968:
1532:." The dhimmah served as a sort of alliance between Muslims and non-Muslims. In the earlier treaties of the dhimmah, both groups were viewed as equal in status and both were obligated to help the other. However, in later treaties, after Islam had gained more power throughout Arabia, the dhimmah was perceived as the fulfilment of the religious duties of Muslims along with the payment of zakat. With the new contract of dhimmah, non-Muslims' protection by God and Muhammad became dependent on their payment.
924:
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develop an ummah that was universal and not only for Arabs. Muhammad saw his purpose as the transmission of a divine message and the leadership of the
Islamic nation. Islam sees Muhammad as the messenger to the ummah, transmitting a divine message, and implying that God is directing the life affairs of the ummah. Accordingly, the purpose of the ummah was to be based on religion by following the commands of God, rather than kinship.
1607:
913:
1506:, suggested that Muhammad's initial intentions upon arriving in Medina was to establish a mosque, however this is unlikely. Tabari also claimed that Muhammad observed the first Friday prayer in Medina. It occurred on Friday because Friday served as a market day in Medina to enable Jews to observe the sabbath. Membership to the
1482:, the community was welcomed in Medina by the Ansar, a group of Pagans who had converted to Islam. Despite Medina already being occupied by numerous Jews and polytheistic tribes, the arrival of Muhammad and his followers provoked no opposition from Medina's residents. Upon arriving in Medina, Muhammad established the
1570:
is not strictly a religious nation in Medina. The
Constitution of Medina lists the various Medinan tribes derived from the Aws and Khazraj as well as the several Jewish tribes that are granted to keep their tribal organization and leadership. The document also reveals that each group, the Muslims and
1420:
and
Muhammad's command to take a pilgrimage to Mecca, along with the redirection of prayer from Jerusalem to Mecca. The period in which the term is used most often is within the Third Meccan Period, followed by the Medinian Period. The extensive use of the term during both time periods indicates that
1523:
in Mecca) due to its variety of beliefs and practices of its members. The purpose of the
Constitution of Medina was to uphold political obligations and social relations between the various tribes. The community members in Medina, although not derived from the same faith, were committed to each other
1319:
emerged and along with it the concept of the ummah. The ummah emerged according to the idea that a messenger or prophet has been sent to a nation. Unlike earlier messengers, who had been sent to various nations in the past (as can be found among the
Prophets in the Old Testament), Muhammad sought to
1524:
through a desire to defend the common good of the nation. In other words, the nation was united according to preserve its shared interests. The people of other religious beliefs, particularly those that are considered to be "People of the Book" were granted the special protection of God through the
1359:, and they almost always refer to ethical, linguistic, or religious bodies of people who are subject to the divine plan of salvation. The meaning of the term appears to transform throughout the chronology of the Qur'an. When it is first used in the Qur'an, it is hardly distinguishable from the term
1594:
The essentials of the new society were the new relations between human beings and God and between human beings and one another. The society was held together by the
Prophet. Feuding among Muslim clans was forbidden. Muhammad's nation was designed to transform the world itself through action in the
1544:
is a document created by
Muhammad to regulate social and political life in Medina. It deals with various tribal issues such as the organization and leadership of the participating tribal groups, warfare, blood money, ransom of captives, and war expenditures. It is at the beginning of the document
1469:
Initially, it did not appear that the new Muslim nation would oppose the tribes that already existed in Mecca. The first
Muslims did not need to make a break with traditional Quraysh customs since the vision for the new nation included moral norms that were not unfamiliar to the tribal society of
1565:
as the
Muslims. The document does state that the Jews who join the Muslims will receive aid and equal rights. In addition, the Jews will be guaranteed security from the Muslims, and are granted to maintain their own religion just as the Muslims will maintain theirs. This implies that the
1510:
was not restricted to adhering to the Muslim faith but rather encompassed all of the tribes as long as they vowed to recognize
Muhammad as the nation and political figure of authority. The Constitution of Medina declared that the Jewish tribes and the Muslims from Medina formed 'one
1315:, before the conception of the ummah, Arab communities were typically governed by kinship. In other words, the political ideology of the Arabs centred on tribal affiliations and blood-relations. In the midst of a tribal society, the religion of
1375:
begins simply with a general application of the word, it gradually develops to reference a general religious community and then evolves to specifically refer to the Muslim nation. Before it referred exclusively to Muslims, the
1583:
required a commitment to Islam. This happened as a result of Islam beginning to distinguish itself not just from Paganism but also Judaism and Christianity by emphasizing a model of nation based on
2339:
408:
147:
1244:, "One Nation") refers to all the Islamic world as it existed at the time. The Quran says: "You are the best nation brought out for Mankind, commanding what is righteous (
1161:
differs from the concept of a country or people. In its greater context it is used to describe a larger group of people. For example, in Arabic the word شعب
2399:
1092:
typically refers to a single group that shares common religious beliefs, specifically those that are the objects of a divine plan of salvation. The word
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was now based on two main principles; the first is to worship God alone and secondly, in order to worship God properly one must be in a guided nation.
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may be referring to a unity of mankind through the shared beliefs of the monotheistic religions. However, Denny points out that the most recent
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contract. These other religious groups were guaranteed security by God and Muhammad because of their common religious history as being the "
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Mecca. However, what distinguished this community from the tribes was its focus of the place of those morals within a person's life.
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in the Qur'an refers to the Muslims as the "best nation" and accordingly led to it being as an exclusive reference to Islam.
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that the Muslims from the Quraysh (those from Mecca) and the Muslims from Yathrib (those from Medina) are declared to be an
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with the various tribal leaders in order to form the Meccan immigrants and the Medinan residents into a single nation, the
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O messengers, eat from the good foods and work righteousness. Indeed, I, of what you do, am Knowing. And indeed this, your
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appears again when the document refers to the treaty of the Jews and states that the Yahūd Banī ' Awf, or Jews, are an
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the Jews, is responsible for its own finances except during time of war, when the two are able to share expenses.
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was composed of a variety of people and beliefs essentially making it to be supra-tribal. Islamic historian,
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1724:. Vol. 9, no. 1. American University in Cairo: The Middle East Studies Program. Archived from
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encompassed Jewish and Christian communities as one with the Muslims and referred to them as the
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to specify the genuine Muslim nation. Furthermore, the early Meccan passages generally equate
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Ummah can be a supra-national polity with a common history and identity based on religion.
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Bearman, P.; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (2013). "'Umma'".
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1715:"Ottomanism, Pan-Islamism, and the Caliphate; Discourse at the Turn of the 20th Century"
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has a messenger that has been sent to relay a divine message to the nation and that all
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2113:"Translation and Meaning of qawm (people) in English Arabic Dictionary of terms Page 2"
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This article is about the Islamic concept. For the hip hop production collective, see
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as religion, but in the Medinan passages refer more specifically to the relations of
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Denny, Frederick Mathewson (August 1975). "The Meaning of 'Ummah' in the Qur'an".
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1080:'the Islamic nation'); it is commonly used to mean the collective community of
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1157:, "people"), which means a nation with common ancestry or geography. The word
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word meaning muslim identity, nation, religious community or the concept of a
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1408:. As the Muslims became stronger during their residence in Medina, the Arab
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2131:"Surat Al-Mu'minun [23:51–52] – The Noble Qur'an – القرآن الكريم"
1830:"ترجمة و معنى nation في قاموس المعاني. قاموس عربي انجليزي مصطلحات صفحة 1"
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to a single tribe or religious affiliation as had been the case when the
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exclusively for Muslims. That is evidenced by the resacralisation of the
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Al-Rasheed, Madawi; Kersten, Carool; Shterin, Marat (11 December 2012).
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2011:
Demystifying the Caliphate: Historical Memory and Contemporary Contexts
1363:, which can be translated to 'people'. The Qur'an recognizes that each
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first developed in Mecca, the Constitution of Medina ensured that the
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under the leadership of a political successor to the Islamic prophet
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The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization
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After Muhammad and the first converts to Islam were forced to leave
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Arabic term used to refer to the collective nation of Muslim people
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was purely secular (compared to the later transformation of the
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s await God's ultimate judgment. Although the meaning of the
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42:
1993:
Kadi, Wadad; Shahin, Aram A. (2013). "Caliph, caliphate".
1011:
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The History of al-Tabari: The Foundation of the Community
1113:. For example, the Arabic term for the United Nations is
2007:
1995:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
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in the context of all of the messengers and that their
2345:
1909:
Serjeant, R. B. (1964). "The Constitution of Medina".
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After the Muslim takeover of Mecca, membership in the
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The definition of 'Ummah' is the unity of the Muslims
2263:, vol. VII, Albany: State University of New York
2232:
The children of Abraham: Judaism, Christianity, Islam
1169:("people") would be used to describe the citizens of
1789:
E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936
1602:
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developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires.
1277:, an early document said to have been negotiated by
1257:, lit. "recognized ") and forbidding what is wrong (
1130:
1119:
1815:
E.J. Brill's First Encyclopedia of Islam, 1913–1936
1421:Muhammad had begun to arrive at the concept of the
1014:
1008:
2321:Lecker, Michael (2013). "Constitution of Medina".
2275:
1856:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 118.
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3216:
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1433:and religion. The final passage that refers to
1404:that receives a messenger from God is the Arab
2221:
1708:
1706:
1561:of the Muslims or may be included in the same
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2183:. Cranberry, NJ: Associated University Press.
2084:(1). The University of Chicago Press: 34–70.
946:
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1245:
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516:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
2259:Watt, W. Montgomery; M.V. McDonald (1987),
2196:Studies in Islamic History and Institutions
2181:The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians under Islam
1969:Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices
1703:
1323:Immediately after Muhammad's death in 632,
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1460:(nation), and I am your Lord, so fear Me.
1196:advocates for the unity of Muslims in one
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2165:. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago.
1986:
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1781:
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1351:There are 62 instances in which the term
810:Liberal and reform movements within Islam
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1972:. Indiana University Press. p. 18.
1966:Nigosian, Solomon A. (29 January 2004).
1965:
1946:
1944:
1908:
1440:A verse in the Qur'an also mentions the
1392:, regardless of religion, to be of "one
966:
3235:Islamic concepts of religious geography
2282:. Albany: State University of New York.
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1942:
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1135:is used to refer to "the Arab Nation".
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2014:. Oxford University Press. p. 3.
1768:
1646:List of countries by Muslim population
1490:. Rather than limiting members of the
1273:The usage is further clarified by the
2696:
2354:
2293:Esposito, John L. (2004). ""Ummah"".
2174:
2172:
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1152:
1100:
1033:
1950:
1921:
1891:
1396:". In those passages of the Qur'an,
1281:in CE 622 with the leading clans of
2295:The Islamic World: Past and Present
1661:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1515:.' It is possible that the Medinan
1259:
1246:
1240:
1218:Enjoining good and forbidding wrong
1148:
1126:
1115:
1072:
1051:
1030:
24:
3225:Arabic words and phrases in Sharia
2297:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2198:. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill.
2169:
1388:which declares all members of the
528:Principles of State and Government
504:The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate
25:
3246:
2333:
2278:Muhammad and the Origins of Islam
1854:: The Origin of Holy War in Islam
1751:"Rohingyas and the Myth of Ummah"
453:List of Islamic political parties
2346:Online Islamic Learning Resource
2161:Hodgson, Marshall G. S. (1974).
2110:
2046:(Second ed.). Brill Online.
1827:
1689:(9th ed.). Chambers. 2003.
1605:
1574:
1004:
922:
911:
2286:
2267:
2187:
2123:
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2001:
1959:
1902:
1631:Divisions of the world in Islam
2235:. Princeton University Press.
1885:
1870:
1840:
1821:
1806:
1743:
1678:
1384:. That is supplemented by the
13:
1:
3146:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani
3136:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas
2727:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
1671:
1185:as well as the people of the
670:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
2813:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
1951:Watt, W. Montgomery (1972).
1892:Watt, W. Montgomery (1956).
1879:Encyclopedia of Islam Online
1296:
1138:Ummah is distinguished from
7:
1850:
1792:. Brill. pp. 125–126.
1713:Bissenove (February 2004).
1636:Islamic missionary activity
1598:
1288:
1265:
1252:
1229:
1181:as a whole, which includes
1164:
1141:
1131:
1120:
1065:
1057:
996:
464:Militant Islamism based in
10:
3251:
3091:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei
2991:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi
2905:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi
2342:(archived 20 October 2007)
1955:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1898:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1847:Firestone, Reuven (1999).
1557:that exists alongside the
1300:
1215:
780:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
448:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan
36:
29:
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2839:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
2831:
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2527:
2392:
2388:
1473:
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1331:emerged. Caliphates were
1327:were established and the
1270:, lit. "recognized ")" .
894:Islam and other religions
404:International propagation
143:International propagation
1813:Houtsma, M. Th. (1987).
1651:Muslim population growth
1587:. The membership of the
1549:or one nation. The word
1464:
1212:Islamic usage and origin
1177:is used to describe the
556:Governance of the Jurist
37:Not to be confused with
2823:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
2772:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
2732:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri
1786:Houtsma, M. Th (1987).
1687:The Chambers Dictionary
1062:). It is a synonym for
1047:of the Muslim Believers
660:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī
3156:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri
3106:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
3067:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
2935:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
2762:Abu Sulayman Sijistani
2584:Transcendent theosophy
2194:Goitein, S.D. (1968).
1626:Constitution of Medina
1542:Constitution of Medina
1536:Constitution of Medina
1484:Constitution of Medina
1462:
1386:Constitution of Medina
1275:Constitution of Medina
1132:al-Ummah al-ʻArabiyyah
990:
725:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
161:Islamic fundamentalism
2940:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi
2323:Encyclopedia of Islam
2274:Peters, F.E. (1994).
2044:Encyclopedia of Islam
1731:on September 23, 2015
1450:
1216:Further information:
1121:al-Umam al-Muttaḥidah
970:
798:Criticism of Islamism
792:Criticism of Islamism
710:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek
637:Hibatullah Akhundzada
3171:Reza Davari Ardakani
3047:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji
2981:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki
2930:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
2844:Afdal al-Din Kashani
2078:History of Religions
1355:is mentioned in the
1173:. However, the term
597:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
554:Islamic Government:
3131:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
3052:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani
3042:Mohsen Fayz Kashani
3001:Sayyid Haydar Amuli
2511:Medieval psychology
2483:Natural philosophy
2179:Ye'or, Bat (1985).
929:Politics portal
882:Islam and modernity
558:("Velayat-e faqih")
540:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq
3141:Abdolkarim Soroush
2986:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi
2900:Hajji Bektash Wali
2436:medieval astronomy
2382:Islamic philosophy
2223:Peters, Francis E.
1953:Muhammad at Medina
1895:Muhammad at Medina
1530:People of the Book
1382:People of the Book
991:
827:Khaled Abu al-Fadl
803:Criticism of Islam
665:Qazi Hussain Ahmad
483:Sub-Saharan Africa
443:Muslim Brotherhood
428:Iranian Revolution
338:Islamic Golden Age
191:Islamic governance
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3057:Rajab Ali Tabrizi
2996:Mahmud Shabistari
2976:Jalaladdin Davani
2925:Nasir al-Din Tusi
2747:Abu Hatim al-Razi
2688:
2687:
2242:978-0-691-12769-9
2227:Esposito, John L.
2021:978-0-19-932795-9
1979:978-0-253-11074-9
1911:Islamic Quarterly
1456:(nation), is one
1412:narrowed into an
1079:
1073:أمّةْ الإِسْلَامُ
1058:ummat al-muʼminīn
963:
962:
837:Abdelwahab Meddeb
765:Haji Shariatullah
730:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
715:Abul A'la Maududi
705:Ruhollah Khomeini
685:Rached Ghannouchi
617:Alija Izetbegović
602:Ruhollah Khomeini
509:Rashīd Rīďha 1922
409:by country/region
298:Two-nation theory
250:Islamic terrorism
211:Islamic socialism
201:Islamic democracy
177:Apostasy in Islam
148:by country/region
18:Islamic community
16:(Redirected from
3242:
3186:Hasanzadeh Amoli
3181:Mostafa Malekian
3151:Taha Abdurrahman
3126:Ismail al-Faruqi
3084:
3006:Dawūd al-Qayṣarī
2737:Abu Bakr al-Razi
2712:
2711:
2694:
2693:
2519:
2506:Medieval science
2501:
2486:
2468:
2458:
2421:
2410:
2390:
2389:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2327:
2326:
2318:
2299:
2298:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2219:
2200:
2199:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2158:
2139:
2138:
2135:legacy.quran.com
2127:
2121:
2120:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2073:
2048:
2047:
2039:
2026:
2025:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1919:
1918:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1853:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1783:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1755:Kashmir Observer
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1730:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1682:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1291:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1167:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1104:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1037:
1035:[ˈʊm.mæ]
1032:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
999:
989:, 2022 estimates
974:– population of
955:
948:
941:
927:
926:
918:Islam portal
916:
915:
914:
820:in North America
770:Hassan Al-Turabi
720:Abul Hasan Nadwi
328:Anti-imperialism
226:Islamic republic
221:Islamic monarchy
206:Islamic feminism
65:
59:
58:
48:
47:
21:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3200:
3166:Fouad Zakariyya
3161:Mohammed Arkoun
3116:Frithjof Schuon
3082:
3076:
3062:Qazi Sa’id Qumi
3015:
2949:
2888:
2827:
2776:
2706:
2684:
2598:
2557:Illuminationism
2523:
2517:
2499:
2484:
2467:(jurisprudence)
2466:
2456:
2419:
2408:
2384:
2379:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2319:
2302:
2291:
2287:
2272:
2268:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2220:
2203:
2192:
2188:
2177:
2170:
2159:
2142:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2117:www.almaany.com
2111:Team, Almaany.
2109:
2105:
2074:
2051:
2040:
2029:
2022:
2006:
2002:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1964:
1960:
1949:
1922:
1907:
1903:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1845:
1841:
1834:www.almaany.com
1828:Team, Almaany.
1826:
1822:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1784:
1769:
1760:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1717:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1577:
1538:
1476:
1467:
1349:
1311:At the time of
1309:
1301:Main articles:
1299:
1224:
1214:
1202:Islamic country
1154:[ˈʃæʕb]
1124:, and the term
1102:[ˈʊmæm]
1007:
1003:
959:
921:
912:
910:
904:
903:
877:
867:
866:
793:
785:
784:
680:Hassan al-Banna
650:
642:
641:
592:Muammar Gaddafi
577:
569:
568:
555:
498:
490:
489:
433:Jamaat-e-Islami
356:
348:
347:
343:Islamic revival
318:
310:
309:
267:Political Islam
172:
164:
163:
157:
138:Salafi movement
116:
108:
107:
73:
61:
60:
52:
51:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3248:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3096:Muhammad Iqbal
3093:
3087:
3085:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3072:Hādī Sabzavārī
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3032:Mir Fendereski
3029:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2757:Ikhwan al-Safa
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2708:
2707:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2589:Traditionalist
2586:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2493:
2488:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2460:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2423:
2412:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2335:
2334:External links
2332:
2329:
2328:
2300:
2285:
2266:
2248:
2241:
2201:
2186:
2168:
2140:
2122:
2103:
2090:10.1086/462733
2049:
2027:
2020:
2000:
1985:
1978:
1958:
1920:
1901:
1884:
1869:
1862:
1839:
1820:
1805:
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1600:
1597:
1576:
1573:
1537:
1534:
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1472:
1466:
1463:
1348:
1345:
1333:Islamic states
1298:
1295:
1213:
1210:
1066:ummat al-Islām
961:
960:
958:
957:
950:
943:
935:
932:
931:
906:
905:
902:
901:
896:
891:
890:
889:
878:
875:Related topics
873:
872:
869:
868:
865:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
842:Maryam Namazie
839:
834:
829:
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794:
791:
790:
787:
786:
783:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
745:Ata Abu Rashta
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
695:Muhammad Iqbal
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
655:Muhammad Abduh
651:
649:Key ideologues
648:
647:
644:
643:
640:
639:
634:
632:House of Thani
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
587:Omar al-Bashir
584:
578:
576:Heads of state
575:
574:
571:
570:
567:
566:
549:
542:("Milestones")
536:
524:
512:
499:
496:
495:
492:
491:
488:
487:
486:
485:
480:
478:Southeast Asia
475:
470:
456:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
423:Hizb ut-Tahrir
414:
413:
412:
411:
406:
396:
394:Sahwa movement
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
369:Dawat-e-Islami
366:
357:
354:
353:
350:
349:
346:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
323:Anti-communism
319:
316:
315:
312:
311:
308:
307:
300:
295:
288:
281:
276:
275:
274:
264:
259:
258:
257:
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208:
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67:
66:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3247:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
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3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2884:Shams Tabrizi
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2818:Nasir Khusraw
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Ibn Miskawayh
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
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2437:
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2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2324:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2296:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2270:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2175:
2173:
2164:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2045:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1873:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1817:. E.J. Brill.
1816:
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1709:
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1696:0-550-10105-5
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1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1603:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:Back to Mecca
1572:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1522:
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1399:
1395:
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1387:
1383:
1379:
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1370:
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1362:
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1354:
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1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1256:
1254:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1230:Ummah Wāhidah
1223:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1206:Islamic state
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1160:
1155:
1145:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1127:الأمة العربية
1122:
1116:الأمم المتحدة
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:Muslim people
1069:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1028:
1022:
1001:
1000:
998:
988:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
956:
951:
949:
944:
942:
937:
936:
934:
933:
930:
925:
920:
919:
908:
907:
900:
897:
895:
892:
888:
885:
884:
883:
880:
879:
876:
871:
870:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
847:Maajid Nawaaz
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
811:
808:
804:
801:
800:
799:
796:
795:
789:
788:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
755:Navvab Safavi
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
740:Tariq Ramadan
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
690:Safwat Hegazi
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
675:Muhammad Asad
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
646:
645:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
627:House of Saud
625:
623:
622:Mohammed Omar
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
607:Mohamed Morsi
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3230:Pan-Islamism
3196:Partawi Shah
3191:Javadi Amoli
3176:Ahmad Fardid
3121:Martin Lings
2971:Hajji Bayram
2945:Ibn Taymiyya
2874:Omar Khayyám
2859:Ayn-al-Quzat
2854:Ahmad Yasavi
2767:Ibn Masarrah
2701:by century (
2699:Philosophers
2679:
2594:Contemporary
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1759:. Retrieved
1757:. 2017-01-05
1754:
1745:
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1726:the original
1721:
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1666:Pan-Islamism
1656:Muslim world
1613:Islam portal
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1052:أمة المؤمنين
1045:Commonwealth
1043:
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993:
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987:subdivisions
964:
909:
899:Islamophobia
775:Ahmed Yassin
760:Ali Shariati
700:Ali Khamenei
582:Ali Khamenei
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374:Ahl-i Hadith
358:
333:Anti-Zionism
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262:Pan-Islamism
242:
237:of knowledge
233:Islamization
181:
72:Fundamentals
3111:René Guénon
3101:Gohar Shahi
3037:Mulla Sadra
2961:Ibn Khaldun
2572:metaphysics
2518:(mysticism)
2500:(education)
2478:Metaphysics
2457:(dialectic)
2443:Eschatology
2420:(intellect)
1226:The phrase
1179:Arab people
862:Bassam Tibi
857:Olivier Roy
750:Rashid Rida
735:Sayyid Qutb
521:Iqbal 1930s
468:MENA region
438:Millî Görüş
3219:Categories
2966:Yunus Emre
2910:Ibn Sab’in
2879:Suhrawardi
2869:Ibn Tufail
2788:Al-Ghazali
2742:Apharabius
2577:psychology
2547:Avicennism
2409:(theology)
1863:0195125800
1799:9004082654
1761:2021-03-30
1672:References
1325:Caliphates
1187:Arab World
980:percentage
852:Sam Harris
832:Farag Foda
612:Zia ul-Haq
473:South Asia
384:Madkhalism
359:Scholastic
317:Influences
131:Khomeinism
115:Ideologies
103:Secularism
3027:Mir Damad
3020:17th–19th
2954:14th–16th
2920:al-Abharī
2915:Ibn Arabi
2849:Ahi Evren
2808:Bahmanyār
2567:cosmology
2552:Averroism
2485:(physics)
2431:astrology
2426:Cosmology
2098:162244982
1735:April 26,
1621:Caliphate
1307:Caliphate
1297:Emergence
1241:أمة واحدة
1084:. In the
887:Modernism
815:in Europe
546:Qutb 1965
533:Asad 1961
497:Key texts
417:Political
399:Wahhabism
355:Movements
196:Caliphate
93:Economics
32:The Ummah
2864:Averroes
2803:Ibn Hazm
2798:Avicenna
2752:Al Amiri
2722:Al-Kindi
2715:9th–10th
2625:ʼIjtihād
2610:ʻAṣabīya
2603:Concepts
2542:Farabism
2497:Madrasah
2325:. Three.
2229:(2006).
1997:: 81–86.
1722:BARQIYYA
1685:"umma".
1599:See also
1341:polities
1339:. These
1337:Muhammad
1313:Muhammad
1279:Muhammad
1105:) means
1038:) is an
459:Militant
379:Deobandi
255:Jihadism
171:Concepts
121:Islamism
98:Politics
63:Islamism
55:a series
53:Part of
3083:present
2645:Maslaha
2529:Schools
2516:Sufism
2400:Alchemy
1595:world.
1585:Abraham
1526:dhimmah
1234:in the
1183:Syrians
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272:aspects
235: (
126:Qutbism
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2491:Peace
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1718:(PDF)
1641:Kafir
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244:Jihad
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