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interior. The main building (dating from 1877–78) stretches 170 meters to the left behind the entrance. The corner towers contain staircase, ventilation shafts, and water tanks for fire relief. It originally contained five-aisled production halls, and functioned as an industrial complex until World War II before being nationalized under the
Communist regime. After some years of neglect it has now been transformed into a multiplex cinema, shopping center, and hotel, called
318:. One of the workers was assaulted. In 1891, the report of the factory inspector documented that Poznański paid the lowest wages of any industrialist in Łódź, and the penalties that his weavers faced if they broke regulations were the most severe. During the Łódź revolt in 1892, Poznański set up a temporary investigative office at his factory, where several striking workers were humiliated, beaten, and then fired from the factory without proof of their guilt.
241:
rich man claimed that he did not have a horse at the time, and that he instead harnessed dogs to the cart). At the age of seventeen, in 1851, he married Leonia Hertz, the daughter of Mojżesz Hertz, a wealthy merchant from Warsaw. Izrael was described then as a "master of the weaving profession" bringing an estate worth 500 rubles to the marriage. His wife, Leonia, brought him a dowry selling goods in
374:. In the mid-1890s, he also financed ⅓ the cost of building a large organ in the church. On February 18, 1895, he notarised 100,000 rubles to transform the Higher School of Crafts in Łódź into a technical school. In 1899-1900 he was the president of the Łódź Jewish Charity Society, which he founded, among other organizations.
305:
On
October 29, 1889, the family business was transformed into a joint-stock company, like other cotton enterprises in Łódź. The official name of the plants was Towarzystwo Akcyjne Wyrobów Cottonowych IK Poznańskiego in Łódź (Poznański Cotton Products Joint Stock Company in Łódź). The expanding plants
309:
In 1883, a strike broke out at Poznański's factory as a result of deteriorating working conditions. At that time, the average workday for a laborer lasted 16 hours, from 5:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. That year, in addition, Izrael Poznański mandated that employees also work on public holidays, beginning on
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in 1895 and illustrated here) still stands. Built nearly entirely of orange brick, it is entered from the street through a large gate resembling a grandiose triumphal arch. To the right behind the entry is the building housing the offices of the company directors, which preserves its original marble
253:
In
December 1852, Izrael Poznański took over the management of the family business from his father, and gradually expanded it over the next half-century. In 1859 the gross output of his plant was valued at 6,000 zlotys; by 1868, this had increased to 23,000 rubles. By 1871 Poznański had begun buying
240:
In Łódź, Izrael Poznański graduated from elementary school and the so-called junior high school. The future multi-millionaire entrepreneur learned from scratch. As a teenager, he collected scrap material using a rickety cart pulled by a run-down horse (later, to enhance his rags-to-riches tale, the
349:
A clear change can be observed during Poznański's life story: initially he was known as a ruthless employer, neglecting the safety of employees. In his factories, there were numerous accidents resulting in disability or death. However, towards the end of his life he became involved in charity,
325:
in the then-Włoszczowa district, where he built a starch factory to supply his textile factories in Łódź. The new plant employed 140 workers. He also built a two-story palace nearby modeled on neoclassical mansions. In the summer of 1889, a fire destroyed this factory completely, and losses in
426:
to a libretto by Małgorzata
Sikorska-Miszczuk. On January 5, 2017, the first public performance of competition excerpts from the opera took place. The winner of the competition was Rafał Janiak. The world premiere of his work, originally planned for November 2018, took place on February 2,
228:
and the youngest son of the merchant Kalman (who was given the surname Poznański) and Małka Lubińska. In 1825, the 40-year-old Kalman Poznański, with his wife, children, farmhand and servant, settled in
Aleksandrów Łódzki. In 1834, the family, now quite wealthy, moved from
648:. vol III, no. 100 (1 May 1900), pp. 5–7. Wiktor Czajewski (red.). Łódź:Wiktor Czajewski. : "Yesterday, we placed in the grave the body of the prematurely deceased President of the Łódzkie Towarzystwo Dobroczynności BP Izrael K. Poznański."
490:. Quote: "Across from this sarcophagus stands the magnificent mausoleum of Izrael Poznanski. The largest and most impressive grave monument in this cemetery, and probably the largest Jewish grave monument in the world".
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up plots at 17–23 Ogrodowa Street in order to build a new grand industrial complex; the following year, the first factory facility was erected on the site, a high-output cotton mill with some 200 mechanical looms.
237:, where the father acquired the right to trade in textiles, notably cotton and linen, and built the first two-story tenement house in the Old Town, where he also established a store selling fabrics and spices.
634:
vol III, no. 99 (30 April 1900), pp. 2, 5–6. Wiktor
Czajewski (red.). Łódź: Wiktor Czajewski. : "On Saturday, April 28, BP Izrael K. Poznański, our venerable boss, senior, died in Łódź after long and hard
306:
of Poznański employed more and more workers over the years: in 1865, there were some 70 workers; by 1879, this had grown to 426 workers; and in 1906, the firm employed around 6,800 people.
683:
Wiadomości ogólne. W kościele
Wniebowzięcia N. M. P.... „Dziennik Łódzki”. Rok VIII (nr 163), s. 2, kol. 2, 1891-07-25. Bolesław Knichowiecki (red.). Łódź: Stefan Kossuth.ISSN 1898-3111. .
273:
1885–90 - "Szpital
Orozakonnych", currently the Department of Endocrinology of the University Clinical Hospital no. WAM - Central Veterans Hospital at ul. 1/3 Sterling
326:
uninsured movable property were estimated at 60,000 rubles. In 1910, the Poznańskis sold the palace and the rest of the property of
Niepanowice to the Karski family.
314:, and in all 50 people were removed from the factory. In February 1884, Poznański fined the workers who protested against working on the Feast of Our Lady of
366:. In 1891, he financed a terracotta floor for the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, on pl. Kościelny in Łódź, made by the German company
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brought great losses to Poznański's enterprise. Successive generations managed the company until the 1930s, when the indebted business was taken over by
310:
August 15, the Feast of Our Lady of Herbs. Any employee who disobeyed was fined up to 3 rubles. Protesters were subdued by the police and a group of
173:, he was counted among the three "Kings of Cotton" in Łódź. His complex of mills in Łódź, Poland, have been turned into the 69-hectare (170-acre)
902:
460:
564:. Editions I. T. I. Warsaw: „Życie”, 1910. pp. 160, 330, series: „Życie”: wydawnictwo dzieł społeczno-politycznych; vol. 16. OCLC 891192604. .
724:. „Tydzień”. Rok XXV (nr 24), s. 2, kol. 1–3, 1897-06-13. Mirosław Dobrzański (red.). Petroków (Piotrków Trybunalski): Mirosław Dobrzański. .
512:
Birth certificate of I. Poznański, State archives in Łódź. Files of the civil status of the Jewish community in
Aleksandrów, ref. No. 8; cf.
389:
3 daughters - Anna (Ajdla, later wife of Jakub Hertz), Joanna Natalia (later wife of Zygmunt Lewiński), and Felicja (Fajga, died in infancy)
513:
695:. „Dziennik Łódzki”. Rok VIII (nr 218), s. 2, kol. 2, 1891-10-02. Bolesław Knichowiecki (red.). Łódź: Stefan Kossuth. ISSN 1898-3111. .
917:
736:. „Tydzień”. Rok XXIII (nr 14), s. 4, 1895-04-07. Mirosław Dobrzański (red.). Petroków (Piotrków Trybunalski): Mirosław Dobrzański. .
912:
551:. Krzysztof Dunin-Wąsowicz, editor. Warsaw: Spółdzielnia Wydawniczo-Handlowa "Książka i Wiedza”, 1963. pp. 361, 368. OCLC 831417378.
351:
30:
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vol. XXIII, no. 10 (10 March 1895), p. 2. Mirosław Dobrzański (red.). Petroków (Piotrków Trybunalski): Mirosław Dobrzański. .
477:
193:
907:
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vol. I, no. 232 (16 October 1884), p. 2. Zdzisław Kułakowski (red.). Łódź: Zdzisław Kułakowski. ISSN 1898-3111. .
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158:), and the husband of Eleonora Hertz Poznańska. The mausoleum of Izrael and his wife, Eleonora Hertz, on the
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building orphanages, schools for the poor and hospitals. He contributed in financing the iconostasis at the
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In May 2016, the Grand Theater in Łódź announced a competition to write an opera about Izrael Poznański,
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Izrael Poznański died on April 28, 1900, and two days later he was buried in the family tomb in the
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6, no. 153 (7 November 1889), p. 2. ed. Antoni Chomętowski. Lodz: Stefan Kossuth. ISSN 1898-3111. .
270:
1880 - factory hospital (St. Joseph Hospital, currently named after Radliński) at ul. Drewnowska 75
162:
has been described as "probably the largest Jewish grave monument in the world". The mausoleum and
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796:
CZŁOWIEK Z MANUFAKTURY / pierwsze publiczne wykonanie opery z udziałem Małgorzaty Walewskiej
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Subsequently, Poznański rapidly expanded his plant, as described by the following timeline:
897:
892:
406:
261:
1874–75 - enlargement of the weaving mill, construction of a bleacher and a finishing plant
709:
Portal archidiecezji łódzkiej. archidiecezja.lodz.pl > Parafie > Dekanat Łódź Bałuty
8:
363:
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Parafia Wniebowzięcia Najświętszej Maryi Panny w Łodzi. O parafii. Rys historyczny
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in Łódź. At the time of his death, he had amassed a fortune of 11 million rubles.
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Strona Urzędu Miasta Łodzi. uml.lodz.pl > Kalendarz > Luty 2019 > 02
180:, including a mall, 3 museums, a multiplex cinema, a hotel, and restaurants.
812:
Publiczność ma głos! / Konkurs kompozytorski na operę CZŁOWIEK Z MANUFAKTURY
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Poznański was the grandson of the merchant Izaak Poznański from the town of
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766:. Polityka sp. z o.o. s.k.a., 2010-10-23. . Tekst ukazał się pod tytułem
503:, 2nd ed. Łódź: Oficyna Bibliofilów, 1999, pp. 53–55. ISBN 83-87522-23-6.
334:
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w tygodniku „Polityka” nr 43 (2779) z dn. 23 października 2010, p. 111.
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Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich (Museum of the History of Polish Jews).
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by the Imperial Russian authorities. In March 1895 he was awarded the
315:
302:. Poznański's own palatial residence, next door, also still stands.
597:
Portal of the Nieznanowice village council: History of Nieznanowice
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827:
Informacja prasowa Teatru Wielkiego w Łodzi (autor korporatywny):
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Strona Teatru Wielkiego w Łodzi. operalodz.com > Aktualności
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Strona Teatru Wielkiego w Łodzi. operalodz.com > Aktualności
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Strona Teatru Wielkiego w Łodzi. operalodz.com > Aktualności
242:
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829:„Człowiek z Manufaktury” – premiera w Teatrze Wielkim w Łodzi
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This impressive complex (shot by master Polish photographer
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1877 - construction of a huge building for a spinning mill
855:(in German), published in English translation in 1991 as
630:"Ronika. B.P. Izrael K. Poznański (oraz dwa nekrologi)".
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1895–1897 - large cotton warehouses at the Old Cemetery
276:
1887 - dye shop, finishing shop and central boiler room
216:
The Poznánski mausoleum in the Jewish Cemetery in Łodz.
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covering the inside of the dome were restored in 1993.
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Kościół Wniebowzięcia Najświętszej Maryi Panny w Łodzi
764:
Portal „Polityki”. polityka.pl > Więcej – Historia
321:
In 1884, Izrael Poznański purchased the property of
867:). The book describes the Jewish Łódź of the 1920s.
529:, moremaiorum.pl, 2014-08-26 (accessed 2020-09-21).
382:Poznański and his wife Leonia had seven children:
562:Dzieje ruchu socjalistycznego w zaborze rosyjskim
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525:Alan Jakman, "Król bawełny – Izrael Poznański."
399:The figures of Max Ashkenazi from the novel
482:, p.58. Widzewska Oficyna Wydawnicza ZORA.
135:(25 August 1833–28 April 1900) was a
386:4 sons - Ignacy, Herman, Karol and Maurycy
208:, next door to the mills, as seen in 2005.
29:
657:"Kronika Łódzka. Jego Cesarska Mość...."
747:Żydzi w Łodzi w latach zaborów 1793-1914
670:"Z miasta i Okolic. Najwyższe nagrody."
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419:are partly modeled on Izrael Poznański.
197:Poznánski's cotton mills in Łódź, 1895.
903:Businesspeople from the Russian Empire
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393:
835:. Urząd Miasta Łodzi, 2019-02-02. . .
818:. Teatr Wielki w Łodzi, 2017-01-05. .
802:. Teatr Wielki w Łodzi, 2016-12-12. .
786:. Teatr Wielki w Łodzi, 2016-05-05. .
608:"Wiadomości bieżące. Pożar fabryki."
476:Wojalski, Mirosław Zbigniew (2000).
87:, Kingdom of Poland, Russian Empire
37:Portrait of Izrael Kalman Poznánski
13:
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593:Nieznanowice: a historical outline
549:Pisma. Studia i szkice (1864–1918)
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711:. Kuria Metropolitalna Łódzka. .
279:1890, 1895 - other weaving mills
16:Polish industrialist (1833–1900)
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693:Wiadomości ogólne. Z kościołów
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458:"Poznanski Izrael Kalmanowicz"
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267:1878 - own mechanical workshop
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467:. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
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538:Skrzydło, ibid., pp. 53–55.
479:The Jewish cemetery in Lodz
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409:and Shaya Mendelsohn from
352:Alexander Nevsky Cathedral
339:Banca Commerciale Italiana
768:Powrót do ziemi obiecanej
734:Z miasta i Okolic. Ofiara
438:Izrael Poznański's Palace
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295:Views of the City of Łódź
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573:Próchnik, ibid., p. 368.
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360:Order of St. Stanislaus
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133:Izrael Kalman Poznański
780:Człowiek z Manufaktury
402:The Brothers Ashkenazi
291:Bronisław Wilkoszewski
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878:Poznanski's mausoleum
749:. Łódź, 1998, p. 180.
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178:mixed-use development
582:Perl, ibid., p. 330.
424:Man from Manufaktura
407:Israel Joshua Singer
104:Textile manufacturer
599:. niezanowice.pl. .
591:Michał Szafrański,
394:Cultural Depictions
368:Villeroy & Boch
364:Order of Saint Anna
331:New Jewish Cemetery
282:1893 - iron foundry
160:New Jewish Cemetery
463:2015-01-21 at the
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35:Stanisław Heyman,
857:Journey to Poland
621:Szafrański, ibid.
501:Rody fabrykanckie
499:Leszek Skrzydło,
417:Władysław Reymont
412:The Promised Land
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79:(1900-04-28)
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635:suffering."
335:World War I
300:Manufaktura
231:Aleksandrów
175:Manufaktura
121:Manufaktura
93:Nationality
59:Aleksandrów
887:Categories
865:1850433631
488:8388638017
444:References
101:Occupation
51:1833-08-25
316:Candlemas
150:in Łódź,
461:Archived
432:See also
372:Mettlach
312:Cossacks
851:(1926)
672:Tydzień
226:Kuyavia
144:magnate
141:textile
863:
720:Enka.
646:Rozwój
632:Rozwój
560:Res ,
486:
378:Family
249:Career
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