268:(alternate-year attendance) at the time, so the executives had to deal with the situation themselves. Their biggest concern was how much this incident would negatively affect the position of the Matsumoto Domain. Thousands of farmers were camping out in the cold outside the castle. On the night of October 16, the domain government issued a response paper signed by two magistrates. When the news of the response paper spread, the majority of peasants who had gathered around Matsumoto Castle went home. But Kasuke and his followers were not satisfied with the response. They lingered behind. They were so determined to get a satisfactory answer that they stayed two more nights outside the castle. At last five executives signed the second response paper responding favorably to the farmers' appeal. The documents granted the farmers’ wishes to decrease the tax. Kasuke went home along with his followers. On October 18, the incident was settled peacefully.
345:, a human body was found. In the next few weeks, additional bodies were found. The number of the unearthed bodies came to eighteen. Seventeen bodies were clustered, and one was found apart from the rest. Four of the seventeen bodies were headless, which coincides with the story handed down by tradition. And one of the seventeen clustered bodies had a larger pelvis and slender bones. Taking these into consideration, historical and medical researchers of the time concluded that it was highly possible that the seventeen clustered bodies were those of the executed farmers of the Jōkyō Uprising. (The one with a larger pelvis must be Oshyun's body. Oana Zembei's body was also easily identified by its long bones, because he had been known for being tall.) In 1952, the bodies were buried in a mound, and the mound has been called
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285:). Twenty-eight farmers were executed in all. The executions took place on January 5, 1687 at two separate locations. One execution site was at Seitaka (a temporary site) and the other was at Idegawa. Seventeen farmers from the north of the castle were taken to Seitaka. Kasuke, Zembei, and Oshyun were among them. Eleven farmers from the south of the castle were taken to Idegawa. (In addition to the November executions, the new-born son of Oana Zembei's widow, Osato, was sentenced to death. But the baby died of an unexplained illness within a few weeks after birth.)
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254:, and handed in the letter of appeal. What they had not expected was that a huge crowd of farmers would gather and intimidate the officials. Kasuke and his followers had started this out as a peaceful mission. (There is a scholar who refutes this generally accepted notion. He claims that the leaders had intended to mobilize people from the outset. But in the process of dramatizing the story of the executed farmers who would later be revered as
218:. The sacred place was an appropriate venue for discussing the issue of peasant survival. After a series of such meetings, Tada Kasuke and his followers came to the conclusion that appealing to the magistrate’s office in Matsumoto was inevitable. They decided to do so even though they knew that to appeal was forbidden. Married men divorced their wives and sent them back to their parents’ homes. They then prepared
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190:. Tada Kasuke was fired as the headman of Nakagaya village, and Oana Zembei was fired as the headman of Niré village. Then in the fall of 1686, the domain government raised taxes to an exorbitant level. (The domain lord who was away from home at the time was obviously not informed of the tax rise.) The reason for this tax rise was that the domain government needed more money. The domain lord of Matsumoto was a
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five-year-old son of one of Kasuke's followers were executed, though they did not take part in the uprising.) Oana Zembei's daughter, Oshyun was responsible for delivering invitations to secret meetings at the Kumano Shrine. She was also executed (since women were not supposed to be executed for such a crime in feudal times, her name was changed to a masculine name in the official record,
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However, it turned out that the response documents signed by the executives were a tactic used to settle the rebellion. Under the strict
Tokugawa administration, domain government's failure to control an uprising meant dethronement for the domain lord. The executives of the Matsumoto Domain who were
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in the Meiji period). This movement swept across the nation in the 1870s and 1880s. The bicentennial anniversary of the Jōkyō Uprising was observed in an atmosphere of excitement over the movement. Matsuzawa Kyūsaku, a newspaper journalist from
Azumidaira, wrote a play based on the uprising, giving
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and
Takashima were not under such pressure to perform such duties, even though they used to be a part of the Matsumoto Domain. They collected lower taxes from their people. When Azumidaira farmers were notified of the tax rise, the atmosphere among tax collectors and peasants became tense, for their
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For several years there had been crop failure caused by severe winters. Azumidaira farmers had suffered from this and many people had starved to death. Poverty was rampant. Under the circumstances some households had to sell their daughters to brothels, and others had to kill newborn babies. Some
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by
Ohtsubo Kazuko) who had helped her father, "the deputy ringleader", were caught and executed. On top of that, the leaders of the uprising clearly recognized what was at stake. They realized that the real issue was abuse of rights within a feudal system. Because the newly raised tax level was
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It is said that after the executions and public display of the severed heads, Kasuke's widow's relatives went to the site and were handed over four heads, Kasuke's head among them. The four heads were buried in the secret corner of the relatives' family cemetery. Many years later, they were
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A month later, Kasuke and other leaders of the uprising were arrested. The response documents were confiscated. Kasuke and his followers along with the male members of their families were executed without trial. (Kasuke's twelve-year-old first-born son, ten-year-old second-born son, and a mere
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Then questions arise as to the whereabouts of the bodies of the farmers who had been executed at
Idegawa execution site. It is widely believed that the eleven bodies have been washed away by river water, for the execution site was on the bank of the Tagawa river. When
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Kasuke is said to have shouted out for lowered taxes when he was tied to the execution pole. Matsumoto Castle had been built with a structural defect which caused it to lean, rumored to be due to Tada Kasuke's passionate outcry. But the rumor started in the
158:. But the Jōkyō Uprising was unique in that not only the leaders of the uprising (former or incumbent village heads, who did not personally suffer from the heavy taxes), but also a sixteen-year-old girl (subject of the book
258:, their initial intention was changed into a more peaceful one.) But when word spread that they were appealing, thousands of peasants flocked to the castle, some of whom stormed shops and the castle gate. The domain lord,
393:, in both English and Japanese. They stand on each side of the main entrance to the building. The museum is located right across the street from the former Tada family homestead (designated as a cultural asset of
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3. Concerning the part of rice tax collected in the form of soy-beans, half of which is collected in cash; We ask that the tax money be calculated based on the price of rice, not on the price of soy-beans.
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Numerous incidents of peasant uprising have been recorded in the Edo period, and in many cases the leaders of the uprisings were executed afterward. Those executed leaders have been admired as
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and Oana Zembei tried to relieve the farmers' suffering by giving away rice from their own storehouses. But their acts of righteousness were met with a harsh reprimand from officials in
322:(The Image of Kasuke, a Model of the People's Rights Movement). Incidentally, Matsuzawa died in prison exactly 200 years after Kasuke and others had been executed.
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4. Concerning the obligation of transportation of rice, we ask that the obligation be reduced to transporting it only as far as the domain limits.
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5. Concerning the personnel cost of local and Edo offices, which we are obligated to shoulder, we ask that the obligation be cancelled.
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The body is arguably that of a person who had died by the roadside. (It had been buried in a normal manner, unlike all the rest.)
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The uprising has been perceived as a struggle for the right to life, and thought to be a forerunner for the
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Some people believe that Osato, not wanting to have her baby killed by the authorities, killed him herself.
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708:(Tracing the History of Commemoration of the Jōkyō Gimin), Jōkyō Gimin-sha Hōsankō, 2009, pp. 10–12
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Her real name was Shyun. But feminine names usually took the prefix "O". The same goes for Osato.
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was built, some soil from the former
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2. We ask for a reduction of rice tax to the level of those of two neighboring domains.
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774:(The Real Image of the Jōkyō Gimin Uprising), Shinmai Shoseki Shuppan Center, 2002
417:(The Real Image of the Jōkyō Gimin Uprising), Shinmai Shoseki Shuppan Center, 2002
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The keep, leaning to one side (Archive of the
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people founded in 1992 a memorial museum in honor of the uprising. The museum,
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is the major and credible source of information concerning the uprising.
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equivalent to a 70% tax rate; an impossible rate. The
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537:(Farmers' Uprising and Its Manners), Yoshikawa Kōbunkan, 2002, p.110
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The
Universal Declaration of Human Rights amidst Rice Paddy Fields
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1. Rendering rice tax after processing is too much of a burden.
760:(Farmers' Uprising and Its Manners), Yoshikawa Kōbunkan, 2002
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in charge of the incident needed to suppress it by all means.
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http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/JapanUDHRPlaque.aspx
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Some people say that the second-born son was eight years old.
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when the castle tower actually started to lean to one side.)
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438:(Investigating Azumino), Matsumoto, Kyōdo Shuppan-sha, 1997
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Shouts at the Castle), Shinkyō Shuppan-bu, 1986, pp.100-101
458:(Japanese History Study), Yamakawa Shuppan-sha, 2008, p.288
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In 1950, at a construction site near Seitaka shrine in
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neighbors didn't have to pay the same amount of taxes.
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Kumano shrine, the site of the farmers' secret meetings
788:(Japanese History Study), Yamakawa Shuppan-sha, 2008
662:(The Chūō Line), self-published, c.1983, pp. 240-247
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Early on the morning of October 14, Tada Kasuke and
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806:http://www.anc-tv.ne.jp/~gimin/what.html
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216:Kumano Shrine
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156:Sakura Sōgorō
153:
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143:at the time.
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39:
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28:
23:
1339: (1970)
1333: (1968)
1327: (1952)
1321: (1946)
1302: (1923)
1296: (1918)
1277: (1905)
1271: (1886)
1265: (1873)
1246: (1686)
1243:
1240: (1441)
1208: (1970)
1202: (1961)
1196: (1945)
1190: (1945)
1184: (1936)
1178: (1934)
1172: (1932)
1166: (1932)
1160: (1931)
1154: (1931)
1135: (1884)
1129: (1882)
1123: (1878)
1117: (1877)
1111: (1876)
1105: (1876)
1099: (1876)
1093: (1874)
1087: (1868)
1068: (1864)
1062: (1864)
1056: (1863)
1044:(1862, 1866)
1038: (1837)
1032: (1789)
1020: (1651)
1008: (1603)
984: (1441)
978: (1428)
972: (1221)
966: (1201)
960: (1184)
954: (1177)
948: (1160)
942: (1156)
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743:
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719:
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611:. Retrieved
602:
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509:. Retrieved
500:
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376:
358:
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346:
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329:burial mound
326:
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291:Meiji period
287:
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279:
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265:sankin-kōtai
263:
255:
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193:fudai daimyō
191:
180:
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108:
89:
87:
996:(1487–1488)
990:(1485–1493)
930: (764)
924: (740)
912: (672)
906: (645)
900: (527)
894: (479)
888: (463)
724:TOBA Tōru,
658:TOBA Tōru,
318:it a title
283:Shimpu-tōki
248:Oana Zembei
184:Tada Kasuke
171:Shimpu-tōki
166:Shimpu-tōki
141:Mizuno clan
1357:Categories
1294:Rice riots
1286:Taishō era
1229:Pre-Modern
877:Pre-Modern
870:rebellions
716:References
626:NAKAJIMA,
613:2008-12-13
511:2009-10-21
397:in 1960).
359:Gimin-zuka
347:Gimin-zuka
327:Gimin-zuka
177:Background
125:Azumidaira
121:Edo period
102:Jōkyō Sōdō
1337:Koza riot
1311:Shōwa era
1255:Meiji era
1220:Riots and
1144:Shōwa era
1077:Meiji era
868:coups and
866:Attempted
672:Gimin-sai
305:Influence
188:Matsumoto
107:, or the
726:Chūō-sen
660:Chūō-sen
593:TANAKA,
491:TANAKA,
478:TANAKA,
55:Location
379:Azumino
1002:(1591)
792:
778:
764:
750:
630:, p.77
495:, p.88
482:, p.30
446:, p.76
442:
421:
198:Takatō
160:Oshyun
79:Deaths
1231:Japan
879:Japan
737:Gimin
693:Gimin
676:Gimin
425:, p.9
401:Notes
351:Gimin
256:Gimin
205:Event
152:Gimin
148:Gimin
129:Japan
123:) in
117:Jōkyō
71:Cause
1398:Ikki
790:ISBN
776:ISBN
762:ISBN
748:ISBN
440:ISBN
419:ISBN
96:貞享騒動
88:The
63:Type
50:1686
47:Date
41:貞享騒動
1359::
127:,
99:,
82:28
846:e
839:t
832:v
735:(
691:(
674:(
616:.
514:.
313:(
105:)
93:(
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