698:’ Japan Business Group in partnership with the Embassy of Japan, the Department of International Trade, Japan Chamber of Commerce and Industries (JCCI), Japan External Trade Organisation (JETRO), Japan Society, Japan Exchange Group (JPX), Shimadzu UK Ltd and others. Speakers include The Rt Hon Nigel Huddleston MP, Minister of State for International Trade; The Rt Hon Greg Clark, MP Trade Envoy to Japan; The Rt Hon Anne-Marie Trevelyan MP, Minister of State in the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office; Hon. Rajesh Agrawal, Deputy Mayor of London for Business; and His Excellency Hajime Hayashi, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Japan to the UK.
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350:, on 29 February. The mission was to investigate Western nations to understand their socio-economic, political, and economic developments. Japan, like many other nations, was on the precipice of change. Industrialization ushered in technological innovation. It was a period of modernity that Japan embraced. The mission's stay in the United States was extended with an attempt to negotiate new treaty rights, a task that necessitated two members of the party to return to Japan to obtain necessary letters of representation.
54:
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governments led to criticism of the mission that members were attempting to go beyond the mandate set by the
Japanese government. Members of the mission were nonetheless favorably impressed by industrial modernization seen in America and Europe and the experience of the tour provided them a strong impetus to lead similar modernization initiatives on their return.
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Members of the
Iwakura Mission were keenly interested in observing schools and learning more about educational policy. Tours to schools, universities and industrial locations in Boston, New York and Washington, D.C., were made as a result. While in Washington, D.C., the Japanese delegation visited
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in collaboration with the Osaka
Chamber of Commerce, a delegation of over 70 leading industrialists visited the Manchester Region. A Civic Banquet was held in Manchester Town Hall replicating the 1872 Reception. The Lord Mayor attended and received Ambassadors together with a citation from the
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Of the initial goals of the mission the aim of revision of the unequal treaties was not achieved, prolonging the mission by almost four months, but also impressing the importance of the second goal on its members. The attempts to negotiate new treaties under better conditions with the foreign
222:
Also included in the mission were a number of administrators and scholars, totaling 48 people. In addition to the mission staff, about 53 students and attendants also joined the outward voyage from
Yokohama. Several of the students were left behind to complete their education in the foreign
114:. It was not the only such mission, but it is the most well-known and possibly most significant in terms of its impact on the modernization of Japan after a long period of isolation from the West. The mission was first proposed by the influential Dutch missionary and engineer
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Iwakura Tomomi led the
Manchester-Liverpool delegation. A visit that culminated on 7 October in a civic reception and banquet where toasts highlighted the leading role of the region in world manufacturing, technology and municipal administration. In Glasgow, as guests of
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Japan and the North West of
England: A Special Publication to mark the 125th anniversary of the Iwakura Mission, edited by Geoffrey Broad, published by the Greater Manchester Centre for Japanese Studies (September 1997)
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on the Cunard steamer
Olympus. Traveling to London via Manchester the party spent much of late August and early September in and around the capital inspecting political, academic and military institutions, visiting the
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Howard
University, a Historically Black College and University. As a result, they came away with an external, non-white or non-black, analysis of race, education, and class in the United States.
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were also stopping points en route, although visits in these locations were much shorter. The mission eventually reached
Yokohama on 13 September 1873, almost two years after first setting out.
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France, Belgium, the
Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Austria, Italy, and Switzerland were all visited by the mission during the first half of 1873. On the return journey, Egypt,
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Japanese Foreign Minister. A Civic Plaque commemorating the anniversary of the Iwakura Mission to Manchester was also inaugurated at the site of the original Manchester Town Hall.
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with the dominant world powers; and to make a comprehensive study of modern industrial, political, military and educational systems and structures in the United States and Europe.
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In 1997 a special celebration marked the 125th anniversary of the mission's visit to the north-west of England. Led by the Centre for Japanese Studies at the
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mission had visited the town, but as a direct result of the visit significant new export orders were obtained for ships and armaments from Tyneside factories.
1074:"'We welcome you, Lords of the Land of the Sun!' The menu for a banquet in honor of the Iwakura Mission during the Japanese embassy's visit to Boston in 1872"
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759:
1103:
276:, dispatching the Iwakura Mission to America and Europe must be cited as the most important events that built the foundation of our state after the
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Unsuccessful in their attempts to renegotiate the existing unequal treaties, the party eventually set sail for the United Kingdom in August 1872.
195:
as private secretary to Iwakura Tomomi, was the official diarist of the journey. The log of the expedition published in 1878 in five volumes as
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908:
A True Account of the Ambassador Extraordinary & Plenipotentiary's Journey of Observation Through the United States of America and Europe,
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570:, the group toured not only manufacturing facilities but also villages, schools, almshouses, hospitals and parks, which had been provided by
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and except for their complexion and the oriental cast of their features, they could scarcely be distinguished from their English companions.
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110:) was a Japanese diplomatic voyage to the United States and Europe conducted between 1871 and 1873 by leading statesmen and scholars of the
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199:(特命全権大使米欧回覧実記), provided a detailed account of Japanese observations on the United States and rapidly industrializing Western Europe.
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and George Rendell, inspected the hydraulic engines and the boring and turning departments and examined the construction of
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On 23 December 1871 an expedition of 100 Japanese leaders, government officials, and students, set sail for the West, (from
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694:, celebrating the 150 years of the Iwakura Mission at Japan House London in Kensington High Street, organised by the
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countries, including five young women who stayed in the United States to study, including the then 6-year old
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On 24th April 2023, Senior business leaders and political figures from the UK and Japan attended the
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France, Germany, Italy (and a few other parts of Europe) followed by their return to Japan
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the group arrived on 21 October, staying in the Royal Station Hotel where they met the
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and were given tours of shipbuilding and steel fabrication facilities on banks of the
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The official report of the Mission compiled by Kume was published in 1878, entitled
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272:, a student member of the mission was to remark in his memoirs: "Together with the
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on 5 December 1872. Another audience with the Prince of Wales took place at
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254:. They became friends and their relationship resulted later in Roosevelt's
111:
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London School of Economics STICERD discussion paper IS/98/349 (March 1998)
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The Iwakura Mission followed several such missions previously sent by the
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The intercourse between the United States and Japan; an historical sketch
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760:"The Iwakura Mission: Japan's 1871 Voyage to Discover the Western World"
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387:
301:
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79:
394:, the mission split into smaller groups to visit, among other places,
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was left in the U.S., too, as a student. In 1890 he was introduced to
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Baron Kaneko and the Russo-Japanese War, 2009, Part One, Chapter Four
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649:
518:
419:
403:
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255:
211:
141:
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Inazo (Ota) Nitobe (1891). "Japanese in America: Imperial Embassy".
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the group travelled to Yorkshire, visiting the open countryside and
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Leaders of the Iwakura Mission photographed in London in 1872. L-R:
926:
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Kunitake, Kume (2009). Chushichi Tsuzuki and R. Jules Young (ed.).
836:(Discussion Paper ed.). London: The Suntory Center. p. 28
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Images from the mission – "Japan discovers Europe" (German)
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on 9 December. The party finally left for France on 16 December.
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Women students of the Iwakura Mission, 1871, from the left,
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The Iwakura Mission to America and Europe: A New Assessment
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The Iwakura Mission to America and Europe: A New Assessment
641:
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The Far East: An Exponent of Japanese Thoughts and Affairs
608:
The delegation was presented at an official audience with
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prior to inspecting textile manufacturing facilities at
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Japan Rising: The Iwakura embassy to the USA and Europe
859:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 182.
695:
879:
The Iwakura Embassy to the USA and Europe 1871-1873,
1001:
Charles Lanman, ed. (1872). "The Japanese Embassy".
175:, assisted by four vice-ambassadors, three of whom (
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for the newly reinstated imperial dynasty under the
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960:
632:The Iwakura Mission visiting the French President
723:, first Japanese embassy to visit Europe, in 1582
365:On 17 August 1872 the Iwakura Mission arrived at
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286:, who was a member of the mission staff and the
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566:. Accompanied by the British Envoy to Japan,
125:The aim of the mission was threefold; to gain
101:
41:
711:, the first Japanese to visit Europe, in 1553
210:(10), Ueda Teiko (16), Yoshimasu Ryōko (16),
790:. Japan Library (Curzon Press). p. 35.
227:, who after returning to Japan, founded the
133:; to begin preliminary renegotiation of the
1005:. New York: University Publishing Company.
830:The Iwakura Mission, industries and exports
118:, based to some degree on the model of the
239:, later Baroness Uryū Shigeko, as well as
191:in the Japanese government. The historian
164:The mission was named after and headed by
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1022:. Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 162–165.
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1104:Foreign relations of the Empire of Japan
898:Tokumei Zenken Taishi Bei-O Kairan Jikki
854:
627:
585:on 30 October was followed by visits to
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197:Tokumei Zenken Taishi Bei-O Kairan Jikki
739:First Japanese Embassy to Europe (1862)
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469:The gentlemen were attired in ordinary
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1096:
1042:. Office of the Kokumin-no-tomo. 1897.
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378:and attending musical concerts at the
374:, travelling on the newly constructed
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784:Ruxton, Ian (1998). Nish, Ian (ed.).
733:Japanese Embassy to the United States
146:Japanese Embassy to the United States
933:. Richmond, Surrey: Japan Library.
921:The Iwakura Mission in Britain, 1872
27:1871–1873 Japanese diplomatic voyage
1114:19th-century diplomatic conferences
24:
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534:Tharsis Sulphur and Copper Company
461:. It had been ten years since the
243:, later Princess Ōyama Sutematsu.
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488:Elswick Engine and Ordnance Works
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168:in the role of extraordinary and
154:Second Japanese Embassy to Europe
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150:First Japanese Embassy to Europe
1124:1871 in international relations
539:and the Jarrow Chemical Works.
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410:and the industrial centers of
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758:Saburō, Izumi (7 June 2019).
524:arranged a river trip on the
967:. Harvard University Press.
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7:
717:, Russian embassy to Europe
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438:, the delegation stayed at
274:abolition of the han system
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963:The Making of Modern Japan
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479:Newcastle Daily Chronicle
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684:University of Manchester
502:. They also visited the
120:Grand Embassy of Peter I
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1003:The Japanese in America
696:Institute of Directors
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568:Sir Harry Smith Parkes
513:and iron-ore mines in
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382:. After visits to the
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709:Bernardo the Japanese
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400:Highlands of Scotland
306:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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677:Commemoration events
517:. The Newcastle and
346:eventually reaching
300:. Later he became a
264:Treaty of Portsmouth
62:, Yamaguchi Masuka,
1086:Dinner held at the
1078:Object of the Month
668:Purpose and results
636:, 26 December 1872.
578:for their workers.
544:Newcastle upon Tyne
522:Chamber of Commerce
451:Newcastle upon Tyne
424:Newcastle upon Tyne
390:and a day visit to
288:Ministry of Justice
108:Iwakura Shisetsudan
1090:hotel, Boston, USA
891:General references
727:Hasekura Tsunenaga
692:Japan-UK Symposium
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376:London Underground
260:Russo-Japanese War
258:at the end of the
252:Theodore Roosevelt
241:Yamakawa Sutematsu
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216:Yamakawa Sutematsu
32:Diplomatic mission
1109:Meiji Restoration
1063:About Tsuda Umeko
1036:"Iwakura Embassy"
957:Jansen, Marius B.
866:978-0-521-73516-2
587:Burton-upon-Trent
576:Sir John Crossley
530:High Level Bridge
486:They visited the
481:, 23 October 1872
459:William Armstrong
380:Royal Albert Hall
229:Joshi Eigaku Juku
152:in 1862, and the
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903:特命全権大使米歐回覧実記
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187:) were also
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160:Participants
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68:Itō Hirobumi
29:
883:, p.226-227
618:Sandringham
581:A visit to
444:River Clyde
278:Restoration
235:) in 1900,
225:Tsuda Umeko
127:recognition
1098:Categories
1058:(Japanese)
947:0415471796
840:3 February
803:3 February
764:nippon.com
591:Birmingham
552:Salts Mill
412:Manchester
388:Portsmouth
326:), on the
302:journalist
295:republican
173:ambassador
80:Ambassador
929:. (1998)
927:Nish, Ian
745:Citations
735:, in 1860
658:Hong Kong
650:Singapore
595:Worcester
519:Gateshead
515:Cleveland
496:Armstrong
420:Edinburgh
404:Edinburgh
367:Liverpool
313:Itinerary
308:to Japan.
256:mediation
212:Tsuda Ume
189:ministers
156:in 1863.
142:Shogunate
959:(2002).
703:See also
662:Shanghai
556:Saltaire
507:Colliery
504:Gosforth
428:Bradford
392:Brighton
328:SS
324:Yokohama
262:and the
214:(9) and
769:18 June
603:Chester
564:Halifax
537:Hebburn
416:Glasgow
398:in the
344:Chicago
330:America
292:radical
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971:
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913:
863:
794:
660:, and
654:Saigon
646:Ceylon
634:Thiers
532:, the
463:Bakufu
406:, the
183:, and
1056:Jikki
834:(PDF)
542:From
103:岩倉使節団
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984:ISBN
969:ISBN
943:ISBN
935:ISBN
911:ISBN
861:ISBN
842:2016
805:2016
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771:2021
642:Aden
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