2047:
31:
1983:
2007:
2035:
1995:
438:
summarised the three dominant explanations for Iho Eleru fossil's atypical cranial shape: the first, that Iho Eleru was a hybrid with archaic
African populations; the second, that Iho Eleru fossil was a member of a relict archaic population that was replaced by more modern humans upon the onset of
111:
The correct name for the archaeological site is IhĂČ ElĂ©Ă©rĂș, or Iho Eleru, meaning "Cave of Ashes." This name originates from its common use for fire camps which resulted in a thick ash floor covering most of its superficial surface. The site was previously known as "Iwo Eleru", first reported by
87:. The site was initially discovered by Chief Officer J. Akeredolu, in 1961 during a large-scale survey of hilly landscapes around the town of Akure in Ondo State, Nigeria. The name was formerly and commonly known as Iwo Eleru, but the correct name is now regarded as
345:
is well developed and has a masculine appearance, although there is no pronounced chin. Apart from two lower premolars, the teeth are not attached to the jaws and it is uncertain where the surviving teeth were originally placed. All the
423:"implies that the transition to anatomical modernity in Africa was more complicated than previously thought, with late survival of âarchaicâ features and possibly deep population substructure in Africa during this time."
393:
Don
Brothwell and Thurstan Shaw said in 1971 that the sloping frontal vault was more pronounced in Iho Eleru fossil than in both later Neolithic and recent sub-Saharan skull samples. However, they also found that the
270:
artifacts at the site. It was found as part of a skeleton that was buried with a thin covering of soil. The skeleton was excavated and encased in plaster, and the skull was separated from the rest of the body.
112:
Chief
Officer J. Akeredolu with the Department of Antiquities in Benin, Nigeria, and published by T. Shaw and S.G.H. Daniels, most probably as an incorrect anglicized translation from its original Yoruba name.
95:, meaning "Cave of Ashes." The Iho Eleru skull is a notable archaeological discovery from the site which dates to approximately 13,000 years old. It may be evidence of modern humans possessing possible
635:
Katerina
Harvati, Chris Stringer, Rainer GrĂŒn, Maxime Aubert, Philip Allsworth-Jones and Caleb Adebayo Folorunso, 'The Later Stone Age Calvaria from Iho Eleru, Nigeria: Morphology and Chronology',
465:
kya, with no obvious sign of living descendants, suggests that the Iho Eleru lineage quite probably represents a distinct species of near modern human. As such, the species name
439:
the
Holocene era; and the third, that Iho Eleru fossil was part of a population that diverged from the rest of North Africa's populations during a time of acute aridness in the
96:
980:
Fred L. Bookstein, 'âLike Fixing an
Airpline in Flightâ: On Paleoanthropology as an Evolutionary Discipline, or, Paleoanthropology for What?', in Schwartz (ed.),
461:
and whose extinction may have been caused by humans. Waddell also said: "Such a long apparently distinct lineage that terminated in West Africa perhaps 12
279:
On the basis of charcoal remains that were found surrounding the skeleton, it was initially dated 9250 BC ± 200. However, in a 2011 study conducted by
915:
Michael F. Hammer, August E. Woerner, Fernando L. Mendez, Joseph C. Watkins and
Jeffrey D. Wall, 'Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa',
1852:
2087:
1880:
427:
409:
with that of Iho Eleru. The 2011 study found that "Iwo Eleru possesses neurocranial morphology intermediate in shape between archaic hominins (
758:
Shaw, Thurstan, and S. G. H. Daniels. "Excavations at Iwo Eleru, Ondo State, Nigeria." West
African Journal of Archaeology 14 (1984): 1-269.
609:
Shaw, Thurstan, and S. G. H. Daniels. "Excavations at Iwo Eleru, Ondo State, Nigeria." West
African Journal of Archaeology 14 (1984): 1-269.
1728:
1116:
1076:
2077:
1968:
1812:
1126:
398:
structure, nasal root and the frontal bone of the skull "would qualify for identification as that of a proto-West
African negro."
902:
Christopher M. Stojanowski, 'Iwo Eleru's place among Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene populations of North and East Africa',
653:
1870:
1121:
1875:
1753:
1131:
1832:
473:'s Fred L. Bookstein cautions against naming the fossil as a new species until more confirmatory evidence is discovered.
381:
are also robust. The existing remains suggest he was of medium height and build, and was no taller than approximately 165
1941:
941:
Stojanowski, 'Iwo Eleru's place among Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene populations of North and East Africa', p. 87.
1807:
72:
877:
C. B. Stringer, 'Population Relationships of Later Pleistocene Hominids: A Multivariate Study of Available Crania',
1999:
2082:
1951:
1847:
1946:
1247:
1069:
950:
Peter J. Waddell, 'Extended Distance-based Phylogenetic Analyses Applied to 3D Homo Fossil Skull Evolution',
1817:
1694:
1580:
928:
J. R. Stewart and C. B. Stringer, 'Human Evolution Out of Africa: The Role of Refugia and Climate Change',
365:
What remains of the rest of the skeleton are generally crushed fragments of large bones. The shafts of the
126:
100:
2067:
2039:
2011:
1915:
1733:
1254:
1108:
401:
In 1974 Chris Stringer said that there were surprising similarities between the crania of the much older
711:
419:) and modern humans." The authors of the study asserted that the dating of Iho Eleru fossil to the late
2025:
1773:
1704:
1240:
1233:
1226:
893:
Harvati et al, 'The Later Stone Age Calvaria from Iwo Eleru, Nigeria: Morphology and Chronology', p. 6.
779:
Harvati et al, 'The Later Stone Age Calvaria from Iwo Eleru, Nigeria: Morphology and Chronology', p. 5.
288:
1956:
1748:
225:, occurred at Iho Eleru. Animals that have been confirmed to have been consumed at the site include:
210:
17:
1738:
1987:
1290:
1062:
470:
435:
262:
The Iho Eleru site is a large rock shelter in southwestern Nigeria. The skull was found in 1965 by
1925:
1862:
1822:
1709:
1268:
130:
531:"Human interactions with tropical environments over the last 14,000 years at Iho Eleru, Nigeria"
1920:
1895:
1890:
1783:
1699:
1261:
2072:
1304:
1885:
1788:
1689:
1650:
1595:
1500:
1204:
1197:
668:
542:
444:
338:
230:
214:
194:
8:
2051:
1297:
52:
728:
672:
546:
1842:
1684:
1560:
1043:
1027:
741:
692:
592:
579:
530:
351:
2006:
1961:
1827:
1768:
1758:
1529:
1493:
1347:
1141:
1047:
1035:
1019:
733:
696:
684:
596:
584:
566:
558:
451:
319:
234:
202:
745:
1837:
1590:
1407:
1369:
1216:
1011:
723:
676:
574:
550:
458:
333:
The upper face is missing except for a small collection of fragments. Parts of the
280:
246:
198:
1644:
1617:
1515:
1473:
1085:
341:) and, based on what survives, it is unlikely that the upper face was large. The
295:
267:
226:
170:
60:
1464:
1168:
1154:
1093:
917:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
680:
554:
395:
347:
284:
1039:
570:
30:
2061:
1632:
1485:
1175:
1023:
562:
374:
355:
334:
327:
307:
263:
162:
1638:
1626:
1568:
1442:
1390:
1355:
1280:
1187:
737:
688:
588:
415:
323:
311:
238:
56:
1522:
1449:
1421:
1414:
1362:
490:
481:
Roughly half of a million stone tools have been discovered at Iho Eleru.
420:
410:
406:
370:
134:
64:
150:
1507:
1428:
1031:
999:
359:
315:
206:
80:
1574:
1479:
154:
1015:
287:
and others, the dating of the remains was revised: with the help of
1435:
1400:
1377:
1098:
402:
362:, the age of Iho Eleru fossil has been estimated as over 30 years.
342:
326:
was relatively flat, and the evidence from X-rays points to little
222:
218:
138:
68:
1054:
619:
617:
615:
1585:
1161:
366:
242:
190:
174:
84:
35:
1000:"A Late Upper Pleistocene Proto-West African Negro from Nigeria"
823:
2034:
801:
799:
797:
612:
440:
318:
are moderately developed for a male and there is no pronounced
133:
was utilized in 11,300 cal BP as the earliest in the region of
76:
963:
Peter J. Waddell, âThe Phylogenomic Origins and Definition of
712:"Tales of Human Migration, Admixture, and Selection in Africa"
40:
Views of the Iho Eleru skull (right): side, front, top, bottom
1660:
1551:
1541:
378:
186:
166:
859:
847:
835:
811:
794:
782:
1319:
761:
158:
454:
argued that Iho Eleru man descended from a lineage 200â400
137:, and that the utilization of canarium, as well as likely
971:(Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2017), p. 151.
443:
desert that made it impassable until the arrival of the
529:
Cerasoni, Jacopo NiccolĂČ; et al. (17 March 2023).
2023:
426:
It has been argued that the Iho Eleru fossil was an
129:
have been directly dated; the results revealed that
709:
434:population. In 2014 Christopher Stojanowski of
217:(Cephalophus silvicultor). Human activity, such as
1564:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
710:Schlebusch, Carina M.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2018).
358:has been eroded by wear. Based on the evidence of
322:. What remains of the nasal area suggest that the
919:, Vol. 108, No. 37 (13 September 2011), p. 15126.
2059:
106:
1070:
997:
865:
853:
841:
829:
817:
805:
788:
767:
623:
716:Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
1549:
998:Brothwell, Don; Shaw, Thurstan (Jun 1971).
647:
645:
1077:
1063:
889:
887:
524:
522:
520:
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
727:
703:
651:
578:
1969:Human evolutionary developmental biology
642:
528:
29:
884:
652:Bergström, Anders; et al. (2021).
503:
373:is moderately thick. The shafts of the
266:and his team among over half a million
14:
2088:Archaeological sites of Western Africa
2060:
1754:Evolutionary models of human drug use
1058:
1994:
337:have been identified (including the
310:is relatively long and low, and the
71:transition, which is located in the
1084:
729:10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021759
24:
654:"Origins of modern human ancestry"
252:
25:
2099:
967:â, in Jeffrey H. Schwartz (ed.),
879:Journal of Archaeological Science
2045:
2033:
2005:
1993:
1982:
1981:
120:
2078:1965 archaeological discoveries
991:
974:
957:
944:
935:
922:
909:
896:
871:
469:suggests itself." However, the
141:, occurred prior to 10,000 BP.
63:artifacts from during the Late
773:
752:
629:
603:
476:
314:shows moderate recession. The
301:
189:found at Iho Eleru includes:
115:
27:Archaeological site in Nigeria
13:
1:
496:
954:1501.0019 (2014), pp. 1, 36.
450:In 2014 Peter J. Waddell of
430:or part of a relict archaic
257:
161:around 11,900 BP and in the
7:
2012:Evolutionary biology Portal
484:
388:
173:in the Iho Eleru region of
169:soon after, ceramics later
149:Following the emergence of
144:
107:Name of archaeological site
10:
2104:
982:Rethinking Human Evolution
969:Rethinking Human Evolution
952:arXiv Quantitative Biology
932:225, 1317 (2012), p. 1320.
904:Journal of Human Evolution
681:10.1038/s41586-021-03244-5
555:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106153
291:, a time span of 11.7â16.3
1977:
1957:Evolutionary anthropology
1934:
1908:
1861:
1799:
1718:
1677:
1670:
1616:
1540:
1463:
1388:
1342:
1335:
1318:
1278:
1214:
1185:
1149:
1140:
1107:
1092:
866:Brothwell & Shaw 1971
854:Brothwell & Shaw 1971
842:Brothwell & Shaw 1971
830:Brothwell & Shaw 1971
818:Brothwell & Shaw 1971
806:Brothwell & Shaw 1971
789:Brothwell & Shaw 1971
768:Brothwell & Shaw 1971
624:Brothwell & Shaw 1971
274:
241:(Varanus niloticus), and
211:West African black turtle
471:University of Washington
436:Arizona State University
180:
99:or of a late-persisting
1863:Origin of modern humans
131:Canarium schweinfurthii
97:archaic human admixture
2083:Archaeology of Nigeria
369:appear robust and the
335:maxillary-molar region
289:uraniumâthorium dating
213:(Pelusios niger), and
41:
1871:Recent African origin
1109:Last common ancestors
639:. 2011; 6(9): e24024.
209:(Procavia capensis),
38:with location (left).
33:
2040:Evolutionary biology
1886:Behavioral modernity
1876:Multiregional origin
1656:archaic Homo sapiens
1651:Homo heidelbergensis
1596:Red Deer Cave people
445:African humid period
339:infraorbital foramen
237:(Hystrix cristata),
231:African savanna hare
215:yellow-backed duiker
195:Potamochoerus porcus
47:, formerly known as
1523:H. neanderthalensis
1443:H. e. tautavelensis
906:, 75 (2014), p. 86.
673:2021Natur.590..229B
547:2023iSci...26j6153C
467:Homo iwoelerueensis
233:(Lepus microtis),
229:(Syncerus caffer),
197:), dwarf antelope (
53:archaeological site
2068:Peopling of Africa
1710:Self-domestication
1501:H. heidelbergensis
1450:H. e. yuanmouensis
1415:H. e. lantianensis
1142:Australopithecines
881:(1974), 1, p. 329.
832:, p. 224-225.
626:, p. 221-227.
205:(Cricetomys sp.),
151:pottery traditions
101:early modern human
42:
2021:
2020:
1962:Paleoanthropology
1904:
1903:
1881:Archaic admixture
1759:Stoned ape theory
1695:Endurance running
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1459:
1458:
1422:H. e. nankinensis
1378:H. tsaichangensis
1314:
1313:
452:Massey University
235:crested porcupine
203:giant pouched rat
16:(Redirected from
2095:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2009:
1997:
1996:
1985:
1984:
1921:Human prehistory
1896:Recent evolution
1891:Early migrations
1833:Thermoregulation
1734:Expensive tissue
1705:Sexual selection
1675:
1674:
1547:
1546:
1429:H. e. pekinensis
1340:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1248:A. bahrelghazali
1217:Australopithecus
1147:
1146:
1117:Chimpanzeeâhuman
1105:
1104:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1051:
985:
978:
972:
961:
955:
948:
942:
939:
933:
926:
920:
913:
907:
900:
894:
891:
882:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
803:
792:
786:
780:
777:
771:
765:
759:
756:
750:
749:
731:
707:
701:
700:
658:
649:
640:
633:
627:
621:
610:
607:
601:
600:
582:
526:
464:
457:
384:
354:and most of the
350:show noticeable
294:
281:Katerina Harvati
247:Struthio camelus
199:Neotragus batesi
21:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2032:
2024:
2022:
2017:
1973:
1930:
1916:Human evolution
1900:
1857:
1801:
1795:
1774:Cooperative eye
1719:Specific models
1714:
1666:
1645:Homo antecessor
1600:
1536:
1530:H. rhodesiensis
1494:H. floresiensis
1455:
1436:H. e. soloensis
1408:H. e. georgicus
1384:
1348:H. gautengensis
1323:
1321:
1310:
1274:
1210:
1181:
1136:
1127:Orangutanâhuman
1096:
1088:
1086:Human evolution
1083:
1016:10.2307/2798263
994:
989:
988:
979:
975:
962:
958:
949:
945:
940:
936:
927:
923:
914:
910:
901:
897:
892:
885:
876:
872:
864:
860:
852:
848:
840:
836:
828:
824:
816:
812:
804:
795:
787:
783:
778:
774:
766:
762:
757:
753:
708:
704:
656:
650:
643:
634:
630:
622:
613:
608:
604:
527:
504:
499:
487:
479:
462:
455:
391:
382:
304:
298:was suggested.
292:
277:
268:Later Stone Age
260:
255:
253:Iho Eleru skull
227:African buffalo
183:
147:
123:
118:
109:
61:Later Stone Age
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2101:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2055:
2054:
2042:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2003:
1991:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1926:Human timeline
1923:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1749:Drunken monkey
1743:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1678:General models
1672:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1622:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1566:
1557:
1555:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1482:
1477:
1469:
1467:
1465:Archaic humans
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1370:H. rudolfensis
1366:
1359:
1352:
1343:
1337:
1330:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1291:P. aethiopicus
1286:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1222:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1193:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1169:Sahelanthropus
1165:
1158:
1155:Nakalipithecus
1150:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1102:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1010:(2): 221â227.
1006:. New Series.
993:
990:
987:
986:
973:
956:
943:
934:
921:
908:
895:
883:
870:
868:, p. 227.
858:
856:, p. 226.
846:
844:, p. 225.
834:
822:
820:, p. 224.
810:
808:, p. 223.
793:
791:, p. 222.
781:
772:
770:, p. 221.
760:
751:
702:
641:
628:
611:
602:
501:
500:
498:
495:
494:
493:
486:
483:
478:
475:
428:archaic hybrid
390:
387:
348:anterior teeth
303:
300:
285:Chris Stringer
276:
273:
259:
256:
254:
251:
182:
179:
146:
143:
122:
119:
117:
114:
108:
105:
73:forestâsavanna
59:that features
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2100:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1854:
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1836:
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1809:
1806:
1805:
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1798:
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1787:
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1781:
1780:Life history
1779:
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1760:
1757:
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1676:
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1669:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1633:Homo ergaster
1629:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1562:H. s. sapiens
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1542:Modern humans
1539:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1516:H. luzonensis
1513:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1474:H. antecessor
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1433:
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1426:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1401:H. e. erectus
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1365:
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1277:
1271:
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1266:
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1259:
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1256:
1255:A. deyiremeda
1252:
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1199:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1184:
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1177:
1176:Kenyanthropus
1173:
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1166:
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1159:
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1133:
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1128:
1125:
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1122:Gorillaâhuman
1120:
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918:
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905:
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730:
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713:
706:
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678:
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670:
667:(7845): 232.
666:
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638:
632:
625:
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618:
616:
606:
598:
594:
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586:
581:
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572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
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541:(3): 106153.
540:
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371:cortical bone
368:
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331:
330:development.
329:
328:frontal sinus
325:
321:
317:
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308:cranial vault
299:
297:
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272:
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264:Thurstan Shaw
250:
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121:Archaeobotany
113:
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74:
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66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
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37:
32:
19:
2073:Homo fossils
2052:Paleontology
2010:
1998:
1986:
1853:Gender roles
1848:Intelligence
1661:Homo sapiens
1659:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1639:Homo erectus
1637:
1631:
1627:Homo habilis
1625:
1586:Manot people
1575:H. s. idaltu
1573:
1569:Jebel Irhoud
1561:
1552:Homo sapiens
1550:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1472:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1391:Homo erectus
1389:
1376:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1346:
1336:Proto-humans
1325:
1322:proto-humans
1303:
1296:
1289:
1281:Paranthropus
1279:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1241:A. anamensis
1239:
1234:A. africanus
1232:
1227:A. afarensis
1225:
1215:
1203:
1196:
1188:Ardipithecus
1186:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1132:Gibbonâhuman
1007:
1003:
992:Bibliography
981:
976:
968:
965:Homo sapiens
964:
959:
951:
946:
937:
929:
924:
916:
911:
903:
898:
878:
873:
861:
849:
837:
825:
813:
784:
775:
763:
754:
719:
715:
705:
664:
660:
636:
631:
605:
538:
534:
480:
466:
449:
431:
425:
416:Homo erectus
414:
411:Neanderthals
400:
392:
364:
332:
324:nasal bridge
312:frontal bone
305:
278:
261:
239:Nile monitor
184:
148:
125:Remnants of
124:
110:
92:
88:
57:rock shelter
48:
44:
43:
1784:Grandmother
1739:Shore-based
1700:Aquatic ape
1591:Tam Pa Ling
1486:H. ergaster
1305:P. robustus
491:Asselar man
477:Stone tools
421:Pleistocene
316:brow ridges
302:Description
135:West Africa
116:Archaeology
75:village of
65:Pleistocene
2062:Categories
1823:Skin color
1808:Bipedalism
1769:Killer ape
1581:Cro-Magnon
1480:Denisovans
1356:H. habilis
1320:Humans and
1205:A. ramidus
1198:A. kadabba
1040:7021527413
571:9806331324
497:References
360:tooth wear
320:nasal root
207:rock hyrax
165:region of
157:region of
89:IhĂČ ElĂ©Ă©rĂș
81:Ondo State
1942:Theorists
1909:Timelines
1789:Patriarch
1765:Behavior
1690:Gathering
1618:Ancestors
1363:H. naledi
1298:P. boisei
1269:A. sediba
1048:130311502
1024:0025-1496
984:, p. 198.
697:231883210
597:256747182
563:2589-0042
396:occipital
352:attrition
258:Discovery
155:Ounjougou
127:endocarps
93:Iho Eleru
49:Iwo Eleru
45:Iho Eleru
18:Iwo Eleru
1988:Category
1843:Language
1813:Skeleton
1508:H. longi
1262:A. garhi
1099:Hominins
1094:Taxonomy
746:19155657
738:29727585
689:33568824
637:PLoS One
589:36843842
535:iScience
485:See also
403:Solo Man
389:Analysis
343:mandible
223:butchery
219:foraging
163:Bosumpra
145:Ceramics
139:oil palm
69:Holocene
51:, is an
2026:Portals
2000:Commons
1952:Fossils
1818:Muscles
1729:Cooking
1685:Hunting
1162:Orrorin
1032:2798263
930:Science
722:: 407.
669:Bibcode
580:9950523
543:Bibcode
243:Ostrich
191:bushpig
175:Nigeria
171:arrived
153:in the
85:Nigeria
36:Nigeria
34:Map of
1935:Others
1838:Speech
1800:Topics
1745:Drugs
1671:Models
1046:
1038:
1030:
1022:
744:
736:
695:
687:
661:Nature
595:
587:
577:
569:
561:
463:
456:
441:Sahara
407:Omo II
383:
375:radius
367:humeri
293:
275:Dating
77:Isarun
1947:Books
1725:Diet
1044:S2CID
1028:JSTOR
742:S2CID
693:S2CID
657:(PDF)
593:S2CID
379:femur
356:crown
187:fauna
185:Some
181:Fauna
167:Ghana
91:, or
1828:Hair
1648:) â
1326:Homo
1036:OCLC
1020:ISSN
734:PMID
685:PMID
585:PMID
567:OCLC
559:ISSN
432:Homo
413:and
405:and
385:cm.
377:and
306:The
221:and
201:?),
159:Mali
55:and
1642:(â
1533:(?)
1511:(?)
1489:(?)
1381:(?)
1373:(?)
1351:(?)
1012:doi
1004:Man
724:doi
677:doi
665:590
575:PMC
551:doi
459:kya
249:).
79:in
2064::
1658:â
1654:â
1636:/
1630:â
1042:.
1034:.
1026:.
1018:.
1002:.
886:^
796:^
740:.
732:.
720:19
718:.
714:.
691:.
683:.
675:.
663:.
659:.
644:^
614:^
591:.
583:.
573:.
565:.
557:.
549:.
539:26
537:.
533:.
505:^
447:.
296:ka
283:,
177:.
103:.
83:,
2028::
1328:)
1324:(
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1097:(
1078:e
1071:t
1064:v
1050:.
1014::
1008:6
748:.
726::
699:.
679::
671::
599:.
553::
545::
245:(
193:(
67:-
20:)
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