393:
381:
369:
357:
269:
177:
329:
221:
150:
209:
163:
340:
189:
419:
317:
305:
293:
246:
137:
37:
1448:
The Treaty of Lyon was signed on 31 January 1504 between Louis XII of France and
Ferdinand II of Aragon. Based on the terms of the treaty, France ceded Naples to the Hispanic Monarchy. Moreover, France and Spain defined their respective control of Italian territories. France controlled northern Italy
1296:
However, tensions soon emerged within the Franco-Venetian alliance over Pisa; while the
Venetians preferred an independent Pisa as a way to weaken Florence, Louis needed Florentine support for his attack on Naples. With help from Emperor Maximilian, Ludovico recruited an army of 20,000 mercenaries
1309:, remaining in French dungeons until his death in 1508. For the next thirteen years, French possession of Milan gave them a base form which to intervene directly in Italy. Despite defeating Ludovico, Louis XII viewed his brief but violent restoration as inspired by
1427:
on 29 December, the
Spanish prevailed. Attacking the French army that was still resting and relaxing after their Christmas festivities from the north at the village of Sujo, the Spanish scored a decisive and war-ending victory. The French army under Italian ally,
1066:
agree that the dowry of Louis XII's daughter, Claude, in marriage to
Maximilian's grandson, the future emperor Charles V, would include Milan and Burgundy. In return, Maximilian agrees to recognize Louis XII as the duke of Milan. The union never happens.
1418:
on 13 February 1503. Chronic in-fighting between the
Italian and French knights, as well as a better supply-line guaranteed by the Spanish navy, gave Cordoba and his Spanish army the upper hand against the French, who were defeated at
1413:
Later, the conflict became characterized by short skirmishes. During this campaign, a French knight, Charles de la Motte, was captured by
Spanish forces and later used as a hostage after declaring his famous
1325:
As the summer campaign season of the year 1500 neared, Louis XII became worried about the intentions of newly unified Spain as he moved further into Italy, drawing his forces eastward. The
Spanish monarchs
1131:
in
January 1494, she asked for his help in securing their rights. In September Charles invaded the peninsula, which he justified by claiming he wanted to use Naples as a base for a crusade against the
1381:(1512) that the partition of the Mezzogiorno between the houses of Aragon and Orléans neglected to take into account the economic system of a region dominated by sheep-rearing and its concomitant
1305:. Despite disguising himself as a Swiss pikeman to evade imprisonment by the French, Sforza was betrayed by his own men and turned over to the French on April 15 and sent into captivity at
450:
1338:
between Louis XII and the
Italian powers. They might invade France from the west, while Louis XII had his armies in Italy, and thus involve Louis in a war on two fronts. In the
883:, which remained in French hands for the next thirteen years. His invasion of Naples in 1501 eventually led to war with Ferdinand of Aragon, who expelled the French in 1504.
1410:, redressed some of the imbalance in arms the Spanish had with the French. Cordoba avoided encounter with the enemy at first, hoping to lure the French into complacency.
1010:
1070:
12 October 1505: Treaty of Blois (1505) (2nd treaty of Blois) Louis XII of France renounces his claim to Naples, leaving the kingdom in control of
Ferdinand of Aragon.
2239:
936:
September 1499: Venetian invasion of the Duchy of Milan and anti-Sforza revolt inside the city of Milan; the rebels opened the gates to the Venetian army commanded by
660:
1978:
1301:
from the French on 21 March. However, his inability to pay his troops meant this success proved short-lived and on April 10 Ludovico's army was annihilated at the
443:
1283:, while the French entered Milan on 6 October 1499. Following his victory, Louis' Franco-Visconti heraldry and name were painted over the Sforza arms at the
947:
479:
554:
1402:
lacked numeric superiority, but was able to apply the lessons learned in 1495 against the Swiss infantry that France employed; moreover, the Spanish
436:
2448:
2438:
2453:
2443:
2403:
989:
489:
1432:
was destroyed, with about 4,000 of just over 15,000 soldiers killed at Garigliano, leaving Louis XII forced to abandon his current ambitions in
2428:
2383:
2378:
653:
397:
2368:
2433:
2398:
2338:
1175:
1429:
794:
646:
2353:
547:
2333:
2234:
2220:
2148:
2081:
1988:
385:
1120:
816:
321:
309:
1872:
1423:
on 28 April 1503. At the first battle of Garigliano on November 8, a superior French force beat back the Spanish but in a
1342:, signed by Louis and Ferdinand on 11 November 1500, the two agreed Louis would become King of Naples and gain control of
1240:
along with lands on the eastern bank of the Adda, and agreed to pay part of Louis' expenses. They would also supply 1,500
1233:
1178:. His lawyers also asserted that Milan naturally belonged to the French since it had been founded by their ancestors the
627:
2100:
2062:
2034:
1967:
747:
1313:
and led him to deeply distrust the Holy See end up with France openly hostile and attempting to depose the next pope,
2251:
2195:
2176:
540:
373:
1280:
1063:
727:
1123:. Despite being the hereditary Duke of Milan, Gian Galeazzo had been sidelined by his uncle in 1481 and exiled to
2458:
1015:
2363:
1205:, which was supported by Milan. Doing so had proved extremely expensive while Venice was also concerned by the
2261:
1960:
War, domination, and the Monarchy of France: Claude de Seyssel and the language of politics in the Renaissance
2373:
1461:
1385:. Within two years, differences over the allocation of the disputed areas led to war between the two powers.
789:
742:
1512:
1088:
876:
720:
715:
710:
700:
695:
685:
616:
611:
606:
596:
586:
576:
1424:
1228:
river, which Louis considered excessive, while Venice rejected a French request for a subsidy of 100,000
1052:
705:
601:
521:
985:, secret plan between Ferdinand II of Aragon and Louis XII of France to partition the Kingdom of Naples.
2388:
757:
1732:
1038:
511:
2017:
2423:
2413:
2393:
2319:
2284:
1339:
1213:
was open to an alliance with France to remove Ludovico, although some members disagreed, including
1127:. Both women wanted to ensure their children inherited the Duchy and when Isabella's father became
982:
879:, Louis was determined to pursue French claims to Milan and Naples and in October 1499 he captured
2418:
2408:
2292:
1302:
1210:
1096:
975:
968:
5 February 1500: Ludovico Sforza's Swiss mercenary army retook the city of Milan from the French.
732:
484:
2027:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015
1453:
1374:
1370:
1327:
1279:, his troops quickly over-ran the duchy. Ludovico and his children took refuge in Germany with
1276:
1256:
1143:
1139:
1100:
1059:
937:
916:
909:
901:
865:
361:
343:
102:
952:
2358:
1415:
1331:
1104:
1024:
506:
192:
2110:
Lynn, John A (1994). "Recalculating French Army Growth during the Grand Siecle, 1610-1715".
1202:
1142:
quickly regained his kingdom. He did so with support from his distant Trastamaran relative
1128:
1116:
8:
1469:
1420:
1167:
1155:
1045:
996:
853:
799:
779:
516:
297:
42:
2296:
1289:, while portraits of French kings replaced those of the Sforza family in the library at
2306:
2271:
2127:
2005:
1515:
would erupt in 1508 over grievances between Venice and the many other regional powers.
1399:
1285:
1214:
1190:
1112:
857:
784:
168:
1111:
as a pretext. This in turn was driven by the intense rivalry between Ludovico's wife,
2247:
2230:
2216:
2191:
2172:
2144:
2096:
2077:
2058:
2030:
1984:
1963:
1911:
1493:
1477:
1457:
1310:
1306:
1272:
1260:
1245:
1147:
1108:
869:
769:
418:
316:
304:
292:
251:
226:
142:
1480:
would receive as dowry the Duchy of Milan, Genoa and its dependencies, the Duchy of
2257:
2119:
1473:
1465:
1244:
and 4,000 infantry for an attack on Milan from the east and allow Louis to capture
1198:
774:
1476:. If the King Louis XII were to die without producing a male heir, Charles of the
1138:
Although Charles conquered Naples with relative ease, after his return to France,
1939:
1511:
Conflict would not leave Italy for long; the next phase of the Italian Wars, the
1347:
1092:
962:
930:
861:
752:
737:
339:
188:
1314:
1249:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1171:
1154:
as a threat. In September 1496, Ferdinand of Naples was succeeded by his uncle
1151:
1031:
849:
804:
501:
273:
213:
181:
83:
1398:
When the conflict broke out again in the second half of 1502, Spanish General
999:
abdicated the Neapolitan throne after Franco-Aragonese forces occupied Naples.
2347:
1264:
1132:
958:
591:
333:
1456:
of 22 September 1504 concerned the proposed marriage between Charles of the
1297:
and retook Milan on 5 February 1500; his army then moved north and captured
919:, secret alliance between France and Venice to partition the Duchy of Milan.
428:
1382:
1366:
1225:
809:
680:
564:
328:
155:
28:
1224:
In their initial talks, the Venetians demanded lands on both sides of the
1166:
Charles VIII died on 7 April 1498 and was succeeded by his second cousin
1497:
1407:
1241:
891:
This is an overview of notable events including battles during the wars.
36:
1027:. Italian knights in Spanish service won a duel against French knights.
762:
2131:
1362:; the territories between were to be shared along with their revenue.
638:
905:
1170:, who inherited the Angevin claim to Naples while also claiming the
2123:
1481:
1437:
1373:
abdicated in favour of Louis and died in French captivity in 1504;
1355:
1263:
approved the invasion of Milan in exchange for the French backing
1505:
1501:
1351:
1268:
1237:
971:
21 March 1500: The Sforzescan army retook Novara from the French.
2213:
España Estratégica. Guerra y Diplomacia en la Historia de España
1248:. In return, France promised to provide military support if the
107:
Division of Northern and Southern Italy between France and Spain
1843:
1841:
1828:
1826:
1433:
1359:
1343:
1298:
908:. Louis had participated in the previous war, primarily in the
904:
died and was succeeded by his cousin Louis, Duke of Orléans as
532:
94:
1813:
1811:
1774:
1772:
1733:"The Italian War (1521–1526) - Four Years War - About History"
1369:, nominal overlord of the Kingdom of Naples. On 25 July 1501,
1489:
1290:
1229:
1179:
1124:
880:
66:
1838:
1823:
1808:
1769:
1626:
1485:
1449:
from Milan and Spain controlled Sicily and southern Italy.
1183:
943:
6 October 1499: The French army entered the city of Milan.
45:, the first battle in history won by gunpowder small arms.
2055:
Milan Undone: Contested Sovereignties in the Italian Wars
1796:
832:
are divided into two connected, but distinct phases: the
1894:
1892:
1667:
1665:
1614:
1548:
16:
Second & Third phase of the Italian Wars (1499–1504)
1524:
1209:
threat to their maritime possessions. As a result, the
1713:
1650:
1638:
1580:
1578:
1565:
1563:
1889:
1853:
1757:
1677:
1662:
1784:
1602:
1590:
1745:
1701:
1689:
1575:
1560:
1365:On 25 June 1500, these terms were approved by Pope
1252:attacked Venice while they were at war with Milan.
2339:Chronology of More Recent Times: 1501 AD – 1600 AD
1536:
2345:
848:. The first phase was fought for control of the
2166:
1977:Campbell, Gordon (2005). "Blois, treaties of".
2301:. Venezia, Tip. del commercio di M. Visentini.
1062:(1st Treaty of Blois) Louis XII of France and
1436:and, on 2 January 1504, the king withdrew to
654:
548:
458:
444:
2246:. New York: World Publishing Company, 1968.
2188:The First and Second Italian Wars, 1494-1504
2227:Batallas Decisivas de la Historia de España
2138:
1847:
1832:
1802:
1632:
1620:
1554:
2157:
2139:Mallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine (2012).
2024:
1817:
1778:
1530:
1055:. Spanish victory over France and Saluzzo.
661:
647:
555:
541:
451:
437:
35:
2167:Phillips, Charles; Axelrod, Alan (2005).
1320:
1976:
1937:
1584:
1569:
2449:16th-century military history of France
2439:15th-century military history of France
2090:
2071:
1644:
1608:
1406:, accustomed to close combat after the
933:and his family fled Milan to Innsbruck.
668:
2454:16th-century military history of Spain
2444:15th-century military history of Spain
2404:15th century in the Republic of Venice
2346:
2185:
1912:"League of Cambrai | European history"
1898:
1859:
1763:
1683:
1671:
978:. French victory over Ludovico Sforza.
2429:15th century in the Kingdom of Naples
2384:Wars involving the Republic of Venice
2298:La spedizione di Carlo VIII in Italia
2052:
2043:
1957:
1790:
1751:
1719:
1707:
1695:
1656:
1596:
1259:was signed on 9 February 1499, while
1193:, then the leading military power in
1077:
642:
536:
432:
2379:Wars involving the Kingdom of Naples
2109:
1980:The Oxford Dictionary of Renaissance
1542:
1388:
946:19 December 1499 – 12 January 1500:
2093:Historical Atlas of the Renaissance
1201:in its fight for independence from
1146:, who as ruler of the neighbouring
13:
2205:
2190:. Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Books.
2048:(in Italian). Giorgio de' Cavalli.
1334:were known to be fearful of a new
14:
2470:
2369:Wars involving the Duchy of Milan
2327:
1393:
1354:while Ferdinand was made Duke of
2434:16th century in the Papal States
2399:15th century in the Papal States
2076:. University of Michigan Press.
1271:. Louis hired a strong force of
1234:Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara
1161:
836:(1499–1501), sometimes known as
562:
417:
391:
379:
367:
355:
338:
327:
315:
303:
291:
267:
244:
219:
207:
187:
175:
161:
148:
135:
93:Spanish Victory, Spain acquires
2211:Batista González, Juan (2007).
1904:
1865:
1725:
1508:, Mâconnais and Bar-sur-Seine.
1182:, as stated by Roman historian
864:, the second between Louis and
82:French victory Conquest of the
1048:. Spanish victory over France.
1041:. Spanish victory over France.
1034:. Spanish victory over France.
924:Second Italian War (1499–1501)
1:
2266:. presso Giorgio de' Caualli.
1873:"Heritage History - Products"
1518:
1443:
1082:
1004:Third Italian War (1502–1504)
22:Second and Third Italian Wars
2225:Losada, Juan Carlos (2006).
2057:. Harvard University Press.
2025:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017).
1513:War of the League of Cambrai
1197:. Venice had been financing
1020:. French victory over Spain.
7:
2291:
2171:. New York: Facts on File.
2141:The Italian Wars: 1494–1559
1983:. Oxford University Press.
1958:Boone, Rebecca Ard (2007).
1232:. Under a deal brokered by
1150:viewed French expansion in
1103:to invade Italy, using the
1053:Battle of Garigliano (1503)
886:
10:
2475:
2256:
2158:Pellegrini, Marco (2009).
2044:Corio, Bernardino (1565).
1931:
957:. Franco-Papal victory by
2354:Italian Wars of 1499–1504
2112:French Historical Studies
1189:Louis now approached the
1115:, and that of his nephew
1039:Battle of Seminara (1503)
1011:Battle of Seminara (1502)
830:Italian Wars of 1499–1504
676:
625:
572:
470:
462:Italian Wars of 1499–1504
411:
406:
281:
121:
49:
34:
26:
21:
2074:France: A Modern History
2072:Guérard, Albert (1959).
1944:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1877:www.heritage-history.com
1174:through his grandmother
1089:Italian War of 1494–1498
1064:Maximilian I of Habsburg
983:Treaty of Granada (1500)
877:Italian War of 1494–1498
875:In the aftermath of the
322:Bérault Stuart d'Aubigny
2334:Political Events – 1504
2240:Montgomery, Bernard Law
2186:Romane, Julian (2020).
2091:Konstam, Angus (2004).
1938:Augustyn, Adam (2024).
1916:Encyclopedia Britannica
1848:Mallett & Shaw 2012
1833:Mallett & Shaw 2012
1803:Mallett & Shaw 2012
1633:Mallett & Shaw 2012
1621:Mallett & Shaw 2012
1555:Mallett & Shaw 2012
976:Battle of Novara (1500)
838:Louis XII's Italian War
2459:Ferdinand II of Aragon
1375:Francesco Guicciardini
1371:Frederick IV of Naples
1321:Franco-Spanish efforts
1277:Gian Giacomo Trivulzio
1144:Ferdinand II of Aragon
1140:Ferdinand II of Naples
1101:Charles VIII of France
1060:Treaty of Blois (1504)
938:Gian Giacomo Trivulzio
917:Treaty of Blois (1499)
910:Siege of Novara (1495)
902:Charles VIII of France
868:for possession of the
866:Ferdinand II of Aragon
362:Ferdinand the Catholic
344:Ludovico II of Saluzzo
282:Commanders and leaders
2364:Wars involving France
2162:. Bologna: Il Mulino.
2143:. Pearson Education.
1416:Challenge of Barletta
1236:, Venice was granted
1025:Challenge of Barletta
193:Marquisate of Saluzzo
2374:Wars involving Spain
2263:L'Historia di Milano
2244:A History of Warfare
2229:. Punto de Lectura.
2169:Encyclopedia of Wars
2053:Gagné, John (2021).
2046:L'Historia di Milano
1430:Francesco de Gonzaga
1379:Discorso di Logrogno
1129:Alfonso II of Naples
1117:Gian Galeazzo Sforza
629:Full list of battles
1168:Louis XII of France
1058:22 September 1504:
1046:Battle of Cerignola
997:Frederick of Naples
895:Prelude (1498–1499)
854:Louis XII of France
670:Franco-Spanish wars
386:Fernando de Andrade
298:Louis XII of France
79:Second Italian War
43:Battle of Cerignola
2314:Unknown parameter
2279:Unknown parameter
2160:Le guerre d'Italia
1484:, the counties of
1400:Gonzalo de Cordoba
1377:points out in the
1286:Castello Sforzesco
1281:Emperor Maximilian
1215:Agostino Barbarigo
1191:Republic of Venice
1176:Valentina Visconti
1121:Isabella of Aragon
1078:Second Italian War
1051:29 December 1503:
1030:23 February 1503:
1023:13 February 1503:
1009:25 December 1502:
981:11 November 1500:
929:1 September 1499:
858:Republic of Venice
852:by an alliance of
834:Second Italian War
474:Second Italian War
374:Gonzalo de Córdoba
262:: War over Naples
239:: War over Naples
201:Second Italian War
129:Second Italian War
90:Third Italian War
2389:Conflicts in 1499
2235:978-84-663-1484-8
2221:978-84-7737-183-0
2150:978-0-582-05758-6
2095:. Facts on File.
2083:978-0-582-05758-6
1990:978-0-19-860175-3
1850:, pp. 68–69.
1835:, pp. 64–65.
1820:, pp. 67–68.
1781:, pp. 63–65.
1722:, pp. 82–86.
1659:, pp. 28–29.
1494:Duchy of Burgundy
1478:House of Habsburg
1458:House of Habsburg
1389:Third Italian War
1340:Treaty of Granada
1311:Pope Alexander VI
1307:Lys-Saint-Georges
1273:Swiss mercenaries
1261:Pope Alexander VI
1148:Kingdom of Sicily
1109:Kingdom of Naples
974:8–10 April 1500:
915:9 February 1499:
870:Kingdom of Naples
842:Third Italian War
825:
824:
636:
635:
587:League of Cambrai
530:
529:
496:Third Italian War
427:
426:
260:Third Italian War
237:Third Italian War
117:
116:
2466:
2323:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2302:
2288:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2267:
2258:Bernardino Corio
2201:
2182:
2163:
2154:
2135:
2106:
2087:
2068:
2049:
2040:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1973:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1836:
1830:
1821:
1815:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1635:, p. 42–44.
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1573:
1567:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1474:Anne of Brittany
1466:Claude of France
1303:Battle of Novara
1019:
956:
671:
663:
656:
649:
640:
639:
602:League of Cognac
567:
557:
550:
543:
534:
533:
465:
463:
453:
446:
439:
430:
429:
422:
421:
398:Diego de Mendoza
396:
395:
394:
384:
383:
382:
372:
371:
370:
360:
359:
358:
342:
332:
331:
320:
319:
308:
307:
296:
295:
272:
271:
270:
250:
248:
247:
225:
223:
222:
212:
211:
210:
191:
180:
179:
178:
167:
165:
164:
154:
152:
151:
141:
139:
138:
51:
50:
39:
19:
18:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2424:1500s in France
2414:1490s in France
2394:1500s conflicts
2344:
2343:
2330:
2315:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2280:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2208:
2206:Further reading
2198:
2179:
2151:
2103:
2084:
2065:
2037:
2013:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1970:
1948:
1946:
1934:
1929:
1920:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1890:
1881:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1824:
1818:Pellegrini 2009
1816:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1779:Pellegrini 2009
1777:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1735:
1731:
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1702:
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1678:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1599:, p. 1029.
1595:
1591:
1583:
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1568:
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1553:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1531:Clodfelter 2017
1529:
1525:
1521:
1454:Treaty of Blois
1446:
1396:
1391:
1348:Terra di Lavoro
1323:
1267:'s campaign in
1257:Treaty of Blois
1164:
1113:Beatrice d'Este
1097:Regent of Milan
1093:Ludovico Sforza
1085:
1080:
1074:
1044:28 April 1503:
1037:21 April 1503:
1013:
963:Caterina Sforza
950:
931:Ludovico Sforza
889:
862:Ludovico Sforza
846:War over Naples
844:(1502–1504) or
826:
821:
672:
669:
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637:
632:
621:
568:
563:
561:
531:
526:
466:
461:
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314:
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302:
290:
268:
266:
245:
243:
220:
218:
208:
206:
176:
174:
162:
160:
149:
147:
136:
134:
103:Treaty of Blois
101:
100:Treaty of Lyon
69:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2472:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2419:1500s in Italy
2416:
2411:
2409:1499 in Europe
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
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2328:External links
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2118:(4): 881–906.
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2014:|website=
1989:
1974:
1969:978-9004162143
1968:
1955:
1933:
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1927:
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1901:, p. 249.
1888:
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1756:
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1688:
1686:, p. 123.
1676:
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1661:
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1637:
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1535:
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1395:
1394:War for Naples
1392:
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1387:
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1319:
1219:Doge of Venice
1217:, the current
1195:Northern Italy
1172:Duchy of Milan
1163:
1160:
1152:Southern Italy
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1071:
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1032:Battle of Ruvo
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948:Siege of Forlì
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926:
925:
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900:7 April 1498:
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850:Duchy of Milan
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795:Coalition Wars
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2029:. McFarland.
2028:
2023:
2019:
2007:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1917:
1913:
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1895:
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1878:
1874:
1868:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1805:, p. 61.
1804:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1765:
1760:
1754:, p. 23.
1753:
1748:
1734:
1728:
1721:
1716:
1710:, p. 35.
1709:
1704:
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1697:
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1673:
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1658:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1623:, p. 32.
1622:
1617:
1611:, p. 64.
1610:
1605:
1598:
1593:
1586:
1585:Augustyn 2024
1581:
1579:
1571:
1570:Campbell 2005
1566:
1564:
1557:, p. 60.
1556:
1551:
1544:
1539:
1533:, p. 10.
1532:
1527:
1523:
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1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
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1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:, the future
1459:
1455:
1450:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1425:second battle
1422:
1417:
1411:
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1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:rapprochement
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1304:
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1265:Cesare Borgia
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1222:
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1211:Great Council
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1187:
1185:
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1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:War for Milan
1159:
1157:
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1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1133:Ottoman Turks
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1107:claim to the
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1075:
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1061:
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1050:
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1033:
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1026:
1022:
1017:
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1008:
1007:
1003:
1002:
998:
994:
991:
990:Sack of Capua
987:
984:
980:
977:
973:
970:
967:
964:
960:
959:Cesare Borgia
954:
949:
945:
942:
939:
935:
932:
928:
927:
923:
922:
918:
914:
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610:
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603:
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593:
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571:
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523:
520:
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483:
481:
478:
477:
473:
472:
469:
464:
454:
449:
447:
442:
440:
435:
434:
431:
423:23,000-29,000
420:
414:
410:
405:
399:
389:
387:
377:
375:
365:
363:
353:
352:
350:
345:
341:
337:
335:
334:Cesare Borgia
330:
325:
323:
318:
313:
311:
306:
301:
299:
294:
289:
288:
286:
285:
280:
275:
265:
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257:
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242:
241:
240:
238:
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233:
228:
217:
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205:
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186:
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173:
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159:
157:
146:
144:
133:
132:
131:
130:
126:
125:
120:
106:
105:
104:
99:
96:
92:
91:
89:
85:
81:
80:
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
53:
52:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
2359:Italian Wars
2297:
2293:Marin Sanudo
2262:
2243:
2226:
2212:
2187:
2168:
2159:
2140:
2115:
2111:
2092:
2073:
2054:
2045:
2026:
1994:. Retrieved
1979:
1959:
1947:. Retrieved
1943:
1919:. Retrieved
1915:
1906:
1880:. Retrieved
1876:
1867:
1855:
1798:
1786:
1759:
1747:
1736:. Retrieved
1727:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1652:
1645:Guérard 1959
1640:
1628:
1616:
1609:Konstam 2004
1604:
1592:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1510:
1451:
1447:
1412:
1403:
1397:
1383:transhumance
1378:
1367:Alexander VI
1364:
1335:
1324:
1295:
1284:
1254:
1223:
1188:
1165:
1137:
1086:
1073:
890:
874:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
827:
690:
681:Italian Wars
628:
581:
565:Italian Wars
512:2nd Seminara
460:
412:
259:
258:
236:
235:
200:
199:
156:Papal States
128:
127:
122:Belligerents
29:Italian Wars
27:Part of the
1940:"Louis XII"
1899:Romane 2020
1860:Romane 2020
1764:Romane 2020
1684:Romane 2020
1672:Romane 2020
1498:Viceroyalty
1408:Reconquista
1275:and led by
1091:began when
1014: [
951: [
97:from France
2348:Categories
1921:2021-06-07
1882:2021-06-07
1791:Boone 2007
1752:Gagné 2021
1738:2021-06-07
1720:Gagné 2021
1708:Gagné 2021
1696:Gagné 2021
1657:Gagné 2021
1597:Corio 1565
1519:References
1444:Conclusion
1099:, invited
1083:Background
840:, and the
522:Garigliano
2318:ignored (
2307:cite book
2283:ignored (
2272:cite book
2215:. Sílex.
2016:ignored (
2006:cite book
1962:. Brill.
1543:Lynn 1994
1506:Auxerrois
1470:Louis XII
1462:Charles V
1421:Cerignola
1328:Ferdinand
1315:Julius II
1156:Frederick
1119:, son of
906:Louis XII
805:1808–1814
800:1793–1795
790:1718–1720
785:1688–1697
780:1683–1684
775:1673–1678
770:1667–1668
763:1648–1653
758:1641–1659
753:1640–1659
748:1635–1659
743:1628–1631
733:1595–1598
728:1580–1583
721:1551–1559
716:1542–1544
711:1536–1538
706:1526–1529
701:1521–1526
696:1512–1516
691:1502–1504
686:1495–1498
617:1551–1559
612:1542–1546
607:1536–1538
597:1521–1526
582:1499–1504
577:1494–1498
517:Cerignola
57:1499–1504
2295:(1883).
2260:(1565).
1482:Brittany
1438:Lombardy
1356:Calabria
1332:Isabella
1250:Ottomans
1203:Florence
887:Timeline
860:against
856:and the
507:Barletta
407:Strength
62:Location
1996:24 July
1949:24 July
1932:Sources
1502:Auxonne
1404:tercios
1352:Abruzzi
1269:Romagna
1242:cavalry
1238:Cremona
1207:Ottoman
1105:Angevin
1095:, then
2250:
2233:
2219:
2194:
2175:
2147:
2132:286722
2130:
2099:
2080:
2061:
2033:
1987:
1966:
1496:, the
1492:, the
1464:, and
1434:Naples
1360:Apulia
1350:, and
1344:Naples
1299:Novara
1230:ducats
592:Urbino
485:Novara
252:France
249:
227:Naples
224:
184:(1500)
171:(1499)
169:Venice
166:
153:
143:France
140:
95:Naples
74:Result
2128:JSTOR
1490:Blois
1291:Pavia
1246:Genoa
1180:Gauls
1125:Pavia
1018:]
961:over
955:]
881:Milan
490:Capua
480:Forlì
413:1499:
274:Spain
182:Spain
67:Italy
2320:help
2285:help
2248:ISBN
2231:ISBN
2217:ISBN
2192:ISBN
2173:ISBN
2145:ISBN
2097:ISBN
2078:ISBN
2059:ISBN
2031:ISBN
2018:help
1998:2024
1985:ISBN
1964:ISBN
1951:2024
1488:and
1486:Asti
1472:and
1452:The
1358:and
1330:and
1255:The
1226:Adda
1221:.
1199:Pisa
1184:Livy
1087:The
828:The
817:1823
810:1815
738:1625
502:Ruvo
54:Date
41:The
2120:doi
1500:of
1186:.
872:.
2350::
2311::
2309:}}
2305:{{
2276::
2274:}}
2270:{{
2242:.
2126:.
2116:18
2114:.
2010::
2008:}}
2004:{{
1942:.
1914:.
1891:^
1875:.
1840:^
1825:^
1810:^
1771:^
1664:^
1577:^
1562:^
1504:,
1440:.
1346:,
1317:.
1293:.
1158:.
1135:.
1016:it
953:it
2322:)
2287:)
2200:.
2181:.
2153:.
2134:.
2122::
2105:.
2086:.
2067:.
2039:.
2020:)
2000:.
1972:.
1953:.
1924:.
1885:.
1741:.
1587:.
1572:.
992:.
965:.
940:.
912:.
662:e
655:t
648:v
556:e
549:t
542:v
452:e
445:t
438:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
