1087:
8624:
1284:
4264:
4244:
1456:
8600:
1559:
8588:
344:
8564:
33:
1527:, the director of the Manhattan Project, who was willing to go along with a new national laboratory, but only one. Moreover, while the Manhattan Project still had funds, the wartime organization was expected to be phased out when a new authority came into existence. After some bargaining and lobbying by Rabi and others, the two groups came together in January 1946. Eventually nine universities (Columbia, Cornell, Harvard,
8612:
811:, a simple procedure often done by elementary school students. The crystals then had to be prepared by skillfully cutting them into sections with facets that had an orientation different from the internal structure of the crystal, and the response to a magnetic field had to be painstakingly measured. While his crystals were growing, Rabi read
1650:
So it didn't seem to me the sort of thing that called for this kind of proceeding... against a man who has accomplished what Dr. Oppenheimer has accomplished. There is a real positive record... We have an A-bomb and a whole series of it, and we have a whole series of super bombs, and what more do you
1143:
Rabi's first daughter, Helen
Elizabeth, was born in September 1929. A second girl, Margaret Joella, followed in 1934. Between his teaching duties and his family, he had little time for research, and published no papers in his first year at Columbia, but was nonetheless promoted to assistant professor
1365:
by March. This was done; the technological obstacles were gradually overcome, and a working US microwave radar set was produced. The magnetron was further developed on both sides of the
Atlantic to permit a reduction in wavelength from 150 cm to 10 cm, and then to 3 cm. The laboratory
1010:
in 1943. Their research involved non-uniform magnetic fields, which were difficult to manipulate and hard to measure accurately. Rabi devised a method of using a uniform field instead, with the molecular beam at a glancing angle, so the atoms would be deflected like light through a prism. This would
825:
into a solution whose magnetic susceptibility could be varied between two magnetic poles. When it matched that of the crystal, the magnet could be turned on and off without disturbing the crystal. The new method not only required much less work, it also produced a more accurate result. Rabi sent his
1360:
Loomis and DuBridge recruited physicists for the new laboratory at an
Applied Nuclear Physics conference at MIT in October 1940. Among those who volunteered was Rabi. His assignment was to study the magnetron, which was so secret that it had to be kept in a safe. The Radiation Laboratory scientists
1200:
and gaseous deuterium for their experiments. Despite its simplicity, Stern's group in
Hamburg had observed that hydrogen did not behave as predicted. Urey also helped in another way; he gave Rabi half his prize money to fund the Molecular Beam Laboratory. Other scientists whose careers began at the
650:
in 1952. When
Columbia created the rank of university professor in 1964, Rabi was the first to receive that position. A special chair was named after him in 1985. He retired from teaching in 1967, but remained active in the department and held the title of University Professor Emeritus and Special
1508:
at
Columbia but when Columbia created the rank of university professor in 1964, Rabi was the first to receive such a chair. This meant that he was free to research or teach whatever he chose. He retired from teaching in 1967 but remained active in the department and held the title of University
1619:
that created the Atomic Energy
Commission provided for a nine-man General Advisory Committee (GAC) to advise the commission on scientific and technical matters. Rabi was one of those appointed in December 1946. The GAC was enormously influential throughout the late 1940s, but in 1950 the GAC
1671:. Rabi, who knew Eisenhower from the latter's time as president of Columbia, was the first to speak, and put forward a series of proposals, one of which was to strengthen the committee so it could provide the President with timely advice. This was done, and the SAC became the
1248:, and not 1 as predicted by the then-current theory, while that of a deuteron was 0.855±0.006 nuclear magnetons. This provided more accurate measurements of what Stern's team had found, and Rabi's team had confirmed, in 1934. Since a deuteron is composed of a proton and a
1256:
could be inferred by subtracting the proton's magnetic moment from the deuteron's. The resulting value was not zero, and had a sign opposite to that of the proton. Based on curious artifacts of these more accurate measurements, Rabi suggested that the deuteron had an
598:
of atoms earned him the Nobel Prize in
Physics in 1944. Nuclear magnetic resonance became an important tool for nuclear physics and chemistry, and the subsequent development of magnetic resonance imaging from it has also made it important to the field of medicine.
1393:
on a new secret project. They convinced
Oppenheimer that his plan for a military laboratory would not work, since a scientific effort would need to be a civilian affair. The plan was modified, and the new laboratory would be a civilian one, run by the
907:
of $ 1,500 ($ 26,000 in 2023 dollars) for the period from
September 1927 to June 1928. He immediately applied for a year's leave of absence from the City College of New York so he could study in Europe. When this was refused, he resigned. On reaching
695:, he started writing his name as Isidor Isaac Rabi, and was known professionally as I.I. Rabi. To most of his friends and family, including his sister Gertrude, who was born in 1903, he was known simply by his last name. In 1907, the family moved to
1109:
and an advanced course in the new subject of quantum mechanics, and Heisenberg had recommended Rabi. Helen was now pregnant, so Rabi needed a regular job, and this job was in New York. He accepted, and returned to the United States in August on the
1825:, a technology that had been developed from his ground-breaking research on magnetic resonance. The machine happened to have a reflective inner surface, and he remarked: "I saw myself in that machine... I never thought my work would come to this."
1694:" was coined. While serving in that capacity, he bemoaned the fact that many large software projects were delayed. This prompted discussions that led to the formation of a study group that organized the first conference on software engineering.
1516:, but none was located on the East Coast. Rabi and Ramsey assembled a group of universities in the New York area to lobby for their own national laboratory. When Zacharias, who was now at MIT, heard about it, he set up a rival group at MIT and
1586:
that Brookhaven might be a model that Europeans could emulate. Rabi saw science as a way of inspiring and uniting a Europe that was still recovering from the war. An opportunity came in 1950 when he was named the United States Delegate to the
1636:
in 1949. He said so. So for him to have alerted the world that we were going to make a hydrogen bomb at a time when we didn't even know how to make one was one of the worst things he could have done. It shows the dangers of this sort of
678:
but is now Poland. Soon after he was born, his father, David Rabi, emigrated to the United States. The younger Rabi and his mother, Sheindel, joined David there a few months later, and the family moved into a two-room apartment on the
752:. He was awarded his Bachelor of Science degree in June 1919, but since at the time Jews were largely excluded from employment in the chemical industry and academia, he did not receive any job offers. He worked briefly at the
1159:. The next step was to do so. With the help of Victor W. Cohen, Rabi built a molecular beam apparatus at Columbia. Their idea was to employ a weak magnetic field instead of a strong one, with which they hoped to detect the
1820:
in Manhattan from cancer on January 11, 1988. His wife, Helen, survived him and died at the age of 102 on June 18, 2005. In his last days, he was reminded of his greatest achievement when his physicians examined him using
691:. When Rabi was enrolled in school, Sheindel said his name was Izzy, and a school official, thinking it was short for Isidor, put that down as his name. Henceforth, that became his official name. Later, in response to
1641:
Oppenheimer was not reappointed to the GAC when his term expired in 1952, and Rabi succeeded him as chairman, serving until 1956. Rabi later testified on Oppenheimer's behalf at the Atomic Energy Commission's
1471:
Rabi chaired Columbia's physics department from 1945 to 1949, during which time it was home to two Nobel laureates (Rabi and Enrico Fermi) and eleven future laureates, including seven faculty (Polykarp Kusch,
8799:
1011:
be easier to use, and produce more accurate results. Encouraged by Stern, and greatly assisted by Taylor, Rabi managed to get his idea to work. On Stern's advice, Rabi wrote a letter about his results to
1140:
felt that he was "simply an awful lecturer". Despite his shortcomings as a lecturer, his influence was great. He inspired many of his students to pursue careers in physics, and some became famous.
1213:. All were men; Rabi did not believe that women could be physicists. He never had a woman as a doctoral or postdoctoral student, and generally opposed women as candidates for faculty positions.
1632:
I never forgave Truman for buckling under the pressure. He simply did not understand what it was about. As a matter of fact, after he stopped being President he still didn't believe that the
1790:
in Israel. The most valuable of Columbia University's undergraduate research scholarships, designed to motivate and support promising young scientists, is named after him, so is the street,
7132:
1505:
8439:
1607:). Rabi received a letter from Bohr, Heisenberg, Amaldi and others congratulating him on the success of his efforts. He had the letter framed and hung it on the wall of his home office.
5989:
5984:
5979:
702:
As a boy, Rabi was interested in science. He read science books borrowed from the public library and built his own radio set. His first scientific paperâwritten on the design of a
1588:
1042:, a fellow New Yorker. It would be the start of a long friendship. Heisenberg departed for a tour of the United States in March 1929, so Rabi and Oppenheimer decided to go to the
768:
In 1922 Rabi returned to Cornell as a graduate chemistry student, and began studying physics. In 1923 he met, and began courting, Helen Newmark, a summer-semester student at
8694:
1599:
in June 1950, he called for the establishment of regional laboratories. These efforts bore fruit; in 1952, representatives of eleven countries came together to create the
3270:
8501:
8764:
1002:
working there with two English-speaking postdoctoral fellows, Ronald Fraser and John Bradshaw Taylor. Rabi soon made friends with them, and became interested in their
7125:
1513:
8754:
8739:
1452:. Rabi actively pursued his research into magnetic resonance until about 1960, but he continued to make appearances at conferences and seminars until his death.
1418:(kt). Rabi arrived late and found the only entry left was for 18 kilotons, which he purchased. Wearing welding goggles, he waited for the result with Ramsey and
1624:. Rabi went further than most of the other members, and joined Fermi in opposing the hydrogen bomb on moral as well as technical grounds. However, President
8834:
7118:
4164:
Toennies, J.P. in; Schmidt-Böcking, H.; Friedrich, B.; Lower, J.C.A. (2011). "Otto Stern (1888â1969): The Founding Father of Experimental Atomic Physics".
2096:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
1715:
868:
6987:
6057:
5839:
1101:
On March 26, 1929, Rabi received an offer of a lectureship from Columbia, with an annual salary of $ 3,000. The dean of Columbia's physics department,
960:
2368:
8724:
8684:
1646:
in 1954 that led to Oppenheimer being stripped of his security clearance. Many witnesses supported Oppenheimer, but none more forcefully than Rabi:
4328:
2852:
1723:
1206:
1177:
304:
1378:, a long-range radio navigation system. At Rabi's instigation, a branch of the Radiation Laboratory was located at Columbia, with Rabi in charge.
1046:, where Pauli was now the professor of physics. Rabi's education in physics was enriched by the leaders in the field he met there, which included
1808:'s I. I. Rabi Scholars program assists "some of Columbia College's most promising science students at the point of admission into the College."
1030:
By this time the Barnard Fellowship had expired, and Rabi and Helen were living on a $ 182 ($ 3,200 in 2023 dollars) per month stipend from the
8704:
8454:
871:
and find the energy states of such a mechanical system. The problem was that none of them could solve the resulting equation, a second-order
165:
1188:
who, believing that the sodium nucleus would be too difficult to understand, proposed studying the simplest of the elements, hydrogen. Its
2131:
1261:. This discovery meant that the physical shape of the deuteron was not symmetric, which provided valuable insight into the nature of the
8804:
8734:
8019:
7881:
716:, he became an atheist. "It's all very simple", he told his parents, adding, "Who needs God?" As a compromise with his parents, for his
8774:
2916:
1086:
840:, who used the method in his own investigations of crystals. Rabi concluded that he needed to promote his work as well as publish it.
8689:
8659:
8346:
4288:
2639:
1672:
631:
48:
3658:(October 1939). "The Magnetic Moment of the Proton and the Deuteron. The Radiofrequency Spectrum of 2H in Various Magnetic Fields".
8819:
8784:
8779:
5909:
3992:(1939). "The Molecular Beam Resonance Method for Measuring Nuclear Magnetic Moments. The Magnetic Moments of 3Li6, 3Li7 and 9F19".
3082:
1743:
1431:
2116:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
8824:
4393:
3384:
836:
on July 16, 1926. He married Helen the next day. The paper attracted little fanfare in academic circles, although it was read by
817:
4033:; Millman, S.; Kusch, P. (1992). "Milestones in Magnetic Resonance: 'A new method of measuring nuclear magnetic moment'. 1938".
8809:
6050:
5832:
1548:
619:
5939:
1775:
1342:
607:
383:
571:
of certain crystals. In 1927, he headed for Europe, where he met and worked with many of the finest physicists of the time.
8769:
8709:
8679:
4321:
3339:
8759:
8749:
8729:
8714:
1727:
1338:
444:
8719:
8699:
4337:
1124:
recalled that after a lecture, students would head to the library to try to work out what Rabi had been talking about.
8744:
8674:
8664:
7899:
6043:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5994:
5974:
5825:
4146:
4114:
4082:
3737:
3632:
3602:
3572:
3543:
3513:
8829:
1265:
binding nucleons. For the creation of the molecular-beam magnetic-resonance detection method, Rabi was awarded the
837:
129:
8623:
1163:
of sodium. When the experiment was conducted, four beamlets were found, from which they deduced a nuclear spin of
574:
In 1929, Rabi returned to the United States, where Columbia offered him a faculty position. In collaboration with
7874:
4314:
3627:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
3234:
1755:
1399:
843:
Like many other young physicists, Rabi was closely following momentous events in Europe. He was astounded by the
737:
343:
8789:
8839:
8654:
6508:
5881:
4445:
3437:
3226:
2878:
2334:
1771:
1656:
1552:
1273:
975:. Bohr was on vacation, but Rabi went straight to work on calculating the magnetic susceptibility of molecular
639:
623:
1361:
set their sights on producing a microwave radar set by January 6, 1941, and having a prototype installed in a
6922:
4253:
4104:
1787:
1783:
1521:
1350:
1306:
1111:
925:
872:
627:
3411:
3060:
1448:, under the headline "'Cosmic pendulum' for clock planned". Before long Zacharias and Ramsey had built such
8506:
6331:
5577:
5501:
3755:
Millman, S. (1977). "Recollections of a Rabi Student of the Early Years in the Molecular Beam Laboratory".
2406:
2123:
2103:
1751:
1643:
844:
583:
4528:
3505:
Tuxedo Park: A Wall Street Tycoon and the Secret Palace of Science That Changed the Course of World War II
8474:
7399:
7262:
6870:
4603:
1817:
1763:
924:. They found that Schrödinger was leaving, as he had been appointed head of the Theoretical Institute at
741:
721:
720:, which was held at home, he gave a speech in Yiddish about how an electric light works. He attended the
2856:
1702:
In the course of his life, Rabi received many honors in addition to the Nobel Prize. These included the
8669:
8578:
8567:
7867:
7268:
5220:
4220:
1822:
1633:
1536:
1221:
509:
505:
244:
4985:
622:, and was chairman from 1952 to 1956. He also served on the Science Advisory Committees (SACs) of the
8616:
8604:
8449:
8444:
7179:
7141:
6602:
5877:
5388:
3248:
1868:
1767:
1616:
1155:, and predicted that the SternâGerlach experiment could be modified to confirm the properties of the
3846:
1023:
8814:
8794:
8531:
8064:
7923:
7811:
7572:
7405:
7233:
7047:
5858:
5348:
5296:
5144:
1528:
1395:
1291:
1193:
884:
781:
713:
671:
540:
2945:
Berger, Marilyn (January 12, 1988). "Isidor Isaac Rabi, a Pioneer in Atomic Physics, Dies at 89".
1438:, wherein he proposed that the magnetic resonance of atoms might be used as the basis of a clock.
8526:
8423:
7978:
7590:
7346:
7334:
7209:
6066:
5968:
5404:
5328:
5200:
4762:
4611:
4552:
3687:
Kronig, R. de L.; Rabi, I.I. (February 1928). "The Symmetrical Top in the Undulatory Mechanics".
1839:
1791:
1540:
1253:
1125:
888:
804:, Rabi decided to research their magnetic susceptibility, and Wills agreed to be his supervisor.
797:
785:
579:
568:
280:
5416:
1305:
In September 1940, Rabi became a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the U.S. Army's
952:
were also working with Sommerfeld at the time, but the three Americans became especially close.
864:
8305:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7938:
7674:
7489:
7376:
7310:
7197:
7155:
6552:
6446:
5953:
5920:
5432:
5400:
5061:
4877:
4770:
4469:
4341:
2114:
2094:
1679:
1571:
1496:), a visiting professor (Hans Bethe), a doctoral student (Leon Lederman) and an undergraduate (
1283:
1266:
1059:
1031:
1007:
937:
793:
729:
552:
501:
292:
7110:
8546:
8371:
8114:
8059:
7835:
7692:
7560:
7370:
7191:
7167:
6421:
6200:
6140:
6124:
5693:
5509:
5380:
5312:
5224:
5160:
4504:
1731:
1703:
1390:
1299:
1192:
isotope had only recently been discovered at Columbia in 1931 by Urey, who received the 1934
1106:
988:
917:
784:. Wills, whose specialty was magnetism, suggested that Rabi write his doctoral thesis on the
696:
310:
286:
259:
2920:
703:
8649:
8644:
8592:
8356:
8351:
8210:
8084:
7656:
7644:
7513:
7423:
7221:
6913:
6586:
6462:
6393:
6373:
6369:
6355:
6224:
5609:
5196:
4957:
4829:
4693:
4591:
4437:
4183:
4030:
4001:
3989:
3966:
3950:
3929:
3917:
3896:
3884:
3855:
3816:
3785:
3696:
3667:
3655:
3479:
3192:
2382:
1926:
1747:
1691:
1668:
1524:
1477:
1346:
933:
891:
to which Jacobi had found a solution. Kronig and Rabi wrote up their result and sent it to
753:
635:
611:
322:
69:
5541:
4650:
4306:
2643:
1770:, serving as its president in 1950, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the
1675:
a few weeks later. He also became Eisenhower's Science Advisor. In 1956 Rabi attended the
913:
8:
8215:
8170:
8130:
7953:
7829:
7721:
7608:
7531:
7507:
7471:
7298:
7256:
7161:
7085:
5521:
5140:
5017:
4977:
4681:
4677:
4572:
4489:
4417:
2778:
1805:
1759:
1739:
1439:
1371:
1152:
812:
773:
564:
416:
378:
328:
219:
213:
5645:
4937:
4263:
4187:
4005:
3970:
3933:
3900:
3859:
3820:
3789:
3700:
3671:
3483:
3388:
3196:
3086:
2386:
1402:. In the end, Rabi still did not go west, but did agree to serve as a consultant to the
8280:
8104:
8074:
8014:
7757:
7632:
7578:
7465:
7435:
7364:
7304:
7292:
6315:
6291:
6248:
6216:
5890:
5805:
5677:
5469:
5428:
5412:
5356:
5344:
5300:
5244:
5236:
5156:
5136:
4243:
4199:
4173:
4058:
4017:
3871:
3832:
3768:
3726:
3712:
3620:
3590:
3562:
2790:
2752:
1849:
1707:
1444:
1435:
1382:
1362:
1137:
1091:
1039:
876:
821:, which inspired an easier method. He lowered a crystal on a glass fiber attached to a
725:
548:
264:
209:
4357:
1902:
Oppenheimer: The Story of One of the Most Remarkable Personalities of the 20th Century
8495:
8484:
8391:
8245:
8195:
8044:
8039:
8029:
7890:
7787:
7668:
7626:
7596:
7495:
7328:
7227:
7215:
6789:
6742:
6734:
6718:
6674:
6650:
6562:
6478:
6454:
6413:
6347:
6339:
6264:
6192:
6084:
5901:
5685:
5633:
5581:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5473:
5368:
5320:
5316:
5212:
5188:
5128:
5101:
4969:
4961:
4933:
4642:
4433:
4203:
4152:
4142:
4136:
4120:
4110:
4088:
4078:
4070:
4050:
3875:
3776:
Rabi, I.I. (January 1927). "On the Principal Magnetic Susceptibilities of Crystals".
3743:
3733:
3651:
3638:
3628:
3608:
3598:
3578:
3568:
3549:
3539:
3519:
3509:
3347:
3208:
2398:
2184:
1929:
1909:
1872:
1667:
met with the SAC on October 15, 1957, to seek advice on possible US responses to the
1664:
1464:
1403:
1334:
1185:
964:
929:
848:
615:
223:
8295:
5565:
5272:
4062:
4021:
1414:
on the yield of the test, with predictions ranging from total dud to 45 kilotons of
8516:
8315:
8300:
8265:
8240:
8094:
8049:
7763:
7680:
7650:
7638:
7614:
7453:
7447:
7322:
6726:
6666:
6594:
6405:
6381:
6377:
5769:
5725:
5384:
5372:
5288:
5280:
5025:
4989:
4925:
4917:
4869:
4778:
4689:
4619:
4425:
4191:
4042:
4009:
3974:
3937:
3904:
3863:
3836:
3824:
3807:
3793:
3764:
3716:
3704:
3675:
3487:
3470:; Rabi, I.I. (1934). "On the interpretation of present values of nuclear moments".
3200:
3056:
2390:
2110:
2090:
1897:
1889:
1719:
1314:
1290:
block of an original cavity magnetron, showing the resonant cavities, developed by
1245:
1233:
1229:
1202:
1102:
1071:
1063:
1013:
801:
708:
663:
517:
473:
429:
411:
5721:
5033:
8521:
8361:
8325:
8255:
8190:
8180:
8155:
8054:
8034:
8009:
7841:
7793:
7739:
7727:
7715:
7698:
7584:
7543:
7525:
7459:
7352:
7030:
6954:
6878:
6694:
6574:
6566:
6532:
6438:
6430:
6417:
6307:
6256:
6240:
6232:
6164:
6132:
6092:
5947:
5797:
5789:
5753:
5617:
5597:
5505:
5444:
5336:
5284:
5260:
5176:
5168:
5105:
5077:
4993:
4897:
4709:
4536:
4377:
4365:
3531:
3144:
1844:
1711:
1625:
1592:
1509:
Professor Emeritus until his death. A special chair was named after him in 1985.
1481:
1455:
1225:
832:
822:
745:
680:
675:
591:
544:
521:
399:
298:
133:
8270:
6401:
4913:
4461:
4077:. Biographical memoirs. Vol. 62. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
1628:
overrode the GAC's advice, and ordered development to proceed. Rabi later said:
1562:
Rabi (seated, right) with fellow Nobel Prize laureates (standing left to right)
1220:, the team attempted to use an oscillating field. This became the basis for the
8628:
8464:
8459:
8230:
8175:
8165:
8160:
8079:
8004:
7933:
7781:
7686:
7662:
7602:
7340:
7286:
7280:
7203:
7057:
7020:
6930:
6895:
6841:
6776:
6772:
6710:
6606:
6590:
6491:
6323:
6168:
6156:
6148:
6108:
5773:
5765:
5757:
5689:
5673:
5665:
5589:
5573:
5549:
5533:
5440:
5420:
5360:
5124:
5001:
4885:
4861:
4813:
4754:
4669:
4599:
4560:
4520:
4485:
4401:
4235:
4132:
4100:
3503:
1676:
1660:
1583:
1575:
1501:
1485:
1415:
1326:
1310:
1210:
1156:
1067:
1051:
1003:
984:
980:
945:
856:
808:
769:
587:
525:
516:). He was also one of the first scientists in the United States to work on the
500:, July 29, 1898 â January 11, 1988) was an American physicist who won the
8638:
8479:
8341:
8310:
8290:
8235:
8225:
8135:
8024:
7999:
7943:
7847:
7817:
7769:
7745:
7537:
7519:
7477:
7429:
7358:
7274:
7239:
7069:
7004:
6995:
6874:
6860:
6797:
6780:
6768:
6702:
6686:
6682:
6658:
6642:
6536:
6524:
6409:
6389:
6385:
6365:
6208:
6184:
6100:
5817:
5801:
5749:
5741:
5717:
5661:
5657:
5637:
5621:
5593:
5525:
5304:
5268:
5152:
5089:
4973:
4953:
4889:
4849:
4837:
4817:
4786:
4409:
4369:
4298:
3844:
Rabi, I.I. (March 1929b). "Zur Methode der Ablenkung von Molekularstrahlen".
3612:
3499:
3467:
3351:
3314:
3289:
3212:
3183:
2402:
2373:
1913:
1905:
1885:
1779:
1735:
1621:
1489:
1386:
1367:
1262:
1148:
1133:
1121:
1075:
941:
921:
860:
692:
660:
575:
532:
434:
316:
93:
5037:
4249:
4156:
4124:
4092:
4046:
3747:
3582:
3553:
3523:
2608:
2526:
2524:
2509:
1659:
in 1952, serving as its chairman from 1956 to 1957. This coincided with the
8536:
8418:
8275:
8220:
8200:
8185:
8089:
7913:
7775:
7751:
7620:
7501:
7411:
7097:
7012:
6991:
6978:
6970:
6946:
6938:
6821:
6813:
6758:
6626:
6570:
6516:
6495:
6470:
6299:
6176:
6116:
6035:
5785:
5781:
5737:
5705:
5701:
5553:
5537:
5232:
5204:
5184:
5073:
5053:
5045:
4873:
4794:
4701:
4568:
4477:
4453:
4381:
4280:
4239:
4195:
4013:
3979:
3954:
3941:
3908:
3797:
3708:
3679:
3642:
3491:
1893:
1876:
1834:
1683:
1655:
Rabi was appointed a member of the Science Advisory Committee (SAC) of the
1567:
1460:
1449:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1354:
1224:
method. In 1937, Rabi, Kusch, Millman and Zacharias used it to measure the
1217:
1160:
1095:
1055:
944:. Sommerfeld accepted Rabi as a postdoctoral researcher. German physicists
852:
777:
595:
543:, Rabi came to the United States as an infant and was raised in New York's
254:
81:
4054:
2782:
1799:
1558:
1504:, a doctoral student of Rabi's, won the Nobel Prize in 1995. Rabi was the
1147:
In 1931 Rabi returned to particle beam experiments. In collaboration with
724:
in Brooklyn, from which he graduated in 1916. Later that year, he entered
618:. After the war, he served on the General Advisory Committee (GAC) of the
8366:
8320:
8285:
8260:
8205:
8109:
8099:
7983:
7823:
7799:
7733:
7566:
7483:
7441:
7316:
7042:
7034:
6634:
6598:
6582:
6544:
5849:
5733:
5649:
5561:
5517:
5477:
5256:
5252:
5172:
5085:
5057:
4857:
4825:
4627:
4385:
4258:
2521:
1933:
1547:) came together, and on January 31, 1947, a contract was signed with the
1497:
1473:
1197:
1129:
717:
439:
3412:"Oppenheimer cast: Who plays who in Christopher Nolan's real-life drama"
2596:
2572:
2560:
8469:
8413:
8150:
8140:
8069:
7805:
7417:
7185:
7173:
7089:
6909:
6833:
6750:
6578:
6499:
6272:
5709:
5625:
5605:
5448:
5396:
5009:
4945:
4901:
4738:
4654:
4544:
4512:
3867:
1313:
brought a number of new technologies to the United States, including a
1295:
1258:
1047:
1043:
999:
972:
968:
949:
757:
249:
3204:
2394:
1786:, and in 1959 was appointed a member of the board of governors of the
1551:(AEC), which had replaced the Manhattan Project, that established the
1117:. Rabi became the only Jewish faculty member at Columbia at the time.
667:
536:
125:
8511:
8377:
8145:
7948:
7077:
7065:
6825:
5866:
5097:
5069:
4905:
4163:
3828:
3315:"I.I. Rabi Scholars Program | Undergraduate Research and Fellowships"
3290:"I.I. Rabi Scholars Program | Undergraduate Research and Fellowships"
2755:, delivered at Columbia University in New York, on January 20, 1945).
2190:
1563:
1532:
1493:
1318:
1237:
1189:
772:. To be near her when she returned home, he continued his studies at
749:
733:
684:
590:. His techniques for using nuclear magnetic resonance to discern the
556:
7859:
1430:
In 1945, Rabi delivered the Richtmyer Memorial Lecture, held by the
1176:
Rabi's Molecular Beam Laboratory began to attract others, including
1017:, which published it in February 1929, followed by a paper entitled
909:
8551:
8384:
7918:
6887:
6805:
6487:
4845:
3805:
Rabi, I.I. (February 2, 1929). "Refraction of Beams of Molecules".
1596:
1322:
1240:. Applying the method to hydrogen, they found that the moment of a
976:
903:
In May 1927, Rabi was appointed a Barnard Fellow. This came with a
8800:
Recipients of the King's Medal for Service in the Cause of Freedom
4178:
2706:
1366:
went on to develop air-to-surface radar to detect submarines, the
8541:
8408:
7038:
6962:
3438:"Oppenheimer cast: Full list of actors in Christopher Nolan film"
1517:
1249:
1181:
1035:
995:
904:
688:
560:
365:
3001:
2989:
1589:
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
967:
present a paper on quantum mechanics. Afterwards, Rabi moved to
7927:
7140:
2129:
1738:
from the American Association of Physics Teachers in 1982, the
1422:. The blast was rated at 18.6 kilotons, and Rabi won the pool.
1241:
1038:, where he hoped to work with Heisenberg. In Leipzig, he found
789:
643:
393:
139:
3227:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
2977:
1686:
to nuclear weapons. He served as the US Representative to the
2067:
1375:
1330:
1287:
1228:
of several lithium compounds with molecular beams, including
956:
780:. In June 1924 Rabi landed a job as a part-time tutor at the
603:
482:
3025:
2548:
807:
Measuring the magnetic resonance of crystals first involved
8489:
7958:
6905:
4336:
3113:
3085:. Array of Contemporary American Physicists. Archived from
2919:. Array of Contemporary American Physicists. Archived from
1795:
1778:. He was internationally recognized with membership in the
1687:
1604:
1544:
979:. After Bohr returned in October, he arranged for Rabi and
647:
488:
3649:
3564:
A Different Sort of Time: The Life of Jerrold R. Zacharias
3365:
2530:
2497:
2449:
2174:
2172:
928:
in Berlin. Rabi therefore decided to seek a position with
32:
4028:
3987:
3948:
3279:(search on year 1931 and institution Columbia University)
3101:
2965:
2953:
2806:
2733:
2682:
2670:
2658:
2614:
2602:
2584:
2515:
1410:
in July 1945. The scientists working on Trinity set up a
567:, where he was awarded his doctorate for a thesis on the
513:
227:
3597:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
3164:
3162:
2823:
2821:
2723:
2721:
2208:
3536:
US Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History
3125:
2620:
2473:
2437:
2413:
2300:
2298:
2283:
2261:
2259:
2232:
2220:
2196:
2169:
2157:
2145:
2055:
744:
at Cornell. For his senior thesis, he investigated the
2043:
2031:
2019:
2007:
1995:
1947:
1718:
from Great Britain in 1948, the officer in the French
1196:
for this work. Urey was able to supply them with both
1021:("On the method of deflection of molecular beams") to
828:
On the Principal Magnetic Susceptibilities of Crystals
712:
when he was in elementary school. After reading about
400:
On the principal magnetic susceptibilities of crystals
8576:
3915:
3882:
3159:
3037:
3013:
2818:
2718:
2694:
2578:
2566:
2536:
2485:
2425:
2244:
1512:
A legacy of the Manhattan Project was the network of
1349:
was chosen as both unremarkable and a tribute to the
881:
EinfĂŒhrung in die Theorie der Differentialgleichungen
2897:
2833:
2461:
2349:
2310:
2295:
2271:
2256:
1971:
1136:
considered Rabi's lectures "pretty dreadful", while
659:
Israel Isaac Rabi was born on July 29, 1898, into a
485:
479:
8695:
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States
3955:"A New Method of Measuring Nuclear Magnetic Moment"
1983:
1959:
1105:, was looking for a theoretical physicist to teach
883:, which describes a method originally developed by
792:vapor. The topic did not appeal to Rabi, but after
586:could be modified to confirm the properties of the
476:
4141:. Sloan Foundation Series. New York: Basic Books.
3725:
1201:Molecular Beam Laboratory included Norman Ramsey,
1144:at its conclusion. He became a professor in 1937.
961:British Association for the Advancement of Science
8765:Office of Science and Technology Policy officials
1345:(MIT) to develop this radar technology. The name
936:instead. In Munich, he found two more Americans,
642:in 1946, and later, as United States delegate to
8636:
3757:Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences
3538:. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute.
1724:Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science
1716:King's Medal for Service in the Cause of Freedom
638:. He was involved with the establishment of the
3589:
2983:
2764:"Meeting at New York, January 19 and 20, 1945"
2751:Isidor I. Rabi, "Radiofrequency spectroscopy" (
2712:
2642:. U.S. Army Research Laboratory. Archived from
2084:
2082:
1766:in 1986. He was a Fellow (elected 1931) of the
1019:Zur Methode der Ablenkung von Molekularstrahlen
1006:experiments, for which Stern would receive the
8755:Niels Bohr International Gold Medal recipients
8740:Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
5847:
3920:(1934b). "The magnetic moment of the deuton".
3887:(1934a). "The magnetic moment of the proton".
1090:Rabi (right) with fellow Nobel Prize winners
7875:
7126:
6051:
5833:
4322:
3728:Mechanizing Proof: Computing, Risk, and Trust
3619:
3241:
3031:
3007:
2995:
1690:Science Committee at the time that the term "
1341:decided to establish a new laboratory at the
166:Riverside Cemetery (Saddle Brook, New Jersey)
6065:
3436:Moss, Molly; Knight, Lewis (July 22, 2023).
2079:
1601:Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire
1081:
8835:Presidents of the American Physical Society
7142:Presidents of the American Physical Society
3063:. Restricted Data: the Nuclear Secrecy Blog
3055:
2640:"BRL's Scientific Advisory Committee, 1940"
1620:unanimously opposed the development of the
7882:
7868:
7133:
7119:
6058:
6044:
5840:
5826:
4329:
4315:
4262:
4242:
3686:
3435:
3147:. The Franklin Institute. January 15, 2014
2073:
31:
4177:
3978:
3723:
3560:
3466:
3131:
2626:
2554:
2503:
2479:
2455:
1682:conference, where discussion ranged from
847:, which convinced him of the validity of
8725:Fellows of the American Physical Society
8685:American people of Polish-Jewish descent
6994:/ Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah /
5910:International Committee of the Red Cross
4223:. War and Peace in the Nuclear Age. 1986
3530:
3119:
2777:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2109:
2089:
1744:Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute
1557:
1454:
1432:American Association of Physics Teachers
1329:. This device promised to revolutionize
1282:
1085:
3754:
2940:
2938:
2431:
2132:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800â"
1754:in 1985, the Golden Plate Award of the
1459:Rabi with fellow Nobel Prize laureates
1317:, a high-powered device that generates
818:A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism
8637:
4289:President's Science Advisory Committee
4131:
4099:
4069:
3498:
3409:
3371:
3168:
3107:
3043:
3019:
2971:
2959:
2944:
2903:
2839:
2827:
2812:
2739:
2727:
2700:
2688:
2676:
2664:
2590:
2542:
2491:
2467:
2443:
2419:
2355:
2316:
2304:
2289:
2277:
2265:
2250:
2238:
2226:
2178:
2163:
2151:
2061:
2037:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1989:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1673:President's Science Advisory Committee
555:student in 1916, but soon switched to
49:President's Science Advisory Committee
7889:
7863:
7114:
6039:
5821:
4310:
4035:Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
3843:
2855:. Columbia University. Archived from
2783:"'Cosmic pendulum' for clock planned"
2322:
2214:
2130:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
1828:
1776:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1591:(UNESCO). At a UNESCO meeting at the
1343:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1321:using the interaction of a stream of
863:and others, he set out to extend the
796:gave a seminar at Columbia about the
608:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
384:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
8705:Nobel laureates from Austria-Hungary
6471:The Generation Twenty-Five and Under
3988:Rabi, I.I.; Millman, S.; Kusch, P.;
3804:
3775:
2935:
2909:
2202:
2049:
1132:as "the worst teachers I ever had".
2579:Rabi, Kellogg & Zacharias 1934b
2567:Rabi, Kellogg & Zacharias 1934a
1728:Niels Bohr International Gold Medal
1610:
1506:Eugene Higgins professor of physics
1339:National Defense Research Committee
1027:, where it was published in April.
971:, where he volunteered to work for
959:for the 97th annual meeting of the
955:On Wills' advice, Rabi traveled to
13:
8805:Recipients of the Legion of Honour
8735:Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe)
8347:Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
4221:"Interview with Isidor Isaac Rabi"
4109:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
3769:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1977.tb02951.x
3508:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
3061:"Oppenheimer, Unredacted: Part II"
2335:"Isidor Isaac Rabi â Biographical"
1837:in the 1980 television miniseries
699:, where they ran a grocery store.
14:
8851:
8775:People from Brownsville, Brooklyn
4213:
3953:; Millman, S.; Kusch, P. (1938).
1180:, a graduate student who studied
887:. The equation had the form of a
602:During World War II he worked on
559:. Later, he became interested in
8690:Atoms for Peace Award recipients
8660:20th-century American physicists
8622:
8610:
8598:
8586:
8563:
8562:
2369:"Obituary: Victor William Cohen"
1865:My Life and Times as a Physicist
838:Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan
472:
342:
8820:American theoretical physicists
8785:People from the Upper West Side
8780:People from the Lower East Side
3429:
3410:Collis, Clark (July 21, 2023).
3403:
3377:
3332:
3307:
3282:
3263:
3235:American Academy of Achievement
3219:
3174:
3137:
3075:
3049:
2879:"Martin L. Perl â Biographical"
2871:
2845:
2771:
2758:
2745:
2632:
2361:
1756:American Academy of Achievement
1722:in 1956, Columbia University's
1278:
1184:for his doctorate. Another was
998:to work with Pauli, Rabi found
916:, he met two fellow Americans,
738:American entry into World War I
184:
8825:Vannevar Bush Award recipients
3251:. National Academy of Sciences
3181:"Rabi Awarded Barnard Medal".
3083:"White House Science Advisers"
2768:, vol. 67, pp. 199â204 (1945).
1923:Science: The Center of Culture
1772:American Philosophical Society
1657:Office of Defense Mobilization
1644:controversial security hearing
1553:Brookhaven National Laboratory
1385:attempted to recruit Rabi and
1274:List of Jewish Nobel laureates
895:, which published it in 1927.
732:student, but soon switched to
654:
640:Brookhaven National Laboratory
624:Office of Defense Mobilization
563:. He continued his studies at
16:American physicist (1898â1988)
1:
8810:Scientists from New York City
4254:Mathematics Genealogy Project
4106:The Making of the Atomic Bomb
3650:Kellogg, J.M.B.; Rabi, I.I.;
3593:; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962).
3458:
1788:Weizmann Institute of Science
1784:Brazilian Academy of Sciences
1425:
1351:Berkeley Radiation Laboratory
1307:Ballistic Research Laboratory
912:, where he hoped to work for
873:partial differential equation
628:Ballistic Research Laboratory
504:in 1944 for his discovery of
8507:Oppenheimer security hearing
3732:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
3567:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
2381:(1): 111â112. January 1975.
2124:American Antiquarian Society
2104:American Antiquarian Society
1752:National Academy of Sciences
1520:. Rabi had discussions with
1120:Rabi was a poor instructor.
983:to continue their work with
926:Friedrich Wilhelm University
763:
7:
8770:People associated with CERN
8710:Columbia University faculty
8680:American nuclear physicists
7400:Charles Christian Lauritsen
4138:Rabi, Scientist and Citizen
3916:Rabi, I.I.; Kellogg, J.M.;
3883:Rabi, I.I.; Kellogg, J.M.;
3561:Goldstein, Jack S. (1992).
2984:Hewlett & Anderson 1962
2917:"Isidor Isaac "I. I." Rabi"
2713:Hewlett & Anderson 1962
1921:Rabi, Isidor Isaac (1970).
1863:Rabi, Isidor Isaac (1960).
1764:National Science Foundation
875:. Rabi found the answer in
800:of certain crystals called
776:, where his supervisor was
742:Student Army Training Corps
722:Manual Training High School
687:. At home the family spoke
674:, in what was then part of
10:
8856:
8760:Nobel laureates in Physics
8750:Medal for Merit recipients
8730:Jewish American physicists
8715:Columbia University alumni
7269:William Francis Gray Swann
6332:Hungarian Freedom Fighters
3724:MacKenzie, Donald (2001).
3623:; Duncan, Francis (1969).
2753:Richtmyer Memorial Lecture
1823:magnetic resonance imaging
1309:. That month, the British
1271:
1259:electric quadrupole moment
1222:nuclear magnetic resonance
651:Lecturer until his death.
510:magnetic resonance imaging
506:nuclear magnetic resonance
245:Nuclear magnetic resonance
8720:Cornell University alumni
8700:Jews from Austria-Hungary
8560:
8450:Bismuth phosphate process
8445:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
8432:
8401:
8334:
8123:
7992:
7906:
7897:
7836:Sylvester James Gates Jr.
7708:
7553:
7392:
7249:
7180:Edward Leamington Nichols
7148:
6852:
6618:
6283:
6273:The American Fighting-Man
6076:
5963:
5938:
5919:
5900:
5876:
5857:
5458:
5115:
4804:
4582:
4348:
4295:
4285:
4277:
4272:
3275:American Physical Society
3032:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
3008:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
2996:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
1867:. Claremont, California:
1816:Rabi died at his home on
1768:American Physical Society
1697:
1617:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
1492:), a research scientist (
1254:neutron's magnetic moment
1082:Molecular Beam Laboratory
898:
461:
457:
453:
422:
410:
392:
371:
361:
354:
350:
338:
273:
237:
202:
194:
171:
161:
147:
108:
103:
99:
87:
75:
65:
54:
46:
42:
30:
23:
8745:Manhattan Project people
8675:American Nobel laureates
8665:Jewish American atheists
7573:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
7406:John Hasbrouck Van Vleck
7234:Thomas Corwin Mendenhall
6990:: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr.
3625:Atomic Shield, 1947â1952
3595:The New World, 1939â1946
1941:
1856:
1811:
1669:Soviet satellite success
1549:Atomic Energy Commission
1398:under contract from the
1396:University of California
1252:with aligned spins, the
1194:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1034:. They left Hamburg for
885:Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi
845:SternâGerlach experiment
782:City College of New York
714:Copernican heliocentrism
646:, with the creation of
620:Atomic Energy Commission
584:SternâGerlach experiment
531:Born into a traditional
8830:Yiddish-speaking people
8527:S-1 Executive Committee
8475:EinsteinâSzilard letter
7591:Arthur Leonard Schawlow
7347:Arthur Jeffrey Dempster
7335:Percy Williams Bridgman
7210:Robert Andrews Millikan
6488:The Apollo 8 Astronauts
5891:Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
4047:10.1002/jmri.1880020203
889:hypergeometric equation
869:symmetric top molecules
798:electric susceptibility
786:magnetic susceptibility
740:in 1917, he joined the
582:and predicted that the
569:magnetic susceptibility
281:Newcomb Cleveland Prize
7969:Salt Wells Pilot Plant
7490:John Archibald Wheeler
7377:Francis Wheeler Loomis
7311:John Torrence Tate Sr.
7198:Benjamin Osgood Peirce
7156:Henry Augustus Rowland
6447:Martin Luther King Jr.
5969:Nobel Prize recipients
5954:Herbert Spencer Gasser
5940:Physiology or Medicine
5931:(United States/Poland)
4342:Nobel Prize in Physics
4196:10.1002/andp.201100228
4014:10.1103/PhysRev.55.526
3980:10.1103/PhysRev.53.318
3942:10.1103/PhysRev.46.163
3909:10.1103/PhysRev.46.157
3847:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Physik
3798:10.1103/PhysRev.29.174
3709:10.1103/PhysRev.29.262
3680:10.1103/PhysRev.56.728
3492:10.1103/PhysRev.46.230
3249:"Public Welfare Award"
3191:(8): 52. August 1960.
2409:on September 27, 2013.
2074:Kronig & Rabi 1928
1833:Rabi was portrayed by
1680:anti-submarine warfare
1653:
1639:
1579:
1572:Samuel Chao Chung Ting
1468:
1302:
1267:Nobel Prize in Physics
1098:
1060:Francis Wheeler Loomis
1032:Rockefeller Foundation
1024:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Physik
1008:Nobel Prize in Physics
938:Howard Percy Robertson
794:William Lawrence Bragg
730:electrical engineering
553:electrical engineering
502:Nobel Prize in Physics
293:Nobel Prize in Physics
8840:J. Robert Oppenheimer
8655:20th-century atheists
8547:X-10 Graphite Reactor
8502:Nobel Prize laureates
8372:509th Composite Group
7693:Jerome Isaac Friedman
7371:J. Robert Oppenheimer
7192:William Francis Magie
7168:Arthur Gordon Webster
6904:The Good Samaritans:
6201:Franklin D. Roosevelt
6141:Franklin D. Roosevelt
6125:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3387:. BFI. Archived from
3340:"Rabi, Helen Newmark"
2555:Breit & Rabi 1934
1732:Atoms for Peace Award
1704:Elliott Cresson Medal
1648:
1630:
1561:
1514:national laboratories
1458:
1391:Los Alamos Laboratory
1300:Birmingham University
1286:
1216:At the suggestion of
1107:statistical mechanics
1089:
989:University of Hamburg
918:Julius Adams Stratton
697:Brownsville, Brooklyn
311:Atoms for Peace Award
287:Elliott Cresson Medal
260:Rabi resonance method
8455:British contribution
8357:Operation Peppermint
8352:Operation Crossroads
8211:Maria Goeppert Mayer
7657:Donald N. Langenberg
7645:Nicolaas Bloembergen
7514:Edward Mills Purcell
7424:Raymond Thayer Birge
7222:Joseph Sweetman Ames
7021:The Silence Breakers
6888:The American Soldier
6869:The Whistleblowers:
6727:The Endangered Earth
6509:The Middle Americans
6463:William Westmoreland
6356:Dwight D. Eisenhower
6225:Dwight D. Eisenhower
4075:I. I. Rabi 1898â1988
3416:Entertainment Weekly
3374:, pp. xxiâxxii.
3271:"APS Fellow Archive"
3059:(January 16, 2015).
2781:(January 21, 1945).
2191:Toennies et al. 2011
1927:World Publishing Co.
1890:Weisskopf, Victor F.
1884:Rabi, Isidor Isaac;
1748:Public Welfare Medal
1692:software engineering
1525:Leslie R. Groves Jr.
1478:Maria Goeppert-Mayer
1406:. Rabi attended the
1347:Radiation Laboratory
994:Although he came to
934:University of Munich
865:Schrödinger equation
809:growing the crystals
754:Lederle Laboratories
636:Dwight D. Eisenhower
614:(RadLab) and on the
612:Radiation Laboratory
323:Public Welfare Medal
70:Dwight D. Eisenhower
8790:People from RymanĂłw
8216:George Kistiakowsky
8171:Charles Critchfield
7830:Philip H. Bucksbaum
7722:William F. Brinkman
7609:Mildred Dresselhaus
7532:Joseph Edward Mayer
7508:Luis Walter Alvarez
7472:John Harry Williams
7299:Harrison M. Randall
7257:Karl Taylor Compton
7162:Albert A. Michelson
7086:Volodymyr Zelenskyy
6070:Persons of the Year
4273:Government offices
4188:2011AnP...523.1045T
4006:1939PhRv...55..526R
3971:1938PhRv...53..318R
3934:1934PhRv...46..163R
3901:1934PhRv...46..157R
3860:1929ZPhy...54..190R
3821:1929Natur.123..163R
3790:1927PhRv...29..174R
3701:1927PhRv...29..262K
3672:1939PhRv...56..728K
3621:Hewlett, Richard G.
3591:Hewlett, Richard G.
3484:1934PhRv...46..230B
3231:www.achievement.org
3197:1960PhT....13h..52.
3145:"Isidor Isaac Rabi"
3122:, pp. 109â114.
3110:, pp. 248â251.
3010:, pp. 403â408.
2998:, pp. 380â385.
2974:, pp. 235â237.
2962:, pp. 182â185.
2949:. pp. A1, A24.
2923:on October 17, 2012
2859:on October 29, 2012
2815:, pp. 170â171.
2742:, pp. 155â156.
2715:, pp. 230â232.
2691:, pp. 135â135.
2679:, pp. 131â134.
2667:, pp. 209â213.
2646:on December 1, 2016
2617:, pp. 131â133.
2593:, pp. 112â113.
2581:, pp. 163â165.
2569:, pp. 157â163.
2557:, pp. 230â231.
2531:Kellogg et al. 1939
2518:, pp. 526â535.
2387:1975PhT....28a.111.
2217:, pp. 190â197.
2205:, pp. 163â164.
2076:, pp. 262â269.
2052:, pp. 174â185.
1806:Columbia University
1760:Vannevar Bush Award
1740:Four Freedoms Award
1634:Russians had a bomb
1440:William L. Laurence
1353:. Loomis recruited
1153:Breit-Rabi equation
1151:, he developed the
1114:President Roosevelt
813:James Clerk Maxwell
774:Columbia University
580:BreitâRabi equation
578:, he developed the
565:Columbia University
520:, which is used in
508:, which is used in
417:Albert Potter Wills
379:Columbia University
329:Vannevar Bush Award
220:Columbia University
157:New York City, U.S.
8617:Nuclear technology
8605:History of science
8281:Henry DeWolf Smyth
8060:Robert Oppenheimer
8015:Priscilla Duffield
7794:Malcolm R. Beasley
7758:Arthur Bienenstock
7633:James A. Krumhansl
7579:Lewis M. Branscomb
7466:William V. Houston
7436:Henry DeWolf Smyth
7365:Lee Alvin DuBridge
7305:Lyman James Briggs
7293:Floyd K. Richtmyer
6651:Ayatollah Khomeini
6316:John Foster Dulles
4261:on Nobelprize.org
4166:Annalen der Physik
3868:10.1007/BF01339837
3391:on October 1, 2017
3344:The New York Times
2947:The New York Times
2791:The New York Times
1829:In popular culture
1708:Franklin Institute
1582:Rabi suggested to
1580:
1469:
1445:The New York Times
1436:Floyd K. Richtmyer
1383:Robert Oppenheimer
1363:Douglas A-20 Havoc
1303:
1138:William Nierenberg
1099:
1092:Ernest O. Lawrence
1040:Robert Oppenheimer
877:Ludwig Schlesinger
726:Cornell University
706:âwas published in
549:Cornell University
265:Breit-Rabi formula
210:Cornell University
8670:American atheists
8574:
8573:
8496:Los Alamos Primer
8485:Interim Committee
8440:African Americans
8392:The Great Artiste
8251:Isidor Isaac Rabi
8246:Norman Ramsey Jr.
8045:Franklin Matthias
7984:Heavy water sites
7891:Manhattan Project
7857:
7856:
7788:Michael S. Turner
7627:Val Logsdon Fitch
7597:Maurice Goldhaber
7561:William A. Fowler
7496:Charles H. Townes
7383:Isidor Isaac Rabi
7216:Henry A. Bumstead
7108:
7107:
7090:Spirit of Ukraine
6790:Pope John Paul II
6767:The Peacemakers:
6743:George H. W. Bush
6735:Mikhail Gorbachev
6719:Mikhail Gorbachev
6563:Susan Brownmiller
6479:Lyndon B. Johnson
6455:Lyndon B. Johnson
6364:U.S. Scientists:
6348:Charles de Gaulle
6340:Nikita Khrushchev
6292:Mohammed Mosaddeq
6265:Winston Churchill
6193:Winston Churchill
6085:Charles Lindbergh
6033:
6032:
5929:Isidor Isaac Rabi
5815:
5814:
4305:
4304:
4296:Succeeded by
4259:Isidor Isaac Rabi
4250:Isidor Isaac Rabi
4236:Isidor Isaac Rabi
4172:(12): 1045â1070.
3815:(3092): 163â164.
3346:. June 21, 2005.
3205:10.1063/1.3057088
3057:Wellerstein, Alex
2853:"Columbia Nobels"
2779:Laurence, William
2506:, pp. 33â34.
2458:, pp. 21â22.
2446:, pp. 88â89.
2422:, pp. 84â88.
2395:10.1063/1.3068792
2292:, pp. 71â72.
2241:, pp. 66â69.
2229:, pp. 65â67.
2181:, pp. 60â62.
2166:, pp. 57â59.
2154:, pp. 55â57.
2064:, pp. 50â53.
2040:, pp. 41â45.
2028:, pp. 35â40.
2016:, pp. 33â34.
2004:, pp. 27â28.
1956:, pp. 17â21.
1898:Seaborg, Glenn T.
1869:Claremont College
1847:in the 2023 film
1665:Dwight Eisenhower
1484:, Norman Ramsey,
1465:Werner Heisenberg
1404:Manhattan Project
1335:Alfred Lee Loomis
1246:nuclear magnetons
1186:Jerrold Zacharias
965:Werner Heisenberg
963:, where he heard
930:Arnold Sommerfeld
914:Erwin Schrödinger
849:quantum mechanics
826:thesis, entitled
616:Manhattan Project
498:Israel Isaac Rabi
468:Isidor Isaac Rabi
465:
464:
423:Doctoral students
356:Scientific career
143:
113:Israel Isaac Rabi
25:Isidor Isaac Rabi
8847:
8627:
8626:
8615:
8614:
8613:
8603:
8602:
8601:
8591:
8590:
8589:
8582:
8566:
8565:
8517:Quebec Agreement
8301:John von Neumann
8241:George B. Pegram
8050:Dorothy McKibbin
7884:
7877:
7870:
7861:
7860:
7764:Cherry A. Murray
7681:D. Allan Bromley
7651:Ernest M. Henley
7639:Eugen Merzbacher
7615:Robert R. Wilson
7454:Victor Weisskopf
7448:George Uhlenbeck
7323:George B. Pegram
7135:
7128:
7121:
7112:
7111:
7101:
7093:
7081:
7073:
7061:
7053:
7051:
7024:
7016:
7008:
7000:
6998:
6982:
6974:
6966:
6958:
6950:
6942:
6934:
6926:
6918:
6916:
6899:
6891:
6883:
6881:
6864:
6861:Rudolph Giuliani
6845:
6837:
6829:
6817:
6809:
6801:
6793:
6785:
6783:
6762:
6754:
6746:
6738:
6730:
6722:
6714:
6706:
6698:
6690:
6678:
6670:
6662:
6654:
6646:
6638:
6630:
6611:
6609:
6595:Billie Jean King
6561:American Women:
6556:
6548:
6540:
6528:
6520:
6512:
6504:
6502:
6482:
6474:
6466:
6458:
6450:
6442:
6434:
6426:
6424:
6406:William Shockley
6382:Joshua Lederberg
6378:Donald A. Glaser
6359:
6351:
6343:
6335:
6327:
6319:
6311:
6303:
6295:
6276:
6268:
6260:
6252:
6244:
6236:
6228:
6220:
6212:
6204:
6196:
6188:
6180:
6172:
6160:
6152:
6144:
6136:
6128:
6120:
6112:
6104:
6096:
6088:
6060:
6053:
6046:
6037:
6036:
5971:
5842:
5835:
5828:
5819:
5818:
5808:
5792:
5776:
5760:
5744:
5728:
5712:
5696:
5680:
5668:
5652:
5640:
5628:
5612:
5600:
5584:
5568:
5556:
5544:
5528:
5512:
5496:
5480:
5451:
5435:
5423:
5407:
5391:
5375:
5363:
5351:
5339:
5331:
5323:
5307:
5291:
5275:
5263:
5247:
5239:
5227:
5215:
5207:
5191:
5179:
5163:
5147:
5131:
5108:
5092:
5080:
5064:
5048:
5040:
5028:
5020:
5012:
5004:
4996:
4980:
4964:
4948:
4940:
4928:
4920:
4908:
4892:
4880:
4864:
4852:
4840:
4832:
4820:
4797:
4789:
4781:
4773:
4765:
4757:
4749:
4741:
4733:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4712:
4704:
4696:
4684:
4672:
4664:
4663:
4657:
4645:
4637:
4636:
4630:
4622:
4614:
4606:
4594:
4575:
4563:
4555:
4547:
4539:
4531:
4523:
4515:
4507:
4499:
4498:
4492:
4480:
4472:
4470:Kamerlingh Onnes
4464:
4456:
4448:
4440:
4428:
4420:
4412:
4404:
4396:
4388:
4372:
4360:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4308:
4307:
4287:Chairman of the
4278:Preceded by
4270:
4269:
4266:
4246:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4207:
4181:
4160:
4128:
4096:
4066:
4025:
3984:
3982:
3945:
3912:
3879:
3854:(3â4): 190â197.
3840:
3829:10.1038/123163b0
3801:
3772:
3751:
3731:
3720:
3683:
3652:Ramsey, N.F. Jr.
3646:
3616:
3586:
3557:
3532:Friedman, Norman
3527:
3495:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3319:urf.columbia.edu
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3294:urf.columbia.edu
3286:
3280:
3278:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3089:on July 22, 2013
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2787:
2775:
2769:
2762:
2756:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2615:Rabi et al. 1992
2612:
2606:
2603:Rabi et al. 1938
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2519:
2516:Rabi et al. 1939
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2405:. Archived from
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2331:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2127:
2121:
2107:
2101:
2086:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1937:
1917:
1880:
1802:site in France.
1720:Legion of Honour
1611:Military matters
1442:wrote it up for
1315:cavity magnetron
1234:lithium fluoride
1230:lithium chloride
1203:Julian Schwinger
1172:
1171:
1167:
1103:George B. Pegram
1064:John von Neumann
756:, and then as a
746:oxidation states
709:Modern Electrics
518:cavity magnetron
495:
494:
491:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
430:Julian Schwinger
412:Doctoral advisor
406:
346:
188:
186:
154:
151:January 11, 1988
137:
122:
120:
104:Personal details
90:
78:
59:
47:Chairman of the
35:
21:
20:
8855:
8854:
8850:
8849:
8848:
8846:
8845:
8844:
8815:Spectroscopists
8795:Polish atheists
8635:
8634:
8633:
8621:
8611:
8609:
8599:
8597:
8587:
8585:
8577:
8575:
8570:
8556:
8522:RaLa Experiment
8428:
8397:
8362:Project Alberta
8330:
8326:Chien-Shiung Wu
8256:James Rainwater
8191:Richard Feynman
8181:John R. Dunning
8156:Norris Bradbury
8119:
8105:Stafford Warren
8075:William Purnell
8055:Kenneth Nichols
8035:Ernest Lawrence
8010:James B. Conant
7988:
7902:
7893:
7888:
7858:
7853:
7842:Frances Hellman
7740:Marvin L. Cohen
7728:Myriam Sarachik
7716:George Trilling
7704:
7699:James S. Langer
7675:J.R. Schrieffer
7585:Herman Feshbach
7549:
7544:Chien-Shiung Wu
7526:Philip M. Morse
7460:Frederick Seitz
7388:
7353:Harvey Fletcher
7245:
7144:
7139:
7109:
7104:
7096:
7084:
7076:
7064:
7056:
7031:Jamal Khashoggi
7029:The Guardians:
7028:
7027:
7019:
7011:
7003:
6986:
6985:
6977:
6969:
6961:
6955:Mark Zuckerberg
6953:
6945:
6937:
6929:
6921:
6903:
6902:
6894:
6886:
6879:Sherron Watkins
6868:
6867:
6859:
6848:
6840:
6832:
6820:
6812:
6804:
6796:
6788:
6766:
6765:
6757:
6749:
6741:
6733:
6725:
6717:
6709:
6701:
6695:Peter Ueberroth
6693:
6681:
6673:
6665:
6657:
6649:
6641:
6633:
6625:
6614:
6567:Kathleen Byerly
6560:
6559:
6551:
6543:
6533:Henry Kissinger
6531:
6523:
6515:
6507:
6486:
6485:
6477:
6469:
6461:
6453:
6445:
6439:Pope John XXIII
6437:
6431:John F. Kennedy
6429:
6422:Robert Woodward
6418:James Van Allen
6363:
6362:
6354:
6346:
6338:
6330:
6322:
6314:
6308:Konrad Adenauer
6306:
6298:
6290:
6279:
6271:
6263:
6257:Harry S. Truman
6255:
6249:George Marshall
6247:
6241:James F. Byrnes
6239:
6233:Harry S. Truman
6231:
6223:
6217:George Marshall
6215:
6207:
6199:
6191:
6183:
6175:
6165:Chiang Kai-shek
6163:
6155:
6147:
6139:
6133:Hugh S. Johnson
6131:
6123:
6115:
6109:Mohandas Gandhi
6107:
6099:
6093:Walter Chrysler
6091:
6083:
6072:
6064:
6034:
6029:
5967:
5959:
5956:(United States)
5950:(United States)
5948:Joseph Erlanger
5934:
5915:
5896:
5872:
5853:
5846:
5816:
5811:
5795:
5779:
5763:
5747:
5731:
5715:
5699:
5683:
5671:
5655:
5643:
5631:
5615:
5603:
5587:
5571:
5559:
5547:
5531:
5515:
5499:
5483:
5467:
5460:
5454:
5438:
5426:
5410:
5401:Cohen-Tannoudji
5394:
5378:
5366:
5354:
5342:
5334:
5326:
5310:
5294:
5278:
5266:
5250:
5242:
5230:
5218:
5210:
5194:
5182:
5166:
5150:
5134:
5122:
5111:
5095:
5083:
5067:
5051:
5043:
5031:
5023:
5015:
5007:
4999:
4983:
4967:
4951:
4943:
4931:
4923:
4911:
4895:
4883:
4867:
4855:
4843:
4835:
4823:
4811:
4800:
4792:
4784:
4776:
4768:
4760:
4752:
4744:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4707:
4699:
4687:
4675:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4648:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4625:
4617:
4609:
4597:
4589:
4578:
4566:
4558:
4550:
4542:
4534:
4526:
4518:
4510:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4483:
4475:
4467:
4459:
4451:
4443:
4431:
4423:
4415:
4407:
4399:
4391:
4375:
4363:
4355:
4344:
4335:
4301:
4292:
4283:
4226:
4224:
4219:
4216:
4211:
4210:
4149:
4133:Rigden, John S.
4117:
4101:Rhodes, Richard
4085:
4031:Zacharias, J.R.
3994:Physical Review
3990:Zacharias, J.R.
3959:Physical Review
3951:Zacharias, J.R.
3922:Physical Review
3918:Zacharias, J.R.
3889:Physical Review
3885:Zacharias, J.R.
3778:Physical Review
3740:
3689:Physical Review
3660:Physical Review
3656:Zacharias, J.R.
3635:
3605:
3575:
3546:
3516:
3472:Physical Review
3461:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3392:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3354:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3323:
3321:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3298:
3296:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3167:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3130:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3064:
3054:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2943:
2936:
2926:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2860:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2785:
2776:
2772:
2766:Physical Review
2763:
2759:
2750:
2746:
2738:
2734:
2726:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2490:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2193:, p. 1066.
2189:
2185:
2177:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2119:
2111:McCusker, J. J.
2099:
2091:McCusker, J. J.
2087:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1920:
1883:
1862:
1859:
1845:David Krumholtz
1831:
1818:Riverside Drive
1814:
1712:Medal for Merit
1700:
1651:want, mermaids?
1626:Harry S. Truman
1613:
1593:Palazzo Vecchio
1482:James Rainwater
1467:(right) in 1962
1428:
1389:to work at the
1281:
1276:
1244:was 2.785±0.02
1226:magnetic moment
1169:
1165:
1164:
1128:rated Rabi and
1084:
901:
893:Physical Review
833:Physical Review
823:torsion balance
766:
704:radio condenser
681:Lower East Side
676:Austria-Hungary
657:
632:Science Advisor
626:and the Army's
592:magnetic moment
545:Lower East Side
526:microwave ovens
522:microwave radar
475:
471:
449:
404:
388:
334:
299:Medal for Merit
269:
233:
190:
187: 1926)
182:
178:
156:
152:
136:
134:Austria-Hungary
124:
118:
116:
115:
114:
88:
76:
60:
55:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8853:
8843:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8632:
8631:
8619:
8607:
8595:
8572:
8571:
8561:
8558:
8557:
8555:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8465:Chicago Pile-1
8462:
8460:Calutron Girls
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8436:
8434:
8433:Related topics
8430:
8429:
8427:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8405:
8403:
8399:
8398:
8396:
8395:
8388:
8381:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8338:
8336:
8332:
8331:
8329:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8296:StanisĆaw Ulam
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8231:Edwin McMillan
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8176:Harry Daghlian
8173:
8168:
8166:John Cockcroft
8163:
8161:James Chadwick
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8127:
8125:
8121:
8120:
8118:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8085:Charles Thomas
8082:
8080:Frank Spedding
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8040:James Marshall
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8020:Thomas Farrell
8017:
8012:
8007:
8005:Arthur Compton
8002:
7996:
7994:
7993:Administrators
7990:
7989:
7987:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7921:
7916:
7910:
7908:
7904:
7903:
7898:
7895:
7894:
7887:
7886:
7879:
7872:
7864:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7851:
7845:
7839:
7833:
7827:
7821:
7815:
7809:
7803:
7797:
7791:
7785:
7782:Robert L. Byer
7779:
7773:
7767:
7761:
7755:
7749:
7743:
7737:
7731:
7725:
7719:
7712:
7710:
7706:
7705:
7703:
7702:
7696:
7690:
7687:Andrew Sessler
7684:
7678:
7672:
7669:C. Kumar Patel
7666:
7663:Burton Richter
7660:
7654:
7648:
7642:
7636:
7630:
7624:
7618:
7612:
7606:
7603:Robert Marshak
7600:
7594:
7588:
7582:
7576:
7570:
7564:
7557:
7555:
7551:
7550:
7548:
7547:
7541:
7535:
7529:
7523:
7517:
7511:
7505:
7499:
7493:
7487:
7481:
7475:
7469:
7463:
7457:
7451:
7445:
7439:
7433:
7427:
7421:
7415:
7409:
7403:
7396:
7394:
7390:
7389:
7387:
7386:
7380:
7374:
7368:
7362:
7356:
7350:
7344:
7341:Albert W. Hull
7338:
7332:
7329:George Stewart
7326:
7320:
7314:
7308:
7302:
7296:
7290:
7287:Robert W. Wood
7284:
7281:Arthur Compton
7278:
7272:
7266:
7260:
7253:
7251:
7247:
7246:
7244:
7243:
7237:
7231:
7228:Theodore Lyman
7225:
7219:
7213:
7207:
7204:Ernest Merritt
7201:
7195:
7189:
7183:
7177:
7171:
7165:
7159:
7152:
7150:
7146:
7145:
7138:
7137:
7130:
7123:
7115:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7102:
7094:
7082:
7074:
7062:
7058:Greta Thunberg
7054:
7025:
7017:
7009:
7001:
6988:Ebola Fighters
6983:
6975:
6967:
6959:
6951:
6943:
6935:
6931:Vladimir Putin
6927:
6919:
6900:
6896:George W. Bush
6892:
6884:
6871:Cynthia Cooper
6865:
6856:
6854:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6842:George W. Bush
6838:
6830:
6818:
6810:
6802:
6794:
6786:
6777:Nelson Mandela
6773:F. W. de Klerk
6763:
6755:
6747:
6739:
6731:
6723:
6715:
6711:Corazon Aquino
6707:
6699:
6691:
6679:
6671:
6663:
6655:
6647:
6639:
6631:
6622:
6620:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6591:Barbara Jordan
6557:
6549:
6541:
6529:
6521:
6513:
6505:
6492:William Anders
6483:
6475:
6467:
6459:
6451:
6443:
6435:
6427:
6414:Charles Townes
6394:Edward Purcell
6370:Charles Draper
6360:
6352:
6344:
6336:
6328:
6324:Harlow Curtice
6320:
6312:
6304:
6296:
6287:
6285:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6269:
6261:
6253:
6245:
6237:
6229:
6221:
6213:
6205:
6197:
6189:
6181:
6173:
6169:Soong Mei-ling
6161:
6157:Wallis Simpson
6153:
6149:Haile Selassie
6145:
6137:
6129:
6121:
6113:
6105:
6097:
6089:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6063:
6062:
6055:
6048:
6040:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5951:
5944:
5942:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5932:
5925:
5923:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5906:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5887:
5885:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5870:
5863:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5845:
5844:
5837:
5830:
5822:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5793:
5777:
5761:
5745:
5729:
5713:
5697:
5681:
5669:
5653:
5641:
5629:
5613:
5601:
5585:
5569:
5557:
5545:
5529:
5513:
5497:
5481:
5464:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5436:
5424:
5408:
5392:
5376:
5364:
5352:
5340:
5332:
5324:
5308:
5292:
5276:
5264:
5248:
5240:
5228:
5216:
5208:
5192:
5180:
5164:
5148:
5137:P. W. Anderson
5132:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5093:
5081:
5065:
5049:
5041:
5029:
5021:
5013:
5005:
4997:
4981:
4965:
4958:Goeppert Mayer
4949:
4941:
4929:
4921:
4909:
4893:
4881:
4865:
4853:
4841:
4833:
4821:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4790:
4782:
4774:
4766:
4758:
4750:
4742:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4705:
4697:
4685:
4682:C. D. Anderson
4673:
4665:
4658:
4646:
4638:
4631:
4623:
4615:
4607:
4595:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4564:
4556:
4548:
4540:
4532:
4524:
4516:
4508:
4500:
4493:
4481:
4473:
4465:
4457:
4449:
4441:
4429:
4421:
4413:
4405:
4397:
4389:
4373:
4361:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4334:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4311:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4294:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4256:
4247:
4233:
4215:
4214:External links
4212:
4209:
4208:
4161:
4147:
4129:
4115:
4097:
4083:
4071:Ramsey, Norman
4067:
4041:(2): 131â133.
4026:
4000:(6): 526â535.
3985:
3946:
3928:(3): 163â165.
3913:
3895:(3): 157â163.
3880:
3841:
3802:
3784:(1): 174â185.
3773:
3752:
3738:
3721:
3695:(2): 262â269.
3684:
3666:(8): 728â743.
3647:
3633:
3617:
3603:
3587:
3573:
3558:
3544:
3528:
3514:
3500:Conant, Jennet
3496:
3478:(3): 230â231.
3463:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3428:
3402:
3385:"Barry Dennen"
3376:
3364:
3331:
3306:
3281:
3262:
3240:
3218:
3173:
3171:, p. 320.
3158:
3136:
3132:MacKenzie 2001
3124:
3112:
3100:
3074:
3048:
3046:, p. 227.
3036:
3034:, p. 665.
3024:
3022:, p. 246.
3012:
3000:
2988:
2986:, p. 648.
2976:
2964:
2952:
2934:
2908:
2896:
2870:
2844:
2832:
2830:, p. 319.
2817:
2805:
2770:
2757:
2744:
2732:
2730:, p. 656.
2717:
2705:
2703:, p. 143.
2693:
2681:
2669:
2657:
2631:
2627:Goldstein 1992
2619:
2607:
2605:, p. 318.
2595:
2583:
2571:
2559:
2547:
2545:, p. 115.
2535:
2533:, p. 728.
2520:
2508:
2504:Goldstein 1992
2496:
2494:, p. 116.
2484:
2480:Goldstein 1992
2472:
2460:
2456:Goldstein 1992
2448:
2436:
2424:
2412:
2360:
2348:
2321:
2309:
2294:
2282:
2270:
2255:
2253:, p. 104.
2243:
2231:
2219:
2207:
2195:
2183:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2128:1800âpresent:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2030:
2018:
2006:
1994:
1982:
1980:, p. 312.
1970:
1958:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1918:
1886:Serber, Robert
1881:
1858:
1855:
1830:
1827:
1813:
1810:
1699:
1696:
1677:Project Nobska
1661:Sputnik crisis
1612:
1609:
1584:Edoardo Amaldi
1578:(seated, left)
1576:Chen-Ning Yang
1502:Martin L. Perl
1486:Charles Townes
1427:
1424:
1416:TNT equivalent
1400:War Department
1327:magnetic field
1311:Tizard Mission
1280:
1277:
1211:Polykarp Kusch
1207:Jerome Kellogg
1178:Sidney Millman
1157:atomic nucleus
1083:
1080:
1052:Walter Heitler
1004:molecular beam
985:Wolfgang Pauli
981:Yoshio Nishina
946:Rudolf Peierls
900:
897:
857:Francis Bitter
802:Tutton's salts
770:Hunter College
765:
762:
656:
653:
588:atomic nucleus
463:
462:
459:
458:
455:
454:
451:
450:
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
426:
424:
420:
419:
414:
408:
407:
396:
390:
389:
387:
386:
381:
375:
373:
369:
368:
363:
359:
358:
352:
351:
348:
347:
340:
336:
335:
333:
332:
326:
320:
314:
308:
302:
296:
290:
284:
277:
275:
271:
270:
268:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
241:
239:
235:
234:
232:
231:
217:
206:
204:
200:
199:
196:
192:
191:
180:
177:Helen Newmark
176:
175:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
155:(aged 89)
149:
145:
144:
112:
110:
106:
105:
101:
100:
97:
96:
91:
85:
84:
79:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
52:
51:
44:
43:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8852:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8642:
8640:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8618:
8608:
8606:
8596:
8594:
8593:New York City
8584:
8583:
8580:
8569:
8559:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8497:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8480:Franck Report
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8437:
8435:
8431:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8400:
8394:
8393:
8389:
8387:
8386:
8382:
8380:
8379:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8342:Alsos Mission
8340:
8339:
8337:
8333:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8316:Robert Wilson
8314:
8312:
8311:Eugene Wigner
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8291:Edward Teller
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8266:Glenn Seaborg
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8236:Mark Oliphant
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8226:Willard Libby
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8136:Robert Bacher
8134:
8132:
8129:
8128:
8126:
8122:
8116:
8115:Roscoe Wilson
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8030:John Lansdale
8028:
8026:
8025:Leslie Groves
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
8000:Vannevar Bush
7998:
7997:
7995:
7991:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7929:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7896:
7892:
7885:
7880:
7878:
7873:
7871:
7866:
7865:
7862:
7849:
7848:Robert Rosner
7846:
7843:
7840:
7837:
7834:
7831:
7828:
7825:
7822:
7819:
7818:Roger Falcone
7816:
7813:
7810:
7807:
7804:
7801:
7798:
7795:
7792:
7789:
7786:
7783:
7780:
7777:
7774:
7771:
7770:Curtis Callan
7768:
7765:
7762:
7759:
7756:
7753:
7750:
7747:
7746:John Hopfield
7744:
7741:
7738:
7735:
7732:
7729:
7726:
7723:
7720:
7717:
7714:
7713:
7711:
7707:
7700:
7697:
7694:
7691:
7688:
7685:
7682:
7679:
7676:
7673:
7670:
7667:
7664:
7661:
7658:
7655:
7652:
7649:
7646:
7643:
7640:
7637:
7634:
7631:
7628:
7625:
7622:
7619:
7616:
7613:
7610:
7607:
7604:
7601:
7598:
7595:
7592:
7589:
7586:
7583:
7580:
7577:
7574:
7571:
7568:
7565:
7562:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7552:
7545:
7542:
7539:
7538:Pief Panofsky
7536:
7533:
7530:
7527:
7524:
7521:
7520:Robert Serber
7518:
7515:
7512:
7509:
7506:
7503:
7500:
7497:
7494:
7491:
7488:
7485:
7482:
7479:
7478:Robert Bacher
7476:
7473:
7470:
7467:
7464:
7461:
7458:
7455:
7452:
7449:
7446:
7443:
7440:
7437:
7434:
7431:
7428:
7425:
7422:
7419:
7416:
7413:
7410:
7407:
7404:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7391:
7384:
7381:
7378:
7375:
7372:
7369:
7366:
7363:
7360:
7359:Edward Condon
7357:
7354:
7351:
7348:
7345:
7342:
7339:
7336:
7333:
7330:
7327:
7324:
7321:
7318:
7315:
7312:
7309:
7306:
7303:
7300:
7297:
7294:
7291:
7288:
7285:
7282:
7279:
7276:
7275:Paul D. Foote
7273:
7270:
7267:
7264:
7261:
7258:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7248:
7241:
7240:Dayton Miller
7238:
7235:
7232:
7229:
7226:
7223:
7220:
7217:
7214:
7211:
7208:
7205:
7202:
7199:
7196:
7193:
7190:
7187:
7184:
7181:
7178:
7175:
7172:
7169:
7166:
7163:
7160:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7136:
7131:
7129:
7124:
7122:
7117:
7116:
7113:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7070:Kamala Harris
7067:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7026:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7006:
7005:Angela Merkel
7002:
6997:
6996:Salome Karwah
6993:
6989:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6963:The Protester
6960:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6915:
6914:Melinda Gates
6911:
6907:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6880:
6876:
6875:Coleen Rowley
6872:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6851:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6798:Newt Gingrich
6795:
6791:
6787:
6782:
6781:Yitzhak Rabin
6778:
6774:
6770:
6769:Yasser Arafat
6764:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6703:Deng Xiaoping
6700:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6687:Yuri Andropov
6684:
6683:Ronald Reagan
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6659:Ronald Reagan
6656:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6643:Deng Xiaoping
6640:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6617:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6537:Richard Nixon
6534:
6530:
6526:
6525:Richard Nixon
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6410:Edward Teller
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6390:Linus Pauling
6387:
6386:Willard Libby
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6366:George Beadle
6361:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6300:Elizabeth II
6297:
6293:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6209:Joseph Stalin
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6185:Joseph Stalin
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6101:Owen D. Young
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6069:
6061:
6056:
6054:
6049:
6047:
6042:
6041:
6038:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5970:
5966:
5965:
5962:
5955:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5937:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5918:
5912:(Switzerland)
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5899:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5851:
5843:
5838:
5836:
5831:
5829:
5824:
5823:
5820:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5794:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5778:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5762:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5746:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5714:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5698:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5682:
5679:
5675:
5670:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5654:
5651:
5647:
5642:
5639:
5635:
5630:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5586:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5570:
5567:
5563:
5558:
5555:
5551:
5546:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5530:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5514:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5482:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5457:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5437:
5434:
5430:
5425:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5393:
5390:
5389:R. Richardson
5386:
5382:
5377:
5374:
5370:
5365:
5362:
5358:
5353:
5350:
5346:
5341:
5338:
5333:
5330:
5325:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5309:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5293:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5249:
5246:
5241:
5238:
5234:
5229:
5226:
5222:
5221:Chandrasekhar
5217:
5214:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5190:
5186:
5181:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5165:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5149:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5094:
5091:
5087:
5082:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5050:
5047:
5042:
5039:
5035:
5030:
5027:
5022:
5019:
5014:
5011:
5006:
5003:
4998:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4982:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4966:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4950:
4947:
4942:
4939:
4935:
4930:
4927:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4894:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4842:
4839:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4796:
4791:
4788:
4783:
4780:
4775:
4772:
4767:
4764:
4759:
4756:
4751:
4748:
4743:
4740:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4711:
4706:
4703:
4698:
4695:
4694:G. P. Thomson
4691:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4674:
4671:
4666:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4644:
4639:
4632:
4629:
4624:
4621:
4616:
4613:
4612:O. Richardson
4608:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4593:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4562:
4557:
4554:
4549:
4546:
4541:
4538:
4533:
4530:
4525:
4522:
4517:
4514:
4509:
4506:
4501:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4479:
4474:
4471:
4466:
4463:
4458:
4455:
4450:
4447:
4446:Van der Waals
4442:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4427:
4422:
4419:
4414:
4411:
4410:J. J. Thomson
4406:
4403:
4398:
4395:
4390:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4327:
4325:
4320:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4300:
4299:James Killian
4291:
4290:
4282:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4148:0-465-06792-1
4144:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4116:0-671-44133-7
4112:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4084:0-585-14673-X
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3850:(in German).
3849:
3848:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3739:0-262-13393-8
3735:
3730:
3729:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3634:0-520-07187-5
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3604:0-520-07186-7
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3574:0-262-07138-X
3570:
3566:
3565:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3545:1-55750-260-9
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3515:0-684-87287-0
3511:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3373:
3368:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3299:September 21,
3295:
3291:
3285:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3250:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3184:Physics Today
3177:
3170:
3165:
3163:
3146:
3140:
3134:, p. 34.
3133:
3128:
3121:
3120:Friedman 1994
3116:
3109:
3104:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3045:
3040:
3033:
3028:
3021:
3016:
3009:
3004:
2997:
2992:
2985:
2980:
2973:
2968:
2961:
2956:
2948:
2941:
2939:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2906:, p. 68.
2905:
2900:
2885:. Nobel Media
2884:
2880:
2874:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2842:, p. 15.
2841:
2836:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2814:
2809:
2793:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2767:
2761:
2754:
2748:
2741:
2736:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2714:
2709:
2702:
2697:
2690:
2685:
2678:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2629:, p. 36.
2628:
2623:
2616:
2611:
2604:
2599:
2592:
2587:
2580:
2575:
2568:
2563:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2539:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2517:
2512:
2505:
2500:
2493:
2488:
2482:, p. 23.
2481:
2476:
2470:, p. 90.
2469:
2464:
2457:
2452:
2445:
2440:
2434:, p. 87.
2433:
2428:
2421:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2374:Physics Today
2370:
2364:
2358:, p. 80.
2357:
2352:
2337:. Nobel Media
2336:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2319:, p. 83.
2318:
2313:
2307:, p. 70.
2306:
2301:
2299:
2291:
2286:
2280:, p. 72.
2279:
2274:
2268:, p. 71.
2267:
2262:
2260:
2252:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2228:
2223:
2216:
2211:
2204:
2199:
2192:
2187:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2165:
2160:
2153:
2148:
2133:
2125:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2083:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2058:
2051:
2046:
2039:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1992:, p. 23.
1991:
1986:
1979:
1974:
1968:, p. 27.
1967:
1962:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1894:Pais, Abraham
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:Japan Academy
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:Oersted Medal
1734:in 1967, the
1733:
1729:
1726:in 1960, the
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1710:in 1942, the
1709:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1622:hydrogen bomb
1618:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1529:Johns Hopkins
1526:
1523:
1522:Major General
1519:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:Hideki Yukawa
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1450:atomic clocks
1447:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1387:Robert Bacher
1384:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:SCR-584 radar
1364:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1263:nuclear force
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:Gregory Breit
1145:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1134:Norman Ramsey
1131:
1127:
1126:Irving Kaplan
1123:
1122:Leon Lederman
1118:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1079:
1077:
1076:Eugene Wigner
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
942:Edward Condon
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
922:Linus Pauling
919:
915:
911:
906:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
861:Mark Zemansky
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
835:
834:
829:
824:
820:
819:
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
710:
705:
700:
698:
694:
693:anti-Semitism
690:
686:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
662:
661:Polish-Jewish
652:
649:
645:
641:
637:
634:to President
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
576:Gregory Breit
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
547:. He entered
546:
542:
538:
534:
533:Polish-Jewish
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
493:
469:
460:
456:
452:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
435:Norman Ramsey
433:
431:
428:
427:
425:
421:
418:
415:
413:
409:
402:
401:
397:
395:
391:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
374:
370:
367:
364:
360:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
317:Oersted Medal
315:
312:
309:
306:
305:Barnard Medal
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
278:
276:
272:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
242:
240:
236:
229:
225:
221:
218:
215:
211:
208:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
174:
170:
167:
164:
162:Resting place
160:
150:
146:
141:
138:(present-day
135:
131:
127:
123:July 29, 1898
111:
107:
102:
98:
95:
94:James Killian
92:
86:
83:
80:
74:
71:
68:
64:
58:
53:
50:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
8552:Y-12 Project
8537:Smyth Report
8532:S-50 Project
8494:
8490:K-25 Project
8419:Pumpkin bomb
8390:
8383:
8376:
8306:John Wheeler
8276:Louis Slotin
8271:Emilio SegrĂš
8250:
8221:George Koval
8201:James Franck
8186:Enrico Fermi
8131:Luis Alvarez
8090:Paul Tibbets
8065:Deak Parsons
7812:Laura Greene
7776:Barry Barish
7752:Leo Kadanoff
7621:Sidney Drell
7502:John Bardeen
7412:Enrico Fermi
7382:
7098:Taylor Swift
7046:
7013:Donald Trump
6992:Kent Brantly
6979:Pope Francis
6971:Barack Obama
6947:Ben Bernanke
6939:Barack Obama
6853:2001âpresent
6822:Bill Clinton
6814:Andrew Grove
6759:Bill Clinton
6675:The Computer
6627:Jimmy Carter
6603:Carol Sutton
6571:Alison Cheek
6517:Willy Brandt
6496:Frank Borman
6402:Emilio SegrĂš
6397:
6177:Adolf Hitler
6117:Pierre Laval
6067:
5999:
5928:
5245:von Klitzing
5237:Van der Meer
4746:
4286:
4281:Lee DuBridge
4240:Find a Grave
4225:. Retrieved
4169:
4165:
4137:
4105:
4074:
4038:
4034:
4029:Rabi, I.I.;
3997:
3993:
3962:
3958:
3949:Rabi, I.I.;
3925:
3921:
3892:
3888:
3851:
3845:
3812:
3806:
3781:
3777:
3760:
3756:
3727:
3692:
3688:
3663:
3659:
3624:
3594:
3563:
3535:
3504:
3475:
3471:
3445:. Retrieved
3441:
3431:
3419:. Retrieved
3415:
3405:
3393:. Retrieved
3389:the original
3379:
3367:
3355:. Retrieved
3343:
3334:
3322:. Retrieved
3318:
3309:
3297:. Retrieved
3293:
3284:
3274:
3265:
3255:February 18,
3253:. Retrieved
3243:
3230:
3221:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3149:. Retrieved
3139:
3127:
3115:
3103:
3091:. Retrieved
3087:the original
3077:
3065:. Retrieved
3051:
3039:
3027:
3015:
3003:
2991:
2979:
2967:
2955:
2946:
2925:. Retrieved
2921:the original
2911:
2899:
2887:. Retrieved
2882:
2873:
2861:. Retrieved
2857:the original
2847:
2835:
2808:
2796:. Retrieved
2794:. p. 34
2789:
2773:
2765:
2760:
2747:
2735:
2708:
2696:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2648:. Retrieved
2644:the original
2634:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2586:
2574:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2511:
2499:
2487:
2475:
2463:
2451:
2439:
2432:Millman 1977
2427:
2415:
2407:the original
2378:
2372:
2363:
2351:
2339:. Retrieved
2312:
2285:
2273:
2246:
2234:
2222:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2159:
2147:
2137:February 29,
2135:. Retrieved
2115:
2095:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1985:
1973:
1961:
1949:
1925:. New York:
1922:
1901:
1864:
1848:
1838:
1835:Barry Dennen
1832:
1815:
1804:
1701:
1684:oceanography
1663:. President
1654:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1614:
1600:
1581:
1568:James Cronin
1537:Pennsylvania
1511:
1470:
1461:John Bardeen
1443:
1434:in honor of
1429:
1420:Enrico Fermi
1412:betting pool
1408:Trinity test
1380:
1372:fire control
1359:
1355:Lee DuBridge
1304:
1292:John Randall
1279:World War II
1218:C. J. Gorter
1215:
1175:
1161:nuclear spin
1146:
1142:
1119:
1113:
1100:
1096:Enrico Fermi
1056:Fritz London
1029:
1022:
1018:
1012:
993:
954:
902:
892:
880:
853:Ralph Kronig
842:
831:
827:
816:
806:
778:Albert Wills
767:
736:. After the
707:
701:
658:
601:
596:nuclear spin
573:
530:
497:
467:
466:
445:Harold Brown
398:
372:Institutions
355:
255:Rabi problem
153:(1988-01-11)
89:Succeeded by
82:Lee DuBridge
56:
37:Rabi in 1944
18:
8650:1988 deaths
8645:1898 births
8367:Silverplate
8321:Leona Woods
8286:Leo Szilard
8261:Bruno Rossi
8206:Klaus Fuchs
8110:Ed Westcott
8100:Harold Urey
7824:David Gross
7800:Sam Aronson
7734:Helen Quinn
7567:George Pake
7484:Felix Bloch
7442:Jesse Beams
7317:John Zeleny
7048:The Capital
7045:/ Staff of
7043:Kyaw Soe Oo
7035:Maria Ressa
6667:Lech WaĆÄsa
6635:Anwar Sadat
6607:Addie Wyatt
6599:Susie Sharp
6587:Carla Hills
6583:Ella Grasso
6575:Jill Conway
6553:King Faisal
6545:John Sirica
6398:Isidor Rabi
6374:John Enders
5850:Nobel Prize
5289:Steinberger
5205:K. Siegbahn
5197:Bloembergen
4918:Chamberlain
4651:Schrödinger
4561:M. Siegbahn
4490:W. H. Bragg
4486:W. L. Bragg
3442:Radio Times
3372:Rigden 1987
3357:January 23,
3169:Ramsey 1993
3108:Rigden 1987
3067:February 1,
3044:Rigden 1987
3020:Rigden 1987
2972:Rigden 1987
2960:Rigden 1987
2904:Rigden 1987
2883:Nobel prize
2840:Rigden 1987
2828:Ramsey 1993
2813:Rigden 1987
2740:Rigden 1987
2728:Rhodes 1986
2701:Rigden 1987
2689:Rigden 1987
2677:Rigden 1987
2665:Conant 2002
2591:Rigden 1987
2543:Rigden 1987
2492:Rigden 1987
2468:Rigden 1987
2444:Rigden 1987
2420:Rigden 1987
2356:Rigden 1987
2317:Rigden 1987
2305:Rigden 1987
2290:Rigden 1987
2278:Rigden 1987
2266:Rigden 1987
2251:Rigden 1987
2239:Rigden 1987
2227:Rigden 1987
2179:Rigden 1987
2164:Rigden 1987
2152:Rigden 1987
2108:1700â1799:
2088:1634â1699:
2062:Rigden 1987
2038:Rigden 1987
2026:Rigden 1987
2014:Rigden 1987
2002:Rigden 1987
1990:Rigden 1987
1978:Ramsey 1993
1966:Rigden 1987
1954:Rigden 1987
1850:Oppenheimer
1840:Oppenheimer
1498:Leon Cooper
1474:Willis Lamb
1463:(left) and
1357:to run it.
1198:heavy water
1130:Harold Urey
1094:(left) and
1072:LeĂł SzilĂĄrd
1068:John Slater
718:Bar Mitzvah
655:Early years
440:Martin Perl
77:Preceded by
8639:Categories
8470:Demon core
8414:Little Boy
8335:Operations
8151:Niels Bohr
8141:Hans Bethe
8124:Scientists
8070:Boris Pash
7949:Los Alamos
7806:Homer Neal
7263:Henry Gale
7186:Henry Crew
7174:Carl Barus
6910:Bill Gates
6834:Jeff Bezos
6751:Ted Turner
6579:Betty Ford
6500:Jim Lovell
5878:Literature
5806:L'Huillier
5770:Hasselmann
5726:Strickland
5694:Kosterlitz
5618:Perlmutter
5357:Brockhouse
5062:Schrieffer
4934:Hofstadter
4886:C. N. Yang
4643:Heisenberg
4620:De Broglie
4293:1956â1957
3965:(4): 318.
3763:: 87â105.
3459:References
3395:August 31,
2341:August 17,
2215:Rabi 1929b
1906:Scribner's
1792:Route Rabi
1774:, and the
1426:Later life
1319:microwaves
1296:Harry Boot
1272:See also:
1048:Paul Dirac
1044:ETH Zurich
1000:Otto Stern
973:Niels Bohr
969:Copenhagen
950:Hans Bethe
758:bookkeeper
666:family in
630:, and was
535:family in
250:Rabi cycle
119:1898-07-29
8512:Plutonium
8378:Enola Gay
8196:Val Fitch
8146:Aage Bohr
8095:Bud Uanna
7964:Oak Ridge
7554:1976â2000
7430:E. Wigner
7393:1951â1975
7250:1926â1950
7149:1899â1925
7078:Elon Musk
7066:Joe Biden
6826:Ken Starr
6619:1976â2000
6284:1951â1975
6077:1927â1950
5893:(Denmark)
5869:(Germany)
5867:Otto Hahn
5859:Chemistry
5852:laureates
5790:Zeilinger
5610:Novoselov
5578:Kobayashi
5502:Abrikosov
5349:J. Taylor
5329:de Gennes
5321:R. Taylor
5213:K. Wilson
5161:R. Wilson
5145:Van Vleck
5116:1976â2000
5106:Rainwater
5102:Mottelson
5078:Josephson
5026:Gell-Mann
4990:Schwinger
4978:Prokhorov
4938:Mössbauer
4898:Cherenkov
4890:T. D. Lee
4814:Cockcroft
4805:1951â1975
4604:C. Wilson
4583:1926â1950
4529:Guillaume
4418:Michelson
4378:Becquerel
4349:1901â1925
4338:Laureates
4227:March 22,
4204:119204397
4179:1109.4864
3876:123202872
3613:637004643
3468:Breit, G.
3352:0362-4331
3213:0031-9228
3151:March 19,
2889:March 19,
2403:0031-9228
2203:Rabi 1929
2050:Rabi 1927
1914:223176672
1843:, and by
1800:Prévessin
1798:, on the
1762:from the
1750:from the
1742:from the
1706:from the
1564:Val Fitch
1541:Rochester
1533:Princeton
1494:Aage Bohr
1323:electrons
1269:in 1944.
1238:dilithium
1190:deuterium
764:Education
750:manganese
734:chemistry
685:Manhattan
557:chemistry
339:Signature
238:Known for
203:Education
66:President
61:1956â1957
57:In office
8568:Category
8424:Thin Man
8385:Bockscar
7979:Wendover
7959:New York
7954:Montreal
7944:Inyokern
7919:Berkeley
7900:Timeline
7418:H. Bethe
6806:David Ho
5798:Agostini
5686:Thouless
5678:McDonald
5666:Nakamura
5634:Wineland
5566:GrĂŒnberg
5522:Politzer
5506:Ginzburg
5494:Giacconi
5474:Ketterle
5429:'t Hooft
5413:Laughlin
5405:Phillips
5385:Osheroff
5313:Friedman
5285:Schwartz
5281:Lederman
5201:Schawlow
5177:Weinberg
4986:Tomonaga
4878:Brattain
4870:Shockley
4779:Blackett
4771:Appleton
4763:Bridgman
4710:Lawrence
4690:Davisson
4670:Chadwick
4553:Millikan
4537:Einstein
4426:Lippmann
4394:Rayleigh
4386:M. Curie
4382:P. Curie
4157:14931559
4135:(1987).
4125:13793436
4103:(1986).
4093:45729831
4073:(1993).
4063:73238886
4022:27209454
3748:45835532
3583:24628294
3554:29477981
3534:(1994).
3524:48966735
3502:(2002).
3447:July 24,
3421:July 24,
3324:July 24,
3093:June 16,
2927:June 16,
2863:June 16,
2798:June 15,
2650:July 26,
2113:(1992).
2093:(1997).
1900:(1969).
1782:and the
1758:and the
1746:and the
1730:and the
1714:and the
1597:Florence
1381:In 1942
1112:SS
977:hydrogen
815:'s 1873
664:Orthodox
195:Children
8629:Physics
8579:Portals
8542:Uranium
8409:Fat Man
8402:Weapons
7974:Trinity
7939:Hanford
7924:Chicago
7039:Wa Lone
5921:Physics
5786:Clauser
5750:Penrose
5734:Peebles
5690:Haldane
5658:Akasaki
5646:Englert
5638:Haroche
5622:Schmidt
5582:Maskawa
5534:Glauber
5526:Wilczek
5510:Leggett
5490:Koshiba
5470:Cornell
5461:present
5445:Kroemer
5441:Alferov
5433:Veltman
5417:Störmer
5337:Charpak
5317:Kendall
5301:Dehmelt
5269:Bednorz
5169:Glashow
5157:Penzias
5153:Kapitsa
5125:Richter
5098:A. Bohr
5074:Giaever
5054:Bardeen
5018:Alvarez
5002:Kastler
4994:Feynman
4874:Bardeen
4838:Zernike
4830:Purcell
4600:Compton
4545:N. Bohr
4434:Marconi
4366:Lorentz
4358:Röntgen
4340:of the
4252:at the
4184:Bibcode
4055:1562763
4002:Bibcode
3967:Bibcode
3930:Bibcode
3897:Bibcode
3856:Bibcode
3837:4113129
3817:Bibcode
3786:Bibcode
3717:4000903
3697:Bibcode
3668:Bibcode
3643:3717478
3480:Bibcode
3193:Bibcode
2383:Bibcode
1877:1071412
1531:, MIT,
1518:Harvard
1337:of the
1325:with a
1250:neutron
1182:lithium
1168:⁄
1036:Leipzig
996:Hamburg
987:at the
932:at the
905:stipend
851:. With
689:Yiddish
672:Galicia
668:RymanĂłw
606:at the
561:physics
541:Galicia
537:RymanĂłw
496:; born
366:Physics
189:
181:
130:Galicia
126:RymanĂłw
7934:Dayton
7928:Site A
7850:(2023)
7844:(2022)
7838:(2021)
7832:(2020)
7826:(2019)
7820:(2018)
7814:(2017)
7808:(2016)
7802:(2015)
7796:(2014)
7790:(2013)
7784:(2012)
7778:(2011)
7772:(2010)
7766:(2009)
7760:(2008)
7754:(2007)
7748:(2006)
7742:(2005)
7736:(2004)
7730:(2003)
7724:(2002)
7718:(2001)
7701:(2000)
7695:(1999)
7689:(1998)
7683:(1997)
7677:(1996)
7671:(1995)
7665:(1994)
7659:(1993)
7653:(1992)
7647:(1991)
7641:(1990)
7635:(1989)
7629:(1987)
7623:(1986)
7617:(1985)
7611:(1984)
7605:(1983)
7599:(1982)
7593:(1981)
7587:(1980)
7581:(1979)
7575:(1978)
7569:(1977)
7563:(1976)
7546:(1975)
7540:(1974)
7534:(1973)
7528:(1972)
7522:(1971)
7516:(1970)
7510:(1969)
7504:(1968)
7498:(1967)
7492:(1966)
7486:(1965)
7480:(1964)
7474:(1963)
7468:(1962)
7462:(1961)
7456:(1960)
7450:(1959)
7444:(1958)
7438:(1957)
7432:(1956)
7426:(1955)
7420:(1954)
7414:(1953)
7408:(1952)
7402:(1951)
7385:(1950)
7379:(1949)
7373:(1948)
7367:(1947)
7361:(1946)
7355:(1945)
7349:(1944)
7343:(1943)
7337:(1942)
7331:(1941)
7325:(1941)
7319:(1940)
7313:(1939)
7307:(1938)
7301:(1937)
7295:(1936)
7289:(1935)
7283:(1934)
7277:(1933)
7271:(1931)
7265:(1929)
7259:(1927)
7242:(1925)
7236:(1923)
7230:(1921)
7224:(1919)
7218:(1918)
7212:(1916)
7206:(1914)
7200:(1913)
7194:(1911)
7188:(1909)
7182:(1907)
7176:(1905)
7170:(1903)
7164:(1901)
7158:(1899)
7100:(2023)
7092:(2022)
7080:(2021)
7072:(2020)
7060:(2019)
7052:(2018)
7023:(2017)
7015:(2016)
7007:(2015)
6999:(2014)
6981:(2013)
6973:(2012)
6965:(2011)
6957:(2010)
6949:(2009)
6941:(2008)
6933:(2007)
6925:(2006)
6917:(2005)
6898:(2004)
6890:(2003)
6882:(2002)
6863:(2001)
6844:(2000)
6836:(1999)
6828:(1998)
6816:(1997)
6808:(1996)
6800:(1995)
6792:(1994)
6784:(1993)
6761:(1992)
6753:(1991)
6745:(1990)
6737:(1989)
6729:(1988)
6721:(1987)
6713:(1986)
6705:(1985)
6697:(1984)
6689:(1983)
6677:(1982)
6669:(1981)
6661:(1980)
6653:(1979)
6645:(1978)
6637:(1977)
6629:(1976)
6610:(1975)
6555:(1974)
6547:(1973)
6539:(1972)
6527:(1971)
6519:(1970)
6511:(1969)
6503:(1968)
6481:(1967)
6473:(1966)
6465:(1965)
6457:(1964)
6449:(1963)
6441:(1962)
6433:(1961)
6425:(1960)
6358:(1959)
6350:(1958)
6342:(1957)
6334:(1956)
6326:(1955)
6318:(1954)
6310:(1953)
6302:(1952)
6294:(1951)
6275:(1950)
6267:(1949)
6259:(1948)
6251:(1947)
6243:(1946)
6235:(1945)
6227:(1944)
6219:(1943)
6211:(1942)
6203:(1941)
6195:(1940)
6187:(1939)
6179:(1938)
6171:(1937)
6159:(1936)
6151:(1935)
6143:(1934)
6135:(1933)
6127:(1932)
6119:(1931)
6111:(1930)
6103:(1929)
6095:(1928)
6087:(1927)
5802:Krausz
5796:2023:
5782:Aspect
5780:2022:
5774:Manabe
5766:Parisi
5764:2021:
5754:Genzel
5748:2020:
5742:Queloz
5732:2019:
5722:Mourou
5718:Ashkin
5716:2018:
5710:Thorne
5706:Barish
5700:2017:
5684:2016:
5674:Kajita
5672:2015:
5656:2014:
5644:2013:
5632:2012:
5616:2011:
5604:2010:
5588:2009:
5572:2008:
5560:2007:
5550:Mather
5548:2006:
5542:HĂ€nsch
5532:2005:
5516:2004:
5500:2003:
5484:2002:
5478:Wieman
5468:2001:
5439:2000:
5427:1999:
5411:1998:
5395:1997:
5381:D. Lee
5379:1996:
5373:Reines
5367:1995:
5355:1994:
5343:1993:
5335:1992:
5327:1991:
5311:1990:
5297:Ramsey
5295:1989:
5279:1988:
5273:MĂŒller
5267:1987:
5261:Rohrer
5257:Binnig
5251:1986:
5243:1985:
5233:Rubbia
5231:1984:
5225:Fowler
5219:1983:
5211:1982:
5195:1981:
5185:Cronin
5183:1980:
5167:1979:
5151:1978:
5135:1977:
5123:1976:
5096:1975:
5090:Hewish
5084:1974:
5068:1973:
5058:Cooper
5052:1972:
5044:1971:
5034:Alfvén
5032:1970:
5024:1969:
5016:1968:
5008:1967:
5000:1966:
4984:1965:
4970:Townes
4968:1964:
4962:Jensen
4954:Wigner
4952:1963:
4946:Landau
4944:1962:
4932:1961:
4926:Glaser
4924:1960:
4912:1959:
4896:1958:
4884:1957:
4868:1956:
4856:1955:
4844:1954:
4836:1953:
4824:1952:
4818:Walton
4812:1951:
4795:Powell
4793:1950:
4787:Yukawa
4785:1949:
4777:1948:
4769:1947:
4761:1946:
4753:1945:
4745:1944:
4737:1943:
4708:1939:
4700:1938:
4688:1937:
4676:1936:
4668:1935:
4649:1933:
4641:1932:
4626:1930:
4618:1929:
4610:1928:
4598:1927:
4592:Perrin
4590:1926:
4569:Franck
4567:1925:
4559:1924:
4551:1923:
4543:1922:
4535:1921:
4527:1920:
4519:1919:
4513:Planck
4511:1918:
4505:Barkla
4503:1917:
4484:1915:
4476:1914:
4468:1913:
4460:1912:
4452:1911:
4444:1910:
4432:1909:
4424:1908:
4416:1907:
4408:1906:
4402:Lenard
4400:1905:
4392:1904:
4376:1903:
4370:Zeeman
4364:1902:
4356:1901:
4202:
4155:
4145:
4123:
4113:
4091:
4081:
4061:
4053:
4020:
3874:
3835:
3808:Nature
3746:
3736:
3715:
3641:
3631:
3611:
3601:
3581:
3571:
3552:
3542:
3522:
3512:
3350:
3211:
2401:
1932:
1912:
1875:
1698:Honors
1637:thing.
1374:, and
1242:proton
1014:Nature
910:ZĂŒrich
899:Europe
790:sodium
728:as an
644:UNESCO
610:(MIT)
551:as an
405:(1927)
403:
394:Thesis
362:Fields
331:(1986)
325:(1985)
319:(1982)
313:(1967)
307:(1960)
301:(1948)
295:(1944)
289:(1942)
283:(1939)
274:Awards
172:Spouse
140:Poland
7907:Sites
7709:2001â
6000:1944
5902:Peace
5848:1944
5738:Mayor
5702:Weiss
5662:Amano
5650:Higgs
5626:Riess
5598:Smith
5594:Boyle
5574:Nambu
5554:Smoot
5518:Gross
5486:Davis
5459:2001â
5449:Kilby
5361:Shull
5345:Hulse
5253:Ruska
5189:Fitch
5173:Salam
5070:Esaki
5046:Gabor
5010:Bethe
4974:Basov
4914:SegrĂš
4902:Frank
4862:Kusch
4850:Bothe
4826:Bloch
4755:Pauli
4739:Stern
4702:Fermi
4655:Dirac
4628:Raman
4573:Hertz
4521:Stark
4462:Dalén
4438:Braun
4200:S2CID
4174:arXiv
4059:S2CID
4018:S2CID
3872:S2CID
3833:S2CID
3713:S2CID
2786:(PDF)
2120:(PDF)
2100:(PDF)
1942:Notes
1934:74630
1857:Books
1812:Death
1376:LORAN
1333:, so
1331:radar
1288:Anode
957:Leeds
830:, to
604:radar
183:(
179:
7914:Ames
6906:Bono
6068:Time
6025:1949
6020:1948
6015:1947
6010:1946
6005:1945
5995:1943
5990:1942
5985:1941
5980:1940
5975:1939
5882:1944
5758:Ghez
5606:Geim
5562:Fert
5538:Hall
5421:Tsui
5369:Perl
5305:Paul
5141:Mott
5129:Ting
5086:Ryle
5038:NĂ©el
4906:Tamm
4858:Lamb
4846:Born
4747:Rabi
4731:1942
4724:1941
4717:1940
4678:Hess
4662:1934
4635:1931
4497:1916
4478:Laue
4454:Wien
4229:2016
4153:OCLC
4143:ISBN
4121:OCLC
4111:ISBN
4089:OCLC
4079:ISBN
4051:PMID
3744:OCLC
3734:ISBN
3639:OCLC
3629:ISBN
3609:OCLC
3599:ISBN
3579:OCLC
3569:ISBN
3550:OCLC
3540:ISBN
3520:OCLC
3510:ISBN
3449:2023
3423:2023
3397:2023
3359:2016
3348:ISSN
3326:2023
3301:2022
3257:2011
3209:ISSN
3153:2016
3095:2012
3069:2015
2929:2012
2891:2016
2865:2012
2800:2012
2652:2016
2399:ISSN
2343:2012
2139:2024
1930:OCLC
1910:OCLC
1873:OCLC
1796:CERN
1688:NATO
1615:The
1605:CERN
1574:and
1545:Yale
1543:and
1488:and
1370:for
1294:and
1236:and
1209:and
1074:and
948:and
940:and
920:and
648:CERN
594:and
524:and
148:Died
109:Born
6923:You
5590:Kao
5397:Chu
4238:at
4192:doi
4170:523
4043:doi
4010:doi
3975:doi
3938:doi
3905:doi
3864:doi
3825:doi
3813:123
3794:doi
3765:doi
3705:doi
3676:doi
3488:doi
3201:doi
2391:doi
1794:at
1595:in
1500:).
1298:at
879:'s
867:to
788:of
748:of
683:of
514:MRI
228:PhD
8641::
7088:/
7068:/
7041:/
7037:/
7033:/
6912:/
6908:/
6877:/
6873:/
6824:/
6779:/
6775:/
6771:/
6685:/
6605:/
6601:/
6597:/
6593:/
6589:/
6585:/
6581:/
6577:/
6573:/
6569:/
6565:/
6535:/
6498:/
6494:/
6490::
6420:/
6416:/
6412:/
6408:/
6404:/
6400:/
6396:/
6392:/
6388:/
6384:/
6380:/
6376:/
6372:/
6368:/
6167:/
5804:/
5800:/
5788:/
5784:/
5772:/
5768:/
5756:/
5752:/
5740:/
5736:/
5724:/
5720:/
5708:/
5704:/
5692:/
5688:/
5676:/
5664:/
5660:/
5648:/
5636:/
5624:/
5620:/
5608:/
5596:/
5592:/
5580:/
5576:/
5564:/
5552:/
5540:/
5536:/
5524:/
5520:/
5508:/
5504:/
5492:/
5488:/
5476:/
5472:/
5447:/
5443:/
5431:/
5419:/
5415:/
5403:/
5399:/
5387:/
5383:/
5371:/
5359:/
5347:/
5319:/
5315:/
5303:/
5299:/
5287:/
5283:/
5271:/
5259:/
5255:/
5235:/
5223:/
5203:/
5199:/
5187:/
5175:/
5171:/
5159:/
5155:/
5143:/
5139:/
5127:/
5104:/
5100:/
5088:/
5076:/
5072:/
5060:/
5056:/
5036:/
4992:/
4988:/
4976:/
4972:/
4960:/
4956:/
4936:/
4916:/
4904:/
4900:/
4888:/
4876:/
4872:/
4860:/
4848:/
4828:/
4816:/
4692:/
4680:/
4653:/
4602:/
4571:/
4488:/
4436:/
4384:/
4380:/
4368:/
4198:.
4190:.
4182:.
4168:.
4151:.
4119:.
4087:.
4057:.
4049:.
4037:.
4016:.
4008:.
3998:55
3996:.
3973:.
3963:53
3961:.
3957:.
3936:.
3926:46
3924:.
3903:.
3893:46
3891:.
3870:.
3862:.
3852:54
3831:.
3823:.
3811:.
3792:.
3782:29
3780:.
3761:38
3759:.
3742:.
3711:.
3703:.
3693:29
3691:.
3674:.
3664:56
3662:.
3654:;
3637:.
3607:.
3577:.
3548:.
3518:.
3486:.
3476:46
3474:.
3440:.
3414:.
3342:.
3317:.
3292:.
3273:.
3233:.
3229:.
3207:.
3199:.
3189:13
3187:.
3161:^
2937:^
2881:.
2820:^
2788:.
2720:^
2523:^
2397:.
2389:.
2379:28
2377:.
2371:.
2324:^
2297:^
2258:^
2171:^
2122:.
2102:.
2081:^
1908:.
1904:.
1896:;
1892:;
1888:;
1871:.
1853:.
1570:,
1566:,
1555:.
1539:,
1535:,
1480:,
1476:,
1232:,
1205:,
1173:.
1078:.
1070:,
1066:,
1062:,
1058:,
1054:,
1050:,
991:.
859:,
855:,
760:.
670:,
539:,
528:.
483:ÉË
226:,
224:MS
214:BS
185:m.
132:,
128:,
8581::
7930:)
7926:(
7883:e
7876:t
7869:v
7134:e
7127:t
7120:v
6059:e
6052:t
6045:v
5884:)
5880:(
5841:e
5834:t
5827:v
4330:e
4323:t
4316:v
4231:.
4206:.
4194::
4186::
4176::
4159:.
4127:.
4095:.
4065:.
4045::
4039:2
4024:.
4012::
4004::
3983:.
3977::
3969::
3944:.
3940::
3932::
3911:.
3907::
3899::
3878:.
3866::
3858::
3839:.
3827::
3819::
3800:.
3796::
3788::
3771:.
3767::
3750:.
3719:.
3707::
3699::
3682:.
3678::
3670::
3645:.
3615:.
3585:.
3556:.
3526:.
3494:.
3490::
3482::
3451:.
3425:.
3399:.
3361:.
3328:.
3303:.
3277:.
3259:.
3237:.
3215:.
3203::
3195::
3155:.
3097:.
3071:.
2931:.
2893:.
2867:.
2802:.
2654:.
2393::
2385::
2345:.
2141:.
2126:.
2106:.
1936:.
1916:.
1879:.
1603:(
1170:2
1166:3
512:(
492:/
489:i
486:b
480:r
477:Ë
474:/
470:(
230:)
222:(
216:)
212:(
198:2
142:)
121:)
117:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
