1537:. If the husband found her with another man and beat her, he was not entitled to any further compensation. According to the law, women were not allowed to inherit land. However, there were exceptions, even at an early date. A poem dated to the first half of the 11th century is an elegy for Aeddon, a landowner on Anglesey. The poet says that after his death his estate was inherited by four women who had originally been brought to Aeddon's court as captives after a raid and had found favour with him. The rule for the division of moveable property when one of a married couple died was the same for both sexes. The property was divided into two equal halves, with the surviving partner keeping one half and the dying partner being free to give bequests from the other half.
1189:
1231:, written in Welsh. These are thought to date from the early or mid 13th century. There are a large number of law manuscripts, written mainly in Welsh but some in Latin, written between this period and the 16th century. Later manuscripts have been shown to reflect legal developments particularly in the Southern Welsh lordships. Apart from the full compilations there are shorter versions thought to have been working copies used by judges. However they are all usually considered to fall into three Redactions, known as the Cyfnerth Redaction, the Blegywryd Redaction and the Iorwerth Redaction.
1660:
lost but the victim can still hear, then the price lies at 160 pennies, whilst deafness (even without the loss of ear) retains the 480 penny value. This is a rare example of a âfunctional value being given where the loss of the function of the ear... is appreciated and not the organ itselfâ. Harris notes that although these members are all given equal value, it seems there is some underlying notion that some are perhaps more essential than others (at least in the
Iorwerth and LATIN A texts) with hearing being more important than any of the other senses.
1342:, the heir. Next come the officers of the court; the Iorwerth Redaction identifies twenty-four, of whom sixteen are the king's officers and eight the queen's officers. First in rank was the captain of the household troops, then the priest of the household, then the steward followed by the chief falconer, the court justice, the chief groom and the chamberlain. A list of additional officers follows, including such officers as the groom of the rein, the porter, the bakeress and the laundress. Each officer's entitlements and obligations are listed.
1316:
40:
1548:
1525:) was the amount of the common pool of property owned by the couple which was due to the woman if the couple separated before the end of seven years. The total of the agweddi depended on the woman's status by birth, regardless of the actual size of the common pool of property. If the marriage broke up after the end of 7 years, the woman was entitled to half the common pool. The portion that was immediately accessible during the marriage, consisting usually of linens, dishes, and other domestic items, was known as
1092:"justices' test book" dealing with homicide, theft and the values of wild and tame animals and other items. Within each of these sections there are tracts of varying length dealing with different subjects, for example the law of women and the law of contracts. Civil law differed from most other codes of law in the rule that on a landowner's death his land was to be shared equally between his sons, legitimate and illegitimate. This caused conflict with the church, as under
3526:
4450:
3538:
917:
70:
1131:
1181:
1304:
1968:. The number of persons required to swear depended on the gravity of the alleged crime; for example denying a homicide could require 300 compurgators, while if a woman accused a man of rape, the man would have to find 50 men prepared to swear to his innocence. For lesser crimes a smaller number would be sufficient. Witnesses could also be called, including eyewitnesses of the crime (
1533:
pay any compensation, even if it resulted in the concubine's death. A woman could only be beaten by her husband for three things: for giving away something which she was not entitled to give away, for being found with another man, or for wishing a blemish on her husband's beard. If he beat her for any other cause, she was entitled to the payment of
1103:. Under this system the person accused or the parties to a dispute would give their version under oath, following which they had to find a number of others who would take an oath that the principal's oath could be trusted. The number of compurgators required depended on the nature of the case. The judge or judges would then come to a decision.
1984:... when his teacher sees that he is worthy, let him send him to the Court Justice, and it is for the Court Justice to test him, and if he finds him worthy, it is for him to send him to the Lord and it is for the Lord to grant him justiceship ... And it is for him to give twenty-four pence to the Court Justice as his fee.
1893:
ineligible for whatever reason, his brothers, uncles, and first and second cousins were all considered legitimate substitutes. Likewise, even when the eldest son did inherit, other descendants of his great-grandfather were considered legitimate rulers and not usurpers if they were able to wrest control away from him.
1922:
the value of a cat, fourpence. The value of a kitten from the night it is born until it opens its eyes, a penny, and from then until it kills mice, two pence, and after it kills mice, four pence... A guard dog, if it is killed more than nine paces from the door is not paid for. If it is killed within
1909:
This is only a separate section in the
Iorwerth Redaction; in the other versions the material is incorporated in the "Laws of the country" section. It is a compilation of the rules for dealing with the "Three Columns of Law", namely cases of homicide, theft and fire, and "The Value of Wild and Tame".
1715:
compensation varied according to its noticability. The three most conspicuous scars are given as those on a face (six score pence), on a hand (sixty pence), and on a foot (thirty pence), whilst a hidden scar is given only four pence. The Latin texts A and E âmake provision for a cloak to cover facial
1532:
If a woman found her husband with another woman, she was entitled to a payment of six score pence (i.e. half a pound) the first time and a pound the second time; on the third occasion she was entitled to divorce him. If the husband had a concubine, the wife was allowed to strike her without having to
2048:
Each province under the empire of the lord king has its own laws and customs according to the peculiarities and uses of those parts where it is situated, as do the
Gascons in Gascony, the Scots in Scotland, the Irish in Ireland and the English in England; and this conduces rather to the glory of the
1975:
The task of the judge, having considered the case, was to determine what sort of proof was appropriate and which of the parties was to be required to produce proof, whether by the calling of witnesses, by compurgation or by pledges, then in the light of the proof to adjudicate on the case and impose
1695:
The body parts appear to be classed for compensation based on how much use they have in society. The higher the use; the higher the compensation cost. Loss of hearing, for example, as well as loss of testes and/or penis incur very high redress rates, because their loss will cause either danger or an
1659:
is valued at 3780 pennies/ 63 cows). There are no additional complexities to any of these costs, except when it comes to ears. The
Iorwerth manuscripts and LATIN A do not value the ear itself at 480 pennies, instead they differentiate between the loss of an ear and the loss of hearing. If the ear is
1505:
The position of women under Welsh law differed significantly to that of their Norman-English contemporaries. A marriage could be established in two basic ways. The normal way was that the woman would be given to a man by her kindred; the abnormal way was that the woman could elope with a man without
2070:
in 1284 introduced
English criminal law into Wales: "in thefts, larcenies, burnings, murders, manslaughters and manifest and notorious robberies â we will that they shall use the laws of England". Nearly two hundred years after Welsh law ceased to be used for criminal cases, the poet Dafydd ab
1989:
It was possible to appeal against a judge's decision, and the appellant could demand that the judge show the authority of a book for his judgment. The consequences for a judge could be serious if his judgement was reversed, involving a financial penalty equivalent to the value of his tongue as laid
1637:
Medieval Welsh law placed a high value on compensation for any breach of the law. In particular, high and detailed compensation values were given for each limb of the body. There are nine limbs of equal value (that is the hands, the eyes, the lips, the feet, and the nose) each of which is valued at
1496:
Those from outside Wales were considered between serfs and slaves, forbidden to offer testimony, and obliged to pledge themselves to a native
Welshman (even a serf) who would be responsible for them. This status could only be removed after three generations in the north and possibly as many as nine
1091:
The laws include the "laws of the court", the laws laying down the obligations and entitlements of the king and the officers of his court and the "laws of the country" dealing with every other topic. In some versions of the laws some of the material in the laws of the country are split off into the
2061:
when involved in negotiations with
Llywelyn on behalf of King Edward in 1282 sent Llywelyn a letter in which he denounced Welsh law, stating that King Hywel must have been inspired by the devil. Peckham had presumably consulted the Peniarth 28 manuscript which was apparently held in the library at
1107:
was only prescribed for a small number of crimes. Homicide was usually dealt with by the payment of compensation to the victim's family, while theft could be punished by death only if it was theft by stealth and the thief was caught with the goods in hand; the value of the goods stolen also had to
1752:
In what is thought to be an archaic survival in some versions of
Iorwerth it is stated that women are not entitled to act as sureties or to give sureties. Later versions of this rule in Iorwerth state that women were entitled to give sureties, and could therefore enter into contracts, though they
1663:
Fingers are valued at 80 pence each, whilst a thumb has a value of 180 pence which corresponds to its use in âgripping agricultural equipment or armsâ. The
Iorwerth and Cyfnerth 5 recensions value a finger nail at 30 pence, whilst the top of the finger to the first knuckle is valued (in the same
1138:
As each of the manuscripts dates from centuries later than Hywel's time, this statement cannot be used to date the event described above. Professor Huw Pryce has demonstrated that some of the prologues were developed in response to attacks on Welsh law by Church men and Nobles who wished to gain
1892:
for the heir also seem to have clouded the issue. By law, the principal homestead (and presumably the realm) were to go to the king's eldest son, so long as this potential successor was not damaged in any limb, blind, deaf, or mentally retarded, and of sufficient age. If the eldest son were
1761:
This is followed by land law, setting out the procedure in the event of rival ownership claims over land. Court was convened on the land itself, with both claimants calling witnesses to support their claims. In the
Iorwerth Redaction, it is stated that the claimants were entitled to the
1410:
Welsh law fell into the juristic category of Volksrecht (âpeople's lawâ), which did not lay great stress on royal power, as opposed to the Kaisersrecht or Königsrecht (âking's lawâ) of both England and Scotland, where it was emphasised that both civil and common law were imposed by the
2109:
in 1540, four years after the 1536 Act had stipulated that only English law was to be used in Wales. Even in the 17th century in some parts of Wales there were unofficial meetings where points of dispute were decided in the presence of arbiters using principles laid down in Welsh law.
1576:, although the slave's owner was to be compensated for the loss. This sum might then be modified in certain situations (for example, an attack from ambush doubled the base fine). Upon the payment of the blood money, the victim's family was then legally bound to forgo its vengeance (
2146:. These powers have been effective since May, 2007. It is the first time in almost 500 years that Wales has had its own laws, since Cyfraith Hywel was abolished and replaced by English law through the Laws in Wales Acts, passed between 1535 and 1542 by King Henry VIII of England.
1833:) for a period of four years, and if the land had not been redeemed by the gagor (owner) or his heirs at the end of the four years, the gage could then be renewed for additional four-year periods. After three renewals (or 16 years total), the land passed permanently to the gagee.
1732:, for example for a debt, and gives the provisions for various cases, such as where the debtor refuses to pay or denies the debt and where the surety denies the suretyship or contests the sum involved. Rules are also given for the giving and forfeiting of gages. Another aspect is
1956:
there would be a clerk, an usher and sometimes two professional pleaders. The cantref court dealt with crimes, the determination of boundaries and matters concerning inheritance. The commote court later took over most of the functions of the cantref court. The judges (Welsh
1148:
On the other hand, the Iorwerth versions, produced in Gwynedd, have exactly the same attribution of the law to Hywel and the council at Whitland as do the southern versions. It is more likely that Hywel's name was used to lend some form of âancestral authority" to the laws.
1506:
the consent of her kindred. In this case her kindred could compel her to return if she was still a virgin, but if she was not she could not be compelled to return. If the relationship lasted for seven years she had the same entitlements as if she had been given by her kin.
2121:, and was the first to identify the various Redactions, which he named the "Gwentian Code" (Cyfnerth), the "Demetian Code" (Blegywryd) and the "Venedotian Code" (Iorwerth). His edition was followed by a number of other studies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
1753:
were still not allowed to act as sureties. In Colan, Cyfnerth and some of the Latin texts women could give sureties and could under certain circumstances act as sureties. This appears to indicate a gradual improvement in the legal position of women in this respect.
1900:
who had (allegedly) married into the dynasties of Gwynedd and Powys and there are numerous examples through the 11th century of kings asserting their legitimacy on account of royal mothers, despite surviving underage representatives of the male line of succession.
1855:"peoples") which were repeatedly unified and then redivided. It is frequently stated that Welsh law demanded the division of a kingdom between all the ruler's sons, but that is a misunderstanding of the inheritance law â the crown itself was unitary but the king's
1120:
Hywel the Good, son of Cadell, by the grace of God, king of all Wales... summoned to him from every commote of his kingdom six men who were practised in authority and jurisprudence... to the place called the White House on the Taf in Dyfed. ... And at the end of
1927:
Values are also given for trees, equipment and parts of the human body. The value of a part of the body was fixed, thus a person causing the king to lose an eye would pay the same as if he had caused a villein to lose an eye. However he would also have to pay
2025:
about some lands, it was Gruffydd who wanted the case heard under English law and Mortimer who wanted Welsh law to apply. The matter went to the royal justices, who decided in 1281 that since the lands concerned lay in Wales, Welsh law should be used.
1608:
Similarly, a convicted thief was imprisoned in the first instance, but a serf convicted for the third time was to have his hand removed. (Assuming he was not caught in the act: thieves caught with goods in hand more valuable than four
1152:
The best that may be said of Hywel's association with the law is that a folk memory recalled a revision and rejuvenation of the law during his reign. Other kings are said to have introduced later modifications to the laws, for example
1204:), there are no existing manuscripts of law texts dating back to the time of Hywel and Welsh law was continually being revised and updated. There has been some debate among scholars as to whether the laws were originally written in
1143:
it is not impossible that the association of Hywel with the law reflects more on twelfth- and thirteenth century south Welsh attempts to re-establish the importance and influence of their line in an age dominated by the princes of
1865:) were required to be divided among all of his acknowledged sons by whatever mother. This naturally weakened the position of the new king and that weakness, along with the long free and separate traditions of the various Welsh
1220:
is a record of the outcome of legal proceedings dating from the 9th century and written in Welsh, and though it is not a law manual it does indicate the use of Welsh legal terms at that time. The earliest manuscripts known are
1809:) save the father's eldest son by his wedded wife. The law of Hywel adjudges it to the youngest son as to the eldest, and judges that the father's sin and his illegality should not be set against the son for his patrimony.
1696:
inability to continue lineage, which was highly important in such a kin-based society. The tongue is also particularly high because, as with the ear, it would have formed the primary means of communication for the victim.
1797:) the land equally, and each brother took his share. Illegitimate sons were entitled to shares equal to those of legitimate sons, provided they had been acknowledged by the father. This provision differed the most from
1487:â the modern Welsh for all of the Welsh people â apparently only applied to the free classes and not to serfs or slaves. However, none of them counted as a "foreigner" and, even if they moved from one Welsh "kingdom" (
2519:
Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales: comprising laws supposed to be enacted by Howel the Good and anomalous laws, consisting principally of institutions which by the statute of Ruddlan were admitted to continue in
2177:(called Hywel Dda). A recognised son, born out of wedlock has an over-riding claim to his father's property. The manor is in Wales. His demand could be accepted because the manor, lying in Wales, is under Welsh law.
2328:
See S. E. Roberts, âPlaints in Welsh Mediaeval Lawâ, Journal of Celtic Studies 4 (2004), 219â61; G. A. Elias and M. E. Owen, 2013 `Lawmen and Lawbooks', in Welsh Legal History Society XI, 106-51 and sources cited
1349:
could mean an insult or injury or the payment that was due to a person in the event of an insult or injury, and this varied according to the status of the person concerned, for example the queen or the edling's
2082:
Welsh law was still used for civil cases such as land inheritance, contracts, sureties and similar matters, though with changes, for example illegitimate sons could no longer claim part of the inheritance. The
1816:
is a son's claim to land which previously belonged to his father. A landowner's right to convey land was restricted; it was only allowed under certain circumstances with the consent of his kindred and coheirs
1125:
the king selected from that assembly the twelve most skilled laymen of his men and the one most skilled scholar who was called Master Blegywryd, to form and interpret for him and for his kingdom, laws and
1277:
in the first part of the 13th century by the jurist Iorwerth ap Madog. This is considered to be the most developed version of the law, though it does contain some archaic passages. The version in
1964:
A person accused of a crime could deny the charge by denying it on oath and finding a certain number of persons prepared to go on oath that they believed his or her own oath, a system known as
1395:
The origins of the various redactions are reflected in the relative position of the rulers of the Welsh kingdoms. The Iorwerth Redaction manuscripts proclaim the superiority of the king of
1952:", the main landowners of the cantref. This would be presided over by the king if he happened to be present in the cantref, or if he was not present by his representative. Apart from the
1332:
The first part of the laws deal with the rights and duties of the king and the officers of the king's court. The order of precedence is set down: first the king, then the queen, then the
1285:(possibly best translated as "The book of happenings", modern literal translation "The book of mistakes"), a collection of case-law linked to Colan. No manuscript has survived from
1116:
Most of the surviving manuscripts of Welsh law start with a preamble explaining how the laws were codified by Hywel. The introduction to the Book of Blegywryd is a typical example:
1961:) in Gwynedd were professionals, while in south Wales the professional judges worked together with the free landowners of the district, all of whom were entitled to act as judges.
1692:
These are; when a man is cut so that the brains can be seen, when a man is pierced so his entrails can be seen, and when one of the four posts of the body (the limbs) are broken.
1572:
of the king of Deheubarth was set at an impossibly long line of impossibly perfect cattle to ensure it could never be met; the family of a murdered slave, meanwhile, received no
1629:
Although Hywel's commission generally recorded the traditions of the country, one modification they made was to end the right of nobles to trial by combat, finding it unjust.
1896:
Finally, although surviving editions of Hywel's law explicitly forbid inheritance by or through female members of the royal family, Hywel's line itself derived from lords of
2974:
2017:
as well as the areas ruled by Welsh princes. In the event of a dispute, the first argument in the border regions might be about which law should apply. For example, when
1699:
Also notable are the different grades of compensation given to wounds depending on the degree of disfigurement produced by the wounding, with a differentiation between
1406:
While Welsh law lays more emphasis on the powers of the king than the Brehon Law of Ireland, this is still restricted compared to many other codes. As Moore comments:
2040:
Welsh law came to be a particularly important badge of nationhood in the 12th and 13th centuries, particularly during the struggle between Llywelyn the Last and King
1979:
According to the Iorwerth Redaction, a prospective judge had to be at least twenty-five years of age and his legal knowledge has to be approved by the Court Justice:
1168:
Some of the legal material, such as the tract on the Seven Bishop Houses of Dyfed, may be dated to a very early period of law. Other material bears comparison with
4314:
2066:
at this time. One of the features to which the English church objected was the equal share of land given to illegitimate sons. Following Llywelyn's death the
1619:
was considered much less serious. Further, a hungry man who had passed at least three towns without receiving a meal could not be punished for stealing food.
4211:
3353:
2907:"Hywel dda - Hywel Dda,,Hywel,King,Whitland,Ty-gwyn-ar daf,Hywels law,history,heritage,medieval,early assembly,ancient Welsh laws,brenin,cyfraith,Peniarth28"
1056:
in response to changing jurisdictions and circumstances, so that the surviving manuscripts cannot be considered an accurate portrayal of Hywel's first code.
607:
2124:
Carmarthenshire County Council has set up the Hywel Dda Centre in Whitland, with an interpretative centre and garden to commemorate the original council.
2079:. SiĂŽn Eos was hanged, and Dafydd ab Edmwnd laments that he could not have been tried under the more humane Law of Hywel rather than "the law of London".
1517:, or maiden-fee, was a payment due to the woman from her husband on the morning after the marriage, marking her transition from virgin to married woman.
1139:
rights more akin to those enjoyed by Ecclesiastics and the aristocracy in England. In discussing Hywel's association with the law, K. L. Maund suggests:
3753:
1641:
The values given to eyes, ears, nose, lips, hands, and feet are identical; termed as the âLimbs of equal valueâ they represent 12.7% of the standard
1672:
value for the man. Harris argues that these similar percentages reflect the co-existence of two legal systems in Wales; the Welsh and the English.
1251:, includes some of the least developed law. It is thought to have been compiled in the late 12th century when this area came under the rule of the
1044:, date from the early 13th century, and show marked regional differences. The law is only known to have been revised by a few rulers (particularly
1558:
was regarded as an offence against the family rather than against society or the state. It was normally dealt with by the payment of blood money (
1622:
Aiding and abetting â including witnessing a killing and failing to protect the victim or receiving stolen property â was also punished with
3768:
1605:), payment of which restored the woman's virginity for legal purposes. A man who could not pay the fine was to have his testicles removed.
4194:
1399:, chief seat of the kingdom of Gwynedd, over the others, while the manuscripts from Deheubarth claim at least equality for the king of
947:
1948:. These were of particular importance in the administration of the law. Each cantref had its own court, which was an assembly of the "
4509:
3431:
3346:
901:
1568:
his extended family to the family of the deceased. The base sum was computed by the social status and position of the victim. The
3575:
2924:
1972:). A witness who has once been proved to have given false testimony on oath was barred from ever appearing as a witness again.
1770:. If both claims were deemed to have equal merit, the law allowed for the land to be shared equally between the two claimants.
1594:. However, it only applied to the upper classes: any serf who struck a free man was liable to have the offending limb removed.
4099:
3510:
1080:
834:
1513:, or commutation-fee, was a fee payable to the woman's lord on the loss of her virginity, whether on marriage or otherwise.
4309:
3850:
3339:
2063:
503:
2672:
2441:
2428:
2377:
2049:
Crown of the lord king than to its degradation. And so the Prince seeks that he may be able to have his own Welsh law...
4499:
4489:
3877:
3449:
2267:
413:
17:
2925:"Written Statement: Update on the development of the justice system and the legal sector in Wales (30 September 2021)"
1036:. It was passed down orally by jurists and bards and, according to tradition, only first codified during the reign of
3995:
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3192:
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3164:
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3006:
Lawyers and laymen: studies in the history of law presented to Professor Dafydd Jenkins on his seventy-fifth birthday
2075:
1450â80) wrote an elegy for his friend, the harpist SiĂŽn Eos, who had accidentally killed a man in a tavern brawl in
2022:
1079:
earlier than the fourth generation; and very lax treatment of divorce and legitimacy that scandalized the non-native
543:
1225:, written in Latin but now generally thought to be a translation of a Welsh original, and Peniarth 29, known as the
4484:
3694:
3689:
3439:
2143:
2084:
1014:
168:
163:
513:
4494:
4000:
1197:
399:
4216:
1475:). The privileges, penalties, and obligations due by law varied with the social status of the person concerned.
4236:
3639:
2201:
1664:
texts) at 26 2/3 of a penny. The price of a fingernail as it is valued in Iorwerth and Cyfnerth is 0.8% of the
1638:
480 pennies, every other limb is carefully valued and can be altered depending on various influencing factors.
940:
602:
115:
4504:
4421:
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3669:
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3272:, a digital record of Middle Welsh texts (including surviving law manuscripts) from the University of Cardiff
2150:
2035:
1447:) over his kingdom and the lords over their fiefs; the free Welsh, including both the pedigreed aristocracy (
1002:
208:
148:
143:
95:
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were liable for hanging.) Such strong penalties led the Welsh to narrowly define "theft", however: forcible
4349:
4319:
3975:
3887:
3482:
3477:
3318:
2135:
1439:
For the purposes of the laws, Welsh society was divided into five classes: the rulers, including the king (
394:
2801:
between Llywelyn the Last and Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn supported by Edward I and its implications in Davies
2572:
Harris, M.E. (2002). "Compensation for injury: a point of contact between early Welsh and Germanic law?".
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4079:
3925:
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592:
553:
2950:"Plaid Cymru call for devolution of justice to Wales - 'we can't be treated as an appendage to England'"
2293:
Pryce, âThe Prologues to the Welsh Lawbooksâ, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 33 (1986), 151-182
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1990:
down in the values of the parts of the body. He would also be banned from acting as a judge in future.
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and represented the value of a person's life in the event of a homicide and was set at three times the
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275:
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110:
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is thought to be a revision of Iorwerth, though also from the 13th century, and there is also the
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4005:
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An amod breaks a rule of law. Though an amod be made contrary to law, it is necessary to keep it.
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1289:, though the Iorwerth Redaction does indicate where usage in Powys differs from usage in Gwynedd.
548:
461:
3980:
3935:
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3629:
3001:
2975:"Devolution a 'necessary step' towards a better Welsh criminal justice system, academics argue"
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2127:
2018:
1322:
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inheritance of land among all and only male descendants; a status-based system of blood money (
1033:
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105:
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2703:
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8:
4474:
4409:
4261:
4226:
3882:
3679:
3502:
3421:
3405:
2067:
2041:
1227:
1006:
876:
871:
737:
579:
508:
426:
153:
1066:
4479:
4404:
4271:
4136:
4128:
4060:
4015:
3830:
3704:
3644:
2743:
The administration of law in medieval Wales: the role of the Ynad Cwmwd (Judex Patriae)
2149:
There have been multiple calls from both Welsh academics and politicians however for a
1882:
1497:
elsewhere, after which the foreigner's descendants were considered to be native serfs.
1434:
1274:
1158:
1104:
695:
191:
120:
4339:
4334:
4291:
3990:
3897:
3872:
3817:
3799:
3624:
3237:
3223:
3209:
3188:
3174:
3160:
3131:
3121:
3107:
3089:
3075:
3047:
3023:
3009:
2245:
2139:
1842:
1273:
Redaction is thought to represent the law as modified in Gwynedd during the reign of
1217:
1154:
1045:
784:
538:
485:
364:
307:
294:
100:
3253:
2130:
is a term applied to the body of primary and secondary legislation generated by the
1551:
The 'Boston Manuscript'. An annotated 14th century Welsh version of the laws (f.6.v)
39:
4359:
4354:
4109:
4042:
4010:
3958:
3840:
3825:
3808:
3738:
3733:
3649:
3606:
3596:
3395:
3302:, translated by Owen, Aneurin, Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, pp. 519â553
2087:
brought Wales entirely under English law; when the 1535 Act declares the intention
1878:
1716:
disfigurementâ and front teeth were also accorded a higher value than other teeth.
1286:
1252:
1162:
1049:
848:
779:
650:
645:
612:
359:
213:
125:
80:
60:
1847:
1744:
who are witnesses to prove the terms agreed by the parties. It is laid down that:
4304:
4253:
3860:
3322:
3308:
3284:
3146:
3135:
2196:
2106:
2105:
The last recorded case to be heard under Welsh law was a case concerning land in
1910:
There are also appendices dealing with joint ploughing and corn damage by stock.
1668:, and intriguingly the thumbnail in the Wessex tariff also stands at 0.8% of the
1169:
1059:
Notable features of Welsh law include the collective responsibility of kindreds (
1025:
769:
742:
660:
369:
290:
1976:
the appropriate penalty in accordance with the law if a penalty was called for.
1493:) to another, they did not suffer that status but were considered fully native.
1099:
Once a case came to court, the method used to come to a decision was usually by
456:
4344:
4141:
4104:
4089:
4084:
3726:
3721:
3492:
3487:
3472:
3151:, vol. II (2nd ed.), London: Longmans, Green, and Co (published 1912)
2169:
2114:
1918:"The value of wild and tame" gives the values of various animals, for example:
1822:
1400:
1205:
1076:
998:
986:
970:
886:
804:
799:
756:
732:
724:
710:
636:
218:
199:
51:
3331:
3199:
The laws of Hywel Dda (The Book of Blegywryd), translated by Melville Richards
3140:, vol. I (2nd ed.), London: Longmans, Green, and Co (published 1912)
1873:. Further, by the time of Hywel, the kingdoms normally taken as independent â
1547:
1192:
A page from a 13th Century Latin version of the laws of Hywel Dda. NLW, Pen.28
1061:
4468:
4414:
4146:
4070:
3220:
Llyfr Iorwerth: a critical text of the Venedotian code of mediaeval Welsh law
2014:
2004:
1821:). With the consent of the lord and the kindred, the landowner could use the
1778:
1201:
1040:
in the mid-10th century. The earliest surviving manuscripts, however, are in
856:
789:
764:
446:
384:
326:
229:
203:
2523:, Vol. II. Public Record Office of Great Britain, 1841. Accessed 5 Feb 2013.
4454:
4431:
4161:
3902:
3542:
3101:
2117:
was published. In 1841 Aneurin Owen edited an edition of the laws entitled
2058:
1965:
1244:
1100:
921:
891:
881:
675:
569:
181:
3086:
The law of Hywel Dda: law texts from mediaeval Wales translated and edited
1881:, &c. â were nominally subordinate to the elder line of the family in
4369:
3039:
2113:
Antiquarian interest in the laws continued, and in 1730 a translation by
1897:
1248:
1222:
896:
700:
655:
533:
518:
451:
302:
4065:
3654:
3530:
2186:
1263:
1021:
680:
665:
466:
379:
339:
334:
312:
130:
1005:. Subsequently, the Welsh law's criminal codes were superseded by the
685:
4266:
4050:
3930:
3912:
2350:
2348:
2100:
1798:
1786:
1611:
1396:
1240:
1093:
1037:
523:
441:
349:
259:
31:
3525:
3148:
A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest
3137:
A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest
2250:
A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest
1888:
The confusion of the 11th century and the use of the Saxon loanword
1601:
was treated as a theft and remedied by the payment of another fine (
2798:
1932:, and this would be far greater for the king than for the villein.
1870:
1857:
1737:
1555:
1361:
421:
2345:
1679:(Three Dangerous wounds of man) specifies three injuries for which
3553:
2142:. The first legislation to be officially proposed was called the
2072:
1945:
1941:
1805:
The law of the church says that no-one is entitled to patrimony (
1688:âHe who is wounded shall have 3 pounds from him who wounds himâ.
1643:
1616:
1583:
1560:
1356:
1130:
1071:
1029:
705:
354:
270:
265:
3327:(2nd ed.), London: Longmans, Green, and Co (published 1904)
2315:
For a translation of the Surexit memorandum see Charles-Edwards
2089:
utterly to extirpe alle and singular sinister usages and customs
1392:
are still Welsh words meaning âinsultâ and âfineâ respectively,
1108:
exceed four pence. Most other offences were punished by a fine.
69:
30:"Medieval Welsh law" redirects here. For current Welsh law, see
3892:
3032:
T.M. Charles-Edwards, M.E. Owen and P. Russell (eds.) (2000).
2906:
2831:
in The National Library of Wales Journal, XIX (1976), pp. 340â4
2131:
1993:
1729:
1707:; a hidden scar which will therefore attract less remarks. The
1430:
1339:
1053:
1032:
and particularly the customs and terminology of the Britons of
774:
3276:
1940:
The main administrative divisions of mediaeval Wales were the
1724:
The section on surety lays down the rules if a person acts as
1683:âteyr punt a geyf y nep a archoller y gan y nep ay harcholloâ
3584:
3100:
The Welsh law of women : studies presented to Professor
2455:
The European context of the Welsh law of matrimonial property
2076:
1953:
1587:
1518:
1489:
1209:
1180:
1041:
977:
670:
528:
2091:
belonging to Wales, Welsh law was probably the main target.
1590:
were dealt with in a similar fashion, through a fine called
3234:
Recovery, reorientation and reformation: Wales c. 1415â1642
1790:
1598:
1122:
344:
1869:, then permitted disputes and civil wars among the family
27:
Codification of Welsh laws from the time of King Hywel Dda
2094:
2044:
in the second half of the 13th century. Llywelyn stated:
1580:). Murder by poison, however, carried the death penalty.
994:
3065:
The medieval codex with reference to the Welsh Law Books
1239:
Redaction, thought to be linked to the area between the
1075:); slavery and serfdom; the inability of foreigners to
3074:. Writers of Wales Series. University of Wales Press.
2643:
Property interests in the classical Welsh law of women
2253:, Vol. I, p. 287. Longmans, 1912. Accessed 5 Feb 2013.
3171:
The Welsh wars of independence: c. 410 â c. 1415
1711:
afforded the most compensation, but the value of the
3022:
Writers of Wales series (University of Wales Press)
2167:
often uses the ancient Welsh laws. The novel called
1845:, Wales was divided into numerous petty "kingdoms" (
43:
Modern depiction of Hywel Dda proclaiming the laws.
1509:A number of payments are connected with marriage.
1048:, who was credited with revisions retained in the
3294:Kocourek, Albert; Wigmore, John H., eds. (1915),
3187:(Oxford Historical Monographs) (Clarendon Press)
3044:Conquest, coexistemce and change: Wales 1063â1415
2803:Conquest, coexistence and change: Wales 1063â1415
2138:. Each piece of Welsh legislation is known as an
2134:, according to devolved authority granted in the
1703:; a conspicuous scar which attracts remarks, and
1384:was a death duty payable to the deceased's lord.
1184:A page from the Black Book of Chirk (Peniarth 29)
4466:
3283:Lewis, Hubert (1884), Lloyd, John Edward (ed.),
3098:Dafydd Jenkins and Morfydd E. Owen (ed.) (1980)
3004:, Morfydd E. Owen and D.B. Walters (ed.) (1986)
1380:a smaller fine for less serious offences, while
3361:
3293:
3157:The Welsh kings: warriors, warlords and princes
1266:and shows signs of the influence of the church.
2485:Shame and reparation: woman's place in the kin
3569:
3347:
3236:(Clarendon Press, University of Wales Press)
3046:(Clarendon Press, University of Wales Press)
2220:Other names used by some manuscripts include
1923:the nine paces, it is worth twenty-four pence
1913:
1885:and bound to display that with annual gifts.
941:
2857:. Oxford University Press, 1962. pp. 138â141
2797:See the account of the dispute over land in
1994:Impact of the Norman and Edwardian conquests
1935:
1455:) and the yeomen together; the Welsh serfs (
3185:Native Law and the Church in Medieval Wales
3072:The cynfeirdd: early Welsh poets and poetry
2594:Owen, M. E. (2000). "Medics and medicine".
1829:). The land would be made over to a gagee (
1333:
1196:Although there are a substantial number of
3576:
3562:
3354:
3340:
2574:The Trial of Dic Penderyn and Other Essays
2271:. Oxford Univ., 1909. Accessed 1 Feb 2013.
1904:
1740:, usually made by the two parties calling
948:
934:
2698:
2696:
2694:
1944:, each of which was divided into several
1762:representation by both types of lawyer -
1096:illegitimate children could not inherit.
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
1777:) his immovable estate (land) passed in
1546:
1187:
1179:
1129:
1015:Laws in Wales Acts between 1535 and 1542
38:
3317:
3306:
3289:, London: Elliot Stock (published 1889)
3118:Medieval Welsh society: selected essays
2842:Recovery, reorientation and reformation
1719:
1345:It introduces a number of legal terms.
14:
4467:
3104:on his eightieth birthday, 3 June 1980
2691:
2571:
2119:Ancient laws and institutions of Wales
2095:Welsh law after the Laws in Wales Acts
1415:
1403:, chief seat of the southern kingdom.
1309:Drawing of a falconer from Peniarth 28
3557:
3511:Senedd and Elections (Wales) Act 2020
3415:English pre-parliamentary legislation
3335:
3282:
3144:
3130:
3036:(University of Wales Press). Cardiff.
2745:in Charles-Edwards, Owen and Walters
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2526:
2503:
2421:
2029:
1793:. Then the youngest son partitioned (
969:
3300:Sources of Ancient and Primitive Law
2593:
2403:Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales
2261:
2259:
1998:
1293:
1198:manuscripts containing the law texts
504:Catholic Church of England and Wales
3368:Welsh pre-parliamentary legislation
2967:
2156:
559:Disestablishment of Church in Wales
24:
3583:
2942:
2917:
2771:Charles-Edwards, Owen and Walters
2626:The archaic core of Llyfr Iorwerth
2580:
2552:
2354:Laws of Hywel Dda: Jenkins, Dafydd
1376:was a fine payable for crimes and
1325:of a Welsh judge (MS. Peniarth 28)
1009:in AD 1284 and its civil codes by
25:
4521:
3247:
3058:The Latin texts of the Welsh laws
2256:
2064:St. Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury
2013:Welsh law usually applied in the
1478:
1467:); foreigners resident in Wales (
4510:Manuscripts about Wales in Latin
4448:
3690:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542
3536:
3524:
3440:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542
3384:Welsh pre-parliamentary Treaties
3256:(Peniarth MS 28), hosted by the
2868:Conquest, coexistence and change
2144:NHS Redress (Wales) Measure 2008
1801:; as the Iorwerth text puts it:
1500:
1372:was also payable by the killer.
1354:was one third that of the king.
1314:
1302:
915:
164:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542
68:
2899:
2886:
2873:
2860:
2847:
2834:
2821:
2808:
2791:
2778:
2765:
2752:
2735:
2722:
2709:
2678:
2665:
2652:
2635:
2615:
2602:
2539:
2494:
2477:
2464:
2447:
2434:
2408:
2383:
2370:
2357:
1632:
1540:
1052:) but was obviously updated by
3307:Probert, William, ed. (1823),
2855:The Oxford book of Welsh verse
2786:The Welsh wars of independence
2365:The Welsh wars of independence
2332:
2322:
2309:
2296:
2287:
2274:
2239:
2214:
1785:) to his sons, similar to the
1655:is a standard free-man, whose
1175:
1024:with many similarities to the
13:
1:
4326:Non-Christian belief systems
3270:Welsh Prose 1350â1425 Project
3265:, hosted by Oxford University
3263:A view of Jesus College MS 57
2207:
2036:Conquest of Wales by Edward I
1836:
1773:On the death of a landowner (
1483:At the time of Hywel's laws,
1262:Redaction is associated with
499:Christianity in Roman Britain
3483:Government of Wales Act 2006
3478:Government of Wales Act 1998
3222:(University of Wales Press)
3208:(University of Wales Press)
3201:(Liverpool University Press)
3120:(University of Wales Press)
3106:(University of Wales Press)
3034:The Welsh king and his court
3018:T.M. Charles-Edwards (1989)
3008:(University of Wales Press)
2596:The Welsh King and His Court
2136:Government of Wales Act 2006
2085:Laws in Wales Acts 1535â1542
7:
3362:Constitutional law of Wales
3310:The Ancient Laws of Cambria
3145:Lloyd, John Edward (1911),
3067:(University of Wales Press)
3060:(University of Wales Press)
3056:Hywel David Emanuel (1967)
2829:Leges Howelda at Canterbury
2202:Laws of the Brets and Scots
2180:
1756:
1086:
10:
4526:
4422:Prince of Wales's feathers
3458:Wales and Berwick Act 1746
3432:Acts of English Parliament
3324:The Tribal System in Wales
2995:
2814:Quoted in Charles-Edwards
2645:in Jenkins and Owen (ed.)
2487:in Jenkins and Owen (ed.)
2457:in Jenkins and Owen (ed.)
2098:
2033:
2002:
1914:The value of wild and tame
1424:
1420:
1134:Medieval Kingdoms of Wales
1111:
902:Inventions and discoveries
618:Welsh historical documents
472:List of festivals in Wales
29:
4500:Medieval Welsh literature
4490:Law of the United Kingdom
4444:
4395:
4290:
4252:
4160:
4127:
4118:
4041:
4037:
4028:
3966:
3957:
3911:
3816:
3807:
3798:
3712:
3703:
3605:
3592:
3519:
3501:
3448:
3430:
3414:
3383:
3367:
3286:The Ancient Laws of Wales
3258:National Library of Wales
3218:Aled Rhys William (1960)
3206:The governance of Gwynedd
3197:Melville Richards (1954)
2641:Quoted in Dafydd Jenkins
1936:Administration of the law
1165:in the mid 11th century.
1065:) for their members; the
1003:final conquest by England
255:Traditional Welsh costume
3996:Housing and construction
3232:Glanmor Williams (1987)
3204:David Stephenson (1984)
2055:Archbishop of Canterbury
2009:Norman invasion of Wales
1843:time of the fall of Rome
1020:Welsh law was a form of
971:[ËkÉvraiΞËhÉwÉl]
4485:Customary legal systems
4380:1904â1905 Welsh revival
4375:Welsh Methodist revival
3468:Welsh Language Act 1967
2401:by the time of Hywel. (
1905:The justices' test book
1675:The triad known as the
1427:list of rulers of Wales
554:1904â1905 Welsh Revival
549:Welsh Methodist revival
4495:Legal history of Wales
3084:Dafydd Jenkins (1986)
2894:Medieval Welsh society
2660:Medieval Welsh society
2647:The Welsh law of women
2489:The Welsh law of women
2459:The Welsh law of women
2393:, however, considered
2192:Contemporary Welsh Law
2164:The Cadfael Chronicles
2128:Contemporary Welsh Law
2051:
2019:Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn
1925:
1811:
1750:
1690:
1685:
1552:
1413:
1334:
1193:
1185:
1146:
1135:
1128:
1060:
990:
432:GƔyl Fair y Canhwyllau
224:Welsh-medium education
44:
4385:Welsh Church Act 1914
4152:British Sign Language
3463:Welsh Church Act 1914
3450:UK Acts of Parliament
3391:Treaty of Gwerneigron
3313:, London: E. Williams
3254:The Laws of Hywel Dda
3070:A.O.H. Jarman (1981)
2686:Governance of Gwynedd
2628:in Jenkins and Owen
2282:The laws of Hywel Dda
2046:
1920:
1803:
1746:
1686:
1681:
1550:
1408:
1191:
1183:
1141:
1133:
1118:
993:), was the system of
623:Welsh-language comics
42:
4505:Medieval legal codes
3941:British Armed Forces
3781:WalesâEngland border
3401:Treaty of Montgomery
3002:T.M. Charles-Edwards
2622:Robin Chapman Stacey
2547:The law of Hywel Dda
2265:Wade-Evans, Arthur.
2151:Wales justice system
2021:was in dispute with
1720:Surety and contracts
1586:or offenses against
835:World Heritage Sites
4100:Scheduled monuments
4076:Literature in Welsh
3976:Banking and finance
3754:Mountains and hills
3680:Statute of Rhuddlan
3422:Statute of Rhuddlan
3406:Treaty of Aberconwy
3296:"Laws of Howel Dda"
3169:David Moore (2005)
3063:Daniel Huws (1980)
2931:. 30 September 2021
2911:www.hywel-dda.co.uk
2853:Parry, Thomas. ed.
2840:Quoted in Williams
2397:as synonymous with
2068:Statute of Rhuddlan
2042:Edward I of England
1471:); and the slaves (
1416:Laws of the country
1228:Black Book of Chirk
1007:Statute of Rhuddlan
872:Flag of Saint David
639:and performing arts
509:Celtic Christianity
427:Dydd Santes Dwynwen
154:Statute of Rhuddlan
4267:Healthcare service
3888:Secretary of State
3670:Edwardian conquest
3660:Medieval Welsh law
3645:Kingdom of Gwynedd
3503:Acts of the Senedd
3155:Kari Maund (2006)
3132:Lloyd, John Edward
2979:Cardiff University
2773:Lawyers and laymen
2747:Lawyers and laymen
2630:Welsh law of women
2472:Hywel Dda: the law
2268:Welsh Medieval Law
2030:Edwardian conquest
1553:
1435:slavery in Britain
1283:Llyfr y Damweiniau
1275:Llywelyn the Great
1216:memorandum in the
1194:
1186:
1136:
1105:Capital punishment
144:Edwardian conquest
135:Medieval Welsh law
121:Kingdom of Gwynedd
45:
18:Iorwerth Redaction
4462:
4461:
4440:
4439:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4024:
4023:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3878:Political parties
3794:
3793:
3685:GlyndƔr rebellion
3640:Early Middle Ages
3551:
3550:
3319:Seebohm, Frederic
3183:Huw Pryce (1993)
2684:Cf. Stephenson's
2414:Jenkins, Dafydd.
2222:Leges Howeli Boni
2140:Act of the Senedd
1999:Marcher lordships
1854:
1819:laudatio parentum
1705:craith guiddiedig
1294:Laws of the court
1218:Lichfield Gospels
1155:Bleddyn ap Cynfyn
1046:Bleddyn ap Cynfyn
981:), also known as
958:
957:
539:William Salesbury
494:Religion in Wales
437:Saint David's Day
308:Matter of Britain
276:Historic counties
159:GlyndƔr rebellion
116:Early Middle Ages
16:(Redirected from
4517:
4455:Wales portal
4453:
4452:
4451:
4125:
4124:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4034:
3964:
3963:
3931:Modern Welsh law
3846:Local government
3814:
3813:
3805:
3804:
3710:
3709:
3675:Late Middle Ages
3650:Kingdom of Powys
3635:Anglo-Welsh Wars
3578:
3571:
3564:
3555:
3554:
3543:Wales portal
3541:
3540:
3539:
3529:
3528:
3396:Treaty of Pipton
3356:
3349:
3342:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3314:
3303:
3290:
3277:Hywel Dda Centre
3152:
3141:
3116:T. Jones Pierce
3102:Daniel A. Binchy
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2903:
2897:
2892:T. Jones Pierce
2890:
2884:
2879:Charles-Edwards
2877:
2871:
2864:
2858:
2851:
2845:
2838:
2832:
2825:
2819:
2812:
2806:
2795:
2789:
2782:
2776:
2769:
2763:
2756:
2750:
2739:
2733:
2728:Charles-Edwards
2726:
2720:
2713:
2707:
2700:
2689:
2682:
2676:
2669:
2663:
2658:T. Jones Pierce
2656:
2650:
2639:
2633:
2619:
2613:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2591:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2550:
2543:
2537:
2530:
2524:
2514:
2501:
2498:
2492:
2483:Morfydd E. Owen
2481:
2475:
2474:pp. 310â311, 329
2468:
2462:
2451:
2445:
2438:
2432:
2425:
2419:
2416:Law of Hywel Dda
2412:
2406:
2387:
2381:
2374:
2368:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2343:
2338:Charles-Edwards
2336:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2313:
2307:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2278:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2243:
2237:
2226:Leges Howeli Dha
2218:
2161:Ellis Peters in
2157:In later fiction
1852:
1677:Tri Arberygl Dyn
1564:) by the killer
1337:
1318:
1306:
1050:kingdom of Powys
973:
968:
950:
943:
936:
922:Wales portal
920:
919:
918:
651:Welsh folk music
462:GƔyl San Steffan
365:Selsig Morgannwg
303:Arthurian legend
214:Welsh placenames
149:Late Middle Ages
126:Kingdom of Powys
111:Anglo-Welsh Wars
72:
63:
61:Culture of Wales
47:
46:
21:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4449:
4447:
4436:
4391:
4320:Presbyterianism
4278:
4248:
4180:Welsh Americans
4156:
4114:
4020:
4006:Slate quarrying
3945:
3921:Counsel General
3907:
3790:
3759:Protected areas
3699:
3665:Norman invasion
3601:
3588:
3582:
3552:
3547:
3537:
3535:
3523:
3515:
3497:
3444:
3426:
3410:
3379:
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3360:
3250:
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2983:
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2740:
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2679:
2671:Wade-Evans, p.
2670:
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2657:
2653:
2640:
2636:
2620:
2616:
2607:
2603:
2592:
2581:
2570:
2553:
2544:
2540:
2531:
2527:
2516:Owen, Aneurin.
2515:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2482:
2478:
2469:
2465:
2452:
2448:
2440:Wade-Evans, p.
2439:
2435:
2427:Wade-Evans, p.
2426:
2422:
2413:
2409:
2388:
2384:
2376:Wade-Evans, p.
2375:
2371:
2362:
2358:
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2333:
2327:
2323:
2314:
2310:
2304:The Welsh kings
2301:
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2240:
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2197:Early Irish law
2183:
2159:
2107:Carmarthenshire
2103:
2097:
2038:
2032:
2011:
2001:
1996:
1938:
1916:
1907:
1839:
1759:
1722:
1709:craith ogyfarch
1701:craith ogyfarch
1635:
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1481:
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1307:
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1170:Early Irish Law
1114:
1089:
966:
954:
916:
914:
907:
906:
867:National anthem
852:
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839:
830:
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820:
819:
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748:
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728:
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661:Welsh stepdance
641:
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628:
627:
583:
582:
564:
563:
489:
488:
477:
476:
417:
416:
405:
404:
375:Welsh breakfast
370:Tatws Pum Munud
330:
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318:
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298:
297:
282:
281:
264:Land division (
250:
249:
240:
239:
195:
194:
176:
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173:
139:Norman invasion
84:
83:
59:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4523:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4460:
4459:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4438:
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4419:
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4407:
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4364:
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4332:
4324:
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4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4296:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4264:
4258:
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4247:
4246:
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4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
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4199:
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4187:
4182:
4177:
4171:
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4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4122:
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4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
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4073:
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4058:
4053:
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4001:Power stations
3998:
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3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3843:
3838:
3836:First Minister
3833:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3811:
3802:
3796:
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3764:National parks
3756:
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3599:
3597:List of topics
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587: articles
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3580:
3573:
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3558:
3549:
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3546:
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3531:Law portal
3520:
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3496:
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3493:Wales Act 2017
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3488:Wales Act 2014
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3473:Wales Act 1978
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3304:
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3248:External links
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3216:
3202:
3195:
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3088:(Gomer Press)
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3020:The Welsh laws
3016:
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2885:
2881:The Welsh laws
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2816:The Welsh laws
2807:
2790:
2777:
2764:
2751:
2734:
2730:The Welsh laws
2721:
2708:
2690:
2688:, pp. 138â141.
2677:
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2579:
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2453:D. B. Walters
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2369:
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2344:
2340:The Welsh laws
2331:
2321:
2317:The Welsh laws
2308:
2295:
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2255:
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2212:
2211:
2209:
2206:
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2204:
2199:
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2182:
2179:
2175:Cyfraith Hywel
2173:mentions the
2158:
2155:
2115:William Wotton
2096:
2093:
2031:
2028:
2023:Roger Mortimer
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1987:
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1479:Naturalization
1477:
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1360:was a form of
1320:
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1312:
1308:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1297:
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1292:
1291:
1290:
1267:
1256:
1255:of Deheubarth.
1200:(for example,
1177:
1174:
1113:
1110:
1088:
1085:
999:medieval Wales
962:Cyfraith Hywel
956:
955:
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952:
945:
938:
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908:
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887:Welsh heraldry
884:
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711:Welsh bagpipes
708:
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544:William Morgan
541:
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400:Food festivals
397:
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382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
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342:
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331:
325:
324:
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289:
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268:
262:
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219:Welsh surnames
216:
211:
206:
196:
190:
189:
188:
185:
184:
178:
177:
172:
171:
166:
161:
156:
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56:
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4522:
4511:
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4491:
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4457:
4456:
4443:
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4430:
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4425:
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4415:national flag
4413:
4412:
4411:
4408:
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4394:
4386:
4383:
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4147:Welsh English
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4134:
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4071:Gorsedd Cymru
4069:
4067:
4064:
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4059:
4057:
4054:
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4049:
4048:
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3896:
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3252:
3251:
3243:
3242:0-19-821733-1
3239:
3235:
3231:
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3228:0-7083-0114-2
3225:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3214:0-7083-0850-3
3211:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3194:
3193:0-19-820362-4
3190:
3186:
3182:
3180:
3179:0-7524-3321-0
3176:
3172:
3168:
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3165:0-7524-2973-6
3162:
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3150:
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3139:
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3133:
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3126:0-7083-0447-8
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3119:
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3113:
3112:0-7083-0771-X
3109:
3105:
3103:
3097:
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3094:0-86383-277-6
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3083:
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3080:0-7083-0813-9
3077:
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3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3052:0-19-821732-3
3049:
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3035:
3031:
3029:
3028:0-7083-1032-X
3025:
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3007:
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2980:
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2837:
2830:
2827:Daniel Huws,
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2500:Jarman p. 119
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2235:
2234:Leges WallicĂŠ
2231:
2230:Leges Howelda
2227:
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2200:
2198:
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2056:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2037:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2015:Welsh Marches
2010:
2006:
2005:Marcher lords
1991:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1951:
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1933:
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1779:joint tenancy
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1597:The crime of
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1501:Laws of women
1498:
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1202:NLW MS 20143A
1199:
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1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1013:'s series of
1012:
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997:practised in
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360:Gower cuisine
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230:Welsh English
228:
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204:Y Fro Gymraeg
201:
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41:
37:
33:
19:
4446:
4432:Welsh Dragon
4300:Christianity
4120:Demographics
4078: /
3903:Wales Office
3868:Local rulers
3717:Biodiversity
3659:
3620:Bibliography
3374:
3323:
3309:
3299:
3285:
3233:
3219:
3205:
3198:
3184:
3170:
3156:
3147:
3136:
3117:
3099:
3085:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3043:
3033:
3019:
3005:
2982:. Retrieved
2978:
2969:
2958:. Retrieved
2956:. 2022-11-29
2954:Nation.Cymru
2953:
2944:
2933:. Retrieved
2928:
2919:
2910:
2901:
2893:
2888:
2880:
2875:
2867:
2862:
2854:
2849:
2841:
2836:
2828:
2823:
2815:
2810:
2802:
2793:
2785:
2780:
2772:
2767:
2759:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2741:R.R. Davies
2737:
2729:
2724:
2719:pp. 180, 182
2716:
2711:
2685:
2680:
2667:
2659:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2604:
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2546:
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2528:
2517:
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2488:
2484:
2479:
2471:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2436:
2423:
2415:
2410:
2405:, Glossary).
2402:
2398:
2394:
2391:Aneurin Owen
2385:
2372:
2364:
2359:
2339:
2334:
2324:
2316:
2311:
2303:
2298:
2289:
2281:
2276:
2266:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2148:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2104:
2088:
2081:
2059:John Peckham
2052:
2047:
2039:
2012:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1966:compurgation
1963:
1958:
1949:
1939:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1846:
1840:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1794:
1782:
1774:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1723:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1633:Compensation
1628:
1623:
1621:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1591:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1554:
1544:
1541:Criminal law
1534:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1409:
1405:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1331:
1323:illumination
1282:
1278:
1270:
1259:
1245:River Severn
1236:
1226:
1213:
1195:
1167:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1119:
1115:
1101:compurgation
1098:
1090:
1070:
1058:
1019:
991:Leges WalliĂŠ
982:
975:
961:
960:
959:
892:Celtic cross
882:Welsh Dragon
862:Coat of arms
810:Rugby League
795:Horse Racing
676:Cymanfa Ganu
457:GƔyl Mabsant
390:Welsh dishes
235:Welsh Romani
96:Bibliography
36:
4427:Royal Badge
4370:Saint David
4310:Catholicism
4305:Anglicanism
3981:Coal mining
3971:Agriculture
3873:Nationalism
3279:in Whitland
3040:R.R. Davies
2246:Lloyd, J.E.
2170:Monk's Hood
1970:gwybyddiaid
1823:living gage
1807:treftadaeth
1449:boneddigion
1279:Llyfr Colan
1249:Maeliennydd
1247:, possibly
1223:Peniarth 28
1176:Manuscripts
1034:Strathclyde
1001:before its
897:Celtic knot
877:Other flags
815:Rugby Union
701:Triple harp
686:Noson Lawen
656:Welsh dance
534:Welsh Bible
519:Saint David
514:Celtic Rite
452:Calan Gaeaf
395:Restaurants
350:Cawl Cennin
4475:Celtic law
4469:Categories
4262:Healthcare
4222:Scientists
4185:Architects
4080:in English
4066:Eisteddfod
3841:Government
3826:Devolution
3809:Government
3786:Waterfalls
3655:Deheubarth
3625:Prehistory
2984:2023-02-22
2960:2022-11-29
2935:2022-11-29
2545:Richards.
2532:Lloyd, p.
2389:Note that
2208:References
2187:Celtic law
2099:See also:
2034:See also:
2003:See also:
1875:Deheubarth
1837:Succession
1789:system of
1653:boneheddig
1649:boneheddig
1465:bileiniaid
1425:See also:
1264:Deheubarth
1157:, king of
1077:naturalise
1026:Brehon law
1022:Celtic law
1011:Henry VIII
738:Television
681:Cynghanedd
666:Cerdd Dant
593:in English
580:Literature
467:Eisteddfod
447:Calan Awst
380:Welsh cake
340:Bara Lafwr
335:Bara brith
313:Mabinogion
248:Traditions
131:Deheubarth
101:Prehistory
4480:Welsh law
4315:Mormonism
4207:Musicians
4202:Inventors
4137:Languages
4129:Languages
4061:Education
4016:Transport
3986:Companies
3831:Elections
3705:Geography
3630:Roman Era
3173:(Tempus)
3159:(Tempus)
2929:GOV.WALES
2896:pp. 386â7
2805:pp. 346â7
2760:Hywel Dda
2717:Hywel Dda
2702:Owen, p.
2632:pp. 22â27
2610:Hywel Dda
2280:Richards
2236:, &c.
2101:Welsh law
1871:appanages
1841:From the
1814:Dadannudd
1799:canon law
1787:gavelkind
1612:ceiniogau
1469:alltudion
1397:Aberffraw
1260:Blegywryd
1253:Lord Rhys
1241:River Wye
1126:usages...
1094:canon law
1067:gavelkind
1038:Hywel Dda
983:Welsh law
828:Monuments
524:Dubricius
442:Calan Mai
414:Festivals
291:Mythology
260:Welsh law
192:Languages
106:Roman Era
32:Welsh law
4366:History
4340:Hinduism
4335:Buddhism
4292:Religion
4237:in Welsh
3991:Forestry
3898:Unionism
3818:Politics
3800:Politics
3695:Colonies
3615:Timeline
3321:(1895),
3134:(1911),
2844:pp. 35â6
2799:Arwystli
2758:Jenkins
2715:Jenkins
2608:Jenkins
2549:, p. 113
2470:Jenkins
2399:ailltion
2395:caethion
2181:See also
2071:Edmwnd (
1950:uchelwyr
1946:commotes
1942:cantrefs
1867:gwledydd
1863:maertref
1848:gwledydd
1775:priodawr
1757:Land law
1738:contract
1713:ogyfarch
1527:argyvrau
1473:caethion
1461:ailltion
1457:taeogion
1453:uchelwyr
1362:weregild
1271:Iorwerth
1243:and the
1237:Cyfnerth
1144:Gwynedd.
1087:Overview
976:Laws of
785:Football
598:Medieval
588:in Welsh
486:Religion
422:Calennig
295:folklore
169:Colonies
91:Timeline
52:a series
50:Part of
4397:Symbols
4360:Sikhism
4355:Druidry
4350:Judaism
4330:BahĂĄ'Ăs
4232:Writers
4217:Royalty
4190:Artists
4110:Theatre
4095:Museums
4056:Castles
4043:Culture
4030:Society
4011:Tourism
3959:Economy
3851:History
3744:Islands
3739:Geology
3734:Climate
3607:History
3042:(1987)
2996:Sources
2866:Davies
1883:Gwynedd
1768:canllaw
1764:cyngaws
1742:amodwyr
1670:wergild
1666:galanas
1657:galanas
1644:galanas
1626:fines.
1617:robbery
1592:sarhaed
1584:Assault
1574:galanas
1570:galanas
1561:galanas
1523:agweddi
1421:Classes
1401:Dinefwr
1378:camlwrw
1357:Galanas
1335:etifedd
1214:Surexit
1159:Gwynedd
1112:Origins
1072:galanas
1054:jurists
1030:Ireland
849:Symbols
805:PĂȘl-Law
800:Pel-Fas
780:Cricket
706:Twmpath
696:Tabwrdd
691:Pibgorn
646:Theatre
613:Theatre
603:Authors
355:Crempog
327:Cuisine
271:Cantref
266:Commote
209:History
81:History
4405:Anthem
4272:Boards
4254:Health
4175:Actors
4162:People
4105:Sports
3926:Courts
3893:Senedd
3861:Mayors
3856:Cities
3776:Rivers
3240:
3226:
3212:
3191:
3177:
3163:
3124:
3110:
3092:
3078:
3050:
3026:
3012:
2788:p. 149
2784:Moore
2762:p. 141
2662:p. 384
2461:p. 117
2367:p. 247
2363:Moore
2329:there.
2302:Maund
2132:Senedd
1954:judges
1930:sarhad
1890:edling
1831:pridwr
1795:cyfran
1730:surety
1647:for a
1556:Murder
1535:sarhad
1515:Cowyll
1445:brenin
1433:, and
1431:maenor
1411:state.
1386:Sarhad
1382:ebediw
1370:sarhad
1366:sarhad
1352:sarhad
1347:Sarhad
1340:edling
1212:. The
1081:clergy
1062:cenedl
967:Welsh:
775:Cnapan
770:Boxing
743:Cinema
182:People
54:on the
4410:Flags
4345:Islam
4242:Women
4227:Women
4212:Poets
4195:Women
4142:Welsh
4090:Music
4085:Media
3769:AONBs
3749:Lakes
3727:Flora
3722:Fauna
3585:Wales
2870:p.368
2775:p.339
2749:p.267
2649:p. 90
2612:p. 80
2520:force
2491:p. 51
2077:Chirk
1879:Powys
1858:lands
1783:cytir
1624:dirwy
1603:dirwy
1588:honor
1519:Dower
1511:Amobr
1490:gwlad
1485:Cymry
1463:, or
1390:dirwy
1374:Dirwy
1287:Powys
1210:Latin
1206:Welsh
1163:Powys
1042:Latin
987:Latin
978:Hywel
765:Bando
757:Sport
733:Radio
725:Media
671:Crwth
637:Music
608:Poets
529:Teilo
200:Welsh
4166:list
3275:The
3268:The
3238:ISBN
3224:ISBN
3210:ISBN
3189:ISBN
3175:ISBN
3161:ISBN
3122:ISBN
3108:ISBN
3090:ISBN
3076:ISBN
3048:ISBN
3024:ISBN
3010:ISBN
2883:p.93
2818:p.12
2732:p.15
2342:p.20
2319:p.75
2306:p.67
2284:p.23
2053:The
2007:and
1959:ynad
1853:lit.
1827:prid
1791:Kent
1766:and
1734:amod
1726:mach
1599:rape
1578:dial
1388:and
1269:The
1258:The
1235:The
1161:and
1123:Lent
857:Flag
790:Golf
345:Cawl
293:and
4051:Art
3913:Law
2704:687
2673:342
2534:306
2442:325
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