3058:, the commander of the square, General Meinhold, unsuccessfully tried to negotiate with the partisans of the Garibaldian Pinan-Cichero brigade stationed in the mountains near the city, while the vessel captain Bernighaus organized the destruction of the port. After violent clashes in the centre between the GAP squads and the Garibaldini of the Balilla brigade and the German and fascist units, General Meinhold signed the surrender of the garrison at 19.30 on 25 April. The captain of the vessel Berlinghaus and the captain Mario Arillo of the 10th MAS nevertheless continued the resistance, determined to carry out the planned destruction; after new clashes with the partisans of Cichero and Mingo who went down to the city on the evening of 26 April, the last Nazi-Fascist units surrendered. The partisans had saved the port from destruction and captured 6,000 prisoners, who were handed over to the allies, who arrived in
3342:
1565:
2560:
the fascists provided that
Germanic units were spared. Although many of the partisan commanders rejected similar agreements, the climate of greater "hatred against the fascists over that against the Germans" seems to have motivated the partisans to fight. This kind of motivation was prevalent among the partisans of the shareholder area, while some communist commissioners nonetheless viewed with concern the possibility of a "clouding of the national character of the struggle". In other cases, local agreements were sometimes reached, especially with non-shareholder or communist partisan elements, for example the Green Flames, with tactical purposes or to achieve a patriotic modus vivendi or even with temporary alliances "for the struggle extremist gangs and common criminals" present in large areas of the country.
2968:) - proclaimed a general insurrection in all the territories still occupied by the Nazi-fascists, indicating to all the partisan forces active in Northern Italy that were part of the Volunteer Corps of Freedom to attack the fascist and German garrisons by imposing the surrender, days before the arrival of the Allied troops; at the same time, the National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy personally issued legislative decrees, assuming power "in the name of the Italian people and as a delegate of the Italian Government", establishing among other things the death sentence for all fascist hierarchs, including Benito Mussolini, who would be shot and killed three days later. "Surrender or die!" was the rallying call of the partisans that day and those immediately following. Today the event is commemorated in
2524:, founded with the declared intention of fighting first of all against the partisans even before the Allies: their creation represented the point of no return of the civil war, defined by Pavolini as a "war of religion", so much so that their creation is identified as "the culminating point of the fascist commitment in the civil war". The brigades were eminently used in anti-partisan operations, but also, although this was contrary to their original intent, in police tasks, such as arrests and requisitions, also aimed at capturing Jews; only sporadically did they participate in war clashes, which involved those units that found themselves having to face the allied units on the offensive or that remained in the northern cities after the evacuation of regular troops, forming resistance groups and snipers.
2396:
2800:, on whose criminal or political role, adherence with American occupiers or even with fringes of the fascist-republican secret services the historiographic debate is still open. In the Kingdom, the allied occupation and the dramatic social and economic situation favored the rebirth of the Camorra phenomenon, especially in Naples and Bari, where the presence of allied logistic bases was fertile ground for traffic of the black market and for prostitution, including child prostitution. Even in the South, there was a resurgence of banditry (also of a social nature and driven by the traditional reasons of hunger, desperation and the collapse of every state reference), of common and organized crime, corruption, due to the lack of authority exercised by the Royal Government.
79:
59:
2476:
2109:
2058:- accused of plotting to restore power to Mussolini - was killed by the carabinieri sent to arrest him, officially during an escape attempt. Following the founding of the RSI, the fascists indicated Badoglio as the instigator of the killing and widely celebrated Muti as the first fallen of the civil war, claiming the conspiracy theory as proof that they had not remained inactive after 25 July. The argument that an attempt at a fascist revolt against Badoglio would have been prevented by the death of Muti - as well as by the absence of the "best fascists" engaged at the front, and by having believed in the continuation of the alliance with Germany - was re-proposed by the publications of Salò even after the war.
2544:
581:
511:
350:
337:
325:
313:
301:
282:
194:
1431:
2327:
2367:
lieutenant who worked in the south behind enemy lines, also the protagonist of a comic strip by Guido
Zamperoni. Despite the attempts by Alessandro Pavolini to create real military units that operated with partisan tactics behind the allied lines, by Mussolini's express will the activity of the fascist resistance movement in the south was limited to espionage, propaganda and sabotage against occupation troops. There were cases of murder, such as that of the consul general of the militia Gianni Cagnoni, killed - presumably by the fascists for his activity as a double agent in intelligence with the allied secret services - in
2124:". Others managed to get civilian clothes and find refuge, benefiting from the numerous demonstrations of solidarity in which the civilian population worked. The cases in which some units reacted successfully to the German aggression were rare and due to the lack of personal initiative of the commanders. In the cities, the scenes in which multitudes of disbanded Italian soldiers were quickly overwhelmed by a few German soldiers provoked anger and despair: it was the sudden defeat suffered at the hands of Italy's former allies, even more than the surrender to the Anglo-Americans, that was perceived as a "new immense
70:
634:
561:
484:
471:
459:
440:
419:
229:
3112:
607:
534:
401:
389:
377:
364:
289:
258:
1695:
205:
2178:
2492:, the partisan armed forces amounted to a total of 9,000. With the proclamation of the mass draft, at least seventy thousand young people joined the partisans so as not to have to submit to enlistment, and a good part of them went to swell the resistance units. To these it was then necessary to add the units of the plain and the cities, the "patriots" and the supporters, who during the period of maximum partisan activity reached 200,000 men and women. In the spring-summer of 1944, the strength of the partisan movement was such as to allow the creation of ephemeral
1294:
243:
4088:
2194:
armistice on one side or the other almost by chance and had to make their choice of side on the basis of circumstances. The decision was made more dramatic by the isolation in which it took place, since in the face of the collapse of the state there was no longer the possibility of referring to an authority, but only to one's own values. Of course, the choices were not all instantaneous and based on absolute certainties, rather "a nothing, a false step, a soaring of the soul" was enough to find oneself on the other side.
1972:, issued a circulated memo on July 30 in which he guaranteed Badoglio the harmlessness of the black shirts, stigmatizing "the reaction of the country, unpleasant and often brutal towards the militia", and assuring the will of the new government to continue the war against the Anglo-Americans, described as an enemy "animated by inhuman hatred and by the determined resolve to annihilate" the homeland, to which it was necessary to "oppose our breasts and our weapons, strenuously fighting alongside the ally".
2776:
political point of view, which tends to indiscriminately confuse partisans, brigands, fascist soldiers and common robbers. Furthermore, the nature of the internal war created adhesions, role exchanges, intelligences between factions, such as to make it sometimes impossible to distinguish between political fighters and simple criminals or even between fighters of one or the other side. An example is the case of the so-called "Battalion Davide", a partisan formation dedicated to banditry common in the
1515:
thus differentiating it from the Nazi terror. However, partisan memoirs discussed the "elimination of enemies especially heinous", such as torturers, spies and provocateurs. Some orders from branch command partisans insisted on protecting the innocent, instead of providing lists of categories to be hit as individuals deserving of punishment. Part of the
Italian press during the war agreed that murders were carried out against moderate Republican fascists willing to compromise and negotiate, such as
217:
450:
430:
3047:
2745:
image" to the enemy, causing the enemy to fall on them. Furthermore, by their very nature, the partisan guerrillas needed "self-financing" and consequently "the robberies of banks, company coffers and to the detriment of wealthy owners and entrepreneurs became almost a necessity to which all or almost all formations ended up resorting to abandoning themselves (especially
Garibaldi's ones) very often to abuses, impositions, robberies and indiscriminate violence ... ".
2556:
to regain positions and at the same time prevent the German authorities - with the excuse of having to secure the rear to their armies - from bypassing the fascist authorities. Despite all efforts, this objective was missed, and the increasingly harsh outbreak of the civil war, combined with the inability of the fascists to independently maintain public order and oppose the partisans, allowed the
Germans to erode even the little power that the RSI had managed to get.
2564:
different ideological alignments, or of wanting to keep leaving the bulk of the losses to others, waiting for the right moment for a showdown. In particular, shareholders and communists in their complaints show the fear of close ties behind them between "center and right" partisans with the Nazi-fascists. Furthermore, the communists believed that the autonomous partisans, due to the anti-communism of their commanders, could become the
Italian equivalents of the
8901:
3922:, the authors Giorgio Pisanò and Paolo Pisanò report the names of about 4,500 victims of the frenzy of execution that unleashed the fall of the Nazi-fascist regime in the area between Bologna, Ferrara and Modena, but Turin (1,138), Cuneo (426), Genoa (569), Savona (311), Imperia (274), Milan (610), Bergamo (247), Piacenza (250), Parma (206), Treviso (630 ), Udine (391), Asti (17), Tuscany (308), and Lazio (136) also had victims of the so-called showdown.
1807:
3170:
50:
3069:, while some Nazi-fascist columns were heading towards Ivrea, to wait for the Allies and surrender, the Italian Social Republic departments gathered some forces and engaged in bitter clashes with the partisans who reached the city from the mountains on 28 April. The German military columns managed to fall back through the town. So, while some departments of the Italian Social Republic were leaving the Piedmontese capital to go to
2244:, forced the Germans to retreat from the island. Consequently, unlike the rest of Italy, there was no room for maneuver for those Italians who did not want to obey the armistice provisions and who therefore had to make the choice of side immediately. Sardinia was therefore the scene of "one of the first episodes of civil war", when at the announcement of the armistice the XII battalion of the "Nembo", under the command of Major
1930:
3155:
number of people were subjected to popular trials and executed, sometimes even without trial, for having been active in the
Italian Social Republic, for having manifested fascist sympathies, or for having collaborated with the German authorities. The acts of summary justice against fascists and collaborationists, carried out in the days immediately following the end of the war, were locally tolerated by the allied commands:
8890:
3877:
1496:, established small cells whose main purpose was to unleash urban terror through bomb attacks against fascists, Germans and their supporters. They operated independently in case of arrest or betrayal of individual elements. The success of these attacks led the German and Italian police to believe they were composed of foreign intelligence agents. A public announcement from the PCI in September 1943 stated:
2640:
2710:
information on people and groups of resisters who were then used for reprisals; moreover, it certainly contributed to making this Army a truly operational instrument, thanks to the famous and draconian Bando
Graziani. However, it must be said that Graziani at least nominally ensured that the armed forces of Italian Social Republic were unitary and apolitical, therefore dependent not on the
2886:
6606:
2419:, the news that Ghisellini had been killed provoked a mob reaction that resulted in retaliation on eleven anti-fascists unrelated to the assassination, a gesture defined as "stupid and bestial" by Mussolini himself. Such was the negative impression that this episode was raised as the "first murder of the civil war" and as the end of any hope "of reconciliation of the Italians".
1411:...è necessario agire subito ed il più ampiamente e decisamente possibile perché solo nella misura in cui il popolo italiano concorrerà attivamente alla cacciata dei tedeschi dall'Italia, alla sconfitta del nazismo e del fascismo, potrà veramente conquistarsi l'indipendenza e la libertà. Noi non possiamo e non dobbiamo attenderci passivamente la libertà dagli angloamericani. -
2210:, more than six hundred thousand, who initially refused to remain "faithful to the alliance", the doors of the camps are opened wide. In the camps located in territories under the jurisdiction of the Wehrmacht, in February 1944, 615812 former Italian soldiers were still imprisoned, who had refused any collaboration with the German and fascist armed forces".
2383:, in order to avert the danger of the Yugoslav invasion. However, direct contacts between Borghese's emissaries and the ship's captain Agostino Calosi, as well as with Ivanoe Bonomi and Admiral De Courten, did not lead to any results, due to the opposition of Germany and United Kingdom, who for similar reasons did not like the Italian presence in
4951:
1414:"... It's necessary to act immediately and as widely and decisively as possible, because only if the Italian People actively contribute to push out Germans from Italy and to defeat Nazism and Fascism, it will be really able to get independence and freedom. We can not and must not passively expect freedom from the British and the Americans."
5035:
2318:, the first partisan groups were formed. In those days, the foundations of both "active resistance" and "passive resistance" were laid, with the civilian population offering solidarity and help to soldiers who went into hiding or who chose "not to choose", putting themselves in the "gray area" or among the "waiters".
2496:, which managed to survive until the autumn-winter of the same year, when they were destroyed by Italian-German counter-offensives. In particular, Mussolini defined the operations against the Piedmontese partisan republics as a "march of the Social Republic against the Vendée", referring to the episode of the
2224:, by 8 September perhaps I would have hidden myself like a sick dog. If on the night of July 25 I had been beaten, today perhaps I would be on the other side. I am afraid of those who say they have always understood everything, who continue to understand everything. Understanding September 8 was not easy!
2772:
departments formed by "ost" elements (Tartars, White
Russians and, to a lesser extent, Cossacks, etc.) were particularly noteworthy. They often committed violence and rape, and not infrequently had to be held at bay with real counter-terrorism by the military authorities of the Italian Social Republic.
2775:
It is difficult to study the problem of common crime in the context of the civil war, since the primary sources of the fascist or German side (news and reports from the police headquarters, the GNR commands and the
Ministry of the Interior) and the reports (war diaries, memorials) are vitiated from a
2757:
The phenomenon of banditry is spreading. Disbanded ex soldiers of the 4th Army and local criminals, masquerading as partisan, terrorize the populations. An alpine hat, a gray-green jacket is enough to confuse the waters. We will fish many, we will shoot many. If we want to prevent the Germans and the
2559:
In this "three-way" war, the Germans maintained an ambiguous attitude, not hesitating to sacrifice the fascists in the name of quiet co-existence with the partisans. In several cases, the Germans offered the partisan commands with whom they had come in contact "carte blanche" in their actions against
2555:
and German units, of the reconquest of the Ossola Valley and the destruction of the homonymous partisan republic. The need for the Italian Social Republic to maintain order and reassert sovereignty over the territory was also imperative to be able to manage relations with the Germans, in order to try
2515:
garrisons disbanded. In contrast, especially in Tuscany, the armed elements directly dependent on the Party managed to some extent to organize themselves and to offer a last resistance to the enemy advance and to the partisan attacks. The snipers of Florence kept numerous allied and partisan units in
2193:
In the days immediately following the armistice, with the eclipse of the power of the royal state, the two sides of the civil war began to take shape, the partisans and the fascists, both convinced that they legitimately represented Italy. Many of those who took up arms were caught by surprise by the
4174:
excludes from its lists of the fallen the individuals who committed war crimes. In the context of the RSI, where numerous war crimes were committed in the anti-partisan warfare, and many individuals were therefore involved in such crimes (especially GNR and Black Brigades personnel), this influences
3940:
From an unsigned document of the Ministry of the Interior dated 4 November 1946 and which was not made public at the time, it appears that "the number of people killed, because they were politically compromised, is n. 8,197 while 1,167 were, for the same reason, withdrawn and presumably suppressed".
3193:
The executions of the exponents of the Italian Social Republic took place quickly and with summary procedures also because - having ascertained the failure to renew the cadres of the old regime in royal Italy - the partisan leaders feared that the definitive transfer of powers to the Anglo-Americans
3119:
On the evening of 25 April, Mussolini left Milan, followed by a column of fascists, determined to reach Valtellina. After a stop in Como and several confused movements along the western coast of the lake, the fascist column, which had joined a German anti-aircraft unit, was stopped by the partisans.
2873:
In the last days of the Italian Social Republic, it was the Black Brigades who offered some opposition against the Allied invasion and the partisan insurrection; about 5,000 black brigadists formed the backbone of the so-called "Colonna Pavolini", which, in the intention of the hierarch, should have
2290:
In the general climate in which "everyone was as if possessed by a" need for great betrayals "against which to retaliate", both sides (although among the partisans there was a minority of convinced monarchists) were united by the condemnation of the king and di Badoglio: the fascists accused them of
2197:
The choice was particularly burdensome for the military, bound on the one hand to honor their oath to the king and on the other to respect the alliance with the Germans, in both cases the penalty for their honor as soldiers; some solved the problem by appealing to their conscience: some, considering
3023:, General Schlemmer) were retreating from 23 towards the Po-Ticino line, without having notified the Italian departments of the "Littorio" divisions and "Monterosa", which remained alone to face the French offensive and partisan attacks. The divisions and departments deployed on the southern front (
2771:
A mirror image of the situation was created by the abuses and robberies committed by Germans and fascists, which were often uncontrollable despite every effort and stigmatization by the central power. Crazed splinters of both sides behaved in a bandit-like manner. Among the Germans, moreover, those
2744:
In some cases, the fascist or partisan elements themselves (even openly) were committing acts of banditry; there were episodes in which men disguised in fake uniforms carried out robberies, both to make use of the awe that the sight of a uniform caused in the people, and to create a real "damage to
2722:
The collapse of the central authority, the subsequent difficult resumption of the royal government in the south and the republican fascist government in the north caused a power vacuum from which individuals and gangs dedicated to banditry and delinquency took control. Throughout the country, there
2626:
estimated that from June to August 1944 alone, Italian partisans inflicted a minimum of 20,000 casualties on the Germans (5,000 killed, 7,000 to 8,000 captured/missing, and the same number wounded), while suffering far lower casualties themselves. Kesselring's intelligence officer supplied a higher
2531:
distinguished themselves by their lack of discipline and the extreme harshness used in the repression, to the point that on several occasions the German commands themselves and sometimes the Italian Quaestors protested the gratuitous violence, summary executions and their spectacularization through
2503:
With regard to the partisans, who were ever more daring in their enterprises, the Germans decided to use the forces of the Italian Social Republic to an ever greater extent, also relying on the most intransigent personalities, and linking the "repression of rebellion" to an internal Italian problem
2451:
The first partisan formations - almost all of a military nature, because they were mainly made up of disbanded soldiers of the Royal Army or former prisoners of war who fled the concentration camps - were hit by the German reaction and destroyed because they used tactics of territorial garrison and
1959:
These provisions made it possible for the anti-fascists to spread the idea of a substantial continuity between the government of Mussolini and that of Badoglio, to the point of "asking oneself whether the liquidation of fascism is not by chance a tragic deception". This sentiment was also supported
1155:
of the Italian Social Republic and the Italian Co-belligerent Army of the Kingdom of Italy were rare, while clashes between the Italian fascists and the Italian partisans were common. There were also some internal conflicts within the partisan movement. In this context, Germans, sometimes helped by
4830:
on 19 July - to let Italy, exhausted by war, conclude a separate peace. Mussolini replied: "Do you think that I have not felt this problem stirring in my troubled spirit for some time? I admit the hypothesis of disengaging from Germany: the thing is simple, you send a to the enemy. What will the
4203:
personnel, 800 soldiers of the "Monterosa" Division, 470 soldiers of the "Italia" Division, 1,500 soldiers of the "San Marco" Division, 300 soldiers of the "Littorio" Division, 350 soldiers of the "Tagliamento" Alpini Regiment, 730 soldiers of the 3rd and 8th Bersaglieri regiments, 4,000 troops of
3926:
For several days, executions have taken place at dawn, away from the gaze of onlookers. In the first days of liberation from the hated republican fascist expression, the bleeding heart of those who had been struck by the dearest affections asked for more blood and wanted to see it flow. The thing
2740:
The impact on the populations was very severe. In many areas of the Italian Social Republic, the authorities were unable to cope with the spread of banditry, due to the crisis in the control of the territory caused by the internment of numerous carabinieri (due to their monarchical loyalty) and by
2680:
In Milan, on the other hand, the Ettore Muti Action Squad (later the Mobile Autonomous Legion Ettore Muti) operated under the orders of the former army corporal Francesco Colombo, already expelled from the PNF during the twenty years for embezzlement. Considering him dangerous for public order, in
2635:
In addition to the regular units of the Italian Social Republic Army and the Black Brigades, various special fascist units operated, often initially formed spontaneously and then framed in the armed forces of Salò. These formations, made up largely of common criminals, often adopted brutal methods
2366:
In the south, a fascist resistance movement against the Anglo-Americans also developed, which nevertheless had neither the extension nor the popular support of the anti-fascist one in the north. The press of the RSI propandistically magnified its entity through the figure of O 'Scugnizzo, a second
2338:
The civil conflict fought between fascists and partisans rarely involved the armed forces of the Italian Social Republic and the Kingdom of Italy in direct clashes. The two Italian states in principle avoided deploying their own units at the front against the other's units. In some cases, however,
2061:
Estimates vary concerning the number of fascist fatalities during the 45 days. In the following months, anti-fascists became convinced they had been excessively lenient towards the exponents of the deposed regime, so much so as to trace the beginning of the civil war to the fact that "the fascists
1921:
and party organizations and the removal and damage of symbols and monuments linked to fascism. However, the hopes of peace soon vanished, following the proclamation in which Badoglio announced: "The war continues. Italy keeps its word ". Thus began the period of "forty-five days", in which secret
2767:
and the Volunteer Corps of Freedom were marginalized and denied any legitimacy. It was also decreed that anyone who used National Liberation Committee collection vouchers and usurped its name would be tried by a popular court, while anyone who did so without even using the name would be shot. The
2741:
the incomplete or inadequate replacement of the carabinieri with the soldiers of the Republican National Guard. In some areas, the inaction of all state powers and the presence of banditry and delinquency pushed the local populations to organize their own armed patrols to defend their properties.
2709:
and subordinately by his deputies, Mischi and Montagna, contributed to the anti-partisan repression by coordinating the actions of the regular troops, the National Republican Guard, the Black Brigades and the various semi-official police forces. concert with the Germans, who were also often given
2602:
The problem of the civil war between Italians was deeply felt by both warring factions: many had strong conscientious objections to this type of war, but many were also intransigent. Furthermore, although the Anglo-American military commands did not at all want an oversized growth of the partisan
2131:
The announcement of the armistice took many Italians off guard: the circumstances in which it was made public caused soldiers and civilians to feel that they had been abandoned and left to themselves, the former by the officers and the latter by the public authorities respectively, and there were
1514:
The GAP's mission was claimed to be delivering "justice" to Nazi tyranny and terror, with emphasis on the selection of targets: "the official, hierarchical collaborators, agents hired to denounce men of the Resistance and Jews, the Nazi police informants and law enforcement organizations of CSR",
3154:
Immediately after the forces of the Partisan Resistance succeeded in assuming power in the northern cities, improvised courts were established, which, on the basis of summary judgments, imposed death sentences on the captured fascists. In the two months following the insurrection, a considerable
2909:
After an unsuccessful attempt on the afternoon of 25 April to negotiate with the National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy exponents with the mediation of Cardinal Schuster and disoriented by the discovery of Wolff's secret negotiations with the Anglo-Americans, Mussolini decided to leave
2901:
The Social Republic had only a few days left, and Mussolini was agitated between various options. He was trying to initiate socialization, to leave Italy a socialist legacy (the "dragon eggs"), also as a final revenge against the "plutocracies". On the military level, while Diamanti and Borghese
2435:
Some attempts to avoid the outbreak of a civil war made by various fascist exponents were soon set aside in the face of the developments of the events, the reality of the harsh German occupation, and the increasing violence of the partisan groups. Soon the intransigents of the newborn Republican
2135:
Following the public disclosure of the armistice and the consequent events, Italy found itself divided into several political-territorial entities. The Badoglio government, presided over by the King, found itself exercising its authority only over a part of the territory of the Kingdom of Italy,
3266:
Guido Crainz, based on an analysis of the various sources, including the police reports of 1946, indicates the figure of 9,364 killed or disappeared "for political reasons" as realistic, adding then - however - a long list of violence and killings of a real jacquerie character, according to the
4147:
p. 433. In 2010, the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro of the Italian Ministry of Defence recorded 15,197 partisans killed; however, the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro only considered as partisans the members of the Resistance who were civilians before joining the partisans, whereas partisans who were formerly
3305:
It was I who spread the news of the 300,000 dead. I had the same newspaper I have now (...) And spread the news of these 300,000 dead, - fascists or presumed to be so -, with all the political effects that a news of such gravity could entail (...). This may suggest ironic considerations on the
2563:
These contacts obtained the result of provoking bitter contrasts within both sides: the partisan formations accused each other of secret contacts with the enemy, and of exploiting temporary truces with the Nazi-fascists in order to give time to reorganize, to the detriment of partisan units of
2431:
traces the origin of the civil war to the birth of the Italian Social Republic: according to the historian, the foundation of a fascist Italian state, a collaborationist with Nazi Germany, prevented the Resistance from assuming an exclusive national character of liberation from the Germans and
2426:
dismisses the problem of the "first shot" as "not very productive" and starts from the conclusions of Giorgio Bocca ("It is obvious that the anti-fascists are the first to move and that the Communists move first "), considering them however not exhaustive and in need of integration through the
4049:
Despite their name, generally these detachments were not large, and at their best they counted no more than some hundreds of members. In some cases, there were formations numbering thousands of partisans, until summer 1944 when some joint Italian-German operations reduced this strength (as in
3146:
Some historians who have dealt with the civil war in Italy have also taken into consideration the phenomenon of post-war violence, placing the end of the civil war beyond the official end of the Second World War in Europe. Therefore, for them, it is not easy to identify a real end date of the
3137:
On 28 April, Mussolini, Petacci, and sixteen other leaders and members of the fascist column were killed by the partisans on the Dongo lakefront. There are controversial hypotheses and interpretations on the modalities of Mussolini's killing, on who ordered it and who actually carried it out.
3084:
was still relatively quiet. Some fascist units determined to fight had left the city, while some Germans remained under arms in their neighbourhoods, without fighting in accordance with Wolff's orders. The "Aldo Resega" Black Brigade abandoned its positions within the city, and the Republican
1623:
and few wanted to fight on Nazi Germany's side after 8 September 1943; the RSI granted convicts freedom if they would join the army and the sentence of death was imposed on anyone who opposed being conscripted. Autonomous military forces in the RSI also fought against the Allies including the
1329:. Others grew around Allied prisoners of war, released or escaped from captivity following the events of 8 September. These first organized units soon dissolved because of the rapid German reaction. In Boves, on 19 September 1943, the Nazis committed their first massacre on Italian territory.
3253:
And one more word for the arbitrary acts of justice, when they are not of revenge, and for the illegal executions that disturb some northern cities, compromise us with our allies and above all offend our spirit of justice. It is a specific invitation that I am giving you. Enough: and let the
2780:
area, severely opposed by the fascist roundups, which suddenly made itself available to the authorities, even proposing itself as a "bersaglieri battalion". After violent disagreements both with the fascists of the National Guard ("Davide" - aka Giovanni Ferrero - publicly defined himself as
2051:- presented Badoglio with a declaration "complaining" from the government, "without hesitation and delay which could be fatal, the cessation of a war contrary to national traditions and interests and popular sentiments, the responsibility for which lies and must rest on the fascist regime".
1534:
Women also participated in the resistance, mainly by procuring supplies, clothing and medicines, distributing anti-fascist propaganda, fundraising, maintaining communications, organizing partisan rallies, and participating in strikes and demonstrations against fascism. Some women actively
2447:
Faced with this series of attacks, the intransigent fascists, Pavolini first of all, had the opportunity to assert their position and impose a crackdown on Mussolini too: at the end of November, Mezzasoma ordered the newspapers to cease all discussion about the possible "pacification".
1603:
The fascist republic fought against the partisans to keep control of the territory. The fascists claimed their armed forces numbered 780,000 men and women, but sources indicate that there were no more than 558,000. Partisans and their active supporters numbered 82,000 in June 1944.
6000:
See the report drawn up by the commander of the 2nd Division GL of the Oltrepò Pavese, in which he complained about the disconnect between the Resistance and the people caused by the illegalities committed by the partisan formations, in particular Garibaldian, in Giovanni De Luna,
3961:, the aftermath of World War II left Italy with a destroyed economy, a divided society, and anger against the monarchy for its endorsement of the Fascist regime for the previous twenty years. These frustrations contributed to a revival of the Italian republican movement. Following
2650:
Among the first to form, there was the gang of the federals Guido Bardi and Guglielmo Pollastrini in Rome, whose crude and vulgar methods scandalized even the Germans. Subsequently, the Koch Band was very active in Rome and contributed to dismantling the structure of the
2387:. Different results were obtained instead in the involvement, after the war, of ex marines in anti-communist stay-behind organizations or in secret operations such as the sinking under British commission of ships loaded with weapons bound for the Zionists in Palestine.
2504:
with which Italians should occupy themselves. In this way, in addition to delegating the "dirty work" to others, they also managed to keep the RSI forces busy, which otherwise - if employed at the front - would have created problems of a military and political nature.
2839:) and then on 12 March 1945 he imposed the cessation of anti-partisan operations on the troops under him, except for self-defense and the minimum necessary to save the "necessary appearance". This order was reiterated on 26 April, the day following the insurrection.
2748:
For the partisans, therefore, the problem of distinguishing themselves from common bandits soon arose, since the uncertainty of the "demarcation line" between partisan and banditry seriously damaged the image of the Resistance among the population. On this problem,
5859:
figure for those three months would be 5,000 killed and 7,000-8,000 killed or kidnapped, to which should be added a maximum total of the same number of wounded . In any case, the proportion of casualties on the German side alone greatly exceeded the total Partisan
4236:
Roma: Instituto Centrale Statistica. "Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940–45" Rome, 1957. Total number of violent civilian deaths was 153,147, including 123,119 post armistice. Air raids were responsible for 61,432 deaths, of which 42,613 were post
2148:. Only gradually did the Italian territories gradually conquered by the Anglo-Americans come under the royal jurisdiction. The Italian lands under Allied control not yet entrusted to the royal administration were subjected to a military occupation government, the
2768:
severity of these measures, evidenced by the numerous death sentences inflicted on the partisans who were guilty of robbery and theft, was required - as Claudio Pavone points out - by the "need for self-legitimation without shadows of the resistance movement" .
1939:
The Badoglio government began the work of dismantling the fascist state and took measures to maintain order in the country: it dissolved the PNF, maintained the prohibition of the establishment of political parties and imposed martial law. In addition, some
1179:, and then invaded and occupied Italy on a larger scale after the armistice, taking control of northern and central Italy and creating the Italian Social Republic (RSI), with Mussolini installed as leader after he was rescued by German paratroopers in the
1916:
The news of Mussolini's resignation was considered by a part of the Italians, exhausted by the conflict, as proof of its imminent conclusion; there were manifestations of jubilation, but also of violence, with the destruction of goods and property of the
1426:
issued its first important political and operational press release, which rejected the calls for reconciliation launched by Republican leaders. CLN Milan asked "the Italian people to fight against the German invaders and against their fascist lackeys".
2693:
soldiers who carried out the Piazzale Loreto massacre on 10 August 1944, in which fifteen anti-fascist detainees were victims, in retaliation for an assault on a German truck. Following the massacre, the same mayor and head of the province of Milan,
1751:. They controlled the repression and coordinated anti-partisan actions of the regular troops, the GNR, the Black Brigades, and various semi-official police, together with the Germans, who made the reprisals. The Republican Army was augmented by the
2291:
having betrayed the alliance with the Germans and of having thus compromised the honor of Italy in the eyes of the world, while the resisters of having prevented September 8 from "transforming into a triumphal and redemptive day of resurrection".
2119:
In Italy and in the areas of occupation (southern France, the Balkans and Greece), there were hundreds of thousands of soldiers who, in the absence of orders, surrendered without fighting and were deported to Germany, where they were detained as
2762:
In addition to collaborating with the carabinieri in the service of the Italian Social Republic, the partisan commands adopted rigorous measures to suppress crime. In the first place, the formations that did not recognize the authority of the
2619:) openly incited the murder of exponents of republican fascism, issuing intimidating warnings and disseminating news about their domiciles, habits, acquaintances, and any coverings of these, so that they would feel perennially hunted down.
2256:, who was sent to quell this sedition, was killed by the mutineers. Five days later, the ordinary marshal Pierino Vascelli was killed by an unknown person, who, although he had not joined the mutineers, had not hidden his fascist feelings.
2228:
Riots and gun battles took place during the days of the armistice, but rarely involved Italians from both sides. The staff of the Royal Army in some cases changed the commands with elements of certain monarchical faith, as happened to the
2906:, while Graziani still remained convinced that the German troops were fighting loyally alongside those of CSR and rejected any hypothesis of an agreement that would have allowed the Germans for the second time to accuse Italy of treason.
2667:, military commander of the square, was distinguished by violent methods also based on torture against partisans and anti-fascists. After the fall of Rome, Koch moved to Milan and became the trusted man of the Minister of the Interior
3012:, and against the armoured group "Leonessa". For the troops of the Social Republic, the "Artificial Fog plan" was still valid, which in the intentions of Kesselring and Vietinghoff should have led to a strategic retreat behind the Po-
2921:
Citizens, workers! General strike against the German occupation, against the fascist war, for the salvation of our lands, our houses, our factories. As in Genoa and Turin, you confront the Germans with the dilemma: to surrender or
1580:(RSI) also began putting together an army. This was formed with what was left of the previous Regio Esercito and Regia Marina corps, fascist volunteers, and drafted personnel. At first it was organized into four regular divisions (
5854:
In the period June–August 1944, my intelligence officer reported to me some 5,000 killed and 25,000-30,000 wounded or kidnapped. These figures seem to me too high. According to my estimate, based on oral reports, a more probable
2487:
However, it was with the "Bando Graziani" of 19 February 1944 that the Resistance acquired a mass of men sufficient to be able to create a real clandestine army behind the German lines. In fact, until February 1944, according to
2205:
The historian Santo Peli writes that, after 8 September, the Italian soldiers captured by the Germanic armed forces were more than 800,000; of them about 186,000 chose to collaborate in various capacities with the Germans. "For
3267:
author only weakly connected to the events of the civil war, but rather tied to a long tradition of social clashes and "extreme, sectarian harshness", dating back to the previous century, or the return to an ancestral ferocity;
2861:
and gone to Milan, where he hoped to be able to make contact both with the anti-fascists of the National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy and with any foreign agents. Through these negotiations was the curia of Cardinal
4075:, p. 116 cites a Fascist source in which, instead, in the province of Milan alone there were 7 fascists killed or allegedly killed, 91 injured, 7190 expelled from work, and 345 homes from which the fascists were expelled.
2096:
By July 25, despite the initial enthusiasm with which most of the population received the news, it became clear that the armistice would not bring peace. The same day, the king and Badoglio fled the capital, taking refuge in
1615:, various special units of fascists were organized, at first spontaneously and afterward from regular units that were part of Salò's armed forces. These formations, often including criminals, adopted brutal methods during
3241:, etc.), and informers and collaborators, but also civil servants and public employees, priests, members of the bourgeoisie opposed to communism, simple citizens, and even adherents to partisan organizations (for example
6278:
3273:
in an article published in 1997, the journalist Silvio Bertoldi claimed to have learned from Ferruccio Parri (during an interview with the latter which took place at an unspecified time) that the victims had been about
3085:
National Guard dissolved spontaneously, while the Xth MAS, instead of retreating to Valtellina, remained stationed and surrendered without a fight. The Guardia di Finanza instead joined the insurgents and, commanded by
1967:
Subsequently, Badoglio managed to completely neutralize the militia, incorporating it into the army and replacing the senior cadres with officers of sure monarchical faith. Galbiati's successor in command of the corps,
1922:
negotiations began to conclude a separate peace with the Allies, disguised by public declarations of loyalty to Germany. Meanwhile, the Germans, prepared for the eventuality of an Italian surrender, were planning
1735:
and chief of the Province of Milan, Piero Parini, resigned in an attempt to strengthen the cohesion of moderate forces, who were undermined by the heavy German repression and various militias of Social Republic.
2374:
More articulated and problematic is the question of the secret relations between the Italian Social Republic and the Kingdom of Italy, in particular between elements of the two military navies (and - within the
1183:. As a result, the Italian Co-belligerent Army was created to fight against the Germans, while other Italian troops continued to fight alongside the Germans in the National Republican Army. In addition, a large
2084:
In the weeks following the fall of Mussolini, while Italy continued the war alongside Germany, the new government tried with some confusion to get the country out of the conflict: on 3 September it signed the
2603:
movement and its military commitment beyond the allied needs (essentially: espionage and information gathering; sabotage; rescue of agents, downed pilots, and allied fugitives), the allied propaganda radios (
3945:, who, however, did not disclose the results of the investigation and did not even inform the other members of the government; the methods by which the Ministry obtained such total numbers are not known.
2727:
Robbery, torture, pillage, lynching: concepts from which every honest mind was alien have become our daily spiritual bread. The crime news has jumped from the fourth page of the newspapers to the first.
1856:
to "detach himself from Germany", together with the awareness that his presence prevented any negotiations with the Allies, determined the fall of his government: on the night between 24 and 25 July, the
1235:, armed confrontation between compatriots was most intense in Italy, making the Italian case unique. In 1965, the definition of "civil war" was used for the first time by fascist politician and historian
1157:
2781:"anti-fascist" and "pro-German" and his men provocatively shouted "death to the Duce") and with other partisan gangs of the surroundings, arbitrariness taken en bloc by the Nazis to be employed in the
6981:
Ilari, Virgilio (1994). "Das Ende eines Mythos. Interpretationen und politische Praxis des italienischen Widerstands in der Debatte der frühen neunzinger Jahre". In P. Bettelheim; R. Streibl (eds.).
5635:"The Black Brigades yearn to fight against the external enemy, but they know that in a war like the current one, a war of religion, there is no difference between an enemy from within and without..."
4578:
Decreto Legislativo del Duce nº 469 del 14 agosto 1944 – XXII E.F. "Passaggio della G.N.R. nell'Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano" – Legislative Decree of Duce (Benito Mussolini) n. 469, 14 August 1944
1279:. Other operations were carried out exclusively by secret service personnel. Where possible, both sides avoided situations in which Italian units of opposite fronts were involved in combat episodes.
3927:
was explainable. After 48 hours of reaction, I had the impression that the mass no longer wanted the "public show". It was then decided that the execution was carried out out of sight of the crowd.
1175:, after which Italy signed the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943, ending its war with the Allies. However, German forces began occupying Italy immediately prior to the armistice, through
4093:
4091:
3077:", and the "Justice and Freedom" departments freed a large part of the city after violent fighting and safeguarded the bridges awaiting the arrival of the allies, who arrived in Turin on May 1.
2677:
was active in Tuscany and Veneto, established as a Special Services Department within the 92nd Black Shirt Legion, which became the protagonist of gestures such as the Massacre of Piazza Tasso.
2379:- of the 10th MAS) in order to achieve a modus vivendi and to avoid direct clashes between the two Armed Forces, and - towards the end of the conflict - to try to plan a joint landing action in
2723:
was a resurgence of criminal activity, often favored also by the murky political climate of the period, with adherence from time to time to this or that political faction or belligerent power.
6109:
proceedings of the conference of historical studies in Naples of 5 March 2005, Istituto di Studi Storici Economici e Sociali. In particular Cf. pp. 164 and following and pp. 209 and following.
4183:
during and immediately after World War II (including the "revenge killings" that occurred at the end of the hostilities and in their immediate aftermath), including some 13,500 members of the
3245:), victims of radical proponents of the class struggle, but also of reckless profiteers and common criminals, who exploited the moment of confusion to pursue their own goals. On 24 June 1945,
3973:
to decide whether Italy should remain a monarchy or become a republic. On 2 June 1946, the republican side won 54% of the vote and Italy officially became a republic. All male members of the
2436:
Fascist Party had the upper hand. The Communists took the initiative to bring armed resistance against the new fascism, allied to the Germans, into the cities; after a series of attacks, the
1576:
When the Italian Resistance movement began, consisting of various Italian soldiers of disbanded units and many young people not willing to be conscripted into the fascist forces, Mussolini's
2622:
The forces of the Italian Social Republic struggled to keep the insurgency under wraps, resulting in a heavy toll on the German occupation forces stationed to buttress them. Field Marshall
1619:
operations, repression and retaliation. Recruiting military forces was difficult for the RSI, as most of the Italian army had been interned by German forces in 1943, many Italians had been
3254:
authentic partisans, vilified by these turbulent people who came out after the victory, be the ones who cooperate for the defense of the legality that our own revolution has given itself.
2198:
the oath to the King dissolved due to his behavior, presented themselves to the German commands asking to be enlisted, receiving as a badge an armband with a tricolor and the inscription
1956:, chief of staff of the army, who ordered soldiers to face the riots "in combat formation" and to "open fire at a distance even with mortars and artillery without warning of any kind".
6202:
Some sources report that Mussolini, on hearing of the German negotiations, addressed Lieutenant Birzer, head of the SS escort, with the words: "Your general Wolff has betrayed us"; in
2793:. In Turin, the GNR captured a gang of juvenile offenders who robbed tobacconists and other commercial businesses by issuing "promissory notes" with a false "Garibaldi Brigade" stamp.
5624:, for the fight against bandits and outlaws and for the liquidation of any groups of enemy paratroopers. The corps will not be used for requisitioning, arrest or other police duties.
3258:
A bitter controversy has arisen in Italy since the postwar period on the actual dimensions of the post-war violence. The two extremes speak of 1,732 dead, according to then-minister
2240:
Relevant bloody events were recorded in Sardinia, where the Italian contingent, enjoying a clear numerical superiority and a good quality of the departments available, including the
5805:("Our fight") year II, n.17, 13 October 1944: ...italian formations entering in contact with Yugoslavian formations "will disciplinately stand under Yugoslavian operative command"
3138:
Subsequently, the eighteen corpses were transported to Milan, where on the 29th, exposed in Piazzale Loreto (site of a previous bloody fascist reprisal), they outraged the crowd.
2698:, resigned in an attempt to strengthen the cohesion of the moderate forces, undermined by the harshness of the German repression and the various militias of the Social Republic.
3341:
2444:
on 29 October and then the attacks spread to all cities: in Rome (an attack on the Adriano Theater where Marshal Graziani was speaking), in Florence, in Genoa, and in Ferrara.
1147:). The Italian partisans and the Italian Co-belligerent Army of the Kingdom of Italy, sometimes materially supported by the Allies, simultaneously fought against the occupying
8955:
3301:
revealed that he himself, through his own newspaper, spread what he called a "well-engineered lie" according to which the fascist dead would have been three hundred thousand:
2627:
figure of 30,000 - 35,000 casualties from partisan activity in those three months (which Kesselring considered too high): 5,000 killed and 25,000-30,000 missing or wounded.
3306:
fortune of newspapers that as long as they publish stories find readers in the hundreds of thousands and when they publish the truth they see their number of readers drop.
2407:
Among the most significant bloody events that occurred in the phase immediately following the establishment of the Italian Social Republic was the killing of the federal
3262:, and of three hundred thousand dead, according to various neo-fascist sources. More accurate scientific studies and testimonials have highlighted intermediate figures:
2835:, made contact with allied secret agents in Switzerland. In an attempt to win the Allies' sympathies, he ordered several releases of captured partisans (first of all,
2237:, son-in-law of the king; however, the Supreme Command did not consider the division reliable, since it did not move to defend Rome during the events of 8 September.
2202:("in the service of the German Wehrmacht"); others, while also considering themselves no longer bound by the oath to the King, still chose not to side with the Axis.
3221:. In the climate of insurrectional violence, there were also murders linked to private events. In fact, the victims included not only personalities linked to the
2468:
by the Germans and forced to surrender. Consequently, the partisan movement achieved better results with the creation of teams and groups of minimum dimensions -
2253:
3297:
On 24 June 1952, during a parliamentary discussion relating to law no. 645/52 (which, many years later, was modified by the current Mancino Law), the Honorable
4217:
3238:
3009:
2062:
returned because fascist blood was not shed on 25 July". Conversely, for the fascists, their "martyrdom" began on 25 July, for which they had to take revenge.
5239:
3194:
and the return to "legality bourgeois" would have prevented a radical purge. This desire to speed up times is witnessed in a letter in which the shareholder
2866:. The last days of the Italian Social Republic became convulsive, with overlapping contradictory orders, while some elements - mainly in General Diamanti's
2101:
with most of the members of the government, in order to avoid the feared German reaction to the Italian surrender. In a short time, the Germans carried out
1661:, the German military commander for the Rome region, were known for their brutal treatment of anti-fascist partisans. After the fall of Rome, Koch moved to
4831:
consequences be? And then, it's easy to say: break away from Germany. What attitude would Hitler take? do you think he would leave us freedom of action?".
1719:, already expelled from the PNF for embezzlement. Considering him dangerous to the public, in November 1943, the Federal (i.e., fascist provincial leader)
1960:
by the fact that many public officials of the fascist period in key posts had been left in their place by the new government, as remarked by the verse of
1731:
massacre in Milan. The victims were fifteen anti-fascist rebels, killed in retaliation for an assault against a German truck. Following the massacre, the
5293:
2961:
2671:, continuing his repressive action and participating in the internal struggles between the various powers and various police forces of the Republic. The
2441:
6400:
1892:
palaces, the headquarters of the party and of the Roman federation respectively, without encountering resistance. In the absence of orders from General
4390:
3982:
2230:
2149:
1901:
1200:
7372:
2965:
1546:. Partisan forces varied by seasons, German and fascist repression and also by Italian topography, never exceeding 200,000 people actively involved.
3195:
2933:
2851:
2537:
2245:
520:
7960:
3675:
3214:
3089:, easily occupied, on the night of 25 and 26 April, the main focal points of the city. On April 27, at 5.30 pm, the Garibaldian partisans of the
1310:
7164:
7044:
6956:
4287:
3073:, the bulk of the Turin fascists who remained in arms decided to continue fighting. The Garibaldi brigades of "Nanni", the autonomous ones of "
2996:
was in a state of insurrection. The Germans were in retreat under the bombing of the allied air force and the American avant-gardes beyond the
2604:
1975:
In the same days, the anti-fascists began to reorganize themselves thanks to the return from prison, confinement or exile of numerous leaders:
1964:: "You called the squadrists back / the anti-fascists you put them in jail / the shirt was no longer black / but fascism remained the master."
1723:
wanted to depose him, but was killed by a GAP attack. Colombo remained at his post despite complaints and inquiries. On 10 August 1944, Muti's
2027:. The first anti-fascist organizations and the first "inter-party opposition committees" began to form, laying the foundations for the future
7992:
6545:
5399:
4386:
4295:
3699:
2850:. On 10 April, the PCI sent a letter to the Communist partisan commands to be ready for an insurrection in any case. On 19 April, the entire
1419:
5364:
1332:
On 8 September, hours after the radio announcement of the armistice, the representatives of several anti-fascist organizations converged on
8623:
7975:
3687:
1564:
5553:
3520:
686:
3213:
The death sentences for collaborationism in some cases also hit innocent people accused without evidence, as in the cases of the actors
8587:
7517:
6697:
3905:
3848:
2241:
8721:
4157:
Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. Commissariato generale C.G.V. Ministero della Difesa – Edizioni 1986 (in Italian)
3249:
harshly stigmatized these episodes in the course of the first radio message to Italians after his appointment as head of government:
2902:
proposed to wait for the inevitable surrender of a weapon in the foot, Pavolini and Costa continued to advocate the idea of extreme
1271:. Allied forces and partisans cooperated on military missions, parachuting or landing personnel behind enemy lines, often including
8965:
8628:
4865:
2551:
The most important military operation in which the brigades took part was the action, successfully carried out in concert with the
2249:
1251:), published in 1991, led to the term "Italian Civil War" being used more frequently by Italian and international historiography.
8960:
8193:
3970:
2540:'s brigade against the fascist authorities of Bologna, and then determined his expulsion from the city at the beginning of 1945.
1500:
To the tyranny of Nazism, that claims to reduce to slavery through violence and terror, we must respond with violence and terror.
1423:
7405:
3019:
The Italian Social Republic forces were at this point abandoned: the German divisions of the Liguria Army on the Alpine front (
1468:, Chief of Staff. The first operational order, dated 25 November, ordered the partisans to attack and annihilate in every way:
4419:
8871:
8034:
7333:
7259:
7181:
7110:
7080:
7061:
7009:
6990:
6940:
6825:
4064:
4148:
members of the Italian armed forces (more than half those killed) were considered as members of their armed force of origin.
3281:
came to estimate the number of fascist deaths, or presumed such, at 48,000, including in the calculation the victims of the
2432:
transformed it into a movement of political and social struggle, in which the Communists played a part of great importance.
8668:
7943:
7751:
6848:
6806:
6768:
3505:
3270:
according to the German scholar Hans Woller of the University of Munich, the victims were 12,060 in 1945 and 6,027 in 1946;
2870:- had already secretly allied with the enemy. The allied invasion of the Po Valley after 20 April had become unstoppable.
78:
2395:
7997:
7860:
1952:(massacre of Reggiane), where the military fired at the demonstrators as set out in a circulated memo written by General
1862:
1811:
1801:
4557:
3097:
and the roads to Valtellina, on which, in theory, the last Italian Social Republic departments should have fallen back.
8716:
8301:
7928:
7761:
7522:
7355:
6490:, a cura di Enzo Collotti, Giorgio Rochat, Gabriella Pelazza Solaro, Paolo Speziale, Milano, Feltrinelli, 1976, p. 145.
6447:
4192:
3853:
3559:
2461:
5852:. Translation and foreword by James Holland and Kenneth Macksey (Reprint ed.). Skyhorse Publishing. p. 272.
2689:
attack; Columbus remained in his post, despite various complaints and inquiries. It was the Muti squads together with
1852:
The threat of the invasion of the national territory, the conviction of the inevitability of defeat, the inability of
7948:
7923:
7766:
7297:
7240:
7219:
7200:
7148:
7129:
7028:
6890:
6867:
6787:
6747:
6728:
6707:
6143:
4961:
3563:
3234:
3207:
2894:
2690:
2552:
2528:
2512:
2475:
2132:
those who saw in September 8 and its consequences the moment of the disappearance of the national connective tissue.
922:
58:
6362:
3941:
According to Nazario Sauro Onofri, the initiative to compile this statistic came from then-Minister of the Interior
2913:
On the same day, while the gun battles between insurgents and Italian Social Republic and German forces multiplied,
2663:, a controversial personality initially connected with Bardi and Pollastrini, later under the protection of General
8320:
7601:
7487:
5243:
4709:
3986:
3818:
2814:
2533:
2376:
2108:
1204:
8444:
8356:
8203:
8198:
8029:
7897:
4205:
4003:
3720:
3182:
1846:
1826:
1641:
of the Federal Guido Bardi and William Pollastrini in Rome, whose methods shocked even the Germans. In Rome, the
1608:
1260:
696:
679:
32:
3159:"You clean up for two, three days, but on the third day I don't want to see dead people on the streets anymore."
2595:, claiming that they were German spies. Among the dead were commander Francesco De Gregori (uncle of the singer
8970:
8392:
7980:
7457:
7278:
4184:
3898:
3788:
3443:
3115:
Mussolini abandoning the Prefecture in Milan on 25 April 1945 (believed to be the last photograph of him alive)
986:
164:
6005:, Collana dell'Istituto nazionale per la storia del movimento di liberazione in Italia, pp. 152 and following.
2758:
fascists from making a shit out of every weed, speculating about it to defame us, we will not have to forgive.
8643:
8474:
8361:
7892:
7887:
4374:
4196:
3693:
3635:
3630:
3614:
2764:
2520:
the possibility of obtaining the militarization of the Party from Mussolini through the establishment of the
2307:
2028:
1435:
1196:
1110:
516:
4396:
4063:
Nine fascists were killed in the whole period of 25 July to 8 September, according to police sources of the
2185:(RSI). Its territory (marked in green) was the theatre of the civil war. In grey are the territories of the
8980:
8975:
8402:
8341:
8326:
8178:
8039:
7492:
7376:
5657:
5199:
3823:
3756:
2819:
In early 1945, realizing that the war was lost, the commander of the SS and German police forces in Italy (
2686:
2437:
1634:. Borghese held no allegiance to Mussolini and even suggested that he would take him prisoner if he could.
1488:
1276:
1135:
during its occupation of Italy. The Italian Civil War lasted from around 8 September 1943 (the date of the
368:
2543:
8746:
8464:
8310:
8092:
8002:
7902:
7788:
7756:
7441:
4008:
3869:
3710:
2347:
Combat Group of the Royal Army, with whom there were also clashes with dead and wounded, and that of the
2153:
1716:
1478:
war industries, communication systems and everything that might help the war plans of the Nazi occupants.
1396:). They formed the first Committee of National Liberation (CLN), with Bonomi taking over its presidency.
1353:
1288:
1264:
1184:
1114:
1106:
880:
539:
88:
4470:
2796:
In the territory of the Kingdom during this period, there was the birth of the phenomenon of the bandit
8950:
8945:
8940:
8801:
8429:
8249:
8156:
8129:
8064:
7938:
7472:
7398:
6256:
6054:, to the Head of the Province of Perugia of 5 April 1944, reproduced in its entirety in Enzo Climinti,
3803:
3762:
2893:, who ordered, on 25 April 1945, the general insurrectionary strike in the city of Milan. He was later
2863:
2493:
2207:
2121:
1620:
875:
672:
2259:
The 63rd battalion of the Black Shirts Tagliamento legion, made up of a hundred paratroopers from the
1712:
Ettore Muti (later Autonomous Mobile Legion Ettore Muti) operated under the orders of the former army
8985:
8831:
8597:
8520:
8484:
7502:
7467:
7462:
3891:
3833:
3798:
3793:
3321:
3106:
2874:
reached the Valtellina for the last stand. In Turin, in particular, the snipers of the Black Brigade
2412:
2213:
In some cases the fate after 25 July was also decisive, as happened to the future partisan commander
1842:
1192:
1027:
708:
169:
104:
5838:
O'Reilly, Charles (2001). Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943-1945. Oxford. Page 243.
4940:, p. 9, as an example of the "ambiguous position" in which the army found itself after 25 July.
1259:
Confrontations between the factions resulted in the torture and death of many civilians. During the
8846:
8836:
8816:
8786:
8741:
8439:
8281:
8213:
8183:
8163:
8044:
7720:
7685:
7482:
4208:(excluding the above-mentioned Divisions and Alpini and Bersaglieri Regiments), 300 members of the
4175:
negatively the casualty count, under a statistical point of view. The "RSI Historical Foundation" (
3813:
3548:
3406:
3222:
2711:
2702:
2416:
2234:
1858:
1740:
1559:
1475:
people, places, and properties of fascists and traitors who collaborate with the occupying Germans;
1430:
1228:
1152:
1125:
975:
788:
92:
4932:
The document, known as the "Armellini circular", is reproduced in its entirety in Giorgio Pisanò,
2882:, some Black Brigades - during the retreat - prevented the Germans from destroying and reprisals.
8726:
8489:
8346:
8316:
8291:
8208:
8168:
8107:
8006:
7771:
7741:
6933:
La repubblica delle camicie nere. I combattenti, i politici, gli amministratori, i socializzatori
5621:
4013:
3706:
3578:
3495:
3226:
2469:
2326:
2182:
2089:, imposed by the Allied Powers, and it unexpectedly announced the armistice with a radio message
2008:
1988:
1763:
1702:
1577:
1555:
1506:
1483:
1400:
1385:
1373:
1345:
1121:
960:
900:
633:
560:
483:
470:
458:
439:
418:
248:
158:
4798:
2612:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8424:
8412:
8188:
8173:
7865:
7507:
6234:
There are three fundamental decrees that seal the legislative work, already active since 1944:
5557:
4312:
INCOM Video of the Week speech by Alcide De Gasperi at the peace conference in Italian language
4122:
3998:
3838:
2973:
2843:
2280:
2221:
2161:
2086:
2071:
1918:
1822:
1818:
1631:
1268:
1140:
1136:
929:
895:
841:
817:
488:
6718:
5617:
According to the Law Decree 30 June 1944-XXII n.446 establishing the Black Brigades (art. 7),
5111:
La morte della patria. La crisi dell'idea di nazione tra Resistenza, antifascismo e Repubblica
4406:
4181:
a list that lists the names of some 35,000 RSI military personnel killed in action or executed
3203:
3111:
69:
8731:
8658:
8638:
8552:
8501:
8259:
8239:
8049:
7643:
7611:
7497:
7477:
7391:
6758:
3828:
3808:
3730:
3367:
2668:
2272:
2090:
2075:
1771:
1688:
1666:
1626:
1393:
772:
1694:
8582:
8397:
8286:
8264:
7918:
7816:
7700:
7568:
3646:
3437:
3361:
3174:
2821:
2786:
2652:
2636:
during operations of counter-insurgency, repression, retaliation and counter-intelligence.
2596:
2452:
maintenance of cornerstones through a rigid and concentrated defense, rather than adopting
2233:, which became the 136th Armored Legionary Division "Centauro" and was assigned to General
2137:
2024:
1361:
1144:
1039:
980:
965:
354:
209:
2826:
2497:
8:
8866:
8856:
8811:
8577:
8542:
8537:
8254:
7875:
7811:
7731:
4180:
3966:
3962:
3608:
3596:
3573:
3475:
2517:
2356:
2331:
2321:
2141:
2125:
1870:
1838:
1646:
1172:
1163:
The event that later gave rise to the Italian Civil War was the deposition and arrest of
1094:
885:
829:
810:
803:
782:
751:
723:
716:
444:
381:
150:
2177:
1778:. The Corps worked against anti-fascist groups and was autonomous (it did not report to
1293:
8841:
8826:
8806:
8663:
8604:
8557:
8479:
8336:
8306:
8296:
8271:
8244:
8151:
8144:
8080:
7836:
7831:
7548:
7158:
7038:
6950:
6436:
3569:
3509:
3298:
3199:
3024:
2903:
2867:
2797:
2351:
Combat Group, whose Battalion I collided with the remains of the retreating Decima MAS
2299:
2157:
2040:
1596:– mountain troops), together with various irregular formations and the fascist militia
1443:
910:
765:
744:
198:
5318:
4262:
3093:
brigades arrived in the city with little difficulty, while other departments occupied
2576:
8791:
8781:
8653:
8567:
8532:
8459:
8449:
8227:
8097:
7841:
7821:
7795:
7783:
7578:
7573:
7558:
7553:
7538:
7351:
7329:
7312:
7293:
7274:
7255:
7236:
7215:
7196:
7177:
7144:
7125:
7106:
7100:
7076:
7057:
7024:
7005:
6986:
6969:
6936:
6886:
6863:
6844:
6821:
6802:
6783:
6764:
6743:
6724:
6703:
6443:
4957:
4823:
3942:
3524:
3356:
3148:
2623:
2588:
2453:
2343:
Battalions Group of RSI framed in the 278th German Division faced the marines of the
2036:
1984:
1969:
1616:
1465:
1389:
1349:
1337:
1032:
1022:
1001:
970:
796:
758:
737:
730:
305:
100:
7174:
Il triangolo rosso. La guerra di liberazione e la sconfitta del fascismo (1943-1947)
7141:
La resa dei conti. Aprile-maggio 1945: foibe, piazzale Loreto e giustizia partigiana
6566:
6203:
4346:
3278:
3164:
English colonel John Melior Stevens at the Piedmontese National Liberation Committee
2568:, monarchical Yugoslav partisans, in sharp contrast with the communist partisans of
1944:
demonstrations were bloodily repressed, such as those that took place on 28 July in
1881:
1236:
659:
c. 124,000 post-armistice civilian deaths; 42,600 killed by post-armistice air raids
449:
429:
8861:
8683:
8633:
8614:
8609:
8562:
8469:
8407:
8387:
8375:
8331:
8134:
8114:
8102:
7965:
7846:
7563:
7426:
7418:
7343:
6499:
ATTI PARLAMENTARI, Camera dei deputati, 1952, Discussioni, 11 giugno 1952, p. 38736
4357:
3978:
3330:
2910:
Milan in the direction of Lake Como at 8 PM, for reasons that are still not clear.
2706:
2480:
2408:
2186:
2048:
2004:
1885:
1853:
1779:
1744:
1569:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1341:
1272:
1191:
against the German and Italian fascist forces. The anti-fascist victory led to the
1164:
1090:
1081:
1069:
1044:
1008:
994:
946:
941:
915:
890:
856:
777:
606:
533:
463:
424:
400:
388:
376:
363:
288:
173:
134:
108:
7933:
7021:
La storia della Repubblica di Mussolini. Salò: il tempo dell'odio e della violenza
6926:. Milano: Istituto Nazionale per la Storia del Movimento di Liberazione in Italia.
5288:
Among other things, re-establishing the headquarters of the Fasci, as happened in
4911:
4334:
8771:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8648:
8572:
8434:
7953:
7851:
7736:
7636:
7543:
7230:
4033:
3750:
3553:
3282:
3246:
3242:
3210:
of fascists that take away the desire to start over for a good number of years".
3090:
3086:
3008:
were fighting against the "Etna" division, against the "Debiça" battalion of the
2980:
introduced on 22 April 1946, which celebrates the liberation of the country from
2957:
2937:
2917:
proclaimed on the radio the general insurrectionary strike in the city of Milan:
2836:
2592:
2569:
2489:
2428:
2102:
2079:
2000:
1933:
1923:
1889:
1874:
1728:
1369:
1302:
1180:
1176:
1102:
1015:
905:
834:
822:
393:
341:
329:
154:
4125:. Associazione Nazionale Combattenti Forze Armate Regolari Guerra di Liberazione
2987:
2672:
2532:
the display of corpses in the streets. For example, at the end of 1944, General
1670:
8904:
8851:
8821:
8766:
8673:
8547:
8494:
8454:
8124:
8119:
7970:
7870:
7826:
7778:
7726:
7680:
7648:
7606:
7583:
4356:("Italy of civil war"), published in 1983 by the Italian writer and journalist
4188:
3974:
3681:
3485:
3465:
3400:
3230:
3074:
3040:
3013:
2949:
2914:
2890:
2521:
2423:
2031:. On 3 August, a delegation from the Central Opposition Committee - made up of
2012:
1996:
1980:
1905:
1748:
1669:
and continued his repressive activity in various Republican police forces. The
1612:
1461:
1318:
1240:
936:
870:
405:
222:
5620:
The task of the Corps is that of fighting for the defense of the order of the
4311:
2664:
1658:
96:
8919:
8776:
8417:
7987:
7675:
7653:
7512:
3843:
3394:
3373:
3121:
3094:
2945:
2875:
2782:
2310:
was founded by the exponents of political anti-fascism, while, especially in
2268:
2044:
2032:
1949:
1893:
1381:
1377:
1188:
846:
293:
234:
6671:
3977:
were barred from entering Italy, a ban which was only repealed in 2002. The
2252:
and then continue the fight against the Anglo-Americans. Lieutenant Colonel
1759:
were only nominally involved in the armed forces, under the apolitical CSR.
8894:
8701:
8506:
8276:
7880:
7746:
7695:
7670:
4826:
reproached Mussolini for not having asked Hitler - during their meeting in
4378:
4037:
3881:
3602:
3431:
3387:
3259:
3218:
3186:
3178:
2977:
2750:
2695:
2608:
2384:
2214:
2020:
2016:
1992:
1953:
1941:
1767:
1365:
1357:
1326:
1232:
1132:
1128:
1098:
851:
475:
263:
36:
6222:
3046:
2591:, massacre 20 partisans and a woman at the HQ of one of the many Catholic
2294:
The first groups of fascists resumed the initiative; at the same time, in
1861:
approved a motion of no confidence against the prime minister, called the
8796:
8736:
8706:
8059:
7690:
7122:
I vinti e i liberati. 8 settembre 1943–25 aprile 1945. Storia di due anni
6061:
3743:
3656:
3411:
2953:
2941:
2847:
2682:
2660:
2508:
2500:
where the revolutionary armies crushed the Vendean legitimist uprisings.
2065:
2055:
1976:
1897:
1866:
1834:
1775:
1720:
1676:
1654:
1516:
1457:
1220:
1148:
953:
863:
317:
6966:
La Repubblica di Montefiorino. Per una storia della Resistenza in Emilia
3039:
in long columns, especially after the breakthrough of the Green Line in
2536:
worried about the maintenance of public order, contested the methods of
8054:
7663:
7316:
6973:
6209:, p. 1515; however the circumstance is completely denied by E. Kuby in
5486:
3736:
3070:
3032:
3005:
2832:
2616:
1806:
1600:(GNR) that in 1944 were brought under the control of the regular army.
7193:"La repubblica necessaria". Il fascismo repubblicano a Roma, 1943-1944
6720:
Great Britain, France, Italy and Germany in a Postwar World, 1945–1950
5474:
4519:
Leo Valiani said about existence of "terrorists of Partito d'Azione".
2322:
Relations between the Kingdom of Italy and the Italian Social Republic
1904:, made up of elements loyal to the regime, which was located north of
1896:(who had also voted against the dismissal of Mussolini), not even the
6257:"Fondazione ISEC - cronologia dell'insurrezione a Milano - 25 aprile"
5116:
3423:
3417:
3169:
3001:
2993:
2303:
2276:
1830:
1322:
1168:
1086:
7373:"Interview with Claudio Pavone on his analysis on Italian civil war"
5965:
2112:
Italian soldiers taken prisoner by the Germans after 8 September in
49:
8711:
8696:
8691:
8592:
7626:
7621:
6922:
Gallerano, Nicola; Ganapini, Luigi; Legnani, Massimo, eds. (1969).
6657:
6052:
Inconvenienti causati dai rastrellamenti contro le bande partigiane
3619:
3290:
3177:, written agreement that formalized on 2 May 1945 the surrender of
3131:
3126:
2997:
2858:
2565:
2400:
2368:
2360:
2311:
2145:
1884:, the fascists remained inert and the army was able to occupy both
1713:
1698:
1539:
1472:
officers, soldiers, and material deposits of Hitler's armed forces;
1306:
664:
5299:
1929:
1782:), according to an order issued by Mussolini on 19 November 1944.
7658:
7383:
7212:
Una guerra civile. Saggio storico sulla moralità della Resistenza
7054:
The Body of Il Duce: Mussolini's Corpse and the Fortunes of Italy
5289:
4767:
4538:
4268:
3958:
2981:
2885:
2879:
2790:
2777:
2427:
analysis of the" desire for revenge "of the republican fascists.
2315:
2284:
2260:
1680:
1403:
was eager to take the initiative without waiting for the Allies:
1314:
1245:
Una guerra civile. Saggio storico sulla moralità della Resistenza
6572:, 1943–1945, 3 voll., Milano, FPE, 1965, pp. 1801 and following.
5943:
5941:
2283:, who reconstituted the body keeping the same name, mainly as a
2054:
During the night between 23 and 24 August, the fascist hierarch
1441:
In late November, the Communists established task forces called
1418:
The Allies did not believe in the guerrillas' effectiveness, so
1267:
were supplied with small arms, ammunition and explosives by the
157:: end of German occupation and collapse of the collaborationist
8351:
6906:
Resistance and the southern kingdom, "New contemporary history"
6902:
La resistenza ed il regno del sud, "Nuova storia contemporanea"
5195:
4827:
3286:
3028:
2465:
2380:
2339:
Italian soldiers found themselves fighting other Italians: the
2264:
2098:
1684:
1249:
A Civil War. Historical Essay On the Morality Of the Resistance
1224:
1216:
5438:
3120:
Mussolini was arrested and taken - together with his mistress
1687:. It became infamous for violent repression, such as the 1944
1422:
postponed their attacks against the Nazis. On 16 October, the
7631:
7414:
5938:
4474:
4200:
3969:, was pressured by the threat of another civil war to call a
3954:
3081:
3066:
3059:
3055:
3036:
2988:
Arrival of the partisans in the big cities and latest clashes
2969:
2639:
2113:
1732:
1662:
6279:"DECRETO LEGISLATIVO LUOGOTENENZIALE 22 aprile 1946, n. 185"
5414:
5333:
5001:
4650:
4648:
3147:
phenomenon, which slowly faded away. Some have proposed the
2878:
opposed the partisan forces until the end of April 1945. In
2105:
and occupied a large part of the peninsula, including Rome.
8139:
7616:
5036:"Roma, 9 settembre '43: i tedeschi conquistano la Capitale"
4300:
I conti con il fascismo. L'epurazione in Italia 1943 - 1948
3035:) instead remained compact, and began to fall back towards
2295:
1945:
1333:
1195:, the liberation of the country from dictatorship, and the
6760:
Storia dell'Italia partigiana settembre 1943 - maggio 1945
6124:
6112:
5577:
5575:
4744:
4742:
4665:
4663:
4622:
4620:
3206:
formations, that "we need... before the Allied arrival, a
3141:
1795:
125:(1 year, 7 months, 3 weeks and 3 days)
99:; Royal Italian parachutists en route to the drop zone of
6740:
Storia dell'Italia partigiana. Settembre 1943-maggio 1945
6456:
6293:
6184:
6073:
5953:
5926:
5877:
5783:
5684:
5522:
4729:
4727:
4710:"Resistenza: l'anniversario dell'eccidio di piazza Tasso"
4645:
1120:
Many Italian fascists were soldiers or supporters of the
16:
Conflict of Mussolini regime vs anti-fascists (1943–1945)
6983:
Tabu und Geschichte. Zur Kultur des kollektiven Erinners
6921:
6633:
6575:
6401:"Togliatti Guardasigilli, l'amnistia criticata del 1946"
6090:
6088:
5379:
4687:
4605:
4145:
La Marina dall'8 settembre 1943 alla fine del conflitto,
4068:
2479:
Soldiers of the Italian Social Republic deployed to the
5672:
5587:
5572:
5462:
5345:
4739:
4660:
4617:
4316:
3043:, held by the unstable 148th German Infantry Division.
2511:
and the allied advance into central Italy, many of the
2156:, which was made up of various divisions of the former
649:
21,600 anti-partisan National Guards and paramilitaries
7271:
Ammazzate quel fascista! Vita intrepida di Ettore Muti
6526:
6514:
6366:, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. 77, 2012.
5510:
5498:
5240:"La misteriosa morte del maresciallo Pierino Vascelli"
5194:
Revelli refers to his experience as an officer of the
4977:
4834:
4724:
4187:
and Milizia Difesa Territoriale, 6,200 members of the
2936:- whose command was based in Milan and was chaired by
2091:
read by Marshal Badoglio on the evening of 8 September
2066:
The armistice and the collapse of the Kingdom of Italy
1837:
were the first Italian territories to be conquered in
1538:
The first detachment of guerrilla fighters rose up in
8956:
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe
6985:(in German). Vienna: Picus Verlag. pp. 129–174.
6621:
6587:
6502:
6468:
6342:
6317:
6305:
6085:
5914:
5902:
5865:
5808:
4420:"Boves, 19/9/1943: la prima strage nazista in Italia"
4352:, 1943–1945, 3 voll., Milano, FPE, 1965 and the book
2587:), attached to the Yugoslavian IX Corps by orders of
2422:
Regardless of who physically fired "the first shot",
1873:
had Mussolini arrested and replaced him with Marshal
7290:
In nome della resa: l'Italia nella guerra, 1940-1945
6438:
Endgame 1945 : victory, retribution, liberation
6415:
5534:
5426:
4675:
4501:
4489:
3134:, where he spent the night between 27 and 28 April.
1675:, a special unit constituted within the 92nd Legion
7898:
Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
6837:
Mussolini l'alleato I. L'Italia in guerra 1940-1943
6695:
5176:
4773:
4581:
4434:
4103:
2411:, which took place on 14 November 1943. During the
6860:Mussolini l'alleato II. La guerra civile 1943-1945
6435:
4593:
4286:See as examples the following books (in Italian):
4170:recorded 13,021 RSI soldiers killed; however, the
3983:Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories
2803:
2150:Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories
1645:helped dismantle the clandestine structure of the
1201:Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories
111:, and other executed fascists on display in Milan.
6696:Battistelli, Pier Paolo; Crociani, Piero (2015).
5018:
5016:
4936:, pp. 1689 e ss. Some passages are also cited in
4245:
4243:
8917:
4956:(in Italian). Feltrinelli Editore. p. 196.
2934:National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy
2852:National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy
2714:but on the supreme command of the armed forces.
2390:
2172:
1665:. He gained the confidence of Interior Minister
1151:armed forces. Armed clashes between the fascist
7089:
6213:, p. 609, which is based on Birzer's testimony.
5444:
4558:"Il ruolo rimosso delle donne nella resistenza"
2956:(present among others the designated president
2547:An Italian partisan in Florence, 14 August 1944
2507:Following the breakthrough of the front on the
2160:during the period when it fought alongside the
7309:Storia della Guerra Civile in Italia - 1943-45
7190:
6716:
5013:
5007:
4704:
4702:
4274:
4240:
2685:wanted to dismiss him, but he was killed by a
2399:Italian partisans shot by invading Germans in
7399:
7287:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5899:, Torino, Einaudi, 1968, p. 579 (In Italian).
5737:
5735:
5339:
3899:
3151:of 22 June 1946 as the end of the civil war.
1301:The first groups of partisans were formed in
680:
146:Royal Italian and Italian Resistance victory
6885:] (in Italian). Baldini & Castoldi.
4232:
4230:
3225:, belonging to the armed departments of the
2599:) and brigade commissioner Gastone Valente.
2516:check for several days. These episodes gave
2152:(AMGOT). In this context it was created the
1535:participated in the conflict as combatants.
7214:(in Italian). Torino: Bollati Boringhieri.
6999:
6796:
6609:(in Italian). 17 December 2016. p. 581
6560:
6381:
6369:
6067:
5528:
5492:
5365:"Corriere della Sera del 20 settembre 1993"
5222:
5220:
4699:
3277:the veteran of the Italian Social Republic
2808:
1770:. It included the fascist Blackshirts, the
7406:
7392:
7342:
7323:
7163:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7043:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6955:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6130:
6118:
5977:
5847:
5732:
4654:
3906:
3892:
1911:
1482:Shortly after the Armistice, parts of the
1215:Although other European countries such as
687:
673:
7324:Rossi, Elena Aga; Smith, Bradley (2005).
7002:L'occupazione tedesca in Italia 1943-1945
6931:Ganapini, Luigi (2010) . Garzanti (ed.).
6899:
6876:
6857:
6834:
6462:
6079:
5959:
5947:
5932:
5789:
5581:
5480:
5420:
5385:
5122:
4949:
4822:, p. 1331, reports that the general
4819:
4393:at the University of Munchen (in German).
4322:
4227:
4072:
4051:
3100:
2857:In the meantime, Mussolini had abandoned
2717:
2630:
2460:group, which was besieged in the fort of
2136:corresponding mainly to the provinces of
1727:, together with the GNR, perpetrated the
1621:conscripted into forced labour in Germany
1590:3ª Divisione fanteria di marina San Marco
254:
7090:Montanelli, Indro; Cervi, Mario (1983).
7051:
7019:Lepre, Aurelio (1999). Mondadori (ed.).
6963:
6930:
6433:
6375:
6240:Decree for the administration of justice
5678:
5593:
5468:
5351:
5217:
4748:
4733:
4669:
4626:
4364:("History of Italy") by the same author.
4069:Gallerano, Ganapini & Legnani (1969)
3168:
3110:
3045:
2992:From the morning of April 26, the whole
2884:
2638:
2542:
2474:
2394:
2325:
2248:, mutinied to follow the Germans of the
2176:
2107:
1928:
1900:moved, although they could count on the
1810:The official outcome of the vote of the
1805:
1766:formed in 1944 under Lieutenant-General
1755:which conscripted several thousand men.
1693:
1563:
1429:
1292:
7268:
7139:Oliva, Gianni (1999). Mondadori (ed.).
7102:Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce
7098:
6818:L'ombra della guerra. Il 1945, l'Italia
6717:Becker, Josef; Knipping, Franz (1986).
6387:
6144:"Aprile 1945: l' insurrezione popolare"
5850:The Memoirs of Field-Marshal Kesselring
4983:
4785:
4292:L'ombra della guerra. Il 1945, l'Italia
3142:Post-war violence and Togliatti amnesty
1948:(massacre of via Nicolò dell'Arca) and
1796:The fall of the Fascist regime in Italy
1657:, then under the protection of General
8918:
7306:
7209:
7171:
6912:
6815:
6699:World War II Partisan Warfare in Italy
6639:
6627:
6593:
6581:
6532:
6520:
6508:
6094:
6026:
6014:
5988:
5971:
5920:
5908:
5826:
5777:
5765:
5753:
5741:
5726:
5714:
5702:
5644:
5605:
5456:
5432:
5276:
5264:
5226:
5211:
5170:
5158:
5146:
5134:
5097:
5085:
5056:
5022:
4995:
4937:
4898:
4886:
4852:
4544:
4532:
4520:
4249:
3050:Italian partisans in Milan, April 1945
1492:("Patriotic Action Groups") or simply
1160:against Italian civilians and troops.
652:unknown wounded, captured, and missing
621:unknown wounded, captured, and missing
7387:
7228:
7138:
7119:
7070:
7018:
6980:
6908:]. Vol. 2. pp. 9–24 17.
6777:
6763:(in Italian). Mondadori. p. 39.
6756:
6737:
6474:
6421:
6348:
6323:
6311:
6299:
6190:
6038:
5883:
5871:
5814:
5690:
5540:
5516:
5504:
5397:
5305:
4953:Storia dell'Italia moderna, Volume 10
4840:
4693:
4681:
4611:
4599:
4587:
4507:
4495:
4440:
4402:
4385:of 14 July 2005 (in Italian) and the
4345:See the books from Italian historian
4210:Legione Autonoma Mobile "Ettore Muti"
4109:
4097:
3965:'s abdication, his son, the new king
2440:killed the head of the Turin Militia
1542:in mid-1944 as the Garibaldi Brigade
1509:to the Italian People, September 1943
1109:(mostly politically organized in the
1080:
668:
7944:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
7249:
6935:(in Italian) (2a ed.). Milano.
6570:Storia della guerra civile in Italia
6207:Storia della guerra civile in Italia
6107:Napoli nella Seconda guerra mondiale
5398:Fiori, Simonetta (9 November 2006).
5182:
4350:Storia della guerra civile in Italia
4335:Storia della guerra civile in Italia
2846:launched the final offensive on the
1607:In addition to regular units of the
1156:Italian fascists, committed several
1082:[ˈɡwɛrratʃiˈviːleitaˈljaːna]
694:
7004:(in Italian). Bollati Boringhieri.
4222:Cacciatori degli Appennini Regiment
2705:, firstly in the person of Marshal
2472:- with which to carry out attacks.
2242:184th Paratroopers Division "Nembo"
1802:Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy
1460:, under the political direction of
1317:. Other groups, composed mainly of
597:unknown captured or lightly injured
13:
7413:
6924:L'Italia dei quarantacinque giorni
4193:Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana
3987:Treaty of Peace with Italy in 1947
1817:After the victory achieved in the
1456:whose leadership was entrusted to
1205:Treaty of Peace with Italy in 1947
1203:, which was operational until the
14:
8997:
7365:
7273:(in Italian). Milano: Mondadori.
7252:Storia della Resistenza in Italia
6654:Dizionario enciclopedico italiano
6003:Le Formazioni GL nella Resistenza
5400:"Neofascisti. Una storia taciuta"
2895:President of the Italian Republic
2456:; an example was the fate of the
2298:- while the fighting between the
1774:members serving in Rome, and the
1549:
1444:Distaccamenti d'assalto Garibaldi
8900:
8899:
8888:
7311:(in Italian). Vol. I. FPE.
6664:
6645:
6599:
6538:
6493:
6480:
6427:
6393:
6354:
6329:
6271:
6249:
6228:
6225:Audio of the radio announcement.
6216:
6196:
6171:
6158:
6136:
6100:
6044:
6032:
6020:
6008:
5994:
5889:
5841:
5832:
5820:
5795:
5771:
5759:
5747:
5720:
5708:
5696:
5650:
5638:
5629:
5611:
5599:
4764:, Torino, Einaudi, 1968, p. 579.
3875:
3340:
3016:line for an all-out resistance.
2815:Operation Sunrise (World War II)
2534:Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin
1637:Among the first to form was the
1586:2ª Divisione Granatieri Littorio
1227:also had partisan movements and
632:
605:
579:
559:
532:
509:
482:
469:
457:
448:
438:
428:
417:
399:
387:
375:
362:
348:
335:
323:
311:
299:
287:
280:
256:
241:
227:
215:
203:
192:
77:
68:
57:
48:
8966:Italian campaign (World War II)
8629:Orders, decorations, and medals
7191:Osti Guerrazzi, Amedeo (2004).
6862:(in Italian). Torino: Einaudi.
6843:(in Italian). Torino: Einaudi.
6689:
6607:"IL COMUNISTA BENITO MUSSOLINI"
5897:Storia della Repubblica di Salò
5546:
5450:
5391:
5357:
5311:
5282:
5270:
5258:
5232:
5205:
5188:
5164:
5152:
5140:
5128:
5103:
5091:
5079:
5062:
5050:
5028:
4989:
4943:
4926:
4904:
4892:
4880:
4858:
4846:
4813:
4791:
4779:
4774:Battistelli & Crociani 2015
4762:History of the Republic of Salò
4754:
4632:
4572:
4550:
4526:
4513:
4463:
4446:
4412:
4367:
4339:
4328:
4305:
4280:
4206:Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano
4177:Fondazione RSI Istituto Storico
4057:
4043:
4026:
4004:Italian Campaign (World War II)
2804:The end of the fighting and war
2579:saw communist partisans of the
1829:: between 11 and 12 June 1943,
1582:1ª Divisione Bersaglieri Italia
1131:created under the direction of
1113:) and, to a lesser extent, the
8961:Civil wars of the 20th century
7235:. Cambridge University Press.
7232:Civil War in Europe, 1905-1949
7172:Onofri, Nazario Sauro (2007).
6168:, il Saggiatore, 2009, p. 369.
5038:(in Italian). 9 September 2020
4255:
4214:Raggruppamento Anti Partigiani
4185:Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana
4160:
4151:
4137:
4115:
3981:remained under the control of
3444:Praetorian prefecture of Italy
2655:in the capital. The so-called
2200:Dienst der Deutschen Wehrmacht
1598:Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana
1210:
123:8 September 1943 – 2 May 1945
1:
7288:Picone Chiodo, Marco (1990).
7195:(in Italian). Franco Angeli.
7105:. Taylor Trade Publications.
6797:Bontempelli, Massimo (2006).
6702:. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
6337:Le ultime 95 ore di Mussolini
6070:, pp. 325 and following.
5974:, pp. 449 and following.
5658:"I franchi tiratori del Duce"
5483:, pp. 109 and following.
5308:, pp. 158 and following.
5113:, Laterza, 2003 (in Italian).
5076:N° 167, August 2007, p. 4 ss.
4360:as the fifteen volume of the
4197:Marina Nazionale Repubblicana
4082:
3554:Byzantine reconquest of Italy
2927:Sandro Pertini, 25 April 1945
2765:National Liberation Committee
2583:division (of the SAP brigade
2391:The war on the internal enemy
2308:National Liberation Committee
2173:The outbreak of the civil war
2029:National Liberation Committee
1790:
1743:was in the hands of Marshall
1594:4ª Divisione Alpina Monterosa
1436:National Liberation Committee
1197:birth of the Italian Republic
1143:) to 2 May 1945 (date of the
1111:National Liberation Committee
7375:(in Italian). Archived from
7092:L'Italia della guerra civile
6915:Con Mussolini nella tragedia
6656:(in Italian), vol. VI,
5729:, pp. 268 and following
5556:(in Italian). Archived from
5495:, pp. 90 and following.
5242:(in Italian). Archived from
5125:, pp. 58 and following.
5109:Ernesto Galli della Loggia,
4354:L'Italia della guerra civile
3948:
3615:Mid-16th c. to early 19th c.
3217:(of anti-fascist faith) and
3181:forces in Italy, ending the
3080:On the evening of 25 April,
2854:agreed on the insurrection.
2701:The chain of command of the
2687:Gruppi di Azione Patriottica
2438:Gruppi di Azione Patriottica
2306:still continued - the first
2250:90th Light Infantry Division
1785:
1747:and his deputies Mischi and
1489:Gruppi di Azione Patriottica
1297:A group of Italian partisans
1282:
7:
8669:Water supply and sanitation
8093:Italian geographical region
7961:Monarchy and the World Wars
7903:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
7789:War of the Sicilian Vespers
7442:Timeline of Italian history
7350:. New York: Vintage Books.
7176:(in Italian). Sapere 2000.
7075:. Gherardo Casini Editore.
5848:Kesselring, Albert (2016).
5445:Montanelli & Cervi 1983
4950:Candeloro, Giorgio (1990).
4560:(in Italian). 25 April 2019
4547:, pp. 112 and 581-582.
4204:miscellaneous units of the
4009:Italian Resistance movement
3992:
2822:Höhere SS und Polizeiführer
2527:The Black Brigades and the
2263:school, a part of the 10th
2154:Italian Co-belligerent Army
1865:, named after its promoter
1289:Italian resistance movement
1254:
1185:Italian resistance movement
1115:Italian Co-belligerent Army
10:
9002:
8588:Inventions and discoveries
7998:Fall of the Fascist regime
7981:Fourth War of Independence
7939:Expedition of the Thousand
7929:Second War of Independence
7229:Payne, Stanley G. (2011).
7056:. Henry Holt and Company.
7000:Klinkhammer, Lutz (2007).
6964:Gorrieri, Ermanno (1966).
6780:La repubblica di Mussolini
6339:, Mondadori, Milano, 1968.
6058:, Comune di Leonessa, 2001
4712:(in Italian). 17 July 2018
4275:Becker & Knipping 1986
4071:, pp. 377–408, while
3189:and the Italian Civil War.
3104:
2932:Also on the same day, the
2864:Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster
2812:
2681:November 1943 the federal
2334:in Salerno (22 April 1944)
2332:second Badoglio government
2279:, was commanded by Prince
2271:, and the soldiers of the
2069:
1799:
1553:
1286:
8884:
8682:
8528:
8519:
8383:
8374:
8362:Security and intelligence
8235:
8226:
8088:
8079:
8022:
7949:Third War of Independence
7924:First War of Independence
7911:
7804:
7713:
7594:
7531:
7450:
7434:
7425:
7124:(in Italian). Mondadori.
7052:Luzzatto, Sergio (2014).
6968:(in Italian). Il Mulino.
6913:Dolfin, Giovanni (1949).
6900:De Felice, Renzo (1999).
6877:De Felice, Renzo (1995).
6858:De Felice, Renzo (1997).
6841:Crisi e agonia del regime
6835:De Felice, Renzo (1990).
6782:(in Italian). Mondadori.
6773:– via Google Books.
6742:(in Italian). Mondadori.
6546:"I giorni della Vendetta"
4934:Gli ultimi in grigioverde
4799:"I bombardamenti di Roma"
4220:, and 170 members of the
4123:"Le Divisioni Ausiliarie"
3971:constitutional referendum
3458:Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms
3235:National Republican Guard
3107:Death of Benito Mussolini
2691:National Republican Guard
2553:National Republican Guard
2529:National Republican Guard
2513:National Republican Guard
2167:
1448:which later would become
1199:under the control of the
706:
658:
569:
498:
270:
185:
115:
87:Clockwise from top left:
42:
30:
25:
8040:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus
8035:Institutional referendum
7307:Pisanò, Giorgio (1965).
7269:Petacco, Arrigo (2002).
7210:Pavone, Claudio (1991).
6820:(in Italian). Donzelli.
6434:Stafford, David (2008).
5402:(in Italian). p. 50
4019:
3549:Italy in the Middle Ages
3407:Roman expansion in Italy
3223:Republican Fascist Party
2904:resistance in Valtellina
2809:The general insurrection
2712:Republican Fascist Party
2703:National Republican Army
2417:Republican Fascist Party
2377:Republican National Navy
2235:Giorgio Calvi di Bergolo
2231:1st Armored Division "M"
1902:1st Armored Division "M"
1859:Grand Council of Fascism
1741:National Republican Army
1630:under command of Prince
1572:, with a soldier in 1944
1560:National Republican Army
1153:National Republican Army
1139:, between Italy and the
594:21,168 seriously wounded
93:National Republican Army
8563:Emigration and diaspora
7772:Guelphs and Ghibellines
7757:the Sardinian Judicates
7254:(in Italian). Einaudi.
6917:(in Italian). Garzanti.
6778:Bocca, Giorgio (1994).
6757:Bocca, Giorgio (2001).
6738:Bocca, Giorgio (1995).
5622:Italian Social Republic
4172:Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro
4168:Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro
4014:Italian Social Republic
3757:European migrant crisis
3707:Italian Social Republic
3622:Italy (1801–1814)
3579:Guelphs and Ghibellines
3227:Italian Social Republic
2183:Italian Social Republic
1845:began, and on 19 July,
1764:Republican Police Corps
1703:Italian Social Republic
1578:Italian Social Republic
1556:Italian Social Republic
1484:Italian Communist Party
1401:Italian Communist Party
1386:Labour Democratic Party
1374:Italian Socialist Party
1346:Italian Communist Party
1122:Italian Social Republic
646:13,170 regular military
249:Italian Social Republic
159:Italian Social Republic
8445:Science and technology
8393:Italian regions by GDP
8194:Marine protected areas
7866:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
7348:Mussolini: A Biography
7292:(in Italian). Mursia.
7143:(in Italian). Milano.
7120:Oliva, Gianni (1998).
7094:(in Italian). Rizzoli.
7023:(in Italian). Milano.
6816:Crainz, Guido (2007).
6799:La Resistenza Italiana
6131:Rossi & Smith 2005
6119:Rossi & Smith 2005
5626:
4460:nr. 3-4, November 1943
4065:Central State Archives
3938:
3440:(286 AD–476 AD)
3370:(12th–6th c. BC)
3364:(18th–3rd c. BC)
3314:
3256:
3190:
3167:
3116:
3101:The death of Mussolini
3051:
2972:every 25 April by the
2930:
2898:
2785:and as a guard in the
2760:
2738:
2718:The common delinquency
2647:
2631:Special fascist groups
2548:
2484:
2404:
2335:
2281:Junio Valerio Borghese
2226:
2190:
2116:
2087:Armistice of Cassibile
2072:Armistice of Cassibile
1936:
1919:National Fascist Party
1819:North African campaign
1814:
1705:
1632:Junio Valerio Borghese
1573:
1527:, and the philosopher
1512:
1438:
1416:
1360:and Sergio Fenoaltea (
1298:
1193:execution of Mussolini
1137:Armistice of Cassibile
1074:Guerra civile italiana
1073:
489:Junio Valerio Borghese
271:Commanders and leaders
8971:Italy in World War II
8644:Public administration
7752:the Holy Roman Empire
7099:Moseley, Ray (2004).
7073:La repubblica di Salò
7071:Meldi, Diego (2015).
6723:. Walter de Gruyter.
6211:Il tradimento tedesco
6181:, CEM, 1974, p. 1227.
5618:
5554:"Resistenza italiana"
4294:, Donzelli, 2007 and
4216:, 550 members of the
4212:, 200 members of the
4143:Giuseppe Fioravanzo,
3924:
3920:The Triangle of Death
3700:Italy in World War II
3403:(509 BC–27 BC)
3397:(753 BC–509 BC)
3376:(8th–3rd c. BC)
3368:Etruscan civilization
3303:
3251:
3198:writes to party mate
3172:
3157:
3114:
3049:
2919:
2888:
2842:On 9 April 1945, the
2813:Further information:
2755:
2725:
2669:Guido Buffarini Guidi
2642:
2585:13 martiri di Feletto
2546:
2478:
2398:
2330:First meeting of the
2329:
2254:Alberto Bechi Luserna
2219:
2180:
2111:
2076:Badoglio Proclamation
2070:Further information:
1932:
1809:
1800:Further information:
1772:Italian Africa Police
1697:
1689:Piazza Tasso massacre
1667:Guido Buffarini Guidi
1627:Decima Flottiglia MAS
1567:
1554:Further information:
1498:
1433:
1405:
1394:Italian Liberal Party
1296:
1287:Further information:
988:1945 Spring Offensive
570:Casualties and losses
163:German Army in Italy
107:of Benito Mussolini,
8872:World Heritage Sites
8327:Council of Ministers
8065:Coronavirus pandemic
7463:Currency and coinage
7250:Peli, Santo (2006).
6801:(in Italian). CUEC.
4471:"La nascita del CLN"
4377:to French historian
4373:See as examples the
4261:See for example the
3794:Currency and coinage
3733:(1970s–1980s)
3688:Italy in World War I
3599:(14th–16th c.)
3434:(27 BC–286 AD)
3362:Nuragic civilization
3175:surrender of Caserta
2787:Risiera di San Sabba
2613:Radio Milano Libertà
2597:Francesco De Gregori
2357:Santa Maria in Punta
1869:. The next day King
1849:for the first time.
1325:, sprang up in the
1239:in his books, while
1145:Surrender of Caserta
818:Armistice with Italy
612:Co-belligerent Army:
355:Raffaele Cadorna Jr.
95:troops inspected by
8981:Umberto II of Italy
8976:Victor Emmanuel III
8403:Automotive industry
8342:Metropolitan cities
7888:Early Modern period
7861:Kingdom of Sardinia
7812:Italian city-states
6660:, 1970, p. 456
6302:, pp. 514–515.
6236:All powers to CLNAI
6193:, pp. 519–520.
6041:, pp. 183–184.
6017:, pp. 451–452.
5950:, pp. 334–335.
5886:, pp. 196–199.
5693:, pp. 209–210.
5459:, pp. 225–227.
5423:, pp. 132–133.
5008:Osti Guerrazzi 2004
4696:, pp. 196–199.
4614:, pp. 340–341.
4383:Corriere della Sera
4277:, pp. 506–507.
3963:Victor Emmanuel III
3597:Italian Renaissance
3574:Italian city-states
3204:Giustizia e Libertà
3202:, commander of the
2735:, 20 September 1944
2733:Il Corriere di Roma
2518:Alessandro Pavolini
2403:, 12 September 1943
1871:Victor Emmanuel III
1839:Operation Corkscrew
1739:The command of the
1354:Christian Democracy
1173:Victor Emmanuel III
540:Co-belligerent Army
445:Alessandro Pavolini
369:Victor Emmanuel III
151:Liberation of Italy
8465:Telecommunications
7832:Maritime republics
7326:Operazione Sunrise
6442:. London: Abacus.
6390:, pp. 313–315
6177:Bruno Spampanato,
6166:L'altra Resistenza
6056:Leonessa 1943/1944
5340:Picone Chiodo 1990
4866:"OPERAZIONE ACHSE"
4302:, Il Mulino, 2008.
3570:Maritime republics
3556:(6th–8th c.)
3510:Carolingian Empire
3311:Guglielmo Giannini
3299:Guglielmo Giannini
3200:Dante Livio Bianco
3191:
3124:- to Bonzanigo, a
3117:
3052:
2899:
2868:Guardia di Finanza
2798:Salvatore Giuliano
2648:
2549:
2494:partisan republics
2485:
2413:Congress of Verona
2405:
2336:
2300:Italian Royal Army
2191:
2158:Royal Italian Army
2122:military internees
2117:
2041:Luigi Salvatorelli
1937:
1841:. On 10 July, the
1815:
1706:
1584:– light infantry,
1574:
1439:
1299:
1093:fought during the
710:Invasion of Sicily
199:Italian Resistance
8951:Conflicts in 1945
8946:Conflicts in 1944
8941:Conflicts in 1943
8913:
8912:
8880:
8879:
8515:
8514:
8450:Southern question
8370:
8369:
8302:Political parties
8250:Foreign relations
8222:
8221:
8075:
8074:
7796:Kingdom of Naples
7784:Kingdom of Sicily
7379:on 10 April 2013.
7344:Mack Smith, Denis
7335:978-88-0453-726-7
7261:978-88-06-18092-8
7183:978-88-7673-265-2
7112:978-1-58979-095-7
7082:978-88-6410-068-5
7063:978-1-4668-8360-4
7011:978-88-339-1782-5
6992:978-38-545-2254-6
6942:978-88-11-69417-5
6827:978-88-6036-160-8
6642:, pp. 75–76.
6584:, pp. 70–71.
6488:Scritti 1915/1975
6486:Ferruccio Parri,
6363:Mussolini, Benito
5519:, pp. 98–99.
5507:, pp. 76–77.
5294:Idreno Utimperghe
5246:on 23 August 2007
5070:Il "Caso Bellomo"
4843:, pp. 18–19.
4824:Vittorio Ambrosio
4199:personnel, 1,900
4195:personnel, 1,000
3999:Italian Armistice
3943:Alcide De Gasperi
3916:
3915:
3763:COVID-19 pandemic
3759:(2014–2016)
3753:(2007–2009)
3747:(1992–2001)
3739:(1986–1992)
3717:(1943–1945)
3715:Italian Civil War
3702:(1940–1945)
3696:(1922–1943)
3690:(1914–1918)
3684:(1882–1960)
3678:(1861–1946)
3650:(1815–1871)
3611:(1545–1648)
3605:(1494–1559)
3566:in southern Italy
3534:
3533:
3525:Holy Roman Empire
3357:Prehistoric Italy
3149:Togliatti amnesty
2962:Giustino Arpesani
2897:from 1978 to 1985
2829:Obergruppenführer
2624:Albert Kesselring
2589:Palmiro Togliatti
2498:French civil wars
2483:(22 January 1944)
2454:guerrilla warfare
2442:Domenico Giardina
2273:10th MAS Flotilla
2037:Alcide De Gasperi
1985:Mauro Scoccimarro
1970:Quirino Armellini
1926:to occupy Italy.
1843:landing in Sicily
1717:Francesco Colombo
1617:counterinsurgency
1568:The head of RSI,
1466:Giancarlo Pajetta
1420:General Alexander
1390:Alessandro Casati
1350:Alcide De Gasperi
1338:Mauro Scoccimarro
1231:governments with
1107:Italian partisans
1066:Italian Civil War
1059:
1058:
1052:Italian Civil War
790:Invasion of Italy
663:
662:
306:Alcide De Gasperi
181:
180:
101:Operation Herring
89:Italian partisans
26:Italian Civil War
8993:
8986:Benito Mussolini
8903:
8902:
8895:Italy portal
8892:
8891:
8832:National symbols
8526:
8525:
8381:
8380:
8233:
8232:
8086:
8085:
7966:Kingdom of Italy
7893:Napoleonic Italy
7432:
7431:
7408:
7401:
7394:
7385:
7384:
7380:
7361:
7339:
7320:
7303:
7284:
7265:
7246:
7225:
7206:
7187:
7168:
7162:
7154:
7135:
7116:
7095:
7086:
7067:
7048:
7042:
7034:
7015:
6996:
6977:
6960:
6954:
6946:
6927:
6918:
6909:
6896:
6873:
6854:
6850:978-88-0624-7669
6831:
6812:
6808:978-88-8467-3183
6793:
6774:
6770:978-88-0717-2441
6753:
6734:
6713:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6679:
6668:
6662:
6661:
6649:
6643:
6637:
6631:
6625:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6603:
6597:
6591:
6585:
6579:
6573:
6564:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6542:
6536:
6530:
6524:
6518:
6512:
6506:
6500:
6497:
6491:
6484:
6478:
6472:
6466:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6441:
6431:
6425:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6397:
6391:
6385:
6379:
6378:, pp. 68–71
6373:
6367:
6360:Emilio Gentile,
6358:
6352:
6346:
6340:
6335:Franco Bandini,
6333:
6327:
6321:
6315:
6309:
6303:
6297:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6275:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6253:
6247:
6244:Of socialization
6232:
6226:
6220:
6214:
6200:
6194:
6188:
6182:
6175:
6169:
6164:Peter Tompkins,
6162:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6140:
6134:
6128:
6122:
6116:
6110:
6104:
6098:
6092:
6083:
6077:
6071:
6068:Klinkhammer 2007
6065:
6059:
6048:
6042:
6036:
6030:
6024:
6018:
6012:
6006:
5998:
5992:
5986:
5975:
5969:
5963:
5957:
5951:
5945:
5936:
5930:
5924:
5918:
5912:
5906:
5900:
5893:
5887:
5881:
5875:
5869:
5863:
5862:
5845:
5839:
5836:
5830:
5824:
5818:
5812:
5806:
5799:
5793:
5787:
5781:
5775:
5769:
5763:
5757:
5751:
5745:
5739:
5730:
5724:
5718:
5712:
5706:
5700:
5694:
5688:
5682:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5654:
5648:
5642:
5636:
5633:
5627:
5615:
5609:
5603:
5597:
5591:
5585:
5579:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5550:
5544:
5538:
5532:
5529:Bontempelli 2006
5526:
5520:
5514:
5508:
5502:
5496:
5493:Bontempelli 2006
5490:
5484:
5478:
5472:
5466:
5460:
5454:
5448:
5442:
5436:
5430:
5424:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5395:
5389:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5361:
5355:
5349:
5343:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5315:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5292:at the hands of
5286:
5280:
5279:, pp. 43–45
5274:
5268:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5236:
5230:
5224:
5215:
5209:
5203:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5174:
5168:
5162:
5156:
5150:
5144:
5138:
5132:
5126:
5120:
5114:
5107:
5101:
5095:
5089:
5088:, pp. 16–18
5083:
5077:
5066:
5060:
5059:, pp. 17–18
5054:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5032:
5026:
5020:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4947:
4941:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4912:"La badoglieide"
4908:
4902:
4896:
4890:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4844:
4838:
4832:
4820:De Felice (1990)
4817:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4758:
4752:
4746:
4737:
4731:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4706:
4697:
4691:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4667:
4658:
4652:
4643:
4640:L'Europa nazista
4636:
4630:
4624:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4517:
4511:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4473:. Archived from
4467:
4461:
4452:Pietro Secchia,
4450:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4416:
4410:
4400:
4394:
4391:Thomas Schlemmer
4371:
4365:
4358:Indro Montanelli
4343:
4337:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4284:
4278:
4272:
4266:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4238:
4234:
4225:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4149:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4076:
4073:De Felice (1997)
4061:
4055:
4047:
4041:
4032:See as examples
4030:
3979:Italian Republic
3936:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3882:Italy portal
3880:
3879:
3878:
3609:Catholic revival
3462:
3461:
3344:
3334:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3183:Italian Campaign
3165:
3122:Claretta Petacci
2928:
2736:
2707:Rodolfo Graziani
2481:Battle for Anzio
2409:Igino Ghisellini
2187:Kingdom of Italy
2049:Giorgio Amendola
2005:Giuseppe Saragat
1854:Benito Mussolini
1827:Italian Campaign
1780:Rodolfo Graziani
1753:Graziani call-up
1710:Squadra d'azione
1647:Partito d'Azione
1570:Benito Mussolini
1544:Eusebio Giambone
1529:Giovanni Gentile
1525:Eugenio Facchini
1521:Igino Ghisellini
1510:
1409:
1342:Giorgio Amendola
1273:Italian-American
1261:Italian Campaign
1229:collaborationist
1165:Benito Mussolini
1126:collaborationist
1103:Italian fascists
1095:Italian campaign
1091:Kingdom of Italy
1084:
1079:
876:Monte la Difensa
701:
699:
698:Italian Campaign
689:
682:
675:
666:
665:
637:
636:
614:
610:
609:
584:
583:
582:
564:
563:
544:
537:
536:
525:
514:
513:
512:
491:
487:
486:
474:
473:
464:Rodolfo Graziani
462:
461:
453:
452:
443:
442:
433:
432:
425:Benito Mussolini
422:
421:
404:
403:
392:
391:
380:
379:
371:
367:
366:
357:
353:
352:
351:
340:
339:
338:
328:
327:
326:
316:
315:
314:
304:
303:
302:
292:
291:
285:
284:
283:
266:
262:
260:
259:
251:
247:
245:
244:
233:
231:
230:
221:
219:
218:
210:Kingdom of Italy
208:
207:
206:
197:
196:
195:
174:Benito Mussolini
153:from Nazism and
117:
116:
109:Claretta Petacci
81:
72:
61:
52:
33:Italian Campaign
23:
22:
9001:
9000:
8996:
8995:
8994:
8992:
8991:
8990:
8916:
8915:
8914:
8909:
8889:
8876:
8847:Public holidays
8678:
8624:Life expectancy
8511:
8366:
8282:Law enforcement
8218:
8071:
8018:
8007:Social Republic
7971:Colonial Empire
7954:Capture of Rome
7907:
7800:
7709:
7602:Ancient peoples
7590:
7527:
7488:Historic states
7446:
7421:
7412:
7371:
7368:
7358:
7336:
7300:
7281:
7262:
7243:
7222:
7203:
7184:
7156:
7155:
7151:
7132:
7113:
7083:
7064:
7036:
7035:
7031:
7012:
6993:
6948:
6947:
6943:
6893:
6870:
6851:
6828:
6809:
6790:
6771:
6750:
6731:
6710:
6692:
6687:
6677:
6675:
6670:
6669:
6665:
6651:
6650:
6646:
6638:
6634:
6626:
6622:
6612:
6610:
6605:
6604:
6600:
6592:
6588:
6580:
6576:
6565:
6561:
6551:
6549:
6544:
6543:
6539:
6531:
6527:
6519:
6515:
6507:
6503:
6498:
6494:
6485:
6481:
6473:
6469:
6461:
6457:
6450:
6432:
6428:
6420:
6416:
6406:
6404:
6399:
6398:
6394:
6386:
6382:
6374:
6370:
6359:
6355:
6347:
6343:
6334:
6330:
6322:
6318:
6310:
6306:
6298:
6294:
6284:
6282:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6262:
6260:
6255:
6254:
6250:
6233:
6229:
6221:
6217:
6201:
6197:
6189:
6185:
6179:Contromemoriale
6176:
6172:
6163:
6159:
6149:
6147:
6142:
6141:
6137:
6129:
6125:
6117:
6113:
6105:
6101:
6093:
6086:
6078:
6074:
6066:
6062:
6050:Attachment 17,
6049:
6045:
6037:
6033:
6025:
6021:
6013:
6009:
5999:
5995:
5987:
5978:
5970:
5966:
5958:
5954:
5946:
5939:
5931:
5927:
5919:
5915:
5907:
5903:
5894:
5890:
5882:
5878:
5870:
5866:
5846:
5842:
5837:
5833:
5825:
5821:
5813:
5809:
5803:La nostra lotta
5800:
5796:
5788:
5784:
5776:
5772:
5764:
5760:
5752:
5748:
5740:
5733:
5725:
5721:
5713:
5709:
5701:
5697:
5689:
5685:
5677:
5673:
5663:
5661:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5643:
5639:
5634:
5630:
5616:
5612:
5604:
5600:
5592:
5588:
5580:
5573:
5563:
5561:
5560:on 22 July 2014
5552:
5551:
5547:
5539:
5535:
5527:
5523:
5515:
5511:
5503:
5499:
5491:
5487:
5479:
5475:
5467:
5463:
5455:
5451:
5443:
5439:
5431:
5427:
5419:
5415:
5405:
5403:
5396:
5392:
5384:
5380:
5370:
5368:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5350:
5346:
5338:
5334:
5324:
5322:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5304:
5300:
5287:
5283:
5275:
5271:
5263:
5259:
5249:
5247:
5238:
5237:
5233:
5225:
5218:
5210:
5206:
5193:
5189:
5181:
5177:
5169:
5165:
5157:
5153:
5145:
5141:
5133:
5129:
5121:
5117:
5108:
5104:
5096:
5092:
5084:
5080:
5074:Storia Militare
5067:
5063:
5055:
5051:
5041:
5039:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5021:
5014:
5006:
5002:
4994:
4990:
4982:
4978:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4948:
4944:
4931:
4927:
4917:
4915:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4897:
4893:
4885:
4881:
4871:
4869:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4851:
4847:
4839:
4835:
4818:
4814:
4804:
4802:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4784:
4780:
4772:
4768:
4759:
4755:
4747:
4740:
4732:
4725:
4715:
4713:
4708:
4707:
4700:
4692:
4688:
4680:
4676:
4668:
4661:
4655:Mack Smith 1983
4653:
4646:
4637:
4633:
4625:
4618:
4610:
4606:
4598:
4594:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4563:
4561:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4543:
4539:
4531:
4527:
4518:
4514:
4506:
4502:
4494:
4490:
4480:
4478:
4477:on 3 April 2010
4469:
4468:
4464:
4458:La nostra lotta
4451:
4447:
4439:
4435:
4425:
4423:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4401:
4397:
4372:
4368:
4362:Storia d'Italia
4344:
4340:
4333:
4329:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4306:
4285:
4281:
4273:
4269:
4263:Porzûs massacre
4260:
4256:
4248:
4241:
4235:
4228:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4152:
4142:
4138:
4128:
4126:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4096:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4079:
4062:
4058:
4048:
4044:
4034:Renzo De Felice
4031:
4027:
4022:
3995:
3951:
3937:
3933:Gazzetta d’Asti
3931:
3912:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3819:Historic states
3783:
3775:
3774:
3751:Great Recession
3682:Colonial Empire
3671:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3642:
3592:
3584:
3583:
3544:
3536:
3535:
3459:
3451:
3450:
3390:
3380:
3379:
3352:
3332:
3325:
3313:
3310:
3283:Foibe massacres
3247:Ferruccio Parri
3243:Giorgio Morelli
3166:
3163:
3144:
3109:
3103:
3091:Cino Moscatelli
3087:Alfredo Malgeri
3021:DXXV Armeekorps
2990:
2966:Achille Marazza
2958:Rodolfo Morandi
2938:Alfredo Pizzoni
2929:
2926:
2837:Ferruccio Parri
2817:
2811:
2806:
2737:
2731:
2720:
2633:
2593:Osoppo Brigades
2577:Porzûs massacre
2490:Ferruccio Parri
2458:Cinque giornate
2429:Renzo De Felice
2393:
2324:
2285:marine infantry
2175:
2170:
2103:Operation Achse
2082:
2080:Operation Achse
2068:
2001:Rodolfo Morandi
1934:Pietro Badoglio
1924:Operation Achse
1914:
1880:Faced with the
1875:Pietro Badoglio
1847:Rome was bombed
1804:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1729:Piazzale Loreto
1609:Republican Army
1562:
1552:
1511:
1504:
1413:
1407:
1370:Giuseppe Romita
1291:
1285:
1257:
1213:
1181:Gran Sasso raid
1177:Operation Achse
1077:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1049:
842:Vatican bombing
713:
702:
697:
695:
693:
641:
631:
627:
624:
604:
603:
600:
580:
578:
558:
555:
546:190,000–244,000
545:
531:
530:
527:300,000–350,000
526:
510:
508:
507:
494:
481:
480:
468:
456:
437:
436:
423:
416:
410:
398:
394:Pietro Badoglio
386:
374:
361:
360:
349:
347:
346:
342:Alfredo Pizzoni
336:
334:
330:Ferruccio Parri
324:
322:
312:
310:
300:
298:
286:
281:
279:
257:
255:
253:
252:
242:
240:
239:
228:
226:
225:
216:
214:
213:
212:
204:
202:
201:
193:
191:
155:Italian Fascism
137:
124:
86:
85:
84:
83:
82:
74:
73:
64:
63:
62:
54:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8999:
8989:
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8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8455:Stock exchange
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8421:
8420:
8415:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8384:
8378:
8372:
8371:
8368:
8367:
8365:
8364:
8359:
8357:Municipalities
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8317:Prime Minister
8314:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8268:
8267:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8236:
8230:
8224:
8223:
8220:
8219:
8217:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8204:Regional parks
8201:
8199:National parks
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8160:
8159:
8149:
8148:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8127:
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8117:
8112:
8111:
8110:
8108:Climate change
8100:
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8089:
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7909:
7908:
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7900:
7895:
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7871:Duchy of Savoy
7868:
7863:
7858:
7857:
7856:
7855:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7808:
7806:
7802:
7801:
7799:
7798:
7793:
7792:
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7781:
7779:Lombard League
7776:
7775:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7717:
7715:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7707:
7706:
7705:
7704:
7703:
7701:Western Empire
7693:
7688:
7686:Roman conquest
7683:
7678:
7668:
7667:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7640:
7639:
7634:
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7607:Italic peoples
7598:
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7429:
7423:
7422:
7411:
7410:
7403:
7396:
7388:
7382:
7381:
7367:
7366:External links
7364:
7363:
7362:
7357:978-0394716589
7356:
7340:
7334:
7321:
7304:
7298:
7285:
7279:
7266:
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7049:
7029:
7016:
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6807:
6794:
6788:
6775:
6769:
6754:
6748:
6735:
6729:
6714:
6708:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6685:
6663:
6644:
6632:
6620:
6598:
6586:
6574:
6567:Giorgio Pisanò
6559:
6537:
6535:, p. 120.
6525:
6523:, p. 102.
6513:
6501:
6492:
6479:
6477:, p. 131.
6467:
6465:, p. 233.
6463:De Felice 1997
6455:
6449:978-0349119120
6448:
6426:
6414:
6392:
6380:
6368:
6353:
6351:, p. 520.
6341:
6328:
6326:, p. 481.
6316:
6314:, p. 518.
6304:
6292:
6270:
6248:
6227:
6215:
6204:Giorgio Pisanò
6195:
6183:
6170:
6157:
6135:
6133:, p. 182.
6123:
6121:, p. 107.
6111:
6099:
6084:
6082:, p. 324.
6080:De Felice 1997
6072:
6060:
6043:
6031:
6029:, p. 457.
6019:
6007:
5993:
5976:
5964:
5962:, p. 332.
5960:De Felice 1997
5952:
5948:De Felice 1997
5937:
5935:, p. 323.
5933:De Felice 1997
5925:
5913:
5901:
5895:F. W. Deakin,
5888:
5876:
5874:, p. 289.
5864:
5840:
5831:
5829:, p. 501.
5819:
5817:, p. 156.
5807:
5794:
5792:, p. 167.
5790:De Felice 1997
5782:
5780:, p. 275.
5770:
5768:, p. 274.
5758:
5756:, p. 276.
5746:
5731:
5719:
5717:, p. 271.
5707:
5705:, p. 273.
5695:
5683:
5671:
5649:
5647:, p. 236.
5637:
5628:
5610:
5608:, p. 269.
5598:
5586:
5582:De Felice 1995
5571:
5545:
5543:, p. 189.
5533:
5521:
5509:
5497:
5485:
5481:De Felice 1995
5473:
5471:, p. 176.
5461:
5449:
5447:, p. 122.
5437:
5425:
5421:De Felice 1995
5413:
5390:
5388:, p. 493.
5386:De Felice 1997
5378:
5356:
5354:, p. 198.
5344:
5342:, p. 542.
5332:
5310:
5298:
5281:
5269:
5257:
5231:
5216:
5204:
5187:
5185:, p. 188.
5175:
5163:
5151:
5139:
5127:
5123:De Felice 1995
5115:
5102:
5090:
5078:
5061:
5049:
5027:
5012:
5000:
4988:
4986:, p. 181.
4976:
4962:
4942:
4925:
4903:
4891:
4879:
4857:
4845:
4833:
4812:
4790:
4778:
4766:
4760:F. W. Deakin,
4753:
4751:, p. 322.
4738:
4723:
4698:
4686:
4684:, p. 289.
4674:
4672:, p. 279.
4659:
4657:, p. 308.
4644:
4642:, pp. 412-419.
4631:
4629:, p. 278.
4616:
4604:
4592:
4580:
4571:
4549:
4537:
4525:
4523:, p. 495.
4512:
4510:, p. 177.
4500:
4498:, p. 176.
4488:
4462:
4445:
4433:
4411:
4395:
4366:
4347:Giorgio Pisanò
4338:
4327:
4323:De Felice 1995
4315:
4304:
4279:
4267:
4254:
4252:, p. 238.
4239:
4226:
4189:Black Brigades
4179:) has drafted
4159:
4150:
4136:
4114:
4112:, p. 493.
4102:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4056:
4052:De Felice 1997
4042:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3994:
3991:
3975:House of Savoy
3950:
3947:
3929:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3865:
3864:
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3851:
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3841:
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3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
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3600:
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3581:
3576:
3567:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3530:962–1801
3528:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3472:
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3468:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3438:Western Empire
3435:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3414:
3409:
3398:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3382:
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3378:
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3350:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3337:
3336:
3327:
3326:
3319:
3308:
3295:
3294:
3279:Giorgio Pisanò
3275:
3271:
3268:
3231:Black Brigades
3208:San Bartolomeo
3196:Giorgio Agosti
3161:
3143:
3140:
3105:Main article:
3102:
3099:
2989:
2986:
2974:Liberation Day
2950:Sandro Pertini
2924:
2915:Sandro Pertini
2891:Sandro Pertini
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2729:
2719:
2716:
2632:
2629:
2538:Franz Pagliani
2522:Black Brigades
2424:Claudio Pavone
2392:
2389:
2355:Battalion, in
2323:
2320:
2267:department at
2246:Mario Rizzatti
2222:Without Russia
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2067:
2064:
2013:Riccardo Bauer
1997:Sandro Pertini
1981:Pietro Secchia
1962:La Badoglieide
1913:
1910:
1906:Lake Bracciano
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1708:In Milan, the
1679:, operated in
1613:Black Brigades
1588:– grenadiers,
1551:
1550:Fascist forces
1548:
1502:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1462:Pietro Secchia
1284:
1281:
1269:Western Allies
1256:
1253:
1241:Claudio Pavone
1237:Giorgio Pisanò
1212:
1209:
1057:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1030:
1025:
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1013:
1006:
999:
984:
983:
978:
976:Monte Castello
973:
968:
963:
950:
949:
944:
939:
937:Trasimene Line
934:
927:
920:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
871:Bernhardt Line
860:
859:
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849:
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832:
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411:
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406:Giovanni Messe
396:
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382:Prince Umberto
372:
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296:
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223:United Kingdom
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8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8936:1945 in Italy
8934:
8932:
8931:1944 in Italy
8929:
8927:
8926:1943 in Italy
8924:
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8363:
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8128:
8126:
8123:
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8118:
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8109:
8106:
8105:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8090:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8078:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8050:Years of Lead
8048:
8046:
8045:Economic Boom
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8032:
8031:
8028:
8027:
8025:
8021:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7988:Fascist Italy
7986:
7982:
7979:
7978:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7963:
7962:
7959:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7934:Niçard exodus
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7921:
7920:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7910:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7882:
7879:
7878:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7834:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7813:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7803:
7797:
7794:
7790:
7787:
7786:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7724:
7723:
7722:
7719:
7718:
7716:
7712:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7673:
7672:
7669:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7654:Magna Graecia
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7609:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7603:
7600:
7599:
7597:
7593:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7541:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7530:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7449:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7409:
7404:
7402:
7397:
7395:
7390:
7389:
7386:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7369:
7359:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7331:
7328:. Mondadori.
7327:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7305:
7301:
7299:88-425-0654-0
7295:
7291:
7286:
7282:
7276:
7272:
7267:
7263:
7257:
7253:
7248:
7244:
7242:9781139499644
7238:
7234:
7233:
7227:
7223:
7221:88-339-0629-9
7217:
7213:
7208:
7204:
7202:88-464-5650-5
7198:
7194:
7189:
7185:
7179:
7175:
7170:
7166:
7160:
7152:
7150:88-04-45696-5
7146:
7142:
7137:
7133:
7131:88-04-44851-2
7127:
7123:
7118:
7114:
7108:
7104:
7103:
7097:
7093:
7088:
7084:
7078:
7074:
7069:
7065:
7059:
7055:
7050:
7046:
7040:
7032:
7030:88-04-45898-4
7026:
7022:
7017:
7013:
7007:
7003:
6998:
6994:
6988:
6984:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6962:
6958:
6952:
6944:
6938:
6934:
6929:
6925:
6920:
6916:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6898:
6894:
6892:88-85987-95-8
6888:
6884:
6883:Red and Black
6880:
6875:
6871:
6869:88-06-11806-4
6865:
6861:
6856:
6852:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6833:
6829:
6823:
6819:
6814:
6810:
6804:
6800:
6795:
6791:
6789:88-04-38715-7
6785:
6781:
6776:
6772:
6766:
6762:
6761:
6755:
6751:
6749:88-04-40129-X
6745:
6741:
6736:
6732:
6730:9783110863918
6726:
6722:
6721:
6715:
6711:
6709:9781472808943
6705:
6701:
6700:
6694:
6693:
6673:
6667:
6659:
6655:
6648:
6641:
6636:
6630:, p. 74.
6629:
6624:
6608:
6602:
6596:, p. 70.
6595:
6590:
6583:
6578:
6571:
6568:
6563:
6547:
6541:
6534:
6529:
6522:
6517:
6511:, p. 79.
6510:
6505:
6496:
6489:
6483:
6476:
6471:
6464:
6459:
6451:
6445:
6440:
6439:
6430:
6424:, p. 12.
6423:
6418:
6402:
6396:
6389:
6384:
6377:
6376:Luzzatto 2014
6372:
6365:
6364:
6357:
6350:
6345:
6338:
6332:
6325:
6320:
6313:
6308:
6301:
6296:
6280:
6274:
6258:
6252:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6231:
6224:
6219:
6212:
6208:
6205:
6199:
6192:
6187:
6180:
6174:
6167:
6161:
6145:
6139:
6132:
6127:
6120:
6115:
6108:
6103:
6097:, p. 28.
6096:
6091:
6089:
6081:
6076:
6069:
6064:
6057:
6053:
6047:
6040:
6035:
6028:
6023:
6016:
6011:
6004:
5997:
5991:, p. 450
5990:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5973:
5968:
5961:
5956:
5949:
5944:
5942:
5934:
5929:
5923:, p. 49.
5922:
5917:
5911:, p. 85.
5910:
5905:
5898:
5892:
5885:
5880:
5873:
5868:
5861:
5858:
5851:
5844:
5835:
5828:
5823:
5816:
5811:
5804:
5798:
5791:
5786:
5779:
5774:
5767:
5762:
5755:
5750:
5744:, p. 268
5743:
5738:
5736:
5728:
5723:
5716:
5711:
5704:
5699:
5692:
5687:
5681:, p. 50.
5680:
5679:Ganapini 2010
5675:
5659:
5653:
5646:
5641:
5632:
5625:
5623:
5614:
5607:
5602:
5596:, p. 48.
5595:
5594:Ganapini 2010
5590:
5584:, p. 49.
5583:
5578:
5576:
5559:
5555:
5549:
5542:
5537:
5531:, p. 91.
5530:
5525:
5518:
5513:
5506:
5501:
5494:
5489:
5482:
5477:
5470:
5469:Gorrieri 1966
5465:
5458:
5453:
5446:
5441:
5435:, p. 96.
5434:
5429:
5422:
5417:
5401:
5394:
5387:
5382:
5366:
5360:
5353:
5352:Ganapini 2010
5348:
5341:
5336:
5320:
5319:"Zona grigia"
5314:
5307:
5302:
5295:
5291:
5285:
5278:
5273:
5266:
5261:
5245:
5241:
5235:
5228:
5223:
5221:
5213:
5208:
5201:
5200:Eastern Front
5197:
5191:
5184:
5179:
5172:
5167:
5161:, p. 169
5160:
5155:
5148:
5143:
5136:
5131:
5124:
5119:
5112:
5106:
5099:
5094:
5087:
5082:
5075:
5071:
5068:Sergio Dini,
5065:
5058:
5053:
5037:
5031:
5024:
5019:
5017:
5010:, p. 40.
5009:
5004:
4998:, p. 226
4997:
4992:
4985:
4980:
4965:
4963:9788807808050
4959:
4955:
4954:
4946:
4939:
4938:Pavone (1991)
4935:
4929:
4913:
4907:
4900:
4895:
4888:
4883:
4867:
4861:
4854:
4849:
4842:
4837:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4816:
4800:
4794:
4787:
4782:
4776:, p. 14.
4775:
4770:
4763:
4757:
4750:
4749:Ganapini 2010
4745:
4743:
4736:, p. 53.
4735:
4734:Ganapini 2010
4730:
4728:
4711:
4705:
4703:
4695:
4690:
4683:
4678:
4671:
4670:Ganapini 2010
4666:
4664:
4656:
4651:
4649:
4641:
4635:
4628:
4627:Ganapini 2010
4623:
4621:
4613:
4608:
4601:
4596:
4590:, p. 39.
4589:
4584:
4575:
4559:
4553:
4546:
4541:
4535:, p. 493
4534:
4529:
4522:
4516:
4509:
4504:
4497:
4492:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4443:, p. 16.
4442:
4437:
4421:
4415:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4392:
4389:of historian
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4331:
4325:, p. 22.
4324:
4319:
4313:
4308:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4276:
4271:
4264:
4258:
4251:
4246:
4244:
4233:
4231:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4166:In 2010, the
4163:
4154:
4146:
4140:
4124:
4118:
4111:
4106:
4099:
4094:
4092:
4087:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4025:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3944:
3934:
3928:
3923:
3921:
3909:
3904:
3902:
3897:
3895:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3860:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3779:
3778:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:Years of Lead
3729:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3515:774–962
3514:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3500:568–774
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3490:435–534
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3480:493–553
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3470:476–493
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3455:
3454:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3375:
3374:Magna Graecia
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3307:
3302:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3215:Elio Marcuzzo
3211:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3113:
3108:
3098:
3096:
3095:Busto Arsizio
3092:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3062:on 27 April.
3061:
3057:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2946:Emilio Sereni
2943:
2939:
2935:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2896:
2892:
2889:The partisan
2887:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2876:Ather Capelli
2871:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2816:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2783:Schutzstaffel
2779:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2728:
2724:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2628:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2545:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2402:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2333:
2328:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2275:stationed in
2274:
2270:
2269:Civitavecchia
2266:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2208:the remaining
2203:
2201:
2195:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2045:Meuccio Ruini
2042:
2038:
2034:
2033:Ivanoe Bonomi
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1950:Reggio Emilia
1947:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1912:The "45 days"
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1894:Enzo Galbiati
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:Grandi agenda
1860:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1812:Grandi agenda
1808:
1803:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1691:in Florence.
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1404:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:Meuccio Ruini
1379:
1378:Ivanoe Bonomi
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1311:Bosco Martese
1308:
1304:
1295:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:guerrilla war
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1004:
1000:
998:
997:
993:
992:
991:
990:
989:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
958:
957:
956:
955:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
932:
928:
926:
925:
921:
919:
918:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
901:Monte Cassino
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
867:
866:
865:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
847:Volturno Line
845:
843:
840:
838:
837:
833:
831:
828:
826:
825:
821:
819:
816:
814:
813:
809:
807:
806:
802:
800:
799:
795:
794:
793:
792:
791:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
768:
764:
762:
761:
757:
755:
754:
750:
748:
747:
743:
741:
740:
736:
734:
733:
729:
727:
726:
722:
720:
719:
715:
714:
712:
711:
705:
700:
690:
685:
683:
678:
676:
671:
670:
667:
657:
651:
648:
645:
644:
643:
640:
635:
629:
620:
617:
616:
613:
608:
602:
596:
593:
591:35,828 killed
590:
589:
587:
577:
576:
574:
573:
568:
562:
557:
551:
548:
542:
541:
535:
529:
523:
522:
518:
506:
505:
503:
502:
497:
490:
485:
479:
477:
472:
467:
465:
460:
455:
451:
446:
441:
435:
431:
426:
420:
415:
414:
412:
407:
402:
397:
395:
390:
385:
383:
378:
373:
370:
365:
359:
356:
345:
343:
333:
331:
321:
319:
309:
307:
297:
295:
294:Ivanoe Bonomi
290:
278:
277:
275:
274:
269:
265:
250:
238:
236:
235:United States
224:
211:
200:
190:
189:
184:
175:
171:
168:
166:
162:
160:
156:
152:
149:
148:
147:
144:
141:
140:
136:
132:
129:
128:
122:
119:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
80:
71:
60:
51:
41:
38:
34:
29:
24:
19:
8732:Architecture
8702:Quattrocento
8659:Social class
8639:Prostitution
8553:Demographics
8475:Trade unions
8418:Central Bank
8260:Human rights
8240:Constitution
8023:Contemporary
8011:
7993:World War II
7881:Italian Wars
7805:Early modern
7747:Papal States
7725:Italy under
7671:Ancient Rome
7377:the original
7347:
7325:
7308:
7289:
7270:
7251:
7231:
7211:
7192:
7173:
7140:
7121:
7101:
7091:
7072:
7053:
7020:
7001:
6982:
6965:
6932:
6923:
6914:
6905:
6901:
6882:
6879:Rosso e Nero
6878:
6859:
6840:
6836:
6817:
6798:
6779:
6759:
6739:
6719:
6698:
6690:Bibliography
6676:. Retrieved
6674:(in Italian)
6666:
6653:
6647:
6635:
6623:
6611:. Retrieved
6601:
6589:
6577:
6569:
6562:
6550:. Retrieved
6548:(in Italian)
6540:
6528:
6516:
6504:
6495:
6487:
6482:
6470:
6458:
6437:
6429:
6417:
6405:. Retrieved
6403:(in Italian)
6395:
6388:Moseley 2004
6383:
6371:
6361:
6356:
6344:
6336:
6331:
6319:
6307:
6295:
6283:. Retrieved
6281:(in Italian)
6273:
6261:. Retrieved
6259:(in Italian)
6251:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6230:
6223:CESP - Audio
6218:
6210:
6206:
6198:
6186:
6178:
6173:
6165:
6160:
6148:. Retrieved
6146:(in Italian)
6138:
6126:
6114:
6106:
6102:
6075:
6063:
6055:
6051:
6046:
6034:
6022:
6010:
6002:
5996:
5967:
5955:
5928:
5916:
5904:
5896:
5891:
5879:
5867:
5856:
5853:
5849:
5843:
5834:
5822:
5810:
5802:
5797:
5785:
5773:
5761:
5749:
5722:
5710:
5698:
5686:
5674:
5662:. Retrieved
5660:(in Italian)
5652:
5640:
5631:
5619:
5613:
5601:
5589:
5562:. Retrieved
5558:the original
5548:
5536:
5524:
5512:
5500:
5488:
5476:
5464:
5452:
5440:
5428:
5416:
5404:. Retrieved
5393:
5381:
5369:. Retrieved
5367:(in Italian)
5359:
5347:
5335:
5323:. Retrieved
5321:(in Italian)
5313:
5301:
5284:
5272:
5267:, p. 42
5260:
5248:. Retrieved
5244:the original
5234:
5229:, p. 37
5214:, p. 34
5207:
5190:
5178:
5173:, p. 49
5166:
5154:
5149:, p. 33
5142:
5137:, p. 27
5130:
5118:
5110:
5105:
5100:, p. 14
5093:
5081:
5073:
5069:
5064:
5052:
5040:. Retrieved
5030:
5025:, p. 18
5003:
4991:
4984:Petacco 2002
4979:
4967:. Retrieved
4952:
4945:
4933:
4928:
4916:. Retrieved
4914:(in Italian)
4906:
4901:, p. 10
4894:
4882:
4870:. Retrieved
4868:(in Italian)
4860:
4848:
4836:
4815:
4803:. Retrieved
4801:(in Italian)
4793:
4788:, p. 97
4786:Moseley 2004
4781:
4769:
4761:
4756:
4714:. Retrieved
4689:
4677:
4639:
4638:E.Collotti,
4634:
4607:
4602:, p. 4.
4595:
4583:
4574:
4562:. Retrieved
4552:
4540:
4528:
4515:
4503:
4491:
4479:. Retrieved
4475:the original
4465:
4457:
4454:Agire subito
4453:
4448:
4436:
4424:. Retrieved
4422:(in Italian)
4414:
4398:
4382:
4379:Pierre Milza
4369:
4361:
4353:
4349:
4341:
4330:
4318:
4307:
4299:
4291:
4288:Guido Crainz
4282:
4270:
4257:
4221:
4213:
4209:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4153:
4144:
4139:
4127:. Retrieved
4117:
4105:
4059:
4050:Appendix in
4045:
4038:Gianni Oliva
4028:
3952:
3939:
3935:, 4 May 1945
3932:
3925:
3919:
3918:In the book
3917:
3868:
3858:
3766:
3765:(2020–
3742:
3724:
3723:(1946–
3714:
3647:Risorgimento
3645:
3603:Italian Wars
3591:Early modern
3422:
3416:
3388:Ancient Rome
3304:
3296:
3260:Mario Scelba
3257:
3252:
3219:Luisa Ferida
3212:
3192:
3187:World War II
3158:
3153:
3145:
3136:
3125:
3118:
3079:
3064:
3053:
3020:
3018:
2991:
2978:National Day
2931:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2872:
2856:
2841:
2828:
2820:
2818:
2795:
2774:
2770:
2761:
2756:
2751:Nuto Revelli
2747:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2726:
2721:
2700:
2696:Piero Parini
2679:
2674:Banda Carità
2673:
2656:
2653:Action Party
2649:
2644:
2634:
2621:
2609:Radio Londra
2605:Radio Algeri
2601:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2526:
2506:
2502:
2486:
2457:
2450:
2446:
2434:
2421:
2406:
2385:Julian March
2373:
2365:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2293:
2289:
2258:
2239:
2227:
2220:
2215:Nuto Revelli
2212:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2134:
2130:
2118:
2095:
2083:
2060:
2053:
2021:Emilio Lussu
2017:Ugo La Malfa
1993:Pietro Nenni
1974:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1954:Mario Roatta
1942:anti-fascist
1938:
1915:
1879:
1851:
1825:started the
1816:
1768:Renato Ricci
1761:
1756:
1752:
1738:
1724:
1709:
1707:
1672:Banda Carità
1671:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1625:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1513:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1434:Flag of the
1417:
1410:
1408:(in Italian)
1406:
1398:
1366:Pietro Nenni
1362:Action Party
1358:Ugo La Malfa
1336:. They were
1331:
1327:Julian March
1300:
1258:
1248:
1244:
1233:Nazi Germany
1214:
1169:25 July 1943
1162:
1133:Nazi Germany
1129:puppet state
1119:
1099:World War II
1065:
1063:
1051:
1050:
1033:
1016:
1009:
1002:
995:
987:
985:
952:
951:
931:Chesterfield
930:
923:
916:
862:
861:
852:Barbara Line
835:
823:
811:
804:
797:
789:
787:
766:
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
717:
709:
638:
630:
618:5,927 killed
611:
586:CLN / CLNAI:
585:
552:: c. 545,000
549:
538:
515:
476:Renato Ricci
186:Belligerents
145:
37:World War II
31:Part of the
18:
8797:Italophilia
8757:Coat of arm
8707:Cinquecento
8583:Immigration
8533:Aristocracy
8398:Agriculture
8292:Nationality
8265:LGBT rights
8179:Earthquakes
8060:Mani pulite
7976:World War I
7919:Unification
7912:Late modern
7876:Renaissance
7721:Middle Ages
7714:Middle Ages
7691:Roman Italy
7458:Citizenship
6640:Onofri 2007
6628:Onofri 2007
6613:14 February
6594:Onofri 2007
6582:Onofri 2007
6552:14 February
6533:Crainz 2007
6521:Crainz 2007
6509:Crainz 2007
6407:14 February
6263:14 February
6095:Crainz 2007
6027:Pavone 1991
6015:Pavone 1991
5989:Pavone 1991
5972:Pavone 1991
5921:Crainz 2007
5909:Crainz 2007
5827:Pavone 1991
5778:Pavone 1991
5766:Pavone 1991
5754:Pavone 1991
5742:Pavone 1991
5727:Pavone 1991
5715:Pavone 1991
5703:Pavone 1991
5645:Pavone 1991
5606:Pavone 1991
5564:13 February
5457:Pavone 1991
5433:Dolfin 1949
5406:13 February
5371:13 February
5277:Pavone 1991
5265:Pavone 1991
5250:13 February
5227:Pavone 1991
5212:Pavone 1991
5171:Pavone 1991
5159:Pavone 1991
5147:Pavone 1991
5135:Pavone 1991
5098:Pavone 1991
5086:Pavone 1991
5057:Pavone 1991
5023:Pavone 1991
4996:Pavone 1991
4899:Pavone 1991
4889:, p. 9
4887:Pavone 1991
4855:, p. 6
4853:Pavone 1991
4545:Pisanò 1965
4533:Pavone 1991
4521:Pavone 1991
4296:Hans Woller
4250:Pavone 1991
4100:, p. .
4067:, cited in
3789:Citizenship
3744:Mani pulite
3657:Young Italy
3476:Ostrogothic
3412:Roman Italy
3331:History of
2954:Leo Valiani
2942:Luigi Longo
2848:Gothic Line
2683:Aldo Resega
2665:Kurt Mälzer
2661:Pietro Koch
2509:Gustav Line
2462:San Martino
2181:Map of the
2056:Ettore Muti
1977:Luigi Longo
1898:Blackshirts
1882:coup d'état
1867:Dino Grandi
1835:Pantelleria
1776:Carabinieri
1721:Aldo Resega
1677:Blackshirts
1659:Kurt Mälzer
1655:Pietro Koch
1651:Banda Koch,
1592:– marines,
1517:Aldo Resega
1458:Luigi Longo
1275:members of
1221:Netherlands
1211:Terminology
1149:Nazi German
1028:Argenta Gap
954:Gothic Line
864:Winter Line
318:Luigi Longo
97:Kurt Mälzer
91:in Ossola;
8920:Categories
8867:Traditions
8857:Television
8842:Philosophy
8807:Literature
8747:Cathedrals
8717:Settecento
8578:Healthcare
8543:Corruption
8538:Censorship
8297:Parliament
8255:Government
8055:Maxi Trial
8003:Resistance
7732:Ostrogoths
7664:Messapians
7549:Villanovan
7539:Prehistory
7532:Prehistory
7317:B0170ERP3S
7280:8804506865
6974:B072ND6YP6
6652:"Italia",
6475:Oliva 1999
6422:Oliva 1999
6349:Bocca 1995
6324:Bocca 1995
6312:Bocca 1995
6300:Bocca 1995
6191:Bocca 1995
6039:Lepre 1999
5884:Bocca 1994
5872:Bocca 1995
5815:Oliva 1999
5691:Oliva 1998
5541:Oliva 1998
5517:Bocca 1994
5505:Bocca 1994
5306:Oliva 1998
4841:Oliva 1998
4694:Bocca 2001
4682:Bocca 2001
4612:Bocca 2001
4600:Meldi 2015
4588:Bocca 2001
4508:Oliva 1999
4496:Oliva 1999
4441:Bocca 2001
4405:, p.
4403:Payne 2011
4237:armistice.
4218:Italian SS
4129:6 December
4110:Bocca 2001
4098:Oliva 1998
4083:References
3985:until the
3967:Umberto II
3953:Much like
3737:Maxi Trial
3620:Napoleonic
3239:Italian SS
3071:Valtellina
3033:Garfagnana
3010:Italian SS
3006:Borgoforte
2833:Karl Wolff
2825:, HSSPF),
2657:Banda Koch
2645:Banda Koch
2617:Radio Bari
2025:actionists
2009:socialists
1989:communists
1791:Background
1725:Squadrists
1643:Banda Koch
1505:Appeal of
1323:communists
1187:started a
1158:atrocities
1078:pronounced
1040:Collecchio
981:Garfagnana
966:San Marino
881:San Pietro
165:surrenders
8827:Mythology
8802:Libraries
8722:Ottocento
8664:Terrorism
8605:Languages
8558:Education
8480:Transport
8430:Companies
8337:Provinces
8307:President
8272:Judiciary
8245:Elections
8157:Volcanoes
8152:Volcanism
8145:Apennines
8130:Mountains
8098:Peninsula
8081:Geography
8012:Civil War
7737:Byzantium
7644:Etruscans
7579:Canegrate
7574:Golasecca
7559:Rinaldone
7554:Terramare
7544:Neolithic
7159:cite book
7039:cite book
6951:cite book
6839:. t. II,
5183:Peli 2006
4375:interview
3949:Aftermath
3711:Partisans
3466:Odoacer's
3424:Optimates
3418:Populares
3002:Guastalla
2994:Po Valley
2659:, led by
2371:in 1944.
2353:Barbarigo
2304:Wehrmacht
2277:La Spezia
2126:Caporetto
1831:Lampedusa
1786:Civil War
1454:divisions
1283:Partisans
1265:partisans
1087:civil war
857:Bari raid
812:Slapstick
805:Avalanche
783:Centuripe
753:Narcissus
725:Mincemeat
718:Corkscrew
170:Execution
105:dead body
8905:Category
8792:Internet
8782:Folklore
8712:Seicento
8697:Trecento
8692:Duecento
8654:Religion
8615:Regional
8593:Italians
8568:Gambling
8460:Taxation
8287:Military
8228:Politics
8030:Republic
7817:Florence
7742:Lombards
7681:Republic
7627:Samnites
7622:Picentes
7564:Apennine
7523:Railways
7503:Military
7451:By topic
7435:Overview
7419:articles
7346:(1983).
6658:Treccani
6285:28 April
4191:, 2,800
3993:See also
3930:—
3870:Timeline
3834:Military
3782:By topic
3721:Republic
3705:Fascist
3676:Monarchy
3631:Republic
3543:Medieval
3521:Germanic
3506:Frankish
3401:Republic
3322:a series
3320:Part of
3309:—
3291:Dalmatia
3162:—
3132:Mezzegra
3127:frazione
3025:Savonese
2998:Po river
2925:—
2859:Gargnano
2730:—
2581:Natisone
2566:Chetniks
2401:Barletta
2369:Sardinia
2361:Polesine
2312:Piedmont
2146:Sardinia
2138:Brindisi
2023:for the
2007:for the
1987:for the
1886:Wedekind
1757:Graziani
1749:Montagna
1745:Graziani
1714:corporal
1699:War flag
1611:and the
1540:Piedmont
1503:—
1450:brigades
1307:Piedmont
1255:Factions
1243:'s book
1171:by King
1101:between
1085:) was a
924:Strangle
911:Cisterna
767:Ladbroke
746:Chestnut
499:Strength
130:Location
8862:Theatre
8837:Palaces
8817:Museums
8787:Gardens
8772:Fashion
8762:Cuisine
8742:Castles
8684:Culture
8634:Poverty
8610:Italian
8521:Society
8502:Welfare
8470:Tourism
8440:Exports
8408:Banking
8388:Economy
8376:Economy
8332:Regions
8214:Valleys
8184:Islands
8164:Beaches
8135:Prealps
8115:Geology
8103:Climate
7767:Normans
7727:Odoacer
7676:Kingdom
7659:Ligures
7595:Ancient
7569:Nuragic
7518:Postage
7493:Judaism
7483:Genetic
7473:Fashion
7468:Economy
7427:History
6678:5 March
6150:5 March
5860:losses.
5857:minimum
5664:5 March
5325:5 March
5290:Trieste
5198:on the
5042:5 March
4969:5 March
4918:5 March
4872:5 March
4805:5 March
4716:5 March
4564:5 March
4481:7 April
4426:5 March
4387:lessons
4381:on the
3959:Germany
3854:Railway
3849:Postage
3824:Judaism
3814:Genetic
3804:Fashion
3799:Economy
3767:present
3725:present
3694:Fascism
3636:Kingdom
3564:Normans
3496:Lombard
3395:Kingdom
3274:30,000;
2982:fascism
2880:Romagna
2791:Trieste
2778:Canelli
2753:wrote:
2415:of the
2359:in the
2349:Cremona
2345:Folgore
2316:Abruzzo
2261:Viterbo
2144:and to
2142:Taranto
1890:Braschi
1701:of the
1681:Tuscany
1653:led by
1388:), and
1315:Abruzzo
1089:in the
1070:Italian
1045:Trieste
1034:Herring
1023:Bologna
1003:Tombola
971:Gemmano
798:Baytown
760:Fustian
739:Animals
732:Barclay
565:520,000
264:Germany
8893:
8767:Design
8752:Cinema
8727:Anthem
8649:Racism
8598:People
8573:Health
8435:Energy
8425:Brands
8352:Comune
8347:Cities
8209:Rivers
8169:Canals
7852:Amalfi
7837:Venice
7696:Empire
7637:Veneti
7612:Latins
7584:Latial
7417:
7354:
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