Iraq Petroleum Company

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IPC Group". They would obtain from the sovereign power an exploration licence covering simple exploration over a defined geographical area, or a concession permitting exploration and the production of oil. By 1948, the company had created 12 companies with concessions or exploration licences: Petroleum Development (Cyprus Ltd), Lebanon Petroleum Company Ltd, Petroleum Development (Palestine) Ltd, Syrian Petroleum Company Ltd, Trans-Jordan Petroleum Company Ltd, Mosul Petroleum Company Ltd, Basrah Petroleum Company Ltd, Petroleum Development (Qatar) Ltd, Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Ltd, Petroleum Development (Oman and Dhofar) Ltd, Petroleum Concessions Ltd (for the Aden Protectorates), Petroleum Development (Western Arabia) Ltd.

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Ltd.(BOD), and SOCAL. When BOD became interested in concessions in northern Iraq, IPC eventually bought them out. So successful were its efforts that by the end of 1944 IPC was operating in over 467,055 square miles (1,209,670 km) of territory, an area larger in size than the states of Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana combined. In addition, IPC attempted, though without success, to extend further its area of operations by seeking concessions or exploration permits in Turkey and in the neutral zones of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.

599:, when restricted shipping in the Mediterranean forced down the production sharply. Although the Iraq Government tried to open up the country to competition, the company taking up the new concession was bought out by IPC and, under the name of the Mosul Petroleum Company, was duly gathered into the IPC 'family' of associated companies (see below). The company also got the concession rights to southern Iraq in 1938, and founded the Basrah Petroleum Company (BPC) as their wholly owned subsidiary to develop the southern region of Iraq. 642: 925:, were returned to Iraqi state control. One major difference between these negotiations and those of 1952, was the stance of the Iraqi government. Whereas it had been more willing to accommodate the IPC in 1952, the government's positions under Qasim were largely non-negotiable. However this should not be surprising because it was expected that Qasim would take advantage of growing Arab nationalism and a sense amongst many ordinary Iraqis that they were being exploited by the west. 913:

he had the necessary capabilities). Further, Iraqis lacked the technical and managerial capabilities to run the IPC. Qasim needed the oil revenues to run his government and to keep the military satisfied. Therefore, Qasim resorted to many other tactics including increasing transit rates at Basra by 1,200%. In response, the IPC stopped producing oil that used Basra as a shipping point. The ensuing confrontation was the lowest point in relations between the two up to this point.

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oil as they had limited crude oil supplies. These competing interests delayed the development of the Iraqi fields, and IPC's concession eventually expired because the companies failed to meet certain performance requirements, such as the construction of pipelines and shipping terminals. The concession was renegotiated in 1931, however, giving the company a 70-year concession on an enlarged 83,200 square kilometres (32,100 sq mi) area east of the

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of wrongful cartelization or as an enlightened example of international co‑operation and fair-sharing, was to hold the field for twenty years and in large measure determined the pattern and tempo of oil development over a large part of the Middle East". The Agreement lasted until 1948 when two of the American partners broke free. During the period, IPC monopolized oil exploration inside the Red Line; excluding Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, where

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extended to include the new area. After lengthy negotiations the groups arrived at a compromise settlement in November 1934, which stipulated that D'Arcy Exploration (Anglo-Iranian) would be entitled to a 7.5-percent royalty on such oil as was produced from the 32,000 square miles (83,000 km) covered by the revised Iraq concession, the oil to be delivered free of cost at the field, with IPC paying the royalty due the Iraq Government.

1170: 2450: 1156: 3590: 611: 525: 718:, by stating that the Sultanate "should not interfere in their internal affairs". IPC offered financial support to the Sultan in order to raise a military force that would occupy the Imamate's region so that IPC would gain access to the possible oil reserves. The Sultanate, backed by the British government and the financial support received from IPC, attacked the interior of Oman on 25 October 1954 triggering 4218: 3600: 1184: 422: 690: 939: 799: 481:), and the NEDC; the remaining 5% went to Calouste Gulbenkian. TPC was to be organized as a nonprofit company, registered in Britain, that produced crude oil for a fee for its parent companies, based on their shares. The company itself was only allowed to refine and sell to Iraq's internal market, in order to prevent any competition with the parent companies. 1052:. Post-1991 fighting between Kurdish and Iraqi forces in northern Iraq resulted in temporary sabotage of the Kirkuk field's facilities. In 1996, production capacity in northern and central Iraq was estimated at between 0.7 and 1 million barrels (110,000 to 160,000 m³) per day, down from around 1.2 million barrels (190,000 m³) per day before the Gulf War. 766:. The Hashemites' main disputes centered on increasing the amount of crude oil extracted, getting more Iraqis involved in the process of producing the oil and getting more royalties. In 1952, terms that were more generous to the Iraqi government were negotiated. These terms were largely based on the far more lucrative terms of the 909:

for the benefit of Iraq citizens as one of his main points of contention with the Iraqi government. Once in power, he was critical of several aspects of the IPC. First, he was critical of the monetary arrangement between the IPC and the government. He also did not appreciate the monopoly that the IPC had been granted.

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IPC had a huge impact on the amount of revenue that the government generated and thus had a certain amount of influence over the government. The second major factor was inability of the Iraqi government at that time to source the technical knowledge and skill necessary to take over oil operations in the country.

774: 1882:"The International Petroleum Cartel", Staff Report to the Federal Trade Commission, released through Subcommittee on Monopoly of Select Committee on Small Business, U.S. Senate, 83d Cong., 2nd sess (Washington, DC, 1952), Chapter 4, "Joint Control Through Common Ownership--The Iraq Petroleum Co., Ltd.," pp. 47– 912:

However the economic situation at the time did not permit Qasim to nationalize the IPC – western nations had boycotted Iranian oil when Mossadeq nationalized its oil company and could be expected to do the same in this case. (It is likely that nationalization would have been Qasim's favored route had

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This atmosphere did not continue to the negotiations held between the IPC and revolutionary governments that followed the overthrow of the Hashemite monarchy in 1958. Relations between the two can be examined on two major factors. First, oil was a vital part of the Iraqi economy. Because of this, the

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As the Red Line Agreement defined the company's sphere of operations well beyond the boundaries of Iraq, IPC's shareholders were keen to look for oil elsewhere in the Middle East. They created associated companies, one for each territory to be explored. These companies were collectively known as "The

540:

The owners of IPC had conflicting interests: the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Royal Dutch/Shell and Standard Oil had access to major sources of crude oil outside Iraq, and therefore wanted to hold the Iraqi concessions in reserve, whilst CFP and the other companies pushed for rapid development of Iraqi

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after a red line was drawn around the former boundaries of the Ottoman Empire (with the exception of Kuwait), effectively bound the partners to act together within the red line. The writer Stephen Hemsley Longrigg, a former IPC employee, noted, "he Red Line Agreement, variously assessed as a sad case

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Deutsche Bank brought a concession granted to the Anatolian Railway Company to explore for minerals and oil along a 40 km (25 mi)-wide strip on either side of its proposed railway in Mesopotamia. On 28 June 1914, the Turkish grand vizier confirmed the promise of a concession to TPC, but the

701:

The failure of IPC to secure concessions in Bahrain and Saudi Arabia should not obscure the fact that elsewhere in the Middle East the company was successful in closing the "open door" of commercial opportunity to outsiders. The principal competitors for concessions were British Oil Development Co.

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to develop the oil resources of Saudi Arabia. Their partners in IPC refused to release them from the Red Line Agreement. After the Americans claimed that World War II had ended the Agreement, protracted legal proceedings with Gulbenkian followed. Eventually the case was settled out of court and the

429:

In 1925, the Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC) obtained a concession to explore for oil in Iraq. The agreement stipulated that the Iraqi government would receive royalties for each ton of oil extracted, based on the oil companies' profits and not payable for the first 20 years. The concession allowed

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However this was not enough for the Iraqi government and they issued a new set of demands in November 1970 which essentially involved more Iraqi control of operations and more Iraqi profit-taking. Dissatisfied with the IPC's unwillingness to negotiate on Iraq's terms, the Iraqi government gave the

1036:

Throughout the 1960s, the Iraqi government criticized the IPC and used the IPC as a central piece of their anti-western propaganda. The Soviet-Iraqi agreement of 1969 emboldened the Iraqi government and in 1970 they made a list of demands including ownership of 20% of the company's assets and more

908:

was a nationalist Iraqi Army general who seized power in a 1958 coup d'état in which the Iraqi monarch was murdered. He ruled the country as Prime Minister of Iraq until his downfall and death in 1963. Before the coup, he used the fact that the IPC was producing oil for western nations rather than

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Revision of the Anglo-Iranian royalty: when the Iraq concession of 1925 was revised in March 1931, and IPC was granted a blanket concession over 32,000 square miles (83,000 km) of territory east of the Tigris River, the question arose as to whether Anglo-Persian's 10 percent royalty should be

623:

Tax matters: since IPC was a British-chartered company, the British groups would not have been subject to double taxation. The non-British groups, however, did not relish the idea of having the earnings of IPC taxed once by the British Government and again by their own governments. Eventually the

624:

groups agreed to transfer all pipeline operations to IPC, and price crude to the groups on the basis of management's estimate of British income tax cost plus 1 shilling profit per ton. Under this plan IPC's profits were nominal and its tax liability to the British Government was relatively small.

413:, much to the annoyance of the Americans, who felt excluded from Middle Eastern oil and demanded an "open door". After prolonged and sometimes sharp diplomatic exchanges, U.S. oil companies were permitted to buy into the TPC, but it would take several years until the negotiations were completed. 1731:

The International Petroleum Cartel, Staff Report to the Federal Trade Commission, released through Subcommittee on Monopoly of Select Committee on Small Business, U.S. Senate, 83d Cong., 2nd sess (Washington, DC, 1952), Chapter 4, "Joint Control Through Common Ownership--The Iraq Petroleum Co.,

433:

During the 1925/6 season, an international geological team, including representatives from the shareholding companies and an American contingent, conducted a comprehensive survey of Iraq. They identified drilling locations at Pulkanah (two wells), Khashm al Ahmar, Injanah, Qaiyarah, and Kirkuk.

632:

American partners joined ARAMCO. The French Government and Gulbenkian had withdrawn their objections in exchange for a greater share of IPC's output, and the Red Line agreement boundaries were redrawn to exclude Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Bahrain, Egypt, Palestine, and the western-half of Jordan.

1048:. The Jambur, Bai Hassan, and Khabbaz fields are the only other currently producing oil fields in northern Iraq. While Iraq's northern oil industry remained relatively unscathed during the Iran-Iraq War, an estimated 60% of the facilities in southern and central Iraq were damaged in the 537:, the world was awash with oil and greater output from Iraq would simply have driven the price down to even lower levels. Delaying tactics were employed not only in actual drilling and development, but also in conducting negotiations on such matters as pipeline rights-of-way. 1037:

control. The IPC by this time was taking the Iraqi government very seriously and made some huge concessions. They agreed to increase oil production substantially and also increase the price of its crude oil in certain areas. They also offered an advance payment on royalties.

745:- although this latter venture was never developed. The company created air transport companies, the Iraq Petroleum Transport Company and Transports du Proche Orient, to operate aircraft and vessels to ferry people and equipment to the remoter parts of its concession areas. 504:

The San Remo conference had stipulated that Iraqis should be allowed 20% of the company if they wanted to invest in it, but the existing shareholders successfully resisted Iraqi efforts to participate, despite pressure by the British government to accept Iraqi shareholders.

434:

Geologist J.M. Muir located the well at Baba Gurgur, just north of Kirkuk. Drilling commenced, and on October 14, 1927, oil was struck. The initial uncontrolled gushing spilled many tons of oil, but the oil field was soon brought under control and proved to be extensive.

709:

that would cover the entire region of the Sultanate. IPC, however, failed to discover oil in the Sultanate's region, which was limited to the coastal area of Oman, and informed the Sultan that oil is more likely to exist in the interior region of Oman. The

916:

On 12 December 1961, the Iraqi government enacted Law No. 80, which expropriated 99.5 per cent of the IPC group's concession areas without compensation and put an immediate stop on oil exploration. Law 80 did not impact the IPC's ongoing production at

1041:

IPC an ultimatum with similar demands in May 1972. The IPC tried to offer a compromise solution but the Ba'athist government rejected the offer and, on 1 June 1972, nationalized IPC operations, which were taken over by the Iraq National Oil Company.

1099:

Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company Limited was dissolved on 4 October 2018, while Iraq Petroleum Company Limited still exists, now using company number 09646587 instead of 00113948. "New" Iraq Petroleum Company Limited was incorporated on 18 June 2015 as

401:-majority areas of the former Ottoman Empire were mostly decided. A rising demand for petroleum during the war had demonstrated to the big powers the importance of having their own sources of oil. Since one of the original partners of TPC had been 580:. The issue was settled by a compromise which provided for the construction of two pipelines, each with a throughput capacity of 2,000,000 tons a year. The length of the Northern line would be 532 miles (856 km), that of the Southern line ( 677:

through its subsidiary, California-Arabian Standard Oil Company (Casoc) in 1938. Thereafter, IPC concentrated its efforts in Arabia in developing its Qatar oil concession (oil discovered 1939), Abu Dhabi (oil discovered in 1959), Oman (see

1068:(ADPC), formerly Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Limited – continued with the original shareholding intact until January 2014. ADPC still holds 40% of the onshore concession in Abu Dhabi, with the majority 60% held by the 532:

The original concession of 14 March 1925 covered all of Iraq, but IPC was reluctant to develop it quickly and production was restricted to fields constituting only one-half of 1 percent of the country's total area. During the

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were extremely pro-west. In fact, they had been installed by the British, and therefore tensions were minimized. They were dependent on the British militarily and had essentially pledged allegiance to them through the

442:

The discovery hastened the negotiations over the composition of TPC, and on 31 July 1928 the shareholders signed a formal partnership agreement to include the Near East Development Corporation (NEDC), an American

27: 1132:, from August 1951 until April/May 1957. An insert in the January 1957 edition read "In the light of present circumstances it has been found necessary to restrict the production of 347:. In 1911, in an attempt to bring together the competing British and German interests in the region, a British company known as African and Eastern Concession Ltd, was formed. 2356:

Dietrich, Christopher RW. "'Arab Oil Belongs to the Arabs': Raw Material Sovereignty, Cold War Boundaries, and the Nationalisation of the Iraq Petroleum Company, 1967–1973."

4262: 508:

In 1929 the TPC was renamed the Iraq Petroleum Company. By 1934, the NEDC comprised only two shareholders, Standard Oil of New Jersey and Socony, which had merged with the

4292: 2832: 1326: 545:. In return, the Iraqi government demanded, and received, additional payments and loans, as well as the promise that IPC would complete two oil pipelines to the 324:

The forerunner of the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC) was the Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC), which was established in the early 20th century in the belief that

904:

Beginning in the early 1950s, as the strength of nationalism in Iraq grew, the focus came to bear on foreign control over the oil production of the country.

350:

In 1912, this company became the Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC), formed with the purpose of acquiring concessions from the Ottoman Empire to explore for

2861: 2251: 2167: 1540: 4267: 3131: 2113: 2143: 1699:

Fitzgerald, Edward Peter, "Business diplomacy: Walter Teagle, Jersey Standard, and the Anglo-French pipeline conflict in the Middle East, 1930–1931",

2032: 2745: 281: 1044:

The Kirkuk field still forms the basis for northern Iraqi oil production. Kirkuk has over 10 billion barrels (1.6 km) of remaining proven

1297: 277:, England. However, today it is only a paper entity with historical rights and plays no part in the modern development of Middle Eastern oil. 4257: 1654: 1073: 460: 389:

When the Ottoman Empire was broken up in the aftermath of the war, the question of shareholding in TPC became a major issue at the 1920

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was brought online the same year. Only in 1938, nine years after the discovery, did IPC begin to export oil in significant quantities.

1391: 4287: 2749: 1735: 3121: 2366:

Fitzgerald, Edward Peter. "The Iraq Petroleum Company, Standard Oil of California, and the Contest for Eastern Arabia, 1930–1933."

1426: 1114:

Handbook of the Territories which Form the Theatre of Operations of the Iraq Petroleum Company Limited and its Associated Companies

896: 560:

Different routes and terminal locations on the Mediterranean coast were sought by the French, who favored a northern route through

1510: 1096:; reflecting the historical make-up of the Iraq Petroleum Company. The Abu Dhabi onshore oil concession expired in January 2014. 374:. The driving force behind its creation was Gulbenkian, and the largest single shareholder was the British government-controlled 378:, which by 1914 held 50% of the shares. TPC received a promise of a concession from the Ottoman government, but the outbreak of 4247: 3920: 3910: 2227: 2194: 2437: 2322: 2288: 2042: 2015: 1892:

Saul, Samir (2007). "Masterly Inactivity as Brinkmanship: The Iraq Petroleum Company's Route to Nationalization, 1958–1972".

1550: 1467: 110: 2415: 1330: 288:. The company "Iraq Petroleum Company" still remains extant, although only in paper form. One associated company – the 4272: 4188: 2873: 2780: 299:

was an association of companies that played a major role in the discovery and development of oil resources in areas of the

957: 949: 817: 809: 4165: 2775: 2400: 1104:

Newco 1 Limited" and succeeded operations of "old" Iraq Petroleum Company, Limited, which dissolved on 30 December 2015.

292:(ADPC, formerly Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Ltd) – also continues with its original shareholding intact. 4252: 3126: 3042: 2765: 2730: 2373:

Saul, Samir. "Masterly inactivity as brinkmanship: the Iraq petroleum company's route to nationalization, 1958–1972."

4177: 3170: 1980: 1831: 1638: 1363: 1353: 975: 835: 770:. One could argue that a determinant in these negotiations was the friendly atmosphere in which they were conducted. 4031: 3258: 3243: 2839: 2827: 452: 1872:

British National Archive: Muscat Rising, from April 1917 to January 1918 & resumed from April 1920 to Oct 1920

4242: 3116: 3102: 2854: 2504: 673:) desired. SOCAL gained the concession and, joined by the Texas Oil Company in 1936, went on to discover oil at 2720: 1072:(ADNOC) on behalf of the Abu Dhabi Government. Operations are carried out by the local operating company – the 1069: 3997: 2267: 2249: 2171: 4277: 4007: 3992: 1556: 686:). IPC personnel carried out a series of ground-breaking explorations in southern Arabia during these years. 273:

between 1925 and 1961. It is jointly owned by some of the world's largest oil companies and headquartered in

2121: 549:

by 1935—something CFP had demanded for a long time, in order to get its share of the oil quickly to France.

4142: 3674: 3636: 2866: 627:

Demise of the Red Line Agreement: two of the American oil companies in IPC were offered a partnership with

2048: 4081: 3984: 3976: 3935: 3415: 3180: 3143: 3075: 2844: 1821: 1128:

was an historical film made for IPC by British Pathé. The company published a monthly magazine, entitled

1065: 1016: 900:

Abd al-Karim Qasim: 1st Prime Minister of the Republic of Iraq, in office 14 July 1958 – 8 February 1963.

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provided autonomous rule to the Omanis who resided in the interior region of Oman, which was called the

666: 4159: 3593: 3268: 3248: 3090: 3080: 3070: 2770: 2760: 2539: 2361: 1116:

authored by Stephen Hemsley Longrigg. The IPC Film Unit produced a number of short films, most notably

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The corporate organisation of the Iraq Petroleum Company and its associated companies, 1 January 1950.

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Page 117 | World Investment Report: Transnational corporations, extractive industries and development

1856: 754: 572:

on the Lebanese coast, and the British and the Iraqis who preferred a southern route, terminating at

498: 375: 285: 142: 99: 4041: 3864: 3820: 3307: 3278: 2922: 1545:(In the Heart of the Desert ed.). Aylesford, Kent, United Kingdom: Green Mountain Press (UK). 1301: 662: 581: 1662: 4012: 3900: 3831: 3535: 3283: 2947: 2680: 569: 363: 2071: 1871: 1012: 872: 4116: 3925: 3785: 3238: 3097: 2967: 2942: 2812: 2564: 706: 410: 1712: 4061: 4002: 3854: 3603: 3342: 3210: 2822: 2695: 2674: 2594: 2554: 2445: 4183: 4137: 3950: 3869: 3437: 3319: 3253: 3215: 3111: 3037: 3032: 2957: 2805: 2423: 2248:

Morton, Michael Quentin, "The Abu Dhabi Oil Discoveries", GEO Expro article, issue 3, 2011.

1212: 1136:

and... publication will be bi-monthly until further notice." An in-house company magazine,

730: 1733: 1395: 1060:

IPC has ceased operations, but the company "Iraq Petroleum Company Limited" still remains

8: 4221: 4093: 3971: 3826: 3379: 3337: 3263: 3138: 3060: 2589: 2559: 2544: 1434: 694: 577: 430:

the company to select 24 rectangular plots of 8 square miles (21 km²) each for drilling.

390: 371: 121: 1793: 3814: 3510: 3505: 3490: 3452: 3427: 3364: 3225: 3160: 2795: 2604: 2519: 2192: 2095: 1953: 1909: 1217: 1202: 1120:, a film produced in 1952 about operations around the Iraq-Mediterranean pipeline, and 905: 509: 485: 3352: 4132: 4087: 3874: 3837: 3798: 3579: 3530: 3495: 3332: 3273: 3175: 3085: 3055: 3050: 2917: 2912: 2896: 2785: 2725: 2645: 2640: 2549: 2099: 2038: 2011: 2005: 1976: 1957: 1913: 1827: 1634: 1601: 1546: 1463: 1457: 1359: 1265: 1081: 922: 777: 742: 546: 359: 193: 104: 2394: 4121: 3804: 3629: 3422: 3357: 3347: 3021: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2932: 2907: 2087: 1945: 1901: 1189: 767: 719: 534: 284:

government in Iraq nationalized the IPC, and its operations were taken over by the

2326: 2091: 1905: 1355:

The Legal Dimensions of Oil and Gas in Iraq | Current Reality and Future Prospects

584:) 620 miles (1,000 km). In 1934, the pipelines were completed from Kirkuk to 26: 3884: 3520: 3485: 3374: 3369: 3288: 3199: 2937: 2790: 2702: 2690: 2614: 2609: 2599: 2534: 2509: 2494: 2481: 2469: 2255: 2211: 2198: 1986: 1739: 1609: 1491: 1207: 918: 715: 367: 344: 262: 58: 2409:"The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958-1972" 1936:

Brown, Michael E. (1979). "The Nationalization of the Iraqi Petroleum Company".

3669: 3500: 3475: 2755: 2685: 757:, there were no serious issues between the IPC and the Iraqi government as the 711: 336: 332: 266: 62: 1949: 4236: 4106: 3966: 3940: 3757: 3718: 3573: 3525: 3515: 3480: 3432: 3409: 3384: 3148: 2977: 2972: 2849: 2650: 2499: 1750: 1244: 1175: 1144:, a quarterly magazine for IPC pensioners, was issued between 1974 and 2014. 1089: 1004: 864: 654: 641: 607:

Three issues caused protracted negotiations among the partner groups of IPC:

355: 340: 335:, early negotiations for an oil concession centered in the empire's capital, 203: 1495: 528:

IPC assistants welding pipes together on the Esdraelon stretch in the 1930s.

4171: 4111: 3945: 3930: 3399: 3165: 2962: 2670: 2665: 2655: 2489: 1990: 1613: 1061: 1045: 763: 596: 589: 542: 425:

Kirkuk district: an oil gusher spouting with a stream of oil in foreground.

1628: 1605: 4211: 4193: 4126: 3905: 3774: 3687: 3622: 3583: 3545: 3394: 3230: 3155: 2952: 2514: 1197: 1161: 773: 552: 379: 325: 300: 2408: 2380:

Silverfarb, David. “The Revision of Iraq’s Oil Concessions, 1949–1952,”

2349:

Brown, Michael E. "The Nationalization of the Iraqi Petroleum Company."

2037:(First ed.). United Arab Emirates: National Archives. p. 331. 4076: 3915: 2660: 1269: 1085: 472: 444: 198: 2072:"Oil Sovereignty, American Foreign Policy, and the 1968 Coups in Iraq" 409:

demanded this share as the spoils of war. This was agreed upon by the

354:

in Mesopotamia. The owners were a group of large European companies –

3664: 3470: 3442: 3389: 2927: 2619: 2579: 2083: 758: 351: 316: 254: 1064:

as a name on paper, and one of its surviving associated companies –

4066: 3708: 2987: 2817: 2800: 2574: 2569: 1049: 670: 456: 328:(Iraq and parts of Syria) contained substantial reservoirs of oil. 258: 725:

IPC was also interested in other ventures apart from oil, such as

467:

Shares were held in the following proportions: 23.75% each to the

4071: 4051: 3713: 3703: 3679: 3447: 3404: 2584: 2529: 1169: 734: 585: 565: 402: 524: 3791: 3725: 3659: 3327: 2982: 1093: 726: 674: 628: 490: 406: 394: 274: 208: 610: 421: 4036: 3879: 3746: 3540: 2524: 689: 683: 595:

The Kirkuk production averaged 4 million tons per year until

573: 561: 513: 437: 2268:"Companies House information on Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company" 2034:

The Third River: Aspects of Oil in the Middle East 1887-1979

1076:(ADCO) – jointly owned by ADNOC, and the ADPC shareholders: 4056: 3751: 3741: 2735: 2712: 2455: 2449: 2289:"Companies House search results for Iraq Petroleum Company" 1823:

Oman's Insurgencies: The Sultanate's Struggle for Supremacy

464: 398: 270: 739:

Société Industrielle des Asphaltes et Pétroles de Lattique

653:

In 1933, IPC joined negotiations for an oil concession in

705:

In 1937, IPC signed an oil concession agreement with the

669:

rather than the gold that King Abdul-Aziz (also known as

2401:

Once Upon a Red Line: The Iraq Petroleum Story 1887–1979

2309: 1595: 1511:"Once Upon a Red Line: The Iraq Petroleum Company Story" 3645: 1538: 1298:"The shareholders of ADPC info from ExxonMobil history" 1101: 1077: 493:(formed in 1944 by renaming of the Saudi subsidiary of 468: 188: 1633:(The prize ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. 1124:, produced in 1957, about the history of Mesopotamia. 665:, the company's bid failed when it offered payment in 343:

banks and companies, already involved in building the

3614: 1794:"A Brief History of Oil Companies in the Gulf Region" 4263:

Non-renewable resource companies established in 1912

2063: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1151: 697:

of the Iraq Petroleum Transport Company in the 1930s

636: 4293:

Defunct oil and gas companies of the United Kingdom

2228:"BP not ruled out of Abu Dhabi concessions-sources" 1427:"MILESTONES: 1921-1936, The 1928 Red Line Agreemen" 1381:

Iraq Petroleum Handbook, published 1948, pp. 142–3.

1755:The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power 1485: 1264: 2216:. United Nations Publications. 2007. p. 294. 1852: 1850: 1808: 1321: 1319: 1292: 1290: 921:and Kirkuk, but all other territories, including 588:, and from there, to both Tripoli and Haifa; the 4234: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1413: 501:(BAPCO) respectively held controlling position. 2406: 2160: 2136: 2069: 768:Saudi-Aramco "50/50" agreement of December 1950 661:(SOCAL, later renamed Chevron). Represented by 358:, the Anglo Saxon Oil Company (a subsidiary of 1861:, MARINE CORPS COMMAND AND STAFF COLLEGE 1985. 1847: 1783:, The Middle East Institute, 1964, pp. 73–134. 1316: 1287: 3630: 2431: 1626: 1410: 447:of five large US oil companies that included 2395:Iraq Petroleum Company at Al-Mashriq website 2351:International Journal of Middle East Studies 2003: 1938:International Journal of Middle East Studies 1714:The History of the British Petroleum Company 1655:"Business & Finance: Socony-Vacuum Corp" 1327:"Bloomberg Businessweek company info - ADPC" 1074:Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations 461:Pan-American Petroleum and Transport Company 311: 2168:"GEO ExPro - The Abu Dhabi Oil Discoveries" 1455: 1358:. Cambridge University Press. p. 360. 748: 519: 386:outbreak of World War I ended TPC's plans. 3637: 3623: 2438: 2424: 1351: 1345: 1140:, continued in print until the 1970s. The 438:Red Line Agreement and the creation of IPC 25: 4268:1912 establishments in the Ottoman Empire 2746:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 2320: 2144:"Upstream Opportunities for New Entrants" 1242: 1107: 976:Learn how and when to remove this message 836:Learn how and when to remove this message 737:in Syria (for which it set up a company, 682:) and the Aden Protectorates (in today's 225:Although nominally still extant on paper. 2570:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire 1819: 895: 772: 688: 657:province, Saudi Arabia, bidding against 640: 609: 551: 523: 420: 315: 2407:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (March 2011). 928: 602: 382:in 1914 stopped all exploration plans. 4235: 2030: 1703:, Summer 1993 vol. 67 no. 2 p. 207(39) 1508: 1258: 3618: 3305: 3197: 3019: 2894: 2467: 2419: 1973:Middle East oil and the energy crisis 1970: 1935: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1695: 1693: 1600:. New York: Oxford University Press. 1591: 1589: 1587: 1534: 1532: 1481: 1479: 1392:"IPC - History and early development" 1377: 1375: 4258:Energy companies established in 1912 4217: 3599: 3541:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu) 1891: 1865: 1539:Morton, Michael Quentin (May 2006). 1238: 1236: 1234: 1232: 987: 932: 847: 792: 416: 4166:BP America Production Co. v. Burton 3754:(Northern CA, OR, and WA locations) 3589: 1859:The Jebel Akhdar War Oman 1954-1959 13: 2343: 2242: 1975:. New York: Monthly Review Press. 1920: 1820:Peterson, J. E. (2 January 2013). 1720: 1690: 1584: 1529: 1476: 1384: 1372: 1352:J. Zedalis, Rex (September 2009). 948:tone or style may not reflect the 808:tone or style may not reflect the 339:. The first interest was shown by 14: 4304: 4178:Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate 2388: 2191:"Our Shareholders", ADCO website 2070:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2017). 1596:Stephen Hemsley Longrigg (1961). 1577:"Discovery of the Kirkuk Field", 1449: 1229: 637:IPC Group operations outside Iraq 117:Near East Development Corporation 4288:Defunct energy companies of Iraq 4216: 4207: 4206: 4032:Alyeska Pipeline Service Company 3598: 3588: 3578: 3569: 3568: 2874:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis 2448: 2031:Morton, Michael Quentin (2014). 1894:The International History Review 1661:. 10 August 1931. Archived from 1509:Morton, Michael Quentin (2013). 1490:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1182: 1168: 1154: 992: 958:guide to writing better articles 937: 852: 818:guide to writing better articles 797: 788: 474:Compagnie Française des Pétroles 453:Standard Oil Company of New York 111:Compagnie Française des Pétroles 3353:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects 2776:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 2766:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 2505:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period 2314: 2302: 2281: 2260: 2220: 2204: 2185: 2106: 2024: 1997: 1964: 1885: 1876: 1786: 1773: 1760: 1744: 1706: 1677: 1647: 1620: 1571: 1502: 1270:"The Turkish Petroleum Company" 219:Footnotes / references 2636:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 2308:Complete Index to World Films 1456:Edwin Black (4 October 2004). 1070:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company 393:, where the future of all non- 1: 4283:Iraq–United Kingdom relations 4248:Oil and gas companies of Iraq 4008:Texas City refinery explosion 2895: 2092:10.1080/09592296.2017.1309882 1906:10.1080/07075332.2007.9641140 1462:. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1223: 780:who was assassinated in 1958. 4143:Trans-Alaska Pipeline System 3132:in ISIL-controlled territory 3020: 2375:International History Review 2368:International History Review 2116:Middle East Reservoir review 2004:Marr, Phebe. (August 2003). 1757:, New York, 1991, pp. 413–19 1555:. 095522120X. Archived from 1245:"Iraq Petroleum Company Ltd" 1055: 1015:or discuss the issue on the 875:or discuss the issue on the 755:Hashemite Monarchy (1932–58) 7: 4273:1912 establishments in Asia 4082:Commonwealth Oil Refineries 3885:BP Ultimate Acropolis Rally 3865:BP Natural World Book Prize 3306: 3198: 3043:Council of Representatives 2781:Weapons of mass destruction 2468: 1687:(New York, 1977), pp. 80–90 1486:Nubar S Gulbenkian (1965). 1147: 1112:In 1948, IPC published its 1066:Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company 568:terminating at the city of 290:Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company 10: 4309: 4160:Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case 2771:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 2399:Morton, Michael Quentin, " 2358:Diplomacy & Statecraft 2076:Diplomacy & Statecraft 2007:The Modern History of Iraq 1542:In the Heart of the Desert 1007:towards certain viewpoints 867:towards certain viewpoints 680:Petroleum Development Oman 659:Standard Oil of California 495:Standard Oil of California 449:Standard Oil of New Jersey 366:(a British concern) – and 306: 4253:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 4202: 4152: 4047:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 4024: 3959: 3893: 3860:BP National Championships 3847: 3781:Castrol Technology Centre 3766: 3734: 3696: 3652: 3564: 3463: 3318: 3314: 3301: 3206: 3193: 3028: 3015: 2903: 2890: 2711: 2628: 2480: 2476: 2463: 2384:23(1996), pp. 69–95. 1950:10.1017/S0020743800053356 1843:– via Google Books. 1766:"Oil: Share the Wealth”, 1581:, Issue 96, October 1997. 741:) and salt mining in the 499:Bahrain Petroleum Company 471:, Royal Dutch/Shell, the 469:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 376:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 331:Since Mesopotamia was an 312:Turkish Petroleum Company 286:Iraq National Oil Company 247:Turkish Petroleum Company 245:), formerly known as the 217: 181: 162: 148: 143:Iraq National Oil Company 138: 130: 100:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 92: 77: 73:Turkish Petroleum Company 69: 53: 45: 33: 24: 16:England-based oil company 4042:Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields 3855:BP Ford World Rally Team 3122:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq 3033:Administrative divisions 1796:. University of Virginia 749:IPC-Government relations 663:Stephen Hemsley Longrigg 582:Mosul-Haifa oil pipeline 520:Delayed production start 484:The agreement, known as 228:Via associate companies. 2681:Mandate for Mesopotamia 2555:First Babylonian Empire 2382:Middle Eastern Studies, 2114:""Ancient and Modern", 1701:Business History Review 556:IPC oil tanks at Haifa. 364:National Bank of Turkey 4243:Iraq Petroleum Company 4117:Llandarcy Oil Refinery 3644: 2840:Insurgency (2011–2013) 2761:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 2565:Middle Assyrian Empire 2360:22.3 (2011): 450–479. 1781:Arabian Oil Adventures 1627:Daniel Yergin (1991). 1598:Oil in the Middle East 1431:US Department of State 1108:Publications and films 901: 781: 778:King Faisal II of Iraq 698: 646: 615: 557: 529: 465:Atlantic Richfield Co. 426: 411:San Remo Oil Agreement 345:Berlin-Baghdad railway 321: 239:Iraq Petroleum Company 41:Türkiye Petrol Şirketi 20:Iraq Petroleum Company 4062:BP Biofuels Highlands 4003:Prudhoe Bay oil spill 3127:in post-invasion Iraq 2833:U.S. troop withdrawal 2595:Neo-Babylonian Empire 2377:29.4 (2007): 746–792. 2370:13.3 (1991): 441–465. 2353:10.1 (1979): 107–124. 2323:"Ageless Iraq Reel 1" 2310:http://www.citwf.com/ 1274:Iraq: A Country Study 899: 776: 692: 644: 613: 555: 527: 424: 319: 4278:20th century in Iraq 3951:Carl-Henric Svanberg 3870:BP Pedestrian Bridge 3076:Council of Ministers 2958:Mesopotamian Marshes 2124:on 24 September 2015 1665:on November 22, 2008 1213:Oil reserves in Iraq 929:1972 nationalization 603:IPC partner disputes 297:Iraq Petroleum Group 134:Nationalised in 1972 3338:Mesopotamian Arabic 3144:Freedom of religion 2590:Neo-Assyrian Empire 2560:Old Assyrian Period 2545:Neo-Sumerian Empire 1971:Stork, Joe (1975). 1659:Time Magazine, 1931 1398:on 1 September 2014 1013:improve the article 873:improve the article 695:de Havilland Dragon 576:, in what then was 391:San Remo conference 372:Calouste Gulbenkian 320:Calouste Gulbenkian 257:that had a virtual 122:Calouste Gulbenkian 21: 4133:Shell-Mex & BP 4057:Atlantic Richfield 3269:Telecommunications 3244:Foreign Investment 3181:Wars and conflicts 3117:in pre-Saddam Iraq 3081:Presidency Council 2867:2019–2021 protests 2796:Invasion of Kuwait 2620:Sassanid Asorestan 2615:Parthian Babylonia 2610:Seleucid Babylonia 2605:Achaemenid Assyria 2520:Jemdet Nasr period 2254:2012-02-17 at the 2197:2011-11-21 at the 2010:. Westview Press. 1779:H. St. J. Philby, 1770:, 23 December 1946 1738:2011-06-06 at the 1732:Ltd.," pp. 47–112. 1685:The Control of Oil 1459:Banking on Baghdad 1266:Metz, Helen Chapin 1218:Red Line Agreement 1203:Abd al-Karim Qasim 906:Abd al-Karim Qasim 902: 782: 743:Aden Protectorates 699: 647: 616: 558: 530: 510:Vacuum Oil Company 486:Red Line Agreement 427: 333:Ottoman possession 322: 280:In June 1972, the 19: 4230: 4229: 4184:D'Arcy Concession 4088:Deepwater Horizon 3986:Deepwater Horizon 3978:Deepwater Horizon 3875:BP Portrait Award 3675:Prudhoe Bay Trust 3612: 3611: 3560: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3546:Mandaean New Year 3297: 3296: 3189: 3188: 3171:Political parties 3066:Foreign relations 3011: 3010: 2918:Lower Mesopotamia 2913:Upper Mesopotamia 2886: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2646:Abbasid Caliphate 2641:Umayyad Caliphate 2550:Isin-Larsa period 2044:978-9948-05-146-6 2017:978-0-8133-3615-2 1857:John B. Meagher: 1552:978-0-9552212-0-0 1469:978-0-471-67186-2 1082:Royal Dutch Shell 1034: 1033: 986: 985: 978: 952:used on Knowledge 950:encyclopedic tone 894: 893: 846: 845: 838: 812:used on Knowledge 810:encyclopedic tone 417:Oil found in 1927 360:Royal Dutch Shell 235: 234: 194:Royal Dutch Shell 105:Royal Dutch Shell 4300: 4220: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4122:National Benzole 4025:Historical units 3993:Invasion of Iran 3683: 3639: 3632: 3625: 3616: 3615: 3602: 3601: 3592: 3591: 3582: 3572: 3571: 3316: 3315: 3303: 3302: 3234: 3195: 3194: 3046: 3017: 3016: 3003:Sinjar Mountains 2993:Zagros Mountains 2933:Hamrin Mountains 2892: 2891: 2855:Mosul liberation 2828:Iraqi insurgency 2750:National Command 2739: 2575:Simurrum culture 2478: 2477: 2465: 2464: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2440: 2433: 2426: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2334: 2325:. 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3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3719:Castrol India 3717: 3716: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3640: 3635: 3633: 3628: 3626: 3621: 3620: 3617: 3605: 3597: 3595: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3575: 3567: 3566: 3563: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3410:Iraqi Turkmen 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3367: 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2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2908:Faw peninsula 2906: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2875: 2872: 2868: 2865: 2864: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2850:Fall of Mosul 2848: 2847: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2823:U.S. invasion 2821: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2786:Iran–Iraq War 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2651:Buyid dynasty 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2500:Halaf culture 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2451: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2429: 2427: 2422: 2421: 2418: 2410: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2347: 2329:on 2011-10-28 2328: 2324: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2290: 2284: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2245: 2230:. 9 July 2012 2229: 2223: 2215: 2214: 2207: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2188: 2174:on 2012-02-17 2173: 2169: 2163: 2145: 2139: 2123: 2119: 2117: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2066: 2051:on 2019-11-05 2050: 2046: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2027: 2020:. 0813336155. 2019: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1982:0-85345-335-7 1978: 1974: 1967: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1888: 1879: 1873: 1868: 1862: 1860: 1853: 1851: 1835: 1833:9780863567025 1829: 1825: 1824: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1795: 1789: 1782: 1776: 1769: 1763: 1756: 1752: 1751:Daniel Yergin 1747: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1717:, pp. 164–165 1716: 1715: 1709: 1702: 1696: 1694: 1686: 1680: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1650: 1643:. 0671502484. 1642: 1640:0-671-50248-4 1636: 1632: 1631: 1623: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1580: 1574: 1558: 1554: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1535: 1533: 1516: 1512: 1505: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1482: 1480: 1472:. 047167186X. 1471: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1452: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1397: 1393: 1387: 1378: 1376: 1367: 1365:9780521766616 1361: 1357: 1356: 1348: 1332: 1328: 1322: 1320: 1303: 1299: 1293: 1291: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1261: 1246: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1228: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1180: 1177: 1176:Energy portal 1171: 1166: 1163: 1152: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1105: 1103: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1090:TotalEnergies 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1028: 1018: 1014: 1008: 1006: 1001:This section 999: 990: 989: 980: 977: 969: 959: 953: 951: 944: 935: 934: 926: 924: 923:North Rumaila 920: 914: 910: 907: 898: 888: 878: 874: 868: 866: 861:This section 859: 850: 849: 840: 837: 829: 819: 813: 811: 804: 795: 794: 789:The Qasim era 786: 779: 775: 771: 769: 765: 760: 756: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 723: 721: 717: 713: 708: 703: 696: 691: 687: 685: 681: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 651: 643: 630: 626: 622: 618: 617: 612: 608: 600: 598: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 554: 550: 548: 547:Mediterranean 544: 538: 536: 526: 517: 515: 514:Socony-Vacuum 511: 506: 502: 500: 497:(Socal)) and 496: 492: 487: 482: 480: 476: 475: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 435: 431: 423: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 387: 383: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 356:Deutsche Bank 353: 348: 346: 342: 338: 334: 329: 327: 318: 304: 302: 298: 293: 291: 287: 283: 278: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 227: 224: 223: 220: 216: 210: 207: 205: 204:TotalEnergies 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 186: 184: 180: 173: 170: 169: 167: 161: 151: 147: 144: 141: 137: 133: 129: 123: 120: 115: 112: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 97: 95: 91: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 38: 32: 28: 23: 4176: 4172:BP Structure 4164: 4112:Helios House 4101: 4095: 4086: 4013: 3998:Iranian coup 3985: 3977: 3946:Doug Suttles 3931:Tony Hayward 3848:Sponsorships 3836: 3819: 3797: 3790: 3773: 3697:Subsidiaries 3438:Christianity 3320:Demographics 3254:Oil reserves 3249:Oil Industry 3216:Central Bank 3112:Human rights 3038:Constitution 2983:Tigris river 2963:Persian Gulf 2671:Ottoman Iraq 2656:Qara Qoyunlu 2490:Ubaid period 2381: 2374: 2367: 2357: 2350: 2331:. 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Saqi. 1736:Archived 1614:5830191M 1515:GeoExpro 1148:See also 1050:Gulf War 671:Ibn Saud 512:to form 457:Gulf Oil 368:Armenian 259:monopoly 93:Founders 54:Industry 4222:Commons 4072:Britoil 3832:Sunbury 3799:Mad Dog 3714:Castrol 3604:Commons 3521:Smoking 3486:Culture 3481:Cuisine 3464:General 3448:Yazidis 3405:Solluba 3358:Persian 3348:Kurdish 3343:Aramaic 3308:Society 3289:Tourism 3200:Economy 2948:Islands 2923:Borders 2748: ( 2738:present 2673:(incl. 2585:Assyria 2530:Subartu 2470:History 1563:27 June 1279:28 June 1011:Please 1003:may be 871:Please 863:may be 735:asphalt 655:Al-Hasa 570:Tripoli 566:Lebanon 395:Turkish 362:), the 307:History 261:on all 83: ( 78:Founded 4077:Burmah 3894:People 3792:Iolair 3735:Brands 3726:Jio-bp 3660:Air BP 3584:Portal 3526:Sports 3501:Health 3476:Cinema 3328:Iraqis 3231:Dinar 3166:Police 2968:Places 2458:topics 2362:Online 2128:9 July 2098: 2041: 2014: 1989: 1979: 1956: 1912: 1830: 1637: 1612: 1606:237163 1604: 1549: 1494: 1466: 1362: 1094:Partex 1062:extant 727:potash 675:Dammam 667:rupees 629:ARAMCO 491:ARAMCO 463:, and 459:, the 407:French 405:, the 403:German 275:London 209:Partex 182:Owners 153:London 4153:Other 4145:(49%) 4138:Sohio 4129:(24%) 4094:FPSO 4037:Amoco 3747:Amoco 3516:Music 3506:Media 3433:Islam 3385:Kurds 3211:Banks 3149:Women 2943:Lakes 2736:2011– 2696:Kings 2525:Sumer 2147:(PDF) 2096:S2CID 2082:(2). 1954:S2CID 1910:S2CID 684:Yemen 574:Haifa 562:Syria 4194:Opal 4102:Iraq 4052:Aral 3752:ARCO 3742:Ampm 3704:Aral 3416:Jews 3139:LGBT 3103:List 3091:List 2456:Iraq 2296:2021 2275:2021 2236:2012 2154:2012 2130:2011 2057:2015 2039:ISBN 2012:ISBN 1977:ISBN 1841:2018 1828:ISBN 1802:2012 1768:Time 1671:2012 1635:ISBN 1602:OCLC 1565:2011 1547:ISBN 1523:2014 1464:ISBN 1443:2012 1404:2012 1360:ISBN 1339:2012 1310:2012 1281:2008 1252:2012 1092:and 564:and 399:Arab 397:and 271:Iraq 265:and 237:The 171:Iraq 131:Fate 85:1929 81:1929 61:and 3471:Art 3156:Law 2088:doi 1946:doi 1902:doi 479:CFP 352:oil 269:in 251:TPC 243:IPC 4239:: 3646:BP 2094:. 2080:28 2078:. 2074:. 1987:OL 1985:. 1952:. 1942:10 1940:. 1922:^ 1908:. 1898:29 1896:. 1849:^ 1810:^ 1753:, 1722:^ 1692:^ 1657:. 1610:OL 1608:. 1586:^ 1531:^ 1513:. 1492:OL 1478:^ 1429:. 1412:^ 1374:^ 1318:^ 1289:^ 1272:. 1231:^ 1102:BP 1088:, 1084:, 1080:, 1078:BP 733:, 722:. 693:A 451:, 189:BP 155:, 3638:e 3631:t 3624:v 2752:) 2677:) 2439:e 2432:t 2425:v 2411:. 2403:" 2336:. 2298:. 2277:. 2238:. 2201:. 2181:. 2156:. 2132:. 2118:" 2102:. 2090:: 2059:. 1993:. 1960:. 1948:: 1916:. 1904:: 1804:. 1673:. 1616:. 1567:. 1525:. 1498:. 1445:. 1406:. 1368:. 1341:. 1312:. 1283:. 1254:. 1100:" 1027:) 1023:( 1019:. 1009:. 979:) 973:( 968:) 964:( 954:. 887:) 883:( 879:. 869:. 839:) 833:( 828:) 824:( 814:. 477:( 249:( 241:( 87:)

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