1683:
1391:
353:
2314:
45:
148:
264:
Dr. Jeronimo (Jerry) Rodrigues (South Africa) further analysed Ives' microsatellite DNA which can now be downloaded from the Vitis
International Variety Catalogue (VIVC) database (Maul and Röckel, 2015). He determined that Ives noir, which has long been thought to be a natural hybrid between a wild
260:
Employing an extensive set of microsatellite DNA markers, de
Oliveira's research group in SĂŁo Paulo, Brazil, revealed in a 2020 publication, that the BordĂ´ hybrid cultivar (a.k.a. Gran d'Oro in Brazil) is identical to the Ives' Seedling cultivar (a.k.a. Ives noir) from the US.
195:
lists 1850 as the release date. Writings from Henry Ives himself date the crossing to 1840. However, the earliest record of
Hartford Prolific being cultivated dates back to 1846 with the VIVC dating the crossing even later, to 1849.
478:
Over the years Ives noir has been known under a variety of synonyms including: Black Ives, BordĂ´ or Terci (in Brazil), Ives
Madeira, Ives' Madeira Seedling, Ives Seedling and Kittredge.
151:
While Ives noir was a popular grape after the end of
Prohibition, the vine's susceptibility to air pollution caused plantings of the variety to decline throughout the 20th century.
610:
3342:
2301:
2098:
2035:
3284:
1783:
3279:
1853:
1867:
288:
Ives noir was widely established in the eastern United States by the end of
Prohibition in the 1930s when the grape became popular with wineries making sweet
3357:
2056:
2049:
2007:
1937:
2217:
2259:
2112:
1993:
3395:
2287:
2189:
2126:
2014:
1860:
174:
2231:
2161:
2119:
1972:
1811:
1839:
1725:
3352:
397:
273:
variety is, in fact, far more likely to be a hybrid cultivar resulting from a crossing between wild native
American species involving mainly
199:
This inconsistency puts the pedigree of Ives noir in question. In other writings, Henry Ives claimed that he cultivated the grape from a
591:
568:
540:
2743:
1617:
560:
532:
518:
156:
91:
1718:
1439:
3383:
293:
3421:
2313:
701:
3274:
124:
3426:
3317:
1711:
676:
192:
990:
3347:
1157:
292:. However, by the end of the 20th century, plantings of the grape were declining significantly as the toll of
1643:
393:
3390:
3362:
3337:
3327:
1648:
135:
wines but saw its plantings steadily decrease throughout the 20th century as the vine's susceptibility to
2736:
336:, Ives noir tend to produce a shallow and weak root system that also makes the vine very susceptible to
3378:
3332:
3269:
1568:
1535:
1364:
3322:
2811:
1658:
1548:
3261:
1653:
1432:
1374:
1303:
1195:
796:
779:
54:
1543:
916:
752:
2729:
2140:
1406:
1329:
774:
3301:
3047:
2360:
1344:
1113:
757:
381:
368:
Today Ives noir is planted mostly in the
Eastern United States and in the Southern States of
2028:
511:
Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours
2685:
2196:
995:
747:
116:
1888:
8:
3132:
2961:
2926:
1573:
1525:
1425:
669:
588:
1930:
975:
565:
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3001:
2906:
2866:
2630:
2410:
2280:
2084:
2063:
1944:
1895:
1874:
1563:
1068:
400:
take effect, plantings of the variety have slowly started to recover with 50 acres (20
188:
611:"Ives' Seedling hybrid cultivar is totally American - DNA fingerprinting results show"
3226:
3221:
3204:
3142:
3137:
3097:
3092:
3027:
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2670:
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2182:
2091:
2070:
1881:
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1517:
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1048:
786:
514:
416:
341:
97:
985:
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2224:
2203:
2042:
2000:
1916:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1308:
1235:
1098:
1000:
407:
Outside of New York there were 15 acres (6 hectares) of Ives noir in production in
325:
321:
254:
184:
164:
120:
222:
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3172:
3152:
3077:
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2175:
2077:
1951:
1797:
1790:
1776:
1663:
1484:
1401:
1187:
1015:
950:
893:
856:
736:
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572:
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447:
440:
408:
337:
309:
305:
289:
3194:
3157:
3032:
3006:
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2876:
2851:
2705:
2590:
2565:
2470:
2375:
2340:
2330:
2266:
2245:
2147:
2133:
2021:
1979:
1965:
1958:
1553:
1502:
1456:
1313:
1285:
1260:
1181:
1170:
1165:
1063:
1030:
846:
824:
791:
767:
662:
444:
210:
205:
179:
109:
2535:
1558:
450:, the grape shares many similarities to Concord, including the characterized "
3415:
3241:
3209:
3189:
3179:
3067:
3042:
2991:
2941:
2921:
2896:
2886:
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2781:
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2690:
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2635:
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2600:
2545:
2505:
2455:
2430:
2365:
2252:
2154:
2105:
1923:
1909:
1902:
1846:
1818:
1804:
1682:
1583:
1492:
1390:
1298:
1293:
970:
762:
369:
136:
112:
123:
grower Henry Ives, the grape's pedigree and exact origin are unclear. After
3289:
3147:
3057:
3037:
3011:
2986:
2891:
2831:
2806:
2776:
2766:
2710:
2655:
2440:
2400:
2355:
2322:
1369:
960:
898:
888:
841:
466:
grape making wines from a range of sweetness styles from dry to semi-sweet
459:
420:
329:
313:
230:
128:
73:
1118:
352:
3251:
3216:
3167:
2946:
2901:
2841:
2816:
2771:
2695:
2660:
2620:
2595:
2575:
2530:
2525:
2405:
2238:
1703:
1687:
1638:
1601:
1395:
1250:
1240:
1138:
903:
834:
693:
467:
451:
436:
218:
160:
83:
1020:
3231:
3082:
2976:
2856:
2821:
2680:
2460:
2445:
2435:
2370:
2345:
1591:
1507:
1497:
1448:
1354:
1349:
1334:
1270:
1265:
1230:
1128:
1123:
1083:
1010:
955:
945:
927:
883:
871:
861:
819:
645:
635:
432:
415:
plantings that were over 50 years old, as well as smaller plantings in
213:
as early as the late 19th century found little evidence to support any
147:
132:
940:
3117:
3072:
2981:
2936:
2836:
2540:
2495:
2415:
2350:
2168:
1986:
1469:
1359:
1339:
1275:
1255:
1245:
1205:
1143:
1025:
965:
866:
711:
333:
250:
3400:
3294:
3236:
3122:
2675:
2570:
2500:
1215:
1210:
1200:
1093:
1073:
1040:
1005:
851:
814:
726:
721:
706:
463:
412:
401:
385:
242:
234:
226:
200:
935:
2615:
2420:
1668:
1474:
1225:
1078:
1053:
980:
716:
317:
246:
2721:
829:
3162:
3107:
2585:
2485:
1633:
1596:
1220:
1108:
1103:
1740:
1417:
1133:
1088:
1058:
169:
44:
28:
685:
641:
389:
384:
were significantly impacted by downwind air pollution from
238:
626:
654:
127:, Ives was a popular grape used in the production of
3396:
Bureau of
Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
296:resulted in crop failure for the sensitive vine.
191:). The National Grape Registry maintained by the
3413:
209:variety called either "Malaga" or "Madeira" but
312:. The vine is very sensitive to air pollution,
49:Photographic plate of Ives grape from the book
2737:
1719:
1433:
670:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
491:
398:United States Environmental Protection Agency
458:grapes, but usually with a slightly lighter
462:. Ives noir is used as both a blending and
2744:
2730:
1733:
1726:
1712:
1440:
1426:
677:
663:
556:
554:
509:J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz
488:
356:Ives noir shares many similarities to the
43:
622:
620:
404:) of Ives noir in production as of 1996.
159:(VIVC), the grape was first developed in
640:
351:
146:
1618:Clarification and stabilization of wine
551:
142:
3414:
617:
528:
526:
2725:
1707:
1421:
658:
639:
561:Vitis International Variety Catalogue
533:Vitis International Variety Catalogue
332:). When not grafted to more vigorous
157:Vitis International Variety Catalogue
523:
13:
426:
308:variety that usually ripens after
294:air pollution in the United States
14:
3438:
2751:
702:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
177:(itself a crossing of an unknown
2312:
1681:
1389:
217:pedigree or relationship to the
125:Prohibition in the United States
347:
193:University of California, Davis
1447:
603:
579:
470:and to sweet fortified wines.
372:where the variety is known as
299:
119:. Named after its propagator,
1:
1644:Glossary of viticulture terms
629:Accessed: December 26th, 2014
481:
115:that is grown throughout the
3391:American Vineyard Foundation
1649:Glossary of winemaking terms
435:, Ives noir is also used in
7:
473:
320:-based sprays (such as the
10:
3443:
3379:American Viticultural Area
2303:V. zhejiang-adstricta
1569:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
600:Accessed: April 20th, 2013
576:Accessed: April 20th, 2013
548:Accessed: April 20th, 2013
396:standards enforced by the
3371:
3310:
3260:
3020:
2759:
2321:
2310:
2037:V. lanceolatifoliosa
1739:
1677:
1659:History of the wine press
1626:
1610:
1582:
1549:Sparkling wine production
1534:
1516:
1483:
1455:
1383:
1322:
1284:
1179:
1156:
1039:
926:
914:
807:
735:
692:
652:
443:production. According to
90:
79:
69:
61:
42:
26:
21:
3422:Red wine grape varieties
2142:V. pseudoreticulata
1654:Wine tasting descriptors
1375:Wine tasting descriptors
1304:Phenolic content in wine
1196:Alternative wine closure
780:Great French Wine Blight
684:
585:National Grape Registry
513:pg 477, Allen Lane 2012
55:Ulysses Prentiss Hedrick
2100:V. Ă— novae-angliae
1544:Malolactic fermentation
627:Embrapa - Official Site
344:in drought conditions.
269:species and an unknown
3427:Hybrid grape varieties
3285:Twenty-first Amendment
2198:V. shuttleworthii
1855:V. bloodworthiana
1734:Hybrid grape varieties
365:
360:grape variety Concord
187:that was developed in
152:
51:The Grapes of New York
3302:Vine and Olive Colony
2058:V. luochengensis
2051:V. longquanensis
2009:V. jinggangensis
1939:V. erythrophylla
1345:Wine and food pairing
355:
150:
3280:Eighteenth Amendment
2282:V. xunyangensis
2261:V. wenchouensis
2170:V. rotundifolia
2114:V. peninsularis
2086:V. mustangensis
2065:V. menghaiensis
1995:V. jacquemontii
1946:V. fengqinensis
1897:V. chunganensis
1876:V. bryoniifolia
1785:V. Ă— andersonii
996:Muscat of Alexandria
143:History and pedigree
2296:V. yunnanensis
2212:V. sinocinerea
2191:V. shenxiensis
2184:V. ruyuanensis
2128:V. pilosonerva
2093:V. nesbittiana
2072:V. mengziensis
1890:V. Ă— champinii
1883:V. californica
1869:V. Ă— bourquina
1834:V. betulifolia
1827:V. berlandieri
1574:Yeast in winemaking
1526:Carbonic maceration
229:or the traditional
62:Color of berry skin
2275:V. wuhanensis
2226:V. tiliifolia
2219:V. Ă— slavinii
2205:V. silvestrii
2044:V. lincecumii
2002:V. jaegeriana
1932:V. Ă— doaniana
1918:V. coignetiae
1862:V. bourgaeana
1771:V. aestivalis
1764:V. adenoclada
1757:V. acerifolia
1564:Traditional method
1365:Wine personalities
1069:Cabernet Sauvignon
594:2010-06-11 at the
571:2014-11-03 at the
543:2014-11-03 at the
366:
340:which may require
153:
3409:
3408:
3222:St. Vincent grape
2719:
2718:
2686:Triomphe d'Alsace
2521:Lakemont seedless
2233:V. treleasei
2177:V. rupestris
2163:V. romanetii
2121:V. piasezkii
2079:V. monticola
1974:V. hancockii
1953:V. ficifolia
1813:V. bashanica
1799:V. balansana
1792:V. arizonica
1778:V. amurensis
1701:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1465:Late harvest wine
1415:
1414:
1152:
1151:
1049:Alicante Bouschet
797:Judgment of Paris
519:978-1-846-14446-2
411:, including some
155:According to the
103:
102:
3434:
3103:Gamay Beaujolais
2746:
2739:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2316:
2268:V. wilsonae
2247:V. vinifera
2149:V. retordii
2135:V. popenoei
2023:V. labrusca
1981:V. heyneana
1967:V. girdiana
1960:V. flexuosa
1841:V. biformis
1728:
1721:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1686:
1685:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1419:
1418:
1394:
1393:
1309:Proteins in wine
976:GrĂĽner Veltliner
924:
923:
679:
672:
665:
656:
655:
637:
636:
630:
624:
615:
614:
607:
601:
583:
577:
558:
549:
530:
521:
507:
322:Bordeaux mixture
175:Hartford Proflic
121:Connecticut wine
47:
36:
31:
19:
18:
16:Variety of grape
3442:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3367:
3306:
3256:
3185:Rogers' Hybrids
3021:Grape cultivars
3016:
2755:
2750:
2720:
2715:
2631:Rogers' Hybrids
2551:Marechal Joffre
2486:Himrod seedless
2381:Cabernet Cortis
2323:Notable hybrids
2317:
2308:
2254:V. vulpina
2156:V. riparia
2107:V. palmata
2030:V. Ă— labruscana
1925:V. davidii
1911:V. cinerea
1904:V. chungii
1848:V. blancoi
1820:V. bellula
1806:V. barbata
1735:
1732:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1688:Wine portal
1680:
1673:
1664:History of wine
1622:
1606:
1578:
1530:
1512:
1493:Deacidification
1479:
1451:
1446:
1416:
1411:
1396:Wine portal
1388:
1379:
1318:
1280:
1185:
1175:
1148:
1035:
1016:Sauvignon blanc
951:Cayetana blanca
919:
917:grape varieties
910:
803:
731:
688:
683:
648:
634:
633:
625:
618:
609:
608:
604:
596:Wayback Machine
584:
580:
573:Wayback Machine
559:
552:
545:Wayback Machine
531:
524:
508:
489:
484:
476:
448:Jancis Robinson
431:In addition to
429:
427:Styles and uses
380:. Plantings in
350:
324:used to combat
304:Ives noir is a
302:
290:fortified wines
163:in 1844 from a
145:
139:took its toll.
57:
34:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3440:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2962:South Carolina
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2927:North Carolina
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2706:Villard grapes
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2511:L'Acadie blanc
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2376:Cabernet blanc
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2289:V. Yeshanensis
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2016:V. Kelungensis
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1752:
1750:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1554:Sugars in wine
1551:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1503:Chaptalization
1500:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1330:Classification
1326:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1314:Sugars in wine
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1286:Wine chemistry
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1261:Wine dispenser
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1192:
1190:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1064:Cabernet Franc
1061:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1031:Welschriesling
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
986:MĂĽller-Thurgau
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
932:
930:
921:
912:
911:
909:
908:
907:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
877:
876:
875:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
838:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
811:
809:
805:
804:
802:
801:
800:
799:
789:
784:
783:
782:
772:
771:
770:
765:
760:
755:
753:Ancient Greece
750:
741:
739:
733:
732:
730:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
698:
696:
690:
689:
682:
681:
674:
667:
659:
653:
650:
649:
632:
631:
616:
602:
578:
550:
522:
486:
485:
483:
480:
475:
472:
456:Vitis labrusca
445:Master of Wine
428:
425:
382:New York State
358:Vitis labrusca
349:
346:
301:
298:
281:, rather than
271:Vitis vinifera
267:Vitis labrusca
211:ampelographers
206:Vitis vinifera
180:Vitis labrusca
167:of an unknown
144:
141:
101:
100:
95:
88:
87:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
48:
40:
39:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3439:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:Valvin muscat
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3048:Black Spanish
3046:
3044:
3043:Blanc du Bois
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:West Virginia
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2907:New Hampshire
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2867:Massachusetts
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:Wine by state
2758:
2754:
2753:American wine
2747:
2742:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2691:Valvin muscat
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2646:Seibel grapes
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:Marechal Foch
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:Blanc du Bois
2364:
2362:
2361:Black Spanish
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2240:V. tsoii
2237:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1299:Acids in wine
1297:
1295:
1294:Aroma of wine
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1158:Major regions
1155:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1114:Montepulciano
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
931:
929:
925:
922:
918:
913:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
881:
879:
878:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
843:
840:
839:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
810:
806:
798:
795:
794:
793:
790:
788:
785:
781:
778:
777:
776:
773:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
743:
742:
740:
738:
734:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
697:
695:
691:
687:
680:
675:
673:
668:
666:
661:
660:
657:
651:
647:
643:
638:
628:
623:
621:
612:
606:
599:
597:
593:
590:
582:
575:
574:
570:
567:
562:
557:
555:
547:
546:
542:
539:
534:
529:
527:
520:
516:
512:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
487:
479:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
446:
442:
438:
434:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
394:Clean Air Act
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
363:
359:
354:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
297:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
279:V. aestivalis
276:
272:
268:
262:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:Pedro Ximénez
220:
216:
212:
208:
207:
202:
197:
194:
190:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
158:
149:
140:
138:
137:air pollution
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:United States
114:
113:grape variety
111:
107:
99:
96:
93:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
46:
41:
37:
30:
25:
20:
3372:Other topics
3353:South Dakota
3290:Volstead Act
3148:Minnesota 78
3112:
3058:Cayuga White
2967:South Dakota
2957:Rhode Island
2952:Pennsylvania
2932:North Dakota
2711:Zarya severa
2656:Seyval blanc
2490:
2441:Couderc noir
2401:Cayuga White
2302:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1746:
1742:
1679:
1536:Fermentation
1387:
1370:Wine tasting
991:Muscat blanc
961:Chenin blanc
758:Ancient Rome
605:
586:
581:
564:
536:
510:
477:
455:
430:
421:Pennsylvania
406:
377:
373:
367:
361:
357:
348:Wine regions
338:water stress
330:downy mildew
314:ozone damage
306:mid-ripening
303:
287:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
263:
259:
231:Madeira wine
214:
204:
198:
178:
173:species and
168:
154:
105:
104:
74:Hybrid grape
50:
33:
3318:New England
3275:Prohibition
3252:Vidal blanc
3217:Scuppernong
3168:Olmo grapes
3133:La Crescent
2882:Mississippi
2797:Connecticut
2696:Vidal blanc
2661:Seyval noir
2621:Ravat blanc
2596:Olmo grapes
2576:Muscat bleu
2536:LĂ©on Millot
2531:Landot noir
2526:Landal noir
2406:Chambourcin
1988:V. hui
1639:Wine bottle
1611:Other steps
1602:Wine cellar
1559:SĂĽssreserve
1251:Wine cellar
1241:Wine bottle
1182:accessories
1180:Packaging,
1139:Tempranillo
768:Noah's wine
748:Phoenicians
694:Viticulture
468:blush wines
437:grape juice
316:as well as
300:Viticulture
283:V. vinifera
275:V. labrusca
219:Malaga wine
189:Connecticut
3416:Categories
3348:New Mexico
3343:New Jersey
3270:California
3232:Traminette
3083:Corot noir
2997:Washington
2917:New Mexico
2912:New Jersey
2787:California
2681:Traminette
2461:Flot rouge
2446:De Chaunac
2436:Corot noir
2411:Chancellor
2371:Breidecker
2346:Baco blanc
1518:Maceration
1508:Wine press
1498:Destemming
1449:Winemaking
1355:Wine fraud
1350:Wine fault
1335:Oenophilia
1271:Wine label
1266:Wine glass
1231:Port tongs
1129:Sangiovese
1124:Pinot noir
1084:Douce noir
1011:Rkatsiteli
956:Chardonnay
946:Catarratto
920:by acreage
894:Biodynamic
857:Aromatized
646:winemaking
482:References
454:" note of
433:winemaking
417:New Jersey
362:(pictured)
342:irrigation
233:grapes of
133:port-style
53:, 1908 by
3227:St. Pepin
3205:Massasoit
3143:Marquette
3138:La Crosse
3118:Jaeger 70
3113:Ives noir
3098:Frontenac
3093:Edelweiss
3073:Chardonel
3028:Alexander
3007:Wisconsin
2972:Tennessee
2877:Minnesota
2852:Louisiana
2671:St. Pepin
2561:Massasoit
2556:Marquette
2541:Malverina
2516:La Crosse
2496:Jaeger 70
2491:Ives noir
2466:Frontenac
2451:Edelweiss
2416:Chardonel
2351:Baco noir
2336:Alexander
1470:Noble rot
1360:Winemaker
1340:Sommelier
1276:Wine rack
1256:Wine cork
1246:Wine cave
1236:Screw cap
1206:Corkscrew
1171:New World
1166:Old World
1144:Zinfandel
1119:Mourvèdre
1026:Trebbiano
966:Colombard
867:Noble rot
847:Fortified
825:Sparkling
792:New World
589:Ives noir
538:Ives noir
334:rootstock
251:Terrantez
183:vine and
108:is a red
106:Ives noir
22:Ives noir
3401:Meritage
3363:Virginia
3338:Missouri
3328:Illinois
3311:Wineries
3295:Vine-Glo
3247:Vignoles
3237:Thomcord
3128:Lakemont
3123:Kay Gray
3088:Delaware
2992:Virginia
2942:Oklahoma
2922:New York
2897:Nebraska
2887:Missouri
2872:Michigan
2862:Maryland
2847:Kentucky
2827:Illinois
2802:Delaware
2792:Colorado
2782:Arkansas
2701:Vignoles
2676:Thomcord
2571:Merzling
2501:Kay Gray
2481:Hibernal
1485:Pressing
1407:Glossary
1323:Industry
1216:Jug wine
1211:Decanter
1201:Box wine
1099:Isabella
1094:Grenache
1074:Carignan
1021:SĂ©millon
1006:Riesling
1001:Palomino
744:Ancient
727:Vineyard
722:Veraison
707:Oenology
592:Archived
569:Archived
566:Hartford
541:Archived
474:Synonyms
464:varietal
413:old vine
409:Arkansas
402:hectares
386:Michigan
255:Bastardo
243:Verdelho
235:Malvasia
227:Moscatel
215:vinifera
201:seedling
185:Isabella
165:crossing
3262:History
3200:Herbert
3173:Royalty
3153:Niagara
3078:Clinton
3068:Concord
3063:Cassady
3053:Catawba
3012:Wyoming
2987:Vermont
2892:Montana
2832:Indiana
2812:Georgia
2807:Florida
2777:Arizona
2767:Alabama
2666:Solaris
2651:Severny
2641:Royalty
2616:Plantet
2611:Phoenix
2581:Niagara
2476:Herbert
2431:Concord
2426:Clinton
2421:Chelois
2396:Catawba
2391:Cassady
2386:Cascade
1747:species
1741:Grape (
1669:Terroir
1627:Related
1475:Vintage
1457:Harvest
1402:Outline
1226:Muselet
1188:storage
1079:Cinsaut
1054:Barbera
981:Macabeo
941:Aligoté
899:Organic
889:Natural
842:Dessert
787:Georgia
737:History
717:Terroir
712:Species
563:(VIVC)
535:(VIVC)
392:but as
326:powdery
318:sulphur
310:Concord
247:Sercial
221:grapes
86:in 1844
70:Species
3333:Kansas
3195:Goethe
3163:Noiret
3158:Norton
3108:Himrod
3033:Agawam
2947:Oregon
2902:Nevada
2842:Kansas
2817:Hawaii
2772:Alaska
2591:Norton
2586:Noiret
2566:Melody
2471:Goethe
2341:Aurore
2331:Agawam
1634:Winery
1597:Solera
1221:Kvevri
1109:Merlot
1104:Malbec
904:Kosher
880:Other
835:Orange
808:Styles
775:France
517:
370:Brazil
110:hybrid
94:number
80:Origin
3323:Idaho
3210:Requa
3190:Flora
3180:Onaka
2977:Texas
2857:Maine
2822:Idaho
2636:Rondo
2626:Requa
2606:Orion
2601:Onaka
2506:Kyoho
2456:Flora
1743:Vitis
1584:Aging
1134:Syrah
1089:Gamay
1059:Bobal
971:Glera
936:Airén
928:White
884:Table
872:Straw
862:Fruit
820:White
763:China
642:Wines
460:color
441:jelly
378:Terci
374:BordĂ´
203:of a
170:Vitis
129:sweet
35:Vitis
29:Grape
3384:list
3358:Utah
3038:Beta
2982:Utah
2937:Ohio
2837:Iowa
2356:Beta
1186:and
915:Top
830:Rosé
686:Wine
644:and
515:ISBN
452:foxy
439:and
419:and
390:Ohio
388:and
328:and
277:and
253:and
239:Bual
225:and
161:Ohio
98:5592
92:VIVC
84:Ohio
1592:Oak
1041:Red
852:Ice
815:Red
376:or
257:.
65:Red
3418::
1745:)
619:^
553:^
525:^
490:^
423:.
285:.
249:,
245:,
241:,
237:,
131:,
2745:e
2738:t
2731:v
1727:e
1720:t
1713:v
1441:e
1434:t
1427:v
1184:,
678:e
671:t
664:v
613:.
598:"
587:"
364:.
38:)
32:(
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