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were fully equipped with weapons and armor. Despite fierce fighting, Amr was captured as some of his troops switched sides and joined Ismail. Ismail wished to ransom him to the
Saffarids, but they refused, so he sent 'Amr to the caliph, who blamed 'Amr's conduct in the matter and then invested Ismail with Khorasan,
525:
As
Muhammad's son and designated heir Zayd was also captured and sent to Bukhara, the Zaydid leaders agreed to name Zayd's infant son al-Mahdi as their ruler, but dissension broke out among their ranks: one of them proclaimed himself for the Abbasids instead, and his troops attacked and massacred the
329:
Soon afterwards, a disagreement over where tax money should be distributed caused a falling out between Nasr and Ismail. A struggle ensued, in which Ismail proved victorious. Although he took effective control of the state, he did not formally overthrow his brother, instead remaining in
Bukhara. He
599:
Ismail is known in history as a competent general and a strong ruler; many stories about him are written in Arabic and
Persian sources. Furthermore, because of his campaigns in the north, his empire was so safe from enemy incursions that the defences of Bukhara and Samarkand went unused. However,
477:
during the spring of 900. During battle, Ismail was significantly outnumbered as he came out with 20,000 horsemen against Amr's 70,000-strong cavalry. Ismail's horsemen were ill-equipped with most having wooden stirrups while some had no shields or lances. Amr-i Laith's cavalry on the other hand,
384:. Ismail was successful in establishing economic and commercial development and organized a powerful army. It was said that he made his capital Bukhara into one of Islam's most glorious cities, as Ismail attracted scholars, artists, and doctors of law into the region. The first translation of the
291:
descent, as suggested by the fact that one of the coins issued by them is executed in the same style as those of the
Hephthalites, rather than that of the Sasanians. Regardless, the Samanid royal family both spoke and advocated Persian, and also used many pre-Islamic bureaucratic titles, probably
439:. During his reign he subjugated numerous regional states to the east, directly incorporating some within his boundaries and retaining the local rulers of others as vassals. Khwarezm to the north was partitioned; the southern part remained autonomous under its
346:
had claims on
Transoxiana; the overthrow of Nasr would have given the Saffarids a pretext for invading. Ismail therefore continued to formally recognize Nasr as ruler until the latter's death in August 892, at which point he officially took power.
462:, however, sent Ismail a letter urging him to fight Amr-i Laith and the Saffarids whom the caliph considered usurpers. According to the letter, the caliph stated that he prayed for Ismail, who the caliph considered the rightful ruler of
615:. He was an intelligent, just, compassionate person, one possessing reason and prescience...he conducted affairs with justice and good ethics. Whoever tyrannized people he would punish...In affairs of state he was always impartial.
560:
Although Ismail continued to send gifts to the caliph, as was customary, he neither paid tribute or taxes. For all intents and purposes he was an independent ruler, although he never took any title higher than that of
443:
rulers, while the northern part was governed by a
Samanid official. Another campaign in 903 further secured the Samanid boundaries. These campaigns kept the heart of his state safe from
646:
Was extremely just, and his good qualities were many. He had pure faith in God (to Him be power and glory) and he was generous to the poor – to name only one of his notable virtues.
654:
rule in
Tajikistan, Ismail's legacy was resurrected and rehabilitated by a new Tajik state. The currency of Tajikistan is named after him (the somoni), and he is depicted on the
600:
this later had consequences; at the end of the dynasty, the earlier strong, but now crumbling walls, were greatly missed by the
Samanids, who were constantly under attack by the
662:
in
Tajikistan (and in the former Soviet Union) was renamed after Ismail. The mountain, formerly known as "Stalin Peak" and "Communism Peak", was subsequently renamed as the
518:, and in the ensuing battle, the Samanids prevailed, and the severely wounded Muhammad was captured. He died on the next day, 3 October 900 (or in August, according to
454:
Even after his brother Nasr's death, Ismail's rule in Bukhara was not formally recognized by the caliph at that point. As a result, the Saffarid ruler
1478:
1473:
47:
372:
Ismail was active to the north and east, steadily spreading Samanid influence as well as solidifying his control over other areas including
928:
The book of government, or, Rules for kings: the Siyar al-Muluk, or, Siyasat-nama of Nizam al-Mulk, Niẓām al-Mulk, Hubert Darke, pp. 18–19
739:
The book of government, or, Rules for kings: the Siyar al-Muluk, or, Siyasat-nama of Nizam al-Mulk, Niẓām al-Mulk, Hubert Darke, pg. 156
1039:
The book of government, or, Rules for kings: the Siyar al-Muluk, or, Siyasat-nama of Nizam al-Mulk, Niẓām al-Mulk, Hubert Darke, pg. 14
1252:
1160:
758:
1503:
506:
Ismail decided to take advantage of the caliph's grant by sending an army to Tabaristan, which was then controlled by the
1498:
1111:
1181:
1134:
1087:
1066:
526:
Zaydid supporters. Instead, the Samanids took over the province. The Samanid conquest brought along a restoration of
1018:
The modern Uzbeks: from the fourteenth century to the present : a cultural history, by Edward Allworth, pg. 19
1424:
537:
and cousin Abu'l-Abbas Abdullah into northern Persia in 901, including Tabaristan, forcing Muhammad to flee to
20:
1513:
1384:
533:
However, Ismail's general Muhammad ibn Harun shortly revolted, forcing Ismail to send an army under his son
1508:
1245:
431:. Ismail and other Samanid rulers propagated Islam amongst the inhabitants and as many as 30,000 tents of
287:
era. However, this was possibly a mere attempt to enhance their lineage. They may originally have been of
847:
Tabaḳāt-i-nāsiri: a general history of the Muhammadan dynastics of Asia, pg. 1, By Minhāj Sirāj Jūzjānī
280:
498:
911:
420:
53:
318:, who ascended the Samanid throne in 864/5. During Nasr's reign, Ismail was sent to take control of
1483:
1052:
519:
301:
1238:
619:
883:
Muslim reformist political thought: revivalists, modernists and free will By Sarfraz Khan, p. 11
522:). His corpse was decapitated, and his head was sent to Ismail at the Samanid court at Bukhara.
292:
part of their aim to spread the belief that their rule was a continuum of the Sasanian Empire.
1148:
1122:
1076:
Daryaee, Touraj; Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). "The Sasanian Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.).
240:(900–907). His reign saw the emergence of the Samanids as a powerful force. He was the son of
1171:
326:. The citizens of the city welcomed Ismail, seeing him as someone who could bring stability.
466:. The letter had a profound effect on Ismail, as he was determined to oppose the Saffarids.
675:
338:; in the caliph's eyes, Nasr was the only legitimate ruler of the region. Furthermore, the
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8:
1493:
1488:
1432:
1408:
1230:
455:
680:
663:
655:
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557:. Ismail then appointed his cousin Abu'l-Abbas Abdullah as the governor of Tabaristan.
1468:
1376:
1311:
1177:
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1083:
1062:
754:
592:
514:. Muhammad and his army met the Samanid army under Muhammad ibn Harun al-Sarakhsi at
511:
149:
137:
1079:
King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE)
1463:
1328:
1144:
998:
463:
365:
237:
198:
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After a long sickness Ismail died on 24 November 907 and was succeeded by his son
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579:. Ismail gave enormous amounts of booty and riches to others, and kept nothing.
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1287:
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487:
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311:
249:
241:
226:
176:
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66:
1153:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
1127:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
1058:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
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1352:
1279:
1222:
709:
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576:
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94:
541:. The Samanid army also managed to conquer several other cities including
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himself asked the caliph for the investiture of Transoxiana. The caliph,
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245:
233:
186:
628:
550:
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483:
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428:
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385:
355:
339:
874:
A history of Persia, Volume 2, By Sir Percy Molesworth Sykes, pg. 90
1392:
1212:
856:
The historical, social and economic setting, By M.S. Asimov, pg. 78
659:
612:
424:
323:
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background. The family itself claimed to be the descendants of the
110:
322:, which had been devastated by looting on the part of forces from
1360:
899:, Vol.4, ed. R. N. Frye, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 138.
713:
408:
393:
319:
307:
273:
269:
161:
141:
126:
955:
Ibn Khallikan's biographical dictionary By Ibn Khallikān, pg.328
946:
Ibn Khallikan's biographical dictionary By Ibn Khallikān, pg.329
1400:
1336:
1201:
685:
546:
538:
515:
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448:
416:
411:, taking large numbers of slaves and livestock. In addition, a
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theology greatly cultivated during Ismail's reign, as numerous
377:
343:
331:
315:
84:
829:
773:
Encyclopaedic Survey of Islamic Culture, pg. 84 Mohammad Taher
248:, the eponymous ancestor of the Samanid dynasty who renounced
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554:
470:
436:
404:
389:
381:
265:
253:
1324:
1208:
1155:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–249.
1129:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 136–161.
1055:(1975). "The Ṭāhirids and Ṣaffārids". In Frye, R.N. (ed.).
937:
History of Islam (Vol 3) By Akbar Shah Najeebabadi, pg. 330
607:
According to a Bukharian historian writing in 943, Ismail:
563:
229:
62:
1260:
1061:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–135.
712:". In the second half of the 5th-century, they controlled
1082:. UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. pp. 1–236.
817:
451:
missionaries to expand their activities in the region.
1173:
ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity
807:
805:
803:
788:
549:, though subsequent rulers lost the territory to the
205:; May 849 – 24 November 907), better known simply as
907:
905:
708:
were a tribal group that was most prominent of the "
493:
1021:
965:The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VII
800:
776:
356:Consolidation of power in Transoxiana and Khorasan
902:
330:did so because Nasr had been the one to whom the
1455:
1075:
835:
388:into Persian was completed during Samanid rule.
1176:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–256.
913:ESMĀʿĪL, b. Aḥmad b. Asad SĀMĀNĪ, ABŪ EBRĀHĪM
1246:
1103:A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East
220:
210:
33:
1006:, pg. 104, Lahore Sangmil Publications 2004
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865:Atlas of the year 1000, By John Man, pg. 78
1253:
1239:
975:
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35:
16:Amir of the Samanid Empire from 892 to 907
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1479:10th-century monarchs in the Middle East
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195:Abū Ibrāhīm Ismā'īl ibn-i Aḥmad-i Sāmāni
1474:9th-century monarchs in the Middle East
970:
268:, which suggests that they came from a
1456:
1149:"The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran"
716:and also seemingly chunks of southern
658: 100 banknote. Also, the highest
1446:indicates usurpers or rival claimants
1234:
1096:
1009:
811:
794:
782:
751:A Textbook of Medieval Indian History
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334:had given the formal investiture of
1106:. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.
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211:
202:
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203:ابو ابراهیم اسماعیل بن احمد سامانی
14:
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611:Was indeed worthy and right for
419:. He also brought an end to the
403:In 893, Ismail took the city of
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56:mint. Dated AH 280 (893-4 CE).
52:Coinage of Isma'il ibn Ahmad,
1:
897:The Cambridge History of Iran
727:
295:
259:
1170:Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017).
979:Madelung (1993), pp. 595–597
836:Daryaee & Rezakhani 2017
753:. Primus Books. p. 62.
595:, the burial site of Ismail.
415:church was converted into a
264:The Samanids were native to
76:August 892 – 24 November 907
7:
1504:10th-century Iranian people
669:
368:and its surrounding regions
10:
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1499:9th-century Iranian people
1045:
314:, and had a brother named
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281:Seven Great Houses of Iran
18:
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1323:
1273:Regional rulers (819–857)
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421:Principality of Ushrusana
310:in 849—he was the son of
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469:The two sides fought in
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302:Samanid Civil War of 888
1151:. In Frye, R.N. (ed.).
1125:. In Frye, R.N. (ed.).
988:Madelung (1975), p. 207
749:Sen, Sailendra (2013).
634:The celebrated scholar
283:during the pre-Islamic
1436:(pretender, 1000–1004)
915:, C. Edmund Bosworth,
648:
642:, stated that Ismail:
638:, in his famous work,
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917:Encyclopaedia Iranica
644:
622:
609:
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407:, the capital of the
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215:), and also known as
1514:Iranian slave owners
502:Map of northern Iran
244:and a descendant of
19:For other uses, see
1509:People from Fergana
1409:Abd al-Aziz ibn Nuh
1121:Frye, R.N. (1975).
714:Tukharistan/Bactria
604:and other enemies.
447:raids, and allowed
306:Ismail was born in
279:family, one of the
217:Isma'il ibn-i Ahmad
681:Ismoil Somoni Peak
664:Ismoil Somoni Peak
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1312:Ibrahim ibn Ilyas
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1220:Succeeded by
1162:978-0-521-20093-6
797:, pp. 66–67.
760:978-9-38060-734-4
676:Al-Sawad al-A'zam
593:Samanid Mausoleum
530:in the province.
512:Muhammad ibn Zayd
427:control over the
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207:Ismail-i Samani
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1261:Rulers of the
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1123:"The Sāmānids"
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1053:Bosworth, C.E.
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785:, p. 66.
784:
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736:
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719:
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636:Nizam al-Mulk
630:
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621:
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55:
49:
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29:Ismail Samani
27:
22:
21:Ismoil Somoni
1353:Ahmad Samani
1344:
1280:Nuh ibn Asad
1223:Ahmad Samani
1207:
1172:
1152:
1145:Madelung, W.
1126:
1102:
1078:
1057:
1035:
1023:
997:
993:
984:
964:
960:
951:
942:
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916:
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893:The Samanids
892:
888:
879:
870:
861:
852:
843:
831:
819:
790:
778:
769:
750:
744:
735:
710:Iranian Huns
706:Hephthalites
700:
649:
645:
633:
613:padishahship
610:
606:
598:
577:Ahmad Samani
574:
562:
559:
535:Ahmad Samani
532:
524:
505:
468:
456:'Amr-i Laith
453:
423:, extending
409:Karluk Turks
402:
400:were built.
371:
328:
305:
263:
216:
206:
194:
193:
155:Ahmad Samani
95:Ahmad Samani
718:Transoxiana
640:Siyasatnama
627:bill, from
602:Karakhanids
528:Sunni Islam
520:Abu'l-Faraj
475:Afghanistan
473:, northern
460:Al-Mu'tadid
336:Transoxiana
289:Hephthalite
246:Saman Khuda
234:Transoxiana
225:), was the
187:Sunni Islam
122:(907-11-24)
81:Predecessor
1494:907 deaths
1489:849 births
1458:Categories
1428:(999–1004)
812:Foltz 2019
795:Foltz 2019
783:Foltz 2019
728:References
629:Tajikistan
551:Daylamites
480:Tabaristan
300:See also:
296:Early life
260:Background
1420:(997–999)
1417:Mansur II
1404:(976–997)
1396:(961–976)
1388:(954–961)
1372:(943–954)
1364:(914–943)
1356:(907–914)
1348:(892–907)
1340:(864–892)
1315:(856–867)
1307:(819–856)
1299:(819–864)
1291:(819–855)
1283:(819–841)
1266:(819–999)
1028:Frye 1975
413:Nestorian
398:madrassas
340:Saffarids
91:Successor
54:Usrushana
1469:Samanids
1393:Mansur I
1329:Khorasan
1213:Samanids
1147:(1975).
1100:(2019).
670:See also
660:mountain
464:Khorasan
441:Afrighid
366:Khorasan
324:Khwarezm
308:Farghana
285:Sasanian
274:Parthian
270:Bactrian
238:Khorasan
183:Religion
167:Samanids
111:Farghana
1464:Hanafis
1361:Nasr II
1211:of the
1046:Sources
508:Zaydids
488:Isfahan
445:Turkish
425:Samanid
394:mosques
364:Map of
320:Bukhara
227:Samanid
199:Persian
162:Dynasty
142:Bukhara
127:Bukhara
108:May 849
65:of the
1401:Nuh II
1337:Nasr I
1202:Nasr I
1180:
1159:
1133:
1110:
1086:
1065:
757:
686:Somoni
652:Soviet
625:somoni
583:Legacy
547:Qazvin
539:Daylam
516:Gurgan
510:under
486:, and
449:Muslim
417:mosque
386:Qur'an
378:Sistan
374:Kirman
344:Sistan
332:Caliph
316:Nasr I
277:Mihran
173:Father
133:Burial
85:Nasr I
1412:(992)
1380:(947)
1369:Nuh I
1325:Amirs
692:Notes
571:Death
555:Kurds
471:Balkh
437:Islam
433:Turks
405:Talas
390:Sunni
382:Kabul
351:Reign
266:Balkh
254:Islam
150:Issue
73:Reign
1209:Amir
1178:ISBN
1157:ISBN
1131:ISBN
1108:ISBN
1084:ISBN
1063:ISBN
755:ISBN
704:The
623:100
564:amir
553:and
545:and
396:and
380:and
230:amir
117:Died
105:Born
63:Amir
1327:of
1002:by
543:Ray
484:Ray
342:of
232:of
1460::
1011:^
972:^
904:^
802:^
720:.
666:.
656:SM
567:.
490:.
482:,
376:,
256:.
201::
140:,
1254:e
1247:t
1240:v
1186:.
1165:.
1139:.
1116:.
1092:.
1071:.
763:.
219:(
209:(
197:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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