
167:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
135:(aged 87)
129:
125:
124:
106:
102:
101:
98:
90:
89:
86:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3741:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3603:Ene Mihkelson
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3531:Fatos Lubonja
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3449:Māris Čaklais
3447:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3423:Maria Kłańska
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:Milan Kundera
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3304:Ismail Kadare
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3263:Oskár Elschek
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:Pēteris Vasks
3240:
3238:
3237:Jože Pogačnik
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3222:Karel Hubáček
3220:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:Milcho Lalkov
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3135:Viktor Žmegač
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3105:György Kurtág
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3048:Marin Sorescu
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3028:Gerard Labuda
3026:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2955:Václav Frolec
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2878:Doula Mouriki
2876:
2874:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:Konrad Górski
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:Tekla Dömötör
2840:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2831:Andrzej Wajda
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:Adrian Marino
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2780:György Konrád
2778:
2776:
2775:Karel Horálek
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2765:Emilijan Cevc
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:Ana Blandiana
2696:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:Sándor Csoóri
2660:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:Ferenc Farkas
2577:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:Riko Debenjak
2500:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:Józef Burszta
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2378:Petar Lubarda
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2332:Gyula Ortutay
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:Blaže Koneski
2284:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:Zoltán Franyó
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2110:Anton Kriesis
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2100:Zlatko Gorjan
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:László Németh
2072:
2070:
2069:Zoltán Kodály
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2054:Tudor Arghezi
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2011:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1924:Andres Tarand
1922:
1919:
1918:Punane Terror
1915:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1884:Eesti ajalugu
1881:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1827:Tibor Fischer
1824:
1823:Doris Lessing
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1677:
1676:www.estlit.ee
1673:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1641:
1635:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1603:
1597:
1590:
1584:
1575:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1376:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1265:Kajar Pruul,
1264:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1030:
1028:
1027:Google Doodle
1024:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1001:
999:
994:
992:
988:
984:
974:
971:
967:
963:
961:
960:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
918:
914:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
854:
850:
846:
845:Lydia Koidula
842:
838:
834:
833:
828:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:
800:
796:
792:
790:
784:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
749:
744:
740:
738:
734:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
650:
646:
645:Schlüsselburg
642:
638:
634:
630:
627:
626:
621:
620:
615:
611:
610:
605:
604:
588:
586:
581:
577:
573:
569:
560:
556:
554:
549:
544:
542:
538:
532:
530:
525:
519:
517:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
478:
476:
472:
468:
465:period after
464:
463:
458:
454:
453:
448:
447:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
392:from German,
391:
390:Rolf Hochhuth
387:
384:from French,
383:
379:
375:
371:
362:
357:
353:
350:
345:
343:
337:
335:
331:
327:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
290:
286:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
208:
206:
202:
198:
190:
186:
183:4, including
182:
178:
175:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
130:
126:
123:
119:
107:
103:
96:
91:
84:
81:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3572:Andrei Marga
3562:Primož Kuret
3552:Károly Klimó
3500:Ales Rasanau
3485:Drago Jančar
3413:Janez Bernik
3376:Imre Kertész
3366:Ivan Čolović
3340:István Fried
3277:
3268:Ferenc Glatz
3165:Květa Válová
3079:Jiří Kořalka
3064:Jenő Barabás
3033:Andor Pigler
2904:Roman Berger
2867:Anatol Vieru
2862:Jiří Kotalík
2801:Branko Fučić
2749:Zdenko Škreb
2682:Eugen Suchoň
2620:Kamil Lhoták
2615:Iván Balassa
2589:Atanas Natev
2532:Ion Vladutiu
2512:Albert Kutal
2486:Rudolf Turek
2394:Ivan Duichev
2254:Gyula Illyés
2228:France Stele
2198:Jolán Balogh
2017:Herder Prize
1960:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1917:
1907:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1862:
1859:"Jaan Kross"
1845:
1842:Treading Air
1841:
1837:
1831:Paul Binding
1815:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1792:Mesmeri ring
1791:
1787:
1786:Jaan Kross:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1753:Piret Saluri
1740:
1735:
1727:
1726:; 1984) and
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1675:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:
1609:
1601:
1596:
1583:
1574:
1562:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1464:
1457:Ausgrabungen
1456:
1452:
1440:. Retrieved
1436:the original
1426:
1417:
1408:
1396:. Retrieved
1374:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1343:
1337:
1321:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:Treading Air
1197:
1191:
1185:
1181:Mesmeri ring
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1125:
1119:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1033:Bibliography
1020:
1009:
1000:in Tallinn.
995:
980:
965:
964:
959:Treading Air
957:
953:Franz Mesmer
941:Mesmeri ring
940:
936:
935:
926:
922:
921:
916:
912:
911:
898:
894:
893:
884:
880:
879:
867:Johann Köler
862:
858:
857:
852:
836:
830:
817:
805:Saint George
802:
794:
786:
785:
782:
753:Livonian War
746:
742:
741:
736:
733:Treading Air
732:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
697:
672:
668:
667:
658:
654:
653:
648:
636:
632:
631:
623:
619:Treading Air
617:
613:
607:
601:
599:
575:
571:
567:
565:
552:
548:roman à clef
545:
540:
536:
533:
528:
523:
520:
516:Treading Air
515:
510:
509:; the novel
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
479:
460:
456:
450:
444:
442:
419:
409:
405:
401:
366:
346:
338:
320:
305:
283:
248:
244:Nazi Germany
237:
232:
214:
196:
195:
133:(2007-12-27)
80:
65:
56:
37:
3634:2007 deaths
3629:1920 births
3567:Jiří Kuthan
3557:Hanna Krall
3526:Dušan Kováč
3469:Aurel Stroe
3232:Marin Mincu
3217:Tamás Hofer
3211:Jaan Undusk
3186:Mirko Kovač
3125:Māra Zālīte
3089:Jon Nicodim
3084:Zmaga Kumer
2976:Liviu Calin
2945:Ákos Birkás
2940:Maria Banuș
2837:Georgi Baev
2599:Pavel Trost
2594:András Sütő
2538:Eugen Barbu
2461:Jagoda Buić
2419:Zeno Vancea
2414:Ján Podolák
2404:László Gerő
2399:Ivo Frangeš
2264:Zeko Torbov
2213:Mihail Jora
2187:Lajos Vayer
2177:Ludvík Kunz
2079:Hugo Rokyta
1889:Arvo Mägi:
1712:Keisri hull
1174:Elusiveness
1162:Excavations
1081:Keisri hull
923:Elusiveness
913:Excavations
735:(Estonian:
723:The Ashtray
711:Lead Piping
701:(Estonian:
671:(Estonian:
657:(Estonian:
637:Keisri hull
635:(Estonian:
511:Excavations
475:Middle Ages
457:Excavations
443:Generally,
382:Paul Éluard
342:Soviet rule
140:Nationality
51:introducing
3623:Categories
3278:Jaan Kross
3043:Emil Skála
2723:Imre Varga
2640:Wiktor Zin
2563:Jiří Hrůza
2558:Béla Gunda
2517:Máté Major
2281:Jiří Kolář
2126:Iván Fenyő
2115:Niko Kuret
2090:Ján Cikker
1928:Cassiopeia
1769:Jaan Kross
1741:Jaan Kross
1722:(Finnish:
1714:(Finnish:
1496:The story
1329:References
1322:Jaan Kross
1287:(editor):
1275:Hallelujah
1193:Paigallend
983:Ellen Niit
931:Jüri Vilms
832:Kalevipoeg
737:Paigallend
585:Parliament
438:occupation
211:Early life
207:in Italy.
197:Jaan Kross
174:Ellen Niit
171:Helga Roos
111:1920-02-19
87:Jaan Kross
59:April 2022
34:references
3400:2001–2006
3391:Arvo Pärt
3361:Ján Bakoš
3015:1991–2000
2734:Géza Entz
2649:1981–1990
2383:Jan Racek
2273:1971–1980
2239:Jan Filip
2151:Mihai Pop
2025:1964–1970
2019:laureates
1934:Imbi Paju
1914:Mart Laar
1904:Mart Laar
1718:; 1982),
1469:Ukrainian
1308:Biography
1169:Tabamatus
927:Tabamatus
810:Michelson
707:The Wound
689:Mittweida
580:Waffen-SS
235:in 1998.
3536:Éva Pócs
3289:Imre Bak
2038:Jan Kott
1852:Material
1681:23 March
1624:23 March
1442:23 March
1398:23 March
1285:Jan Kaus
1212:Tahtamaa
1207:Tahtamaa
966:Tahtamaa
685:Mallorca
591:Synopses
531:(2012).
434:metaphor
430:Russians
349:Estonian
269:camp in
215:Born in
201:Estonian
180:Children
143:Estonian
1762:Sources
1017:Tribute
949:Siberia
889:Rakvere
875:Tallinn
791:'s Gaze
757:Livonia
570:, i.e.
473:in the
410:Othello
406:Macbeth
271:Vorkuta
251:Germans
221:Estonia
217:Tallinn
122:Estonia
118:Tallinn
47:improve
3586:2006:
3550:2005:
3514:2004:
3478:2003:
3442:2002:
3406:2001:
3359:2000:
3323:1999:
3287:1998:
3251:1997:
3215:1996:
3179:1995:
3139:1994:
3093:1993:
3057:1992:
3021:1991:
2974:1990:
2938:1989:
2902:1988:
2871:1987:
2835:1986:
2799:1985:
2763:1984:
2727:1983:
2691:1982:
2655:1981:
2608:1980:
2572:1979:
2536:1978:
2495:1977:
2459:1976:
2423:1975:
2387:1974:
2351:1973:
2315:1972:
2279:1971:
2232:1970:
2196:1969:
2160:1968:
2124:1967:
2088:1966:
2052:1965:
2031:1964:
1844:. and
1747:
1658:Google
1023:Google
1004:Quotes
787:Under
761:Latvia
725:, and
622:2003;
616:1995;
612:1994;
606:1992;
467:Stalin
380:, and
275:Minlag
166:Spouse
161:novels
36:, but
3161:Jitka
1699:i.e.
1293:Uncle
977:Death
827:Kalev
422:genre
267:Gulag
158:Genre
3163:and
1745:ISBN
1683:2018
1626:2018
1444:2018
1400:2018
1277:and
814:Czar
789:Clio
462:thaw
428:and
408:and
396:and
388:and
279:Inta
263:NKVD
187:and
128:Died
105:Born
1781:All
1210:, (
855:).
3625::
1944:.)
1936::
1926::
1906::
1861:.
1840:,
1829:,
1825:,
1798:).
1794:/
1674:.
1656:.
1617:.
1565:,
1382:^
1269::
1251::
1029:.
721:,
717:,
713:,
709:,
404:,
376:,
318:.
219:,
120:,
2009:e
2002:t
1995:v
1865:.
1848:.
1685:.
1642:.
1628:.
1446:.
1402:.
1240:(
1230:(
1220:(
1184:(
1172:(
1160:(
1138:(
1098:(
1072:(
1060:(
1048:(
939:(
925:(
915:(
897:(
883:(
861:(
851:(
835:(
793:(
745:(
113:)
109:(
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_by_Guenter_Prust.jpg)
