37:
1551:
604:
flower significantly more than expected (more than chance), revealing a flower constancy that may result in reproductive isolation between these species of iris. Hummingbirds readily transferred pollen analogues both within and between species, so despite their morphological differences, mechanical
426:
The water levels of the swamp have changed over the years, possibly due to agricultural use and modification of waterways to improve drainage, which has resulted in reducing the swamp waters. Most iris nelsonii colonies are in ditches and spread along the banks of waterways, although some are still
308:
The iris flowers have three pollination units, each of which is composed of a sepal and stylar branch subtended by a single anther and the nectary. When a pollinator attempts to access the nectar, pollen is deposited on the head or the body of the pollinator. When the pollinator visits the next
565:
Propagation is best carried out by division of the rhizomes. Which is best carried out in late summer, when the plants are dormant. The ground must be prepared pre-planting, with the addition of a generous amount of organic matter and the soils dug to about 6inches deep (to allow for new root
558:
The
Louisiana irises generally all have similar cultivation requirements. They need full sunlight, moist, acidic soils (ph of 6.5) with a high organic and fertility content. For best flowering, moisture is essential during late autumn, winter and spring times, when the plant starts to grow.
566:
growth). Plants require dividing every 3–4 years to promote good flowering. They can combine with other plants but tend to 'move' to suitable positions. If using a fertilizer, sprinkle around the plant in late
January or February, before the plant is in flower.
596:(ruby-throated hummingbird), then other pollinators include butterflies, wasps, and bee species. It was found that hummingbirds did not show an initial preference for either flower when they entered multi-species arrays. But when a hummingbird first visited an
580:
Zones 7 to 11. But could be hardy to Zone 5 or 6 with winter protection. It has a similar hardiness to Iris fulva. It can tolerate frost but will flower poorly in areas with cool summers. Iris nelsonii can be grown in southern UK, in damp or wet soils.
442:
It is under several locational threats. Including, residential and commercial development, deforestation, over-collection (of wild species) and the main threat, of agriculture, which includes conversion of habitat and water usage pressures.
1308:
Taylor, Sunni J.; Willard, Rees W.; Shaw, Joshua P.; Dobson, Mary C.; Martin, Noland H. (13 May 2011). "Differential response of the homoploid hybrid species Iris nelsonii (Iridaceae) and its progenitors to abiotic habitat conditions".
282:
It has long and narrow grass-like green leaves, which are often droop and becoming glaucous. They are 1–3 centimetres (0.39–1.18 in) wide and grow up to 80–90 cm (31–35 in) long. They do not grow as tall as the stem.
305:
The flowers are often drooping or flaring, there are two top (terminal) flower buds, and often two buds together on the stalks. There is often a "signal" or bright spot on the petals.
338:
In July 1958, Charles W. Arny Jr. (a known
Louisiana iris hybridizer) wrote an article in the 'Bulletin of the American Iris Society' #150 about the importance of the recently found
446:
Other natural threats such as salt water intrusion (into the swamp) caused by hurricanes and further magnified by coastal erosion, increases the threats to the iris colonies.
1505:"Floral preference, flower constancy, and pollen transfer efficiency of the ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) in mixed arrays of Iris nelsonii and Iris fulva"
302:
The large flowers come in a range of shades from red-purple, to bright red to brown, and occasionally yellow. The rare yellows are sometimes called 'Abbeville yellows'.
469:
In 1966, when
Randolph when describing the Iris, had mentioned that he had thought it had a hybrid origin, due to various chromosomal and morphological characteristics.
562:
They can be used planted by the edges of ponds and pools or they can be planted in the water – but need the rhizomes pinned into the ground to stop them floating away.
368:) since 1942, after the first show of the 'Society for Louisiana Irises' was held. Randolph named the new iris after him. Nelson later died in a car accident.
145:
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The iris seed is not hard to raise, but does take many years to germinate and then they take 3–5 years before reaching flowering stage.
1721:
1137:
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592:, due to its hybrid origin, has been well documented and observed. This research found that the iris was most commonly visited by
435:
Due to its very limited native range of a single swamp in 'Vermilion Parish', which is privately owned. It has been introduced to
1682:
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481:
375:
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Further research found that some hybrid flowers may be just as attractive to pollinators as pure species flowers; also that
934:
488:. It confirmed that the species was a hybrid, with genomic contributions from three widespread species of Louisiana iris –
365:
1368:
Arnold, Michael L. (May 1993). "Iris nelsonii (Iridaceae): Origin and
Genetic Composition of a Homoploid Hybrid Species".
1785:
309:
flower, the pollen (of the first flower) is deposited onto the stigmatic surface that folds down in front of the anther.
1028:
Taylor, Sunni J.; AuBuchon, Kendall J.; Martin, Noland H. (2012). "Identification of Floral
Visitors of Iris nelsonii".
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1067:
832:
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1172:
472:
In 1993, Michael L. Arnold (Department of
Genetics of University of Georgia), carried out molecular study (using
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are blue and characteristic of a bee pollination syndrome. This suggests that the few introgressed regions of
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It has the common names of 'Abbeville red iris' or 'Abbeville swamp iris' and occasionally Nelson's iris.
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268:, from northern America. It has long drooping, grass-like leaves, tall stems, 10 red-purple flowers.
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This also means that pollinator isolation may be important in preventing hybridization between
1431:
Evolution and Humans : Origins and
Ecology: Origins and Ecology&pg=PA13 X88O8C3ZHvMC
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The stems grow up to 70–110 cm tall (28–43 in), (28–43 inches) with 2–4 branches.
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The iris has been used by plant breeders to hybridize with various other irises, including
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After flowering, the iris produces a seed capsule, which tapers to a point at both ends.
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871:"PlantFiles: Louisiana Iris, Abbeville Red Iris, Abbeville Swamp Iris, Iris x nelsonii"
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573:
212:
31:
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1483:
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Selection, and Use of
Southern Plants: For Landscape Design&pg=PA316 S__s1QADDJoC
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are red and characteristic of a hummingbird pollination syndrome, whereas those of
504:. Although, it still as aspects from all three progenitor species. This means that
489:
357:
353:
1116:"FROM NEW ORLEANS TO NEW ZEALAND, History and Development of The Louisiana Irises"
1036:. bioone.org (Texas State University-San Marcos, Department of Biology): 141–144.
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838:
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74:
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1454:
Garden Plants & Animals: The
Complete Guide for All Australia gQsVgaxl-9kC
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1317:(8). Department of Biology, Texas State University–San Marcos: 1309–1316.
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97:
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Walt. It also suggested that most of the iris genome is inherited from
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isolation does not result in reproductive isolation of these species.
299:) in the UK (June) with up to 10 flowers, that are 4–5 inches across.
439:
to make it viewable to the public and to create a protected habitat.
404:
332:
107:
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This characteristic of creating hybrids from three parents is rare.
519:, yet are similar in size to those of Iris hexagona. The flowers of
1587:
1550:
1674:
1349:
Evolution and the Origin of Crop Species&pg=PA93 P-_0yElsEuIC
966:
Taylor, Sunni J.; AuBuchon, Kendall J.; Martin, Noland H. (2012).
473:
416:
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in 'Baileya' (a Quarterly Journal of Horticultural Taxonomy of
511:
s rhizomes, leaves and flowers are much larger than those of
48:
323:
It was discovered in the late 1930s by W. B. Macmillan near
577:
1413:
Hybridization and Evolution&pg=PA156-157 Jh8jVjEuDfUC
1066:. archive.greatamericanseafoodcookoff.com. Archived from
423:
swamp, with forested edges and fluctuating water levels.
360:) 14: 150 in 1966. Lowell Randolph had collaborated with
1218:"A Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Washington State"
289:
It blooms between April and May (a week or 2 later than
1307:
454:
In 1938, Riley described the natural hybridization of
1027:
968:"Identification of Floral Visitors of Iris nelsonii"
965:
612:and its geographically closest progenitor species,
1471:
600:flower to collect pollen, it then visited another
466:; this led to the population of 'Abbeville Reds'.
382:on 4 April 2003, then updated on 3 December 2004.
1004:. signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America)
543:may have contributed to ecological divergence in
1767:
1023:
1021:
1019:
961:
959:
765:(Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm.
760:
484:(Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers) on
818:
816:
681:"Iris × nelsonii Randolph is an accepted name"
1016:
956:
761:Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987).
627:are primarily pollinated by bumblebees. Also
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1445:
1443:
1376:(5). Botanical Society of America: 577–583.
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1299:
1478:. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p.
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898:
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371:It appears on Washington Flora Checklist.
348:was then first published and described by
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403:can only be found in Abbeville swamp, in
279:spreads into large colonies by rhizomes.
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995:
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634:
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1261:United States Department of Agriculture
1252:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1237:
1235:
1161:
1159:
1109:
1107:
937:. friendsofpalmetto.com. Archived from
885:
801:. pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014
631:is primary pollinated by hummingbirds.
376:United States Department of Agriculture
1768:
1474:The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises
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1358:
914:
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863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
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822:
779:
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722:
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1090:"Iris nelsonii (Nelson's Water Iris)"
999:
990:
902:Neil G. Odenwald and James R. Turner
716:
714:
712:
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708:
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342:and its use in creating new hybrids.
1503:Martin, Noland H.; Taylor, Sunni J.
1232:
1156:
1130:
1104:
972:Notes of the Southeastern Naturalist
366:University of Louisiana at Lafayette
364:(a professor of horticulture at the
1113:
873:. davesgarden.com. 24 November 2003
850:
13:
1138:"THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ABBEVILLES"
695:
427:in the centre parts of the swamp.
14:
1802:
1534:
1193:
825:Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia
683:. theplantlist.org. 23 March 2012
1740:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:130112-2
1549:
1168:Iridaceae Iris nelsonii Randolph
1140:. louisianas.org. Archived from
449:
35:
1496:
1463:
1422:
1404:
1274:
1210:
1187:
1173:International Plant Names Index
1082:
1056:
935:"Abbeville Red – Iris nelsonii"
430:
1220:. biology.burke.washington.edu
827:. Timber Press, Incorporated.
673:
584:
553:
415:It lives in a privately owned
271:
1:
1512:Evolutionary Ecology Research
1257:Agricultural Research Service
666:
380:Agricultural Research Service
249:, it is also in the subgenus
1000:Kramb, D. (1 January 2004).
7:
388:is an accepted name by the
315:
10:
1807:
1786:Flora of the United States
1370:American Journal of Botany
1311:American Journal of Botany
1196:"The Louisiana Iris Suite"
1171:. Vol. 14. ipni.org (
728:"Rare Plants of Louisiana"
437:Palmetto Island State Park
410:
243:is a species in the genus
1573:
1470:Stebbings, Geoff (1997).
218:
211:
194:
187:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
1781:Plants described in 1966
1428:Michael L. Arnold (2008)
1198:. victoria-adventure.org
395:
1346:James F. Hancock (2003)
1030:Southeastern Naturalist
823:Austin, Claire (2005).
572:It is estimated to be
407:(South-eastern U.S.).
635:Hybrids and cultivars
1042:10.1656/058.011.0114
594:Archilochus colubris
296:Iris giganticaerulea
1323:10.3732/ajb.1100012
1092:. plantdelights.com
733:. wlf.louisiana.gov
374:It was verified by
362:Ira S. "Ike" Nelson
331:in the US state of
1791:Flora of Louisiana
1410:Michael L. Arnold
1144:on 8 November 2011
1118:. zydecoirises.com
1070:on 2 December 2014
944:on 2 February 2016
255:and in the series
229:(Randolph) Rodion.
1763:
1762:
1696:Open Tree of Life
1567:Taxon identifiers
1416:, p. 156-157, at
772:978-0-88192-089-5
236:
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1554:Data related to
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1284:. www.rhs.org.uk
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1114:Dillard, Tom W.
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642:Iris pseudacorus
621:Iris brevicaulis
541:Iris brevicaulis
529:Iris brevicaulis
513:Iris brevicaulis
510:
490:Iris brevicaulis
329:Vermilion Parish
228:
225:
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180:I. nelsonii
166:
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1609:Iris × nelsonii
1607:
1606:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1576:
1569:
1558:at Wikispecies
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1382:10.2307/2445375
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1282:"Iris nelsonii"
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1064:"Iris nelsonii"
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1002:"Iris nelsonii"
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654:Iris versicolor
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16:Species of iris
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1753:wfo-0000783663
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1535:External links
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1489:978-0715305393
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834:978-0881927306
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796:"Iris summary"
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763:Growing Irises
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660:Iris virginica
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611:
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595:
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582:
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563:
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545:Iris nelsonii
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537:Iris hexagona
534:
533:Iris hexagona
530:
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521:Iris nelsonii
518:
514:
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506:Iris nelsonii
503:
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495:
491:
487:
486:Iris nelsonii
483:
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463:Iris hexagona
459:
458:
450:Hybrid origin
447:
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401:Iris nelsonii
393:
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240:Iris nelsonii
227:
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189:Binomial name
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38:
33:
29:
26:
25:Iris nelsonii
22:
19:
1776:Iris (plant)
1574:
1548:
1542:
1520:. Retrieved
1515:
1511:
1498:
1473:
1465:
1459:Google Books
1452:
1436:Google Books
1434:, p. 13, at
1429:
1424:
1418:Google Books
1411:
1406:
1373:
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1354:Google Books
1352:, p. 93, at
1347:
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1310:
1286:. Retrieved
1276:
1264:. Retrieved
1250:
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1222:. Retrieved
1212:
1200:. Retrieved
1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1167:
1146:. Retrieved
1142:the original
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1094:. Retrieved
1084:
1072:. Retrieved
1068:the original
1058:
1033:
1029:
1006:. Retrieved
980:. Retrieved
975:
971:
946:. Retrieved
939:the original
910:Google Books
903:
875:. Retrieved
824:
803:. Retrieved
762:
735:. Retrieved
687:29 September
685:. Retrieved
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431:Conservation
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24:
18:
1657:iNaturalist
1603:Wikispecies
1288:29 November
1179:28 November
1122:28 November
877:27 November
805:23 November
737:23 November
648:Iris spuria
585:Pollination
576:to between
554:Cultivation
272:Description
263:rhizomatous
98:Asparagales
75:Angiosperms
1770:Categories
1714:kew-322168
1709:Plant List
1522:1 December
1224:1 December
1202:1 December
1148:1 December
1096:2 December
1074:1 December
1008:1 December
982:2 December
948:2 December
667:References
629:Iris fulva
525:Iris fulva
517:Iris fulva
502:Iris fulva
494:Iris fulva
457:Iris fulva
421:tupelo gum
291:Iris fulva
261:. It is a
126:Subgenus:
1594:Q15571291
1541:Image of
496:Ker. and
405:Louisiana
333:Louisiana
325:Abbeville
266:perennial
258:hexagonae
222:Limniris
174:Species:
167:Hexagonae
142:Section:
108:Iridaceae
45:Kingdom:
1675:130112-2
1588:Wikidata
1579:nelsonii
1398:30139150
1331:21821591
1266:5 August
1050:86326602
843:8176432M
378:and the
358:New York
350:Randolph
316:Taxonomy
252:Limniris
213:Synonyms
205:Randolph
158:Series:
151:Limniris
135:Limniris
104:Family:
88:Monocots
1701:3998373
1636:5298384
1390:2445375
474:isozyme
417:Cypress
411:Habitat
114:Genus:
94:Order:
49:Plantae
1722:PLANTS
1688:515227
1662:170803
1649:428725
1623:392539
1486:
1396:
1388:
1329:
1048:
841:
831:
769:
492:Raf.,
354:Ithaca
133:subg.
1575:Iris
1508:(PDF)
1386:JSTOR
1046:S2CID
942:(PDF)
799:(PDF)
731:(PDF)
574:hardy
509:'
478:cpDNA
396:Range
163:Iris
149:sect.
147:Iris
82:Clade
69:Clade
56:Clade
1735:POWO
1727:IRNE
1683:ITIS
1670:IPNI
1644:GRIN
1631:GBIF
1524:2014
1516:2013
1484:ISBN
1394:PMID
1327:PMID
1290:2014
1268:2015
1226:2014
1204:2014
1181:2014
1150:2014
1124:2014
1098:2014
1076:2014
1010:2014
984:2014
950:2014
879:2014
829:ISBN
807:2014
767:ISBN
739:2014
689:2014
657:and
623:and
578:USDA
539:and
531:and
523:and
515:and
482:RAPD
480:and
460:and
293:and
246:Iris
165:ser.
131:Iris
119:Iris
1748:WFO
1618:EoL
1457:at
1378:doi
1319:doi
1038:doi
978:(1)
390:RHS
1772::
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1510:.
1482:.
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663:.
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1577:×
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1040::
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986:.
952:.
881:.
847:}
845:.
809:.
775:.
741:.
691:.
419:-
224:×
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