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2695:. Berlin defined 'negative liberty' as absence of coercion or interference in private actions by an external political body, which Berlin derived from the Hobbesian definition of liberty. 'Positive liberty' Berlin maintained, could be thought of as self-mastery, which asks not what we are free from, but what we are free to do. Berlin contended that modern political thinkers often conflated positive liberty with rational action, based upon a rational knowledge to which, it is argued, only a certain elite or social group has access. This rationalist conflation was open to political abuses, which encroached on negative liberty, when such interpretations of positive liberty were, in the nineteenth century, used to defend nationalism, paternalism, social engineering, historicism, and collective rational control over human destiny.
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loyal to the Tsar was the police, the
Pharaon, I've never seen Pharaon in the histories of the Russian Revolution. They existed, and they did sniping from the rooftops or attics. I saw a man like that, a Pharaon . That's not in the books, but it is true. And they sniped at the revolutionaries from roofs or attics and things. And this man was dragged down, obviously, by a crowd, and was being obviously taken to a not very agreeable fate, and I saw this man struggling in the middle of a crowd of about twenty hat gave me a permanent horror of violence which has remained with me for the rest of my life.
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Despite his fluency in
English, however, in later life Berlin's Oxford English accent would sound increasingly Russian in its vowel sounds. Whenever he was described as an English philosopher, Berlin always insisted that he was not an English philosopher, but would forever be a Russian Jew: "I am a Russian Jew from Riga, and all my years in England cannot change this. I love England, I have been well treated here, and I cherish many things about English life, but I am a Russian Jew; that is how I was born and that is who I will be to the end of my life."
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The same publication reported: "Isaiah Berlin was often described, especially in his old age, by means of superlatives: the world's greatest talker, the century's most inspired reader, one of the finest minds of our time. There is no doubt that he showed in more than one direction the unexpectedly large possibilities open to us at the top end of the range of human potential." The front page of
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incompatible, and may, therefore, come into conflict with one another in a way that admits of no resolution without reference to particular contexts of a decision. When values clash, it may not be that one is more important than the other: keeping a promise may conflict with the pursuit of truth; liberty may clash with
756:, at the Hotel PalĂĄcio, between 19 and 24 October 1940. Prior to this service, however, Berlin was barred from participation in the British war effort as a result of his being born in Latvia, and because his left arm had been damaged at birth. In April 1943 he wrote a confidential analysis of members of the
2891:. The society invites world famous academics to share their research into the answers to life's great concerns and to respond to students' questions. In the last few years they have hosted: A.C. Grayling, Brad Hooker, Jonathan Dancy, John Cottingham, Tim Crane, Arif Ahmed, Hugh Mellor and David Papineau.
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A number of commemorative events for Isaiah Berlin are held at Oxford
University, as well as scholarships given out in his name, including the Wolfson Isaiah Berlin Clarendon Scholarship, The Isaiah Berlin Visiting Professorship, and the annual Isaiah Berlin Lectures. The Berlin Quadrangle of Wolfson
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For Berlin, values are creations of mankind, rather than products of nature waiting to be discovered. He argued, on the basis of the epistemic and empathetic access we have to other cultures across history, that the nature of mankind is such that certain values â the importance of individual liberty,
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wrote: "he was a man of formidable intellectual power with a rare gift for understanding a wide range of human motives, hopes and fears, and a prodigiously energetic capacity for enjoyment â of life, of people in all their variety, of their ideas and idiosyncrasies, of literature, of music, of art".
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made astonishing feats in the school's Junior
Debating Society and the School Union Society. The rapid, even flow of his ideas, the succession of confident references to authors whom most of his contemporaries had never heard, left them mildly stupefied. Yet there was no backlash, no resentment at
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Berlin's native language was
Russian, and his English was virtually nonexistent at first, but he reached proficiency in English within a year at around the age of 12. In addition to Russian and English, Berlin was fluent in French, German, and Italian, and he knew Hebrew, Latin, and Ancient Greek.
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tape recorder. He would often dictate these letters while simultaneously conversing with friends, and his secretary would then transcribe them. At times, the secretary would inadvertently include the author's jokes and laughter in the transcribed text. The product of this unique methodology was a
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Well I was seven and a half and something, and then I was â did I tell you the terrible sight of the policeman being dragged â not policeman, a sharp shooter from the rooftop â being dragged away by a lynching bee In the early parts of the revolution, the only people who remained
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and then on
Angliiskii Prospekt on the mainland. On Angliiskii Prospekt, they shared their building with other tenants, including Rimsky-Korsakov's daughter, an assistant Minister of Finnish affairs, and Princess Emeretinsky. With the onset of the October Revolution of 1917, the fortunes of the
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to its sawmills in Riga. As his father, who was the head of the Riga
Association of Timber Merchants, worked for the company in its dealings with Western companies, he was fluent not only in Yiddish, Russian, and German, but also in French and English. His Russian-speaking mother, Marie (Musya)
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Isaiah Berlin's essay 'Two
Concepts of Liberty'* is one of the most important pieces of post-war political philosophy. It was originally given as a lecture in Oxford in 1958 and has been much discussed since then. In this extract from the lecture Berlin identifies the two different concepts of
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rule, which identified the family as bourgeoisie, the family left
Petrograd, on 5 October 1920, for Riga, but encounters with anti-Semitism and difficulties with the Latvian authorities convinced them to leave, and they moved to Britain in early 1921 (Mendel in January, Isaiah and Marie at the
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Berlin did not enjoy writing, and his published work (including both his essays and books) was produced through dictation to a tape-recorder, or by the transcription of his improvised lectures and talks from recorded tapes. The work of transcribing his spoken word often placed a strain on his
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on a similarity in forms of life, with the inverse implication that our epistemic access to other cultures entails an ontologically contiguous value-structure. With his account of value pluralism, he proposed the view that moral values may be equally, or rather incommensurably, valid and yet
2784:. Moral conflicts are "an intrinsic, irremovable element in human life". "These collisions of values are of the essence of what they are and what we are." For Berlin, this clashing of incommensurate values within, no less than between, individuals, constitutes the tragedy of human life.
2806:, was one of Berlin's most popular essays with the general public, reprinted in numerous editions. Of the classification that gives the essay its title, Berlin once said "I never meant it very seriously. I meant it as a kind of enjoyable intellectual game, but it was taken seriously."
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are compilations or transcripts of lectures, essays, and letters. Details given are of first and latest UK editions, and current US editions. Most titles are also available as e-books. The twelve titles marked with a '+' are available in the US market in revised editions from
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concluded: "His was an exuberant life crowded with joys â the joy of thought, the joy of music, the joy of good friends. ... The theme that runs throughout his work is his concern with liberty and the dignity of human beings .... Sir Isaiah radiated well-being."
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Berlin is known for his inaugural lecture, "Two
Concepts of Liberty," delivered in 1958 as Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory at Oxford. The lecture, later published as an essay, reintroduced the study of political philosophy to the methods of
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College, Oxford, is named after him. The Isaiah Berlin Association of Latvia was founded in 2011 to promote the ideas and values of Sir Isaiah Berlin, in particular by organising an annual Isaiah Berlin day and lectures in his memory. At the
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and form part of the Aranne Library collection. The Isaiah Berlin Room, on the third floor of the library, is a replica of his study at the University of Oxford. There is also the Isaiah Berlin Society which takes place at his alma mater of
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at Cambridge University. Wittgenstein rejected the argument of his paper in discussion but praised Berlin for his intellectual honesty and integrity. Berlin was to remain at Oxford for the rest of his life, apart from a period working for
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His date of birth was officially registered as 24 May, according to the Julian calendar then in force in the Russian Empire. Latvian State Historical Archive, RÄ«gas rabinÄts, 4346. fonds, 2. apraksts, 58. lieta, 71. lp. o. p., 72.
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writing style that mimicked his spoken discourseâanimated, quick, and constantly jumping from one idea to another. His everyday conversation was literally mirrored in his works, complete with intricate grammar and punctuation.
826:. The college was founded to be a centre of academic excellence which, unlike many other colleges at Oxford, would also be based on a strong egalitarian and democratic ethos. Berlin was a member of the Founding Council of the
752:(BIS) in New York from 1940 to 1942 and for the British embassies in Washington, DC, and Moscow from then until 1946. Before crossing the Atlantic in 1940, Berlin took rest in Portugal for a few days. He stayed in
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Ned O'Gorman, 'My dinners with Isaiah: the music of a philosopher's life â Sir Isaiah Berlin' â includes related article on Isaiah Berlin's commitment to ideals of genuine understanding over intellectual mastery,
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fallacy the notion that there are "clear and distinct" ideas "which can be contemplated by a kind of inner eye", without the use of language â a recognition greatly sharpened in the 20th century by Wittgenstein's
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2747:, Berlin argues that Hamann was one of the first thinkers to conceive of human cognition as language â the articulation and use of symbols. Berlin saw Hamann as having recognised as the rationalist's
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more often promote "positive liberty" – that is, liberty insofar as it is tethered to collectively defined ends. They praise the state as an essential tool to emancipate the people.
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building's tenants were rapidly reversed, with both the Princess Emeretinsky and Rimsky-Korsakov's daughter soon being made to stoke the building's stoves and sweep the yards. Berlin witnessed the
490:, for which occasion he prepared a "short credo" (as he called it in a letter to a friend), now known as "A Message to the Twenty-First Century", to be read on his behalf at the ceremony.
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2865:. Eighteen of these character sketches were published together as "Personal Impressions" (1980; 2nd ed., with four additional essays, 1998; 3rd ed., with a further ten essays, 2014).
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Berlin expands upon this idea to divide writers and thinkers into two categories: hedgehogs, who view the world through the lens of a single defining idea (examples given include
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in Leningrad in November 1945 and January 1946 had a powerful effect on both of them, and serious repercussions for Akhmatova (who immortalised the meetings in her poetry).
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2853:(in the case of this volume, jointly with Aileen Kelly). Berlin also contributed a number of essays on leading intellectuals and political figures of his time, including
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Volshonok). His family owned a timber company, one of the largest in the Baltics, as well as forests in Russia, from where the timber was floated down the
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According to Berlin, the most eloquent of all defenders of freedom and privacy Benjamin Constant, who had not forgotten the Jacobin dictatorship
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2813:), and foxes, who draw on a wide variety of experiences and for whom the world cannot be boiled down to a single idea (examples given include
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Joshua L. Cherniss and Steven B. Smith (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Isaiah Berlin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2018, p. 13.
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Though like Our Lord and Socrates he does not publish much, he thinks and says a great deal and has had an enormous influence on our times
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for instance â will hold true across cultures, and this is what he meant by objective pluralism. Berlin's argument was partly grounded in
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both from his apartment windows and from walks in the city with his governess, where he recalled the crowds of protesters marching on the
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suggests, however, that Berlin ignores the fact that values are commensurable in the extent to which they contribute to the human good.
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for his lifelong defence of civil liberties, and on 25 November 1994, he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws at the
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a solid, stolid, 78-year-old reactionary from the corn belt, who is the very voice of Mid-Western "grass root" isolationism
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these breathless marathons, because Berlin's essential modesty and good manners eliminated jealousy and disarmed hostility.
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One particular childhood memory of the February Revolution marked his lifelong opposition to violence, with Berlin saying:
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In their matrimonial record from 1906, available at the Jewish genealogy site JewishGen.org, mother's name is spelled
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700:, again taking first-class honours after less than a year on the course. He was appointed a tutor in philosophy at
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3001:(edited by Henry Hardy and Aileen Kelly), Hogarth Press, 1978. 2nd ed. (revised by Henry Hardy), Penguin, 2008.
838:, Isaiah Berlin argued against a promotion, because of the profoundly pro-communist militancy of the candidate.
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in 1975. He was instrumental in the founding, in 1966, of a new graduate college at Oxford University:
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where he was sent to Arundel House for preparatory school, then within the year they bought a house in
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Exile, Statelessness, and Migration: Playing Chess with History from Hannah Arendt to Isaiah Berlin
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While still a student, he befriended Ayer (with whom he was to share a lifelong amicable rivalry),
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3844:"American Profiles on Capitol Hill: A Confidential Study for the British Foreign Office in 1943"
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Berlin refers to Diderot and Lessing as 'two of my favorite thinkers in the eighteenth century.'
3134:(edited by Henry Hardy and Roger Hausheer) , Chatto & Windus, 1997. 2nd ed., Vintage, 2013.
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freedom â negative and positive â which provide the framework for his wide-ranging discussion.
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2802:"The Hedgehog and the Fox", a title referring to a fragment of the ancient Greek poet
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743:. In 1940, he presented a philosophical paper on other minds to a meeting attended by
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beginning of February), when Berlin was eleven. In London, the family first stayed in
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Michael C. Behrent, "Liberal Dispositions: Recent scholarship on French Liberalism."
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Isaiah Berlin and the Politics of Freedom: 'Two Concepts of Liberty' 50 Years Later,
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This article is about the 20th-century philosopher. For the 18th-century rabbi, see
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family, the only son of Mendel Berlin, a timber trader (and a direct descendant of
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Political Ideas in the Romantic Age: Their Rise and Influence on Modern Thought
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Cultural Diversity, Liberal Pluralism and Schools: Isaiah Berlin and Education
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The Magus of the North: J. G. Hamann and the Origins of Modern Irrationalism
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http://www.sjpcommunications.org/images/uploads/documents/Isaiah_Berlin.pdf
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Blattberg has also criticised Berlin for taking politics "too seriously."
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2775:'s later theory of language, which argued that inter-translatability was
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Berlin died in Oxford on 5 November 1997, aged 88. He is buried there in
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3355:(edited by Henry Hardy and Jennifer Holmes), Chatto & Windus, 2009.
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4218:. Political Philosophy Now. University of Wales Press. pp. 71â95.
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An annual Isaiah Berlin Lecture is held at the Hampstead Synagogue, at
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in London. According to Michael Bonavia, a British author (and son of
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4375:
Chinese Village Life Today: Building Families in an Age of Transition
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2527:
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1527:
1047:
708:, the first unconverted Jew to achieve this fellowship at All Souls.
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630:
583:
575:
574:. Isaiah Berlin spent his first six years in Riga and later lived in
510:
431:
5314:
5009:
4643:
3798:
3759:
Isaiah Berlin. Palgrave Studies in Cultural and Intellectual History
3391:(edited by Henry Hardy and Mark Pottle), Chatto & Windus, 2015.
3377:(edited by Henry Hardy and Mark Pottle), Chatto & Windus, 2013.
2623:
8507:
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2959:, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1953. 2nd ed., 2014, Phoenix.
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2131:
1382:
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from Russian into English, and during World War II, worked for the
59:
5010:
Entry on Isaiah Berlin in the International Encyclopedia of Ethics
4776:
Encounters with Isaiah Berlin: Story of an Intellectual Friendship
3600:
3220:(lectures delivered in 1952), Chatto & Windus, 2002. Pimlico.
3149:(lectures delivered in 1965), Chatto & Windus, 1999. [imlico.
2739:) contributed to his advocacy of an irreducibly pluralist ethical
525:
Plaque marking what was once Berlin's childhood home (designed by
8544:
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7345:
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7074:
7034:
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6757:
5826:
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2912:, with additional material by Berlin, and (except in the case of
2606:
1572:
1178:
1112:
753:
506:
319:
281:
3077:
The Crooked Timber of Humanity: Chapters in the History of Ideas
792:
de Gunzbourg (1915â2014), the former wife of nuclear physicist
7293:
7094:
6882:
6857:
6847:
6817:
6802:
6608:
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5521:
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5364:
4980:
4810:
2956:
The Hedgehog and the Fox: An Essay on Tolstoy's View of History
1242:
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423:
314:
109:
4782:
2849:(1978; 2nd ed. 2008) and edited, as most of Berlin's work, by
545:, where Berlin lived as a child during the Russian Revolutions
7323:
6812:
6747:
5709:
5704:
5684:
5492:
4657:
Isaac and Isaiah: The Covert Punishment of a Cold War Heretic
4274:
Berlin, Isaiah (1997). Hardy, Henry; Hausheer, Roger (eds.).
2947:
The Age of Enlightenment: The Eighteenth-Century Philosophers
2810:
586:(now St Petersburg). In Petrograd, the family lived first on
579:
4632:
From Pluralist to Patriotic Politics: Putting Practice First
3736:, edited by Henry Hardy, (Boydell & Brewer 2013), p. 180
2916:) new forewords by contemporary authors; the 5th edition of
466:, and became its founding President. Berlin was appointed a
7318:
6742:
5694:
3590:
3588:
704:, and soon afterwards was elected to a prize fellowship at
550:
419:
83:
4817:
A podcast interview with Henry Hardy on Berlin's pluralism
3507:"Philosopher and political thinker Sir Isaiah Berlin dies"
6887:
6782:
5256:
4737:
The Book of Isaiah: Personal Impressions of Isaiah Berlin
4309:
Modern Political Philosophy: Theories of the Just Society
4091:"Isaiah Berlin, Philosopher And Pluralist, Is Dead at 88"
3734:
The Book of Isaiah: Personal Impressions of Isaiah Berlin
462:
from 1963 to 1964. In 1966, he played a role in creating
32:
4834:
A section from the last essay written by Isaiah Berlin,
4689:
The Problem of Value Pluralism: Isaiah Berlin and Beyond
3585:
3171:
Three Critics of the Enlightenment: Vico, Hamann, Herder
3110:
The Sense of Reality: Studies in Ideas and their History
497:, at the British Academy, and in Riga. Berlin's work on
446:. In addition to his own output, he translated works by
4267:
2791:
4634:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
3841:
3218:
Freedom and Its Betrayal: Six Enemies of Human Liberty
2613:
788:
In 1956 Berlin married Aline Elisabeth Yvonne Halban,
6464:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
4801:
on The Philosopher's Zone, ABC, 6 & 13 June 2009.
458:
at the University of Oxford. He was president of the
8746:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
4990:
Website and bibliography of Isaiah Berlin's writings
3430:
3333:(edited by Henry Hardy), Chatto & Windus, 2004.
2989:
Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas
5056:
Sir Isaiah Berlin's Blue Plaque on Headington House
4823:
A recording of the last of Berlin's Mellon Lectures
4431:Steven J. Heyman, "Positive and negative liberty."
4276:
The Proper Study of Mankind: An Anthology of Essays
4019:. The Rothermere American Institute. Archived from
3132:
The Proper Study of Mankind: An Anthology of Essays
3038:
Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas
1871:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
696:. He subsequently took another degree at Oxford in
8726:Chichele Professors of Social and Political Theory
4648:Brockliss, Laurence and Ritchie Robertson (eds.),
4216:Isaiah Berlin: A Kantian and Post-Idealist Thinker
4053:
4051:
3919:
3775:. The Self Publishing Association Ltd. p. 29.
3474:
772:. For his services, he was appointed a CBE in the
3757:Dubnov A.M. (2012) "Becoming a Russian-Jew". In:
625:at 33 Upper Addison Gardens, Holland Park, London
456:Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory
8582:
4239:D. Bleich (2006). "The Materiality of Reading".
3595:Isaiah Berlin: In Conversation with Steven Lukes
3533:"Concepts and Categories â Philosophical Essays"
3475:Brockliss, Laurence; Robertson, Ritchie (2016).
3254:The Soviet Mind: Russian Culture under Communism
2967:. 2nd US ed., Princeton University Press, 2013.
814:He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the
582:, effectively owned by the family business) and
4721:Isaiah Berlin: An Interpretation of His Thought
4300:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4048:
3056:, Hogarth Press, 1980. 2nd ed., Pimlico, 1998.
2981:, Oxford University Press, 1969. Superseded by
4829:Biographical information on Sir Isaiah Berlin.
4696:Isaiah Berlin: The Journey of a Jewish Liberal
4311:. Middlesex: Penguin Books. pp. 157â158.
3431:Cherniss, Joshua; Hardy, Henry (25 May 2010).
549:Berlin was born on 6 June 1909 into a wealthy
8771:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
8756:Members of the American Philosophical Society
6703:
5330:
5242:
4333:
3597:, Salmagundi, No. 120 (Fall 1998), pp. 52â134
3295:. 2nd ed., 2014, Princeton University Press.
3228:. 2nd ed., 2014, Princeton University Press.
3205:. 2nd ed., 2013, Princeton University Press.
3182:. 2nd ed., 2013, Princeton University Press.
3157:. 2nd ed., 2013, Princeton University Press.
3120:. 2nd ed., 2019, Princeton University Press.
3087:. 2nd ed., 2013, Princeton University Press.
3079:, John Murray, 1990. 2nd ed., Pimlico, 2013.
3064:. 3rd ed., 2014, Princeton University Press.
3024:. 2nd ed., 2013, Princeton University Press.
3014:Concepts and Categories: Philosophical Essays
2564:
1896:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
1866:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
629:Feeling increasingly oppressed by life under
482:from 1974 to 1978. He also received the 1979
7209:
5572:
5526:
5512:
4123:
3997:
3049:. 2nd ed., 2013, Princeton University Press.
2599:
8716:People educated at St Paul's School, London
7145:
4855:Tribute from the Chief Rabbi at his funeral
4783:Tributes, obituaries, articles and profiles
4339:
3779:
3715:
3703:
3676:
3664:
3652:
3640:
2652:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
675:After leaving St Paul's, Berlin applied to
8626:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
6710:
6696:
5337:
5323:
5249:
5235:
4642:. A critique of Berlin's value pluralism.
4401:Isaiah Berlin, "Two concepts of liberty."
3459:Classical Utilitarianism from Hume to Mill
2571:
2557:
570:Volshonok, was also fluent in Yiddish and
58:
5014:
4871:Hywel Williams: An English liberal stooge
4662:Cherniss, Joshua, and Steven Smith, eds.
4570:
4238:
4146:
4134:
4003:
3785:
3748:(Routledge, 2006), Neil Burtonwood, p. 11
3721:
3709:
3682:
3670:
3658:
3646:
3501:
3499:
2991:, Chatto and Windus, 1976. Superseded by
2672:Learn how and when to remove this message
1901:International Federation of Liberal Youth
8721:Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
8631:British people of Latvian-Jewish descent
6717:
4789:Sir Isaiah Berlin â May He Rest in Peace
4664:The Cambridge Companion to Isaiah Berlin
4652:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
2698:
802:
683:. Berlin was admitted and commenced his
614:
532:
520:
8621:Latvian emigrants to the United Kingdom
8293:Reflections on the Revolution in France
5133:Professional and academic associations
4278:. Chatto and Windus. pp. 11, 238.
4079:
3952:"Book of Members, 1780â2010: Chapter B"
3770:
2930:, Thornton Butterworth, 1939. 5th ed.,
1881:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
8711:Presidents of the Aristotelian Society
8583:
4805:Isaiah Berlin and the history of ideas
4723:, (Princeton University Press, 1996).
4447:
4372:
4273:
4232:
4157:Freedom: An Introduction with Readings
4085:
3899:
3842:Hachey, Thomas E. (Winter 1973â1974).
3525:
3496:
3197:, Chatto & Windus, 2000. Pimlico.
3112:, Chatto & Windus, 1996. Pimlico.
8731:Presidents of Wolfson College, Oxford
6691:
5344:
5318:
5258:Presidents of Wolfson College, Oxford
5230:
4613:Baum, Bruce and Robert Nichols, eds.
4306:
4213:
4057:
3959:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
3611:"Isaiah Berlin: Connection with Riga"
3456:
3426:
3424:
3264:. 2nd ed., Brookings Classics, 2016.
3256:, Brookings Institution Press, 2004.
2594:on Isaiah Berlin's publishing record.
816:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
8741:Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
4973:interview with Michael Ignatieff on
4674:Isaiah Berlin: Liberty and Pluralism
4666:(Cambridge University Press, 2018).
4476:"The Isaiah Berlin Day in Riga 2015"
3944:
3932:from the original on 12 January 2022
2934:, 2013, Princeton University Press.
2735:, to whose views Berlin referred as
2650:adding citations to reliable sources
2617:
8403:The End of History and the Last Man
8313:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
5026:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4769:Isaiah Berlinâs Cold War Liberalism
4650:Isaiah Berlin and the Enlightenment
4441:
3477:Isaiah Berlin and the Enlightenment
3437:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3279:(1952), Chatto & Windus, 2006.
3101:, John Murray, 1993. Superseded by
2927:Karl Marx: His Life and Environment
2820:
1921:Liberal South East European Network
871:
13:
4627:(Princeton University Press, 2018)
4602:
4344:. Halban Publishers. p. 188.
4214:Kocis, Robert (17 November 2023).
3421:
3103:Three Critics of the Enlightenment
2993:Three Critics of the Enlightenment
2894:
2880:Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
2759:
2745:Three Critics of the Enlightenment
2711:Three Critics of the Enlightenment
845:. On his death, the obituarist of
758:Senate Foreign Relations Committee
698:philosophy, politics and economics
14:
8797:
8736:Presidents of the British Academy
5039:
4951:
4887:"The Spectacles of Isaiah Berlin"
4811:The Isaiah Berlin Virtual Library
4799:A conversation with Isaiah Berlin
4705:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
4676:, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004.
3306:(with Beata Polanowska-Sygulska)
3242:, Oxford University Press, 2002.
1911:Liberal Network for Latin America
1344:(contributions to liberal theory)
891:Israeli National Security Council
666:) who was at school with him, he
478:in 1971. He was President of the
8373:The Open Society and Its Enemies
6534:The Closing of the American Mind
6454:Civilization and Its Discontents
6434:A Vindication of Natural Society
5015:Cherniss, Joshua; Hardy, Henry.
4964:
4877:Letter to Berlin from Tony Blair
4464:– via press.princeton.edu.
4342:Conversations with Isaiah Berlin
4058:Hardy, Henry (7 November 1997).
3174:, Pimlico, 2000. 2nd ed., 2013.
3041:, Hogarth Press, 1979. Pimlico.
3016:, Hogarth Press, 1978. Pimlico.
2868:
2622:
2538:
2526:
920:
881:expert and diplomat, advisor to
783:
8701:20th-century English historians
8651:Historians of political thought
7180:Family as a model for the state
4761:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020).
4759:The Philosophy of Isaiah Berlin
4536:
4518:
4500:
4486:
4468:
4425:
4412:
4395:
4366:
4207:
4182:
4140:
4110:
4035:
4009:
3972:
3912:
3893:
3876:
3835:
3821:
3809:
3791:
3764:
3751:
3739:
3727:
3695:Isaiah Berlin and the Policeman
3688:
3627:
3353:Enlightening: Letters 1946â1960
2825:Berlin promoted the notion of "
513:, has had a lasting influence.
505:, as well as his opposition to
140:
16:British philosopher (1909â1997)
8781:Burials at Wolvercote Cemetery
8751:Fellows of the British Academy
8676:Refugees in the United Kingdom
8661:British political philosophers
8530:Separation of church and state
8428:Collectivism and individualism
8383:The Origins of Totalitarianism
4939:Berlin archive and author page
4865:Wolfson College's tribute page
4454:. Princeton University Press.
4379:University of Washington Press
3829:"A Biography of Isaiah Berlin"
3761:. Palgrave Macmillan, New York
3576:
3557:
3486:
3468:
3450:
3330:Flourishing: Letters 1928â1946
1285:Separation of church and state
820:American Philosophical Society
681:Corpus Christi College, Oxford
474:in 1957, and appointed to the
440:Corpus Christi College, Oxford
122:Corpus Christi College, Oxford
1:
8766:Members of the Order of Merit
8686:Linguists of Slavic languages
8570:Category:Political philosophy
8443:Critique of political economy
6424:Oration on the Dignity of Man
4933:Isaiah Berlin, Beyond the Wit
4659:(Yale University Press, 2013)
4120:quoted in Lloyd-Jones, p. 53.
4060:"Obituary: Sir Isaiah Berlin"
3851:Wisconsin Magazine of History
3799:"Sir Isaiah's modest Zionism"
3415:
2920:is also available in the UK.
2836:
828:Rothermere American Institute
818:in 1959, and a member of the
516:
8468:Institutional discrimination
8463:History of political thought
7195:Negative and positive rights
6494:The Society of the Spectacle
4944:The New York Review of Books
4836:The New York Review of Books
4405:(Routledge, 2017) pp. 33â57
3900:Brooks, David (2 May 2014),
3389:Affirming: Letters 1975â1997
2719:and its critics (especially
750:British Information Services
653:
454:. From 1957 to 1967, he was
7:
8646:British social philosophers
8478:Justification for the state
8263:Two Treatises of Government
5091:Social and Political Theory
4838:, Vol. XLV, Number 8 (1998)
4698:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).
4420:Modern Intellectual History
4340:Jahanbegloo, Ramin (1992).
4043:Building: Letters 1960â1975
3479:. Oxford University Press.
3403:
3375:Building: Letters 1960â1975
798:Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe
265:Other notable students
10:
8802:
8776:Jerusalem Prize recipients
8696:Giambattista Vico scholars
7148:Bellum omnium contra omnes
4918:'Freedom and Philosophers'
4906:'Isaiah Berlin: A Defence'
4825:, Wolfson College, Oxford.
4813:, Wolfson College, Oxford.
4795:A tribute to Isaiah Berlin
4747:(The Boydell Press, 2009).
4703:Isaiah Berlin's Liberalism
4578:. New York: Metropolitan.
4564:
4544:"The Age of Enlightenment"
3461:. Routledge. p. 251.
3322:
2910:Princeton University Press
2795:
2792:"The Hedgehog and the Fox"
2763:
2708:
2702:
2683:
896:
862:Isaiah Berlinâs nephew is
578:(a small timber town near
452:British Diplomatic Service
18:
8565:
8415:
8184:
7832:
7565:
7445:
7364:
7276:
7267:
7133:
6967:
6896:
6725:
6672:
6576:
6564:Intellectuals and Society
6514:The Culture of Narcissism
6405:
6073:
5865:
5814:
5743:
5657:
5650:
5590:
5352:
5264:
5215:
5206:
5198:
5193:
5183:
5173:
5165:
5155:
5145:
5137:
5132:
5122:
5112:
5107:
5097:
5086:
5078:
5073:
5061:Isaiah Berlin Day in Riga
5042:"War in the 20th Century"
4963:
4958:
4754:(Chatto and Windus, 1998)
4190:"Two Concepts of Liberty"
4152:"Two Concepts of Liberty"
3771:Bonavia, Michael (1990).
3697:Posted on 29 March 2014,
3538:. Pimlico. Archived from
3457:Rosen, Frederick (2005).
2859:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
2754:private language argument
2737:the Counter-Enlightenment
2614:"Two Concepts of Liberty"
2600:Lecturing and composition
2508:Sexually liberal feminism
2415:Bias in American academia
1886:European Democratic Party
1342:List of liberal theorists
706:All Souls College, Oxford
444:All Souls College, Oxford
381:
348:
290:
264:
223:
210:All Souls College, Oxford
197:
174:
164:
154:
150:
127:
117:
112:, England, United Kingdom
98:
69:
57:
30:
8353:The Revolt of the Masses
6554:The Malaise of Modernity
6504:The History of Sexuality
5603:Catholic social teaching
4922:Freedom and its Betrayal
4767:MĂŒller, Jan-Werner, ed.
4607:
4494:"Isaiah Berlin Lectures"
4373:Santos, Gonçalo (2021).
3921:"Lady Berlin â obituary"
3147:The Roots of Romanticism
2798:The Hedgehog and the Fox
1167:Labor theory of property
889:and the 3rd head of the
436:St Paul's School, London
8786:Yiddish-speaking people
8636:British social liberals
8333:The Communist Manifesto
7259:Tyranny of the majority
7170:Consent of the governed
6634:Philosophy of education
5116:Wolfson College, Oxford
5082:G. D. H. Cole
4997:Concepts and Categories
4899:Obituary by Henry Hardy
4526:"Isaiah Berlin Society"
4448:Berlin, Isaiah (2014).
4433:Chicago-Kent Law Review
3410:Gerald C. MacCallum Jr.
2725:Johann Gottfried Herder
2686:Two Concepts of Liberty
1876:Arab Liberal Federation
1066:Consent of the governed
807:The Berlin Quadrangle,
764:; he described Senator
677:Balliol College, Oxford
658:Berlin was educated at
642:and six years later in
561:), and his wife Marie (
495:Wolfson College, Oxford
464:Wolfson College, Oxford
430:) in 1909, he moved to
215:Wolfson College, Oxford
159:20th-century philosophy
8706:People from Headington
8611:People from Kreis Riga
7210:
7160:Clash of civilizations
7146:
5573:
5527:
5513:
3816:Exiles Memorial Center
3773:London Before I Forget
3570:9 January 2021 at the
2979:Four Essays on Liberty
2587:
1891:European Liberal Youth
1861:Africa Liberal Network
1086:Economic globalization
885:, 9th director of the
811:
673:
626:
613:
546:
539:Angliyskaya Embankment
530:
8641:Analytic philosophers
7175:Divine right of kings
6639:Philosophy of history
6629:Philosophy of culture
6524:A Conflict of Visions
5284:William James Kennedy
5089:Chichele Professor of
4975:Isaiah Berlin: A Life
4752:Isaiah Berlin: A Life
4743:1 August 2009 at the
4598:Authorised biography.
4576:Isaiah Berlin: A Life
4422:13.2 (2016): 447â477.
4253:10.1353/nlh.2006.0000
2843:philosophy of history
2715:Berlin's lectures on
2709:Further information:
2705:Counter-Enlightenment
2699:Counter-Enlightenment
2583:
2533:Liberalism portal
2405:Anti-authoritarianism
1906:Liberal International
806:
774:1946 New Year Honours
668:
618:
608:
536:
524:
488:University of Toronto
426:, then a part of the
368:Counter-Enlightenment
305:philosophy of history
21:Isaiah Berlin (rabbi)
8323:Democracy in America
7702:political philosophy
7685:political philosophy
7500:political philosophy
7329:political philosophy
7239:Separation of powers
7200:Night-watchman state
7185:Monopoly on violence
6719:Political philosophy
6644:Political philosophy
6444:Democracy in America
5149:Aristotelian Society
4935:, Evan R. Goldstein.
4750:Ignatieff, Michael.
4630:Blattberg, Charles.
4451:Personal Impressions
4435:. 68 (1992): 81â90.
4307:Brown, Alan (1986).
4241:New Literary History
4194:berlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk
4164:. Psychology Press.
4089:(10 November 1997).
3984:search.amphilsoc.org
3980:"APS Member History"
3310:, Prometheus, 2006.
3054:Personal Impressions
2646:improve this section
1337:Age of Enlightenment
1290:Separation of powers
601:Winter Palace Square
460:Aristotelian Society
422:(now the capital of
300:Political philosophy
8681:Scholars of Marxism
8671:Jewish philosophers
8513:Right-wing politics
8393:A Theory of Justice
8363:The Road to Serfdom
8283:The Social Contract
6990:Christian democracy
6484:One-Dimensional Man
5003:19 May 2016 at the
4778:(Peter Lang, 2011).
4162:The Open University
4023:on 17 November 2012
3872:on 21 October 2013.
3308:Unfinished Dialogue
2901:Unfinished Dialogue
2733:Johann Georg Hamann
2693:analytic philosophy
2545:Politics portal
1248:Civil and political
1221:Popular sovereignty
1081:Economic liberalism
843:Wolvercote Cemetery
745:Ludwig Wittgenstein
702:New College, Oxford
597:October Revolutions
236:James H. Billington
231:Frederick C. Beiser
205:New College, Oxford
8525:Political violence
8520:Political theology
8503:Left-wing politics
8498:Political spectrum
6604:Cultural pessimism
6599:Cultural criticism
5498:National character
5279:Raymond Hoffenberg
5036:at Wolfson College
4879:, 23 October 1997.
4774:Walicki, Andrzej.
4734:Hardy, Henry, ed.
4701:Galipeau, Claude.
4617:(Routledge, 2013).
4572:Ignatieff, Michael
4096:The New York Times
4017:"Founding Council"
3928:. 26 August 2014.
3906:The New York Times
3699:Lesley Chamberlain
3195:The Power of Ideas
1216:Permissive society
1196:Limited government
855:The New York Times
812:
800:) based in Paris.
686:literae humaniores
627:
547:
531:
527:Mikhail Eisenstein
409:historian of ideas
335:Russian literature
169:Western philosophy
133:Aline de Gunzbourg
8656:British agnostics
8578:
8577:
8488:Philosophy of law
8433:Conflict theories
8273:The Spirit of Law
8180:
8179:
7229:Original position
6685:
6684:
6401:
6400:
5546:Spontaneous order
5536:Social alienation
5385:Cultural heritage
5346:Social philosophy
5312:
5311:
5225:
5224:
5216:Succeeded by
5187:Sir Kenneth Dover
5184:Succeeded by
5175:President of the
5156:Succeeded by
5147:President of the
5123:Succeeded by
5098:Succeeded by
5074:Academic offices
4986:
4985:
4977:, 24 January 1999
4916:Joshua Cherniss,
4904:Joshua Cherniss,
4771:(Springer, 2019).
4691:(Routledge, 2019)
4687:Crowder, George.
4672:Crowder, George.
4388:978-0-295-74738-5
4381:. pp. xiii.
4171:978-0-415-21246-5
3513:. 8 November 1997
2855:Winston Churchill
2831:French Revolution
2729:Joseph de Maistre
2721:Giambattista Vico
2717:the Enlightenment
2682:
2681:
2674:
2581:
2580:
2420:Bias in the media
1936:Regional variants
1253:Natural and legal
832:Oxford University
737:J. L. Austin
664:Ferruccio Bonavia
588:Vasilevsky Island
388:Sir Isaiah Berlin
385:
384:
224:Doctoral students
8793:
8761:Knights Bachelor
8666:Jewish agnostics
8606:People from Riga
8493:Political ethics
8483:Machiavellianism
8423:Authoritarianism
8408:
8398:
8388:
8378:
8368:
8358:
8348:
8338:
8328:
8318:
8308:
8298:
8288:
8278:
8268:
8258:
8248:
8238:
8228:
8218:
8208:
8198:
7274:
7273:
7215:
7151:
7141:Balance of power
7115:Social democracy
7110:Social Darwinism
7085:Multiculturalism
7030:Environmentalism
7005:Communitarianism
6712:
6705:
6698:
6689:
6688:
6649:Social criticism
6569:
6559:
6549:
6539:
6529:
6519:
6509:
6499:
6489:
6479:
6469:
6459:
6449:
6439:
6429:
6419:
5655:
5654:
5637:Frankfurt School
5615:Communitarianism
5578:
5532:
5518:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5316:
5315:
5251:
5244:
5237:
5228:
5227:
5199:Preceded by
5166:Preceded by
5159:W. H. Walsh
5141:H. D. Lewis
5138:Preceded by
5126:Sir Henry Fisher
5079:Preceded by
5071:
5070:
5051:
5050:, BBC Radio Four
5030:
5021:Zalta, Edward N.
4968:
4967:
4956:
4955:
4849:, 14 August 1998
4694:Dubnov, Arie M.
4597:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4548:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4530:St Paul's School
4522:
4516:
4515:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4480:www.fondsdots.lv
4472:
4466:
4465:
4445:
4439:
4429:
4423:
4416:
4410:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4148:Warburton, Nigel
4144:
4138:
4132:
4121:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4055:
4046:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3956:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3923:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3888:, 1 January 1946
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3865:. Archived from
3848:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3768:
3762:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3724:, pp. 33â37
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3615:
3607:
3598:
3592:
3583:
3580:
3574:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3544:
3537:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3503:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3428:
2999:Russian Thinkers
2889:St Paul's School
2847:Russian Thinkers
2827:positive liberty
2821:Positive liberty
2677:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2657:
2626:
2618:
2595:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2543:
2542:
2531:
2530:
2449:Economic freedom
2442:Radical centrism
1280:Secular humanism
1206:Natural monopoly
1157:Internationalism
974:Internationalist
924:
901:
900:
873:
776:. Meetings with
717:Richard Wollheim
713:Stuart Hampshire
660:St Paul's School
620:English Heritage
543:Saint Petersburg
402:
362:Positive liberty
310:history of ideas
144:
142:
105:
79:
77:
62:
52:
28:
27:
8801:
8800:
8796:
8795:
8794:
8792:
8791:
8790:
8581:
8580:
8579:
8574:
8561:
8550:Totalitarianism
8411:
8406:
8396:
8386:
8376:
8366:
8356:
8346:
8336:
8326:
8316:
8306:
8296:
8286:
8276:
8266:
8256:
8246:
8236:
8226:
8223:Treatise on Law
8216:
8206:
8196:
8176:
7834:
7828:
7567:
7561:
7447:
7441:
7360:
7263:
7249:State of nature
7244:Social contract
7224:Ordered liberty
7212:Noblesse oblige
7129:
6963:
6892:
6721:
6716:
6686:
6681:
6668:
6594:Critical theory
6572:
6567:
6557:
6547:
6537:
6527:
6517:
6507:
6497:
6487:
6477:
6467:
6457:
6447:
6437:
6427:
6417:
6397:
6075:
6069:
5867:
5861:
5810:
5739:
5646:
5598:Budapest School
5586:
5375:Cosmopolitanism
5348:
5343:
5313:
5308:
5260:
5255:
5221:
5212:
5209:Jerusalem Prize
5204:
5189:
5180:
5177:British Academy
5171:
5161:
5152:
5143:
5128:
5119:
5103:
5094:
5090:
5084:
5040:Bragg, Melvyn,
5017:"Isaiah Berlin"
5005:Wayback Machine
4965:
4959:External videos
4954:
4785:
4757:Lyons, Johnny.
4745:Wayback Machine
4621:Benhabib, Seyla
4610:
4605:
4603:Further reading
4586:
4567:
4562:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4462:
4446:
4442:
4430:
4426:
4417:
4413:
4400:
4396:
4389:
4371:
4367:
4352:
4338:
4334:
4319:
4305:
4301:
4286:
4272:
4268:
4237:
4233:
4226:
4212:
4208:
4198:
4196:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4172:
4145:
4141:
4133:
4124:
4115:
4111:
4101:
4099:
4087:Berger, Marilyn
4084:
4080:
4070:
4068:
4065:The Independent
4056:
4049:
4041:Isaiah Berlin,
4040:
4036:
4026:
4024:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4002:
3998:
3988:
3986:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3963:
3961:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3935:
3933:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3898:
3894:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3869:
3846:
3840:
3836:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3814:
3810:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3769:
3765:
3756:
3752:
3744:
3740:
3732:
3728:
3720:
3716:
3708:
3704:
3693:
3689:
3681:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3635:Musya Volshonok
3632:
3628:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3601:
3593:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3572:Wayback Machine
3562:
3558:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3516:
3514:
3505:
3504:
3497:
3491:
3487:
3473:
3469:
3455:
3451:
3441:
3439:
3433:"Isaiah Berlin"
3429:
3422:
3418:
3406:
3339:978-0-701174200
3325:
2897:
2895:Published works
2876:British Academy
2871:
2839:
2823:
2800:
2794:
2768:
2766:Value pluralism
2762:
2760:Value pluralism
2713:
2707:
2701:
2688:
2678:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2643:
2627:
2616:
2602:
2597:
2589:
2577:
2537:
2525:
2518:
2517:
2400:
2392:
2391:
2194:North Macedonia
1938:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1916:Liberal parties
1854:
1846:
1845:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1358:
1348:
1347:
1332:
1322:
1321:
1317:State of nature
1305:Social services
1295:Social contract
1258:To own property
1061:
1053:
1052:
932:
899:
848:The Independent
836:Isaac Deutscher
824:Wolfson College
809:Wolfson College
786:
768:from Kansas as
741:Nicolas Nabokov
729:Stephen Spender
694:A. J. Ayer
656:
559:Chabad Hasidism
519:
503:value pluralism
484:Jerusalem Prize
480:British Academy
390:
377:
373:value pluralism
351:
344:
330:Russian history
293:
286:
272:Marshall Berman
260:
246:Larry Siedentop
219:
193:
146:
143: 1956)
138:
134:
118:Alma mater
113:
107:
103:
102:5 November 1997
94:
81:
75:
73:
65:
53:
40:
38:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8799:
8789:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8576:
8575:
8573:
8572:
8566:
8563:
8562:
8560:
8559:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8540:Social justice
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8516:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8448:Egalitarianism
8445:
8440:
8438:Contractualism
8435:
8430:
8425:
8419:
8417:
8413:
8412:
8410:
8409:
8399:
8389:
8379:
8369:
8359:
8349:
8339:
8329:
8319:
8309:
8299:
8289:
8279:
8269:
8259:
8249:
8239:
8229:
8219:
8209:
8199:
8188:
8186:
8182:
8181:
8178:
8177:
8175:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7838:
7836:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7705:
7704:
7694:
7689:
7688:
7687:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7571:
7569:
7563:
7562:
7560:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7503:
7502:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7451:
7449:
7443:
7442:
7440:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7368:
7366:
7362:
7361:
7359:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7332:
7331:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7280:
7278:
7271:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7234:Overton window
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7143:
7137:
7135:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7065:Libertarianism
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
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6755:
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6727:
6723:
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6715:
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6707:
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6692:
6683:
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6680:
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6673:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6654:Social science
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
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6606:
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6596:
6591:
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6573:
6571:
6570:
6560:
6550:
6544:Gender Trouble
6540:
6530:
6520:
6510:
6500:
6490:
6480:
6474:The Second Sex
6470:
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6450:
6440:
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6420:
6409:
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6399:
6398:
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5707:
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5672:
5667:
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5524:
5519:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5466:Invisible hand
5463:
5458:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5420:
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5409:
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5342:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5319:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5294:Gareth Roberts
5291:
5286:
5281:
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5265:
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5239:
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5217:
5214:
5205:
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5172:
5169:Sir Denys Page
5167:
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5144:
5139:
5135:
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5105:
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5101:John Plamenatz
5099:
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5012:
5007:
4992:
4984:
4983:
4961:
4960:
4953:
4952:External links
4950:
4949:
4948:
4936:
4930:
4927:Oxonian Review
4914:
4911:Oxonian Review
4902:
4896:
4895:(Spring 2006).
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4655:Caute, David,
4653:
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4609:
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4600:
4599:
4584:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4535:
4517:
4499:
4485:
4467:
4461:978-0691157702
4460:
4440:
4424:
4411:
4403:Liberty Reader
4394:
4387:
4365:
4350:
4332:
4317:
4299:
4284:
4266:
4247:(3): 607â629.
4231:
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4181:
4170:
4139:
4135:Ignatieff 1998
4122:
4109:
4078:
4047:
4034:
4008:
4004:Ignatieff 1998
3996:
3971:
3943:
3911:
3892:
3885:London Gazette
3875:
3857:(2): 141â153.
3834:
3820:
3808:
3790:
3786:Ignatieff 1998
3778:
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3750:
3738:
3726:
3722:Ignatieff 1998
3714:
3710:Ignatieff 1998
3702:
3687:
3683:Ignatieff 1998
3675:
3671:Ignatieff 1998
3663:
3659:Ignatieff 1998
3651:
3647:Ignatieff 1998
3639:
3626:
3599:
3584:
3575:
3556:
3545:on 19 May 2016
3524:
3495:
3485:
3467:
3449:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3397:978-1784740085
3386:
3383:978-0701185763
3372:
3369:978-1844138340
3361:978-0701178895
3350:
3347:978-0712635653
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3316:978-1591023760
3304:
3301:978-0691126951
3293:978-1844139262
3273:
3270:978-0815728870
3262:978-0815721550
3251:
3248:978-0199249893
3237:
3234:978-0691114996
3226:978-0712668422
3214:
3211:978-0691157603
3203:978-0712665544
3191:
3188:978-0691157658
3180:978-1845952136
3166:
3163:978-0691156200
3155:978-0712665445
3143:
3140:978-0099582762
3129:
3126:978-0691182872
3118:978-0712673679
3106:
3096:
3093:978-0691155937
3085:978-1845952082
3073:
3070:978-0691157702
3062:978-0712666015
3050:
3047:978-0712666909
3033:
3030:978-0691157498
3022:978-0712665520
3010:
3007:978-0141442204
2996:
2986:
2976:
2973:978-1400846634
2965:978-1780228433
2951:
2943:
2940:978-0691156507
2896:
2893:
2870:
2867:
2863:Chaim Weizmann
2838:
2835:
2822:
2819:
2796:Main article:
2793:
2790:
2782:social justice
2764:Main article:
2761:
2758:
2703:Main article:
2700:
2697:
2684:Main article:
2680:
2679:
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2561:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2535:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:Utilitarianism
2510:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2486:Libertarianism
2483:
2481:Land value tax
2478:
2477:
2476:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2454:Egalitarianism
2451:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2410:Anti-communism
2407:
2401:
2399:Related topics
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2366:
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2353:Arizona School
2345:
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2321:United Kingdom
2318:
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2017:
2012:
2011:
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1995:
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1448:Wollstonecraft
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1307:
1300:Social justice
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1201:Market economy
1198:
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1191:
1186:
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1169:
1164:
1162:Invisible hand
1159:
1154:
1152:Harm principle
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917:
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910:
909:
898:
895:
785:
782:
778:Anna Akhmatova
762:Foreign Office
725:Roy Beddington
655:
652:
518:
515:
499:liberal theory
476:Order of Merit
428:Russian Empire
383:
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375:
370:
365:
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325:modern history
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292:Main interests
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256:Charles Taylor
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106:(aged 88)
100:
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92:Russian Empire
82:
71:
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66:
64:Berlin in 1983
63:
55:
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39:
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31:
15:
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8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
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8592:
8591:Isaiah Berlin
8589:
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8473:Jurisprudence
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8335:
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8310:
8305:
8304:
8303:Rights of Man
8300:
8295:
8294:
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8285:
8284:
8280:
8275:
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8213:De re publica
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7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7839:
7837:
7833:20th and 21st
7831:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7703:
7700:
7699:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7686:
7683:
7682:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7566:18th and 19th
7564:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7501:
7498:
7497:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7444:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7422:Nizam al-Mulk
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7369:
7367:
7363:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7330:
7327:
7326:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7266:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7214:
7213:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7150:
7149:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7132:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7105:Republicanism
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6966:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6895:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6713:
6708:
6706:
6701:
6699:
6694:
6693:
6690:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6671:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6659:Social theory
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6575:
6566:
6565:
6561:
6556:
6555:
6551:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6536:
6535:
6531:
6526:
6525:
6521:
6516:
6515:
6511:
6506:
6505:
6501:
6496:
6495:
6491:
6486:
6485:
6481:
6476:
6475:
6471:
6466:
6465:
6461:
6456:
6455:
6451:
6446:
6445:
6441:
6436:
6435:
6431:
6426:
6425:
6421:
6416:
6415:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6404:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6313:Radhakrishnan
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6074:20th and 21st
6072:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5866:18th and 19th
5864:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5813:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5742:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5649:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5583:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5340:
5335:
5333:
5328:
5326:
5321:
5320:
5317:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5269:Isaiah Berlin
5267:
5266:
5263:
5259:
5252:
5247:
5245:
5240:
5238:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5220:
5219:Graham Greene
5211:
5210:
5203:
5197:
5192:
5188:
5179:
5178:
5170:
5164:
5160:
5151:
5150:
5142:
5136:
5131:
5127:
5118:
5117:
5114:President of
5110:
5106:
5102:
5093:
5092:
5083:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5018:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4995:Full text of
4993:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4962:
4957:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4545:
4539:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4495:
4489:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4463:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4444:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4421:
4415:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4390:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4343:
4336:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4235:
4227:
4225:9781786838957
4221:
4217:
4210:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4137:, p. 113
4136:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4119:
4113:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4054:
4052:
4044:
4038:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4006:, p. 268
4005:
4000:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3960:
3953:
3947:
3931:
3927:
3926:The Telegraph
3922:
3915:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3887:
3886:
3879:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3830:
3824:
3817:
3812:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3787:
3782:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3754:
3747:
3742:
3735:
3730:
3723:
3718:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3684:
3679:
3672:
3667:
3660:
3655:
3648:
3643:
3636:
3630:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3596:
3591:
3589:
3579:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3560:
3541:
3534:
3528:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3489:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3425:
3420:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2869:Commemoration
2866:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2687:
2676:
2673:
2665:
2662:November 2020
2655:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2631:This section
2629:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2611:
2608:
2596:
2593:
2592:Maurice Bowra
2586:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2469:Individualism
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
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2348:United States
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2018:
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2013:
2009:
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1984:
1981:
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1948:Latin America
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1853:Organizations
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1310:Welfare state
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1199:
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1187:
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1173:Laissez-faire
1170:
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915:
912:
911:
907:
903:
902:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
877:
869:
865:
864:Efraim Halevy
860:
857:
856:
850:
849:
844:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
810:
805:
801:
799:
795:
791:
784:Personal life
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
766:Arthur Capper
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:Maurice Bowra
718:
714:
709:
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691:
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621:
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607:
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598:
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589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
567:Daugava river
564:
560:
557:, founder of
556:
555:Shneur Zalman
552:
544:
540:
535:
528:
523:
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512:
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500:
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491:
489:
485:
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477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:Ivan Turgenev
445:
441:
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429:
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416:
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406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
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359:
356:
355:
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350:Notable ideas
347:
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336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
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321:
318:
316:
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311:
308:
306:
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116:
111:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
72:
68:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
37:Isaiah Berlin
34:
29:
26:
22:
8691:British Jews
8616:Latvian Jews
8554:
8453:Elite theory
8401:
8391:
8381:
8371:
8361:
8351:
8341:
8331:
8321:
8311:
8301:
8291:
8281:
8271:
8261:
8251:
8241:
8231:
8221:
8211:
8201:
8191:
7876:
7490:Guicciardini
7446:Early modern
7269:Philosophers
7219:Open society
7155:Body politic
7025:Distributism
7015:Conservatism
7010:Confucianism
6929:Gerontocracy
6919:Dictatorship
6873:Sovereigntyâ
6863:Ruling class
6753:Emancipation
6738:Citizenshipâ
6562:
6552:
6542:
6532:
6522:
6512:
6502:
6492:
6482:
6472:
6462:
6452:
6442:
6432:
6422:
6412:
6122:
5832:Guicciardini
5815:Early modern
5651:Philosophers
5625:Conservatism
5620:Confucianism
5608:Distributism
5541:Social norms
5529:Sittlichkeit
5515:Ressentiment
5461:Institutions
5439:Human nature
5304:Tim Hitchens
5299:Hermione Lee
5274:Henry Fisher
5268:
5207:
5174:
5146:
5113:
5108:
5087:
5046:
5034:Bibliography
5024:
4996:
4974:
4970:
4942:
4925:
4921:
4920:, review of
4909:
4890:
4883:Assaf Inbari
4846:
4835:
4775:
4768:
4758:
4751:
4736:
4720:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4673:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4631:
4624:
4614:
4575:
4551:. Retrieved
4538:
4529:
4520:
4512:in.bgu.ac.il
4511:
4502:
4488:
4479:
4470:
4450:
4443:
4432:
4427:
4419:
4414:
4402:
4397:
4374:
4368:
4341:
4335:
4308:
4302:
4275:
4269:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4215:
4209:
4197:. Retrieved
4193:
4184:
4175:
4156:
4142:
4112:
4100:. Retrieved
4094:
4081:
4069:. Retrieved
4063:
4042:
4037:
4025:. Retrieved
4021:the original
4011:
3999:
3987:. Retrieved
3983:
3974:
3962:. Retrieved
3946:
3934:. Retrieved
3925:
3914:
3905:
3902:"Love Story"
3895:
3884:
3878:
3867:the original
3854:
3850:
3837:
3823:
3811:
3802:
3793:
3788:, p. 57
3781:
3772:
3766:
3758:
3753:
3745:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3717:
3712:, p. 31
3705:
3690:
3685:, p. 24
3678:
3673:, p. 26
3666:
3661:, p. 21
3654:
3649:, p. 30
3642:
3634:
3629:
3617:. Retrieved
3594:
3578:
3559:
3547:. Retrieved
3540:the original
3527:
3515:. Retrieved
3488:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3440:. Retrieved
3436:
3388:
3374:
3352:
3328:
3307:
3276:
3253:
3239:
3217:
3194:
3169:
3146:
3131:
3109:
3102:
3098:
3076:
3053:
3036:
3013:
2998:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2978:
2954:
2945:
2931:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2872:
2846:
2840:
2824:
2808:
2801:
2777:supervenient
2773:Wittgenstein
2769:
2744:
2714:
2689:
2668:
2659:
2644:Please help
2632:
2603:
2588:
2584:
2503:Pirate Party
2363:Jeffersonian
2271:South Africa
1761:Lloyd George
1592:
1356:Philosophers
1263:To bear arms
1211:Open society
1171:
942:Conservative
883:Ariel Sharon
879:intelligence
861:
853:
846:
840:
813:
789:
787:
769:
710:
689:
684:
674:
669:
657:
648:
628:
609:
605:
562:
548:
492:
417:
387:
386:
198:Institutions
104:(1997-11-05)
25:
8601:1997 deaths
8596:1909 births
8327:(1835â1840)
8207:(c. 350 BC)
8197:(c. 375 BC)
7814:Tocqueville
7779:Saint-Simon
7744:Montesquieu
7595:Bolingbroke
7527:Machiavelli
7407:Ibn Khaldun
7372:Alpharabius
7365:Middle Ages
7190:Natural law
7165:Common good
7090:Nationalism
7050:Imperialism
7020:Corporatism
6995:Colonialism
6975:Agrarianism
6954:Technocracy
6934:Meritocracy
6914:Bureaucracy
6904:Aristocracy
6619:Historicism
6448:(1835â1840)
6414:De Officiis
6138:de Beauvoir
6108:Baudrillard
6060:Vivekananda
6050:Tocqueville
5965:Kierkegaard
5781:Ibn Khaldun
5751:Alpharabius
5642:Personalism
5551:Stewardship
5508:Reification
5503:Natural law
5424:Familialism
5390:Culturalism
5289:David Smith
5202:Octavio Paz
5047:In Our Time
4377:. Seattle:
4199:31 December
4027:22 November
3549:6 September
3363:. Pimlico,
3341:. Pimlico,
3287:. Pimlico,
2899:Apart from
2851:Henry Hardy
2804:Archilochus
2331:Gladstonian
2291:Switzerland
2276:South Korea
2219:Philippines
2179:New Zealand
2174:Netherlands
1831:Verhofstadt
1826:Balcerowicz
1635:Politicians
1563:Collingwood
1503:Tocqueville
1378:Montesquieu
1270:Rule of law
1071:Due process
794:Hans Halban
623:blue plaque
413:Henry Hardy
405:philosopher
364:distinction
340:Romanticism
277:G. A. Cohen
80:6 June 1909
8585:Categories
8535:Separatism
8343:On Liberty
8243:The Prince
7972:Huntington
7475:Campanella
7402:al-Ghazali
7351:Thucydides
7309:Lactantius
7254:Statolatry
7080:Monarchism
7060:Liberalism
6985:Capitalism
6968:Ideologies
6949:Plutocracy
6897:Government
6853:Revolution
6838:Propaganda
6788:Legitimacy
6763:Government
6624:Humanities
6584:Agnotology
6243:KoĆakowski
5806:Ibn Tufayl
5786:Maimonides
5730:Thucydides
5725:Tertullian
5680:Lactantius
5575:Volksgeist
5556:Traditions
5370:Convention
5181:1974â1978
5153:1963â1964
5120:1965â1975
5109:New office
5095:1957â1967
5066:Broadcasts
4847:Commonweal
4729:069104824X
4717:Gray, John
4711:0198278683
4682:0745624766
4640:0198296886
4585:0805063005
4351:1870015487
4318:0140225285
4285:0701165278
4118:Noel Annan
4116:Letter to
3416:References
3285:0701179090
2884:Beer Sheva
2837:Other work
2786:Alan Brown
2459:Empiricism
2430:Democratic
2425:Capitalism
2336:Manchester
2169:Montenegro
2154:Luxembourg
2090:Venizelism
2020:Costa Rica
1275:Secularism
1108:Federalism
1060:Principles
952:Democratic
914:Liberalism
872:ŚŚ€ŚšŚŚ ŚŚŚŚ
733:Inez Pearn
640:Kensington
517:Early life
251:Yuli Tamir
189:liberalism
76:1909-06-06
8253:Leviathan
8233:Monarchia
8227:(c. 1274)
8062:Oakeshott
8007:Mansfield
8002:Luxemburg
7987:Kropotkin
7882:Bernstein
7835:centuries
7749:Nietzsche
7692:Jefferson
7620:Condorcet
7568:centuries
7547:Pufendorf
7412:Marsilius
7299:Confucius
7284:Aristotle
7277:Antiquity
7205:Noble lie
7125:Third Way
7120:Socialism
7045:Feudalism
7000:Communism
6980:Anarchism
6959:Theocracy
6944:Oligarchy
6924:Democracy
6909:Autocracy
6823:Pluralism
6808:Obedience
6773:Hierarchy
6733:Authority
6664:Sociology
6614:Historism
6323:Santayana
6293:Oakeshott
6263:MacIntyre
6248:Kropotkin
6223:Heidegger
6076:centuries
5990:Nietzsche
5955:Jefferson
5940:Helvétius
5905:Condorcet
5868:centuries
5852:Montaigne
5675:Confucius
5665:Augustine
5582:Worldview
5476:Modernity
5449:Formation
4971:Booknotes
4908:, in the
4553:29 August
4294:443072603
4261:144957435
2932:Karl Marx
2918:Karl Marx
2914:Karl Marx
2905:Karl Marx
2815:Aristotle
2749:Cartesian
2633:does not
2474:Anarchist
2382:Venezuela
2358:Classical
2326:Cobdenism
2229:Cracovian
2184:Nicaragua
2149:Lithuania
2008:Hong Kong
1963:Australia
1801:Roosevelt
1771:StÄhlberg
1766:Venizelos
1721:Sarmiento
1711:Gladstone
1671:Lamartine
1641:Jefferson
1493:Martineau
1443:De Gouges
1428:Condorcet
1413:Priestley
1076:Democracy
1048:Third Way
1009:Christian
1004:Religious
937:Classical
654:Education
644:Hampstead
631:Bolshevik
584:Petrograd
576:Andreapol
511:communism
470:in 1946,
432:Petrograd
8508:Centrism
8203:Politics
8193:Republic
8162:Voegelin
8142:Spengler
8127:Shariati
8102:Rothbard
8057:Nussbaum
7957:Habermas
7932:Fukuyama
7922:Foucault
7847:Ambedkar
7824:Voltaire
7794:de Staël
7769:Rousseau
7650:Franklin
7625:Constant
7585:Beccaria
7417:Muhammad
7397:Gelasius
7382:Averroes
7356:Xenophon
7336:Polybius
7289:Chanakya
7134:Concepts
7100:Populism
7070:Localism
7055:Islamism
7040:Feminism
6939:Monarchy
6843:Property
6833:Progress
6798:Monopoly
6768:Hegemony
6677:Category
6589:Axiology
6577:See also
6368:Voegelin
6358:Spengler
6333:Shariati
6288:Nussbaum
6273:Maritain
6233:Irigaray
6213:Habermas
6178:Foucault
6163:Durkheim
6065:Voltaire
6030:de Staël
6005:Rousseau
5930:Franklin
5791:Muhammad
5776:Gelasius
5761:Avempace
5744:Medieval
5720:Polybius
5715:Plutarch
5481:Morality
5456:Ideology
5444:Identity
5353:Concepts
5001:Archived
4861:Anecdote
4741:Archived
4594:42666274
4574:(1998).
4360:26358922
4327:14371928
4150:(2001).
3989:1 August
3936:24 March
3930:Archived
3619:24 March
3568:Archived
3511:BBC News
3404:See also
2741:ontology
2464:Humanism
2437:Centrism
2387:Zimbabwe
2341:Whiggism
2301:Thailand
2266:Slovenia
2261:Slovakia
2236:Portugal
2209:Paraguay
2132:Liberism
2097:Honduras
2015:Colombia
1988:Bulgaria
1781:Rathenau
1756:Milyukov
1676:Macaulay
1646:KoĆĆÄ
taj
1618:Kymlicka
1598:Friedman
1543:Cassirer
1533:Hobhouse
1468:Constant
1463:Humboldt
1423:Beccaria
1388:Rousseau
1383:Voltaire
1226:Property
1189:Positive
1184:Negative
1140:Religion
1118:Economic
1091:Equality
1014:Catholic
984:National
979:Muscular
957:Feminist
947:Cultural
906:a series
904:Part of
760:for the
636:Surbiton
593:February
472:knighted
418:Born in
358:Negative
184:Analytic
8545:Statism
8458:Elitism
8416:Related
8217:(51 BC)
8147:Strauss
8122:Scruton
8117:Schmitt
8107:Russell
8027:Michels
8022:Maurras
8017:Marcuse
7977:Kautsky
7947:Gramsci
7942:Gentile
7912:Dworkin
7902:Du Bois
7897:Dmowski
7892:Chomsky
7887:Burnham
7872:Benoist
7842:Agamben
7809:Thoreau
7799:Stirner
7789:Spencer
7734:Mazzini
7724:Maistre
7719:Madison
7714:Le Play
7645:Fourier
7610:Carlyle
7590:Bentham
7580:Bastiat
7575:Bakunin
7552:Spinoza
7542:MĂŒntzer
7512:Leibniz
7485:Grotius
7465:Bossuet
7432:Plethon
7377:Aquinas
7346:Sun Tzu
7314:Mencius
7304:Han Fei
7075:Marxism
7035:Fascism
6868:Society
6793:Liberty
6778:Justice
6758:Freedom
6418:(44 BC)
6348:Sombart
6343:Skinner
6328:Scruton
6308:Polanyi
6283:Niebuhr
6268:Marcuse
6203:Gramsci
6198:Gentile
6158:Du Bois
6148:Deleuze
6118:Benoist
6088:Agamben
6045:Thoreau
6035:Stirner
6025:Spencer
5975:Le Play
5925:Fourier
5910:Emerson
5895:Carlyle
5880:Bentham
5857:MĂŒntzer
5827:Erasmus
5801:Plethon
5796:Photios
5756:Aquinas
5690:Mencius
5658:Ancient
5591:Schools
5471:Loyalty
5429:History
5417:Counter
5412:Culture
5380:Customs
5194:Awards
5023:(ed.).
4924:in the
4763:excerpt
4668:excerpt
4565:Sources
4102:7 March
4071:7 March
3964:16 June
3863:4634869
3803:Haaretz
3517:7 March
3442:7 March
3323:Letters
3240:Liberty
2983:Liberty
2654:removed
2639:sources
2607:Grundig
2377:Uruguay
2316:Ukraine
2306:Tunisia
2251:Senegal
2241:Romania
2189:Nigeria
2164:Moldova
2107:Iceland
2102:Hungary
2080:Germany
2075:Georgia
2065:Finland
2060:Estonia
2050:Ecuador
2045:Denmark
2040:Czechia
2025:Croatia
1978:Bolivia
1973:Belgium
1968:Austria
1958:Armenia
1953:Albania
1821:Jenkins
1816:Kennedy
1806:Pearson
1791:Einaudi
1776:Gokhale
1736:Itagaki
1731:Naoroji
1726:Mommsen
1706:Lincoln
1696:Mazzini
1681:Kossuth
1666:Broglie
1661:BolĂvar
1656:Artigas
1651:Madison
1513:Spencer
1498:Emerson
1488:Bastiat
1473:Ricardo
1433:Bentham
1373:Spinoza
1330:History
1231:Private
1179:Liberty
1113:Freedom
1033:Secular
1021:Islamic
999:Radical
931:Schools
897:Thought
876:Israeli
754:Estoril
572:Latvian
507:Marxism
501:and on
320:Marxism
282:Bob Rae
145:
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8407:(1992)
8397:(1971)
8387:(1951)
8377:(1945)
8367:(1944)
8357:(1929)
8347:(1859)
8337:(1848)
8317:(1820)
8307:(1791)
8297:(1790)
8287:(1762)
8277:(1748)
8267:(1689)
8257:(1651)
8247:(1532)
8237:(1313)
8167:Walzer
8157:Taylor
8112:Sartre
8077:Popper
8072:Pareto
8067:Ortega
8052:Nozick
8042:Mouffe
7992:Laclau
7952:Guénon
7937:Gandhi
7877:Berlin
7867:Bauman
7862:Badiou
7852:Arendt
7819:Tucker
7709:Le Bon
7670:Herder
7660:Haller
7655:Godwin
7640:Fichte
7635:Engels
7630:Cortés
7600:Bonald
7557:SuĂĄrez
7532:Milton
7522:Luther
7495:Hobbes
7480:Filmer
7470:Calvin
7455:Boétie
7448:period
7427:Ockham
7294:Cicero
7095:Nazism
6883:Utopia
6858:Rights
6848:Regime
6818:People
6803:Nation
6609:Ethics
6568:(2010)
6558:(1991)
6548:(1990)
6538:(1987)
6528:(1987)
6518:(1979)
6508:(1976)
6498:(1967)
6488:(1964)
6478:(1949)
6468:(1935)
6458:(1930)
6438:(1756)
6428:(1486)
6373:Walzer
6363:Taylor
6353:Sowell
6338:Simmel
6303:Pareto
6298:Ortega
6208:Guénon
6193:Gehlen
6188:Gandhi
6143:Debord
6128:Butler
6123:Berlin
6113:Bauman
6103:Badiou
6093:Arendt
6083:Adorno
6015:Ruskin
5970:Le Bon
5945:Herder
5920:Fichte
5915:Engels
5885:Bonald
5875:Arnold
5847:Milton
5842:Luther
5822:Calvin
5700:Origen
5670:Cicero
5630:Social
5566:Family
5561:Values
5522:Rights
5486:Public
5434:Honour
5365:Anomie
5360:Agency
4981:C-SPAN
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2256:Serbia
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2204:Panama
2199:Norway
2159:Mexico
2144:Latvia
2122:Israel
2085:Greece
2070:France
2035:Cyprus
1993:Canada
1983:Brazil
1943:Europe
1841:Macron
1786:Madero
1751:Deakin
1741:Levski
1716:Cavour
1701:JuĂĄrez
1691:Cobden
1623:Badawi
1613:Nozick
1593:Berlin
1583:Popper
1558:Keynes
1553:Ortega
1518:Arnold
1478:Guizot
1438:Korais
1403:Turgot
1363:Milton
1243:Rights
1236:Public
1145:Speech
1123:Market
1096:Gender
1043:Techno
1038:Social
1026:Jewish
962:Equity
887:Mossad
868:Hebrew
690:degree
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438:, and
424:Latvia
407:, and
315:ethics
176:School
165:Region
128:Spouse
110:Oxford
8556:Index
8185:Works
8172:Weber
8137:Spann
8132:Sorel
8097:Röpke
8092:Rawls
8047:Negri
8037:Mosca
8032:Mises
7997:Lenin
7967:Hoppe
7962:Hayek
7927:Fromm
7917:Evola
7907:Dugin
7804:Taine
7784:Smith
7764:Renan
7759:Paine
7680:Iqbal
7665:Hegel
7615:Comte
7605:Burke
7517:Locke
7507:James
7460:Bodin
7392:Dante
7387:Bruni
7341:Shang
7324:Plato
6878:State
6828:Power
6813:Peace
6748:Elite
6726:Terms
6406:Works
6393:ĆœiĆŸek
6378:Weber
6318:Röpke
6278:Negri
6258:Lasch
6228:Hoppe
6183:Fromm
6173:Evola
6153:Dewey
6133:Camus
6040:Taine
6020:Smith
6010:Royce
6000:Renan
5935:Hegel
5900:Comte
5890:Burke
5837:Locke
5771:Dante
5766:Bruni
5735:Xunzi
5710:Plato
5705:Philo
5685:Laozi
5493:Mores
5405:Multi
5395:Inter
5213:1979
5019:. In
4941:from
4892:Azure
4863:from
4608:Books
4547:(PDF)
4257:S2CID
3955:(PDF)
3870:(PDF)
3859:JSTOR
3847:(PDF)
3614:(PDF)
3543:(PDF)
3536:(PDF)
2811:Plato
2743:. In
2496:Right
2281:Spain
2139:Japan
2127:Italy
2112:India
2055:Egypt
2003:China
1998:Chile
1836:Obama
1811:Ohlin
1746:Kemal
1603:Rawls
1578:Hayek
1568:Äapek
1548:Mises
1538:Croce
1528:Weber
1523:Acton
1453:Staël
1418:Paine
1408:Burke
1393:Smith
1368:Locke
1135:Press
1128:Trade
1101:Legal
969:Green
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7675:Hume
7537:More
7437:Wang
7319:Mozi
6743:Duty
6388:Zinn
6383:Weil
6253:Land
6238:Kirk
6098:Aron
6055:Vico
5995:Owen
5985:Mill
5980:Marx
5960:Kant
5950:Hume
5695:Mozi
5400:Mono
4725:ISBN
4707:ISBN
4678:ISBN
4636:ISBN
4590:OCLC
4580:ISBN
4555:2017
4456:ISBN
4383:ISBN
4356:OCLC
4346:ISBN
4323:OCLC
4313:ISBN
4290:OCLC
4280:ISBN
4220:ISBN
4201:2023
4166:ISBN
4104:2012
4073:2012
4029:2012
3991:2022
3966:2011
3938:2021
3621:2018
3551:2016
3519:2012
3444:2012
3393:ISBN
3379:ISBN
3365:ISBN
3357:ISBN
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2637:any
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1588:Aron
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