Right to privacy - Knowledge

1140:. "there is a legitimate public interest in nearly all recent events, as well as in the private lives of prominent figures such as movie stars, politicians, and professional athletes." Digital Media Law Project supports these statements with citations to specific cases. While most recent events and prominent figures are considered newsworthy, it cannot go too far and too deep with a morbid curiosity. The media gain a lot of leverage once a person becomes a prominent figure and many things about their lives become newsworthy. Multiple cases such as Strutner v. Dispatch Printing Co., 442 N.E.2d 129 (Ohio Ct. App. 1982) show that the publication of a person's home address and full name who is being questioned by the police is valid and "a newsworthy item of legitimate public concern." The last part to consider is whether this could be considered a form of 238: 1258:, as an example, chose to do a hard-hitting story about prostitution and drugs from a teenager but never named her or showed her face, only referring to her and the "16-year-old from Taylor". In the UK, During the case of Campbell v MGN, Lord Hope stated that the protection of minors will be handled on a case-by-case basis and affected by the child's awareness of the photo and their expectation of privacy. Many factors will be considered such as the age of the children, activity, usage of real names, etc. 682:. Privacy law in New Zealand is dealt with by statute and the common law. The Privacy Act 2020 addresses the collection, storage and handling of information. A general right to privacy has otherwise been created in the tort of privacy. Such a right was recognised in Hosking v Runting 3 NZLR 385, a case that dealt with publication of private facts. In the subsequent case C v Holland NZHC 2155 the Court recognised a right to privacy in the sense of seclusion or a right to be free from unwanted intrusion. 616:, that the right to privacy is a fundamental right for Indian citizens per Article 21 of the Constitution and additionally under Part III rights. Specifically, the court adopted the three-pronged test required for the encroachment of any Article 21 right – legality – i.e. through an existing law; necessity, in terms of a legitimate state objective and proportionality, that ensures a rational nexus between the object of the invasion and the means adopted to achieve that object. 1166: 1286: 3932: 1270:). This protects any children under the age of 13 from the collection of their data without their parent's or guardian's permission. This law is the reason why many sites will ask if you are under 13 or require you to be 13 to sign up. While this law is intended to protect preteen children, it fails to protect the information of anyone older than 13, including teenage minors. It also begins to overlap with other privacy protection laws such as the 1032: 454:

specifically protects civil rights of a citizen's personal dignity and confidentiality of correspondence.' China has a new standard and the first of its kind for the country coming into effect 1 January 2021, the Civil Code is the first of its kind sweeping law replacing all laws covering general provisions, real property, contracts, personality rights, marriage and family, inheritance, tort liability, and supplementary provisions.

647:. The Twelfth Knesset update to the Basic Law occurred on 17 March 1992. This update added to the law Human Dignity and Liberty by defining: Human freedom in Israel as being the right to leave the country and enter it, as well as the right to privacy and intimacy, refrainment from searches relating to one's private property, body and possessions, and avoidance of violations of the privacy of one's speech, writings and notes. 212:, going so far as to say that "the government was identified as a potential privacy invader." He writes, "Discovery and invention have made it possible for the Government, by means far more effective than stretching upon the rack, to obtain disclosure in court of what is whispered in the closet." At that time, telephones were often community assets, with shared party lines and potentially eavesdropping 297:

reported is fraud. For Lessig, privacy breaches online can be regulated through code and law. Lessig claims that "the protection of privacy would be stronger if people conceived of the right as a property right,” and that "individuals should be able to control information about themselves". Economic approaches to privacy make communal conceptions of privacy difficult to maintain.

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new law requires business operators who collect any information on Russian citizens' must maintain the collected data locally. This means that data transmission, processing, and storage must be in a database in Russia. 1 March 2021, the new amendment came into effect. Consent from the data subject is required if the data operator wants to use the data publicly.

70:(UDHR); while the right to privacy does not appear in the document, many interpret this through Article 12, which states: "No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with their privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks." 712:, ratified processing of personal data against automatic processing and afterwards adopted a new convention. The new Russian Federal Law No.152-FZ R implemented on 27 July 2006, was updated to cover Personal Data and this law extends privacy to include personal and family secrets. Its main target is to protect individuals' personal data. 2697: 191:, is often cited as the first explicit finding of a U.S. right to privacy. Warren II and Brandeis wrote that privacy is the "right to be let alone," and focused on protecting individuals. This approach was a response to recent technological developments of the time, such as photography and sensationalist journalism, also known as " 1783: 15 November 2001) ("In the course of his judgment, Latham CJ rejected the proposition that under the head of nuisance the law recognised a right of privacy (232). But the decision does not stand for any proposition respecting the existence or otherwise of a tort identified as unjustified invasion of privacy."). 968:, so these agencies have never been authorized to collect US data. PRISM has faced criticism for privacy concerns, in that it collects "metadata and communication content." However, scholars have argued that programs like PRISM do more good than harm, in that they protect Americans from foreign threats. 1219:

for advertising or trade purposes without the person's consent has raised certain personal privacy concerns. The right to privacy and social media content laws have been considered and enacted in several states, such as California's "online erasure" law protecting minors from leaving a digital trail.

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2. There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder

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Leslie Regan Shade argues that the human right to privacy is necessary for meaningful democratic participation, and ensures human dignity and autonomy. Privacy depends on norms for how information is distributed, and if this is appropriate. Violations of privacy depend on context. The human right to

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the Chinese authorities documented the contact information and travel history of every individual and issued red, yellow and green badges/codes for transportation and entering stores. These badges/codes were also sometimes misused to freeze bank accounts and pressurize the protestors who were angry

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This ruling by the Supreme Court paved the way for decriminalization of homosexuality in India on 6 September 2018, thus legalizing same-sex sexual intercourse between two consenting adults in private. India is the world's biggest democracy and with this ruling, it has joined United States, Canada,

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has argued that privacy, the right to control access to and use of personal information is closely connected to human well-being. He notes that "having the ability and authority to regulate access to and uses of locations, bodies, and personal information, is an essential part of human flourishing"

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focus on the economic aspects of personal information control. Posner criticizes privacy for concealing information, which reduces market efficiency. For Posner, employment is selling oneself in the labor market, which he believes is like selling a product. Any 'defect' in the 'product' that is not

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and potential harm done to the child in the future. This was after the Mail Online published the video without any attempt to hide the identity of the child. Following the newsworthiness point, it is possible that content like this would be allowed in the United States due to the recentness of the

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Privacy entered the forefront of Russian legislature in 2014 when the approach to privacy turned to the goal of protecting privacy of government operations and the people of Russia. The amendments originally modified the Personal Data Law which has since been renamed The Data Localisation Law. The

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components. Shared ideas about privacy allow freedom of conscience and diversity in thought. Public values guarantee democratic participation, including freedoms of speech and association, and limit government power. Collective elements describe privacy as a collective good that cannot be divided.

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David Flaherty believes networked computer databases pose threats to privacy. He develops 'data protection' as an aspect of privacy, which involves "the collection, use, and dissemination of personal information". This concept forms the foundation for fair information practices used by governments

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believes that new technologies alter the balance between privacy and disclosure and that privacy rights may limit government surveillance to protect democratic processes. Westin defines privacy as "the claim of individuals, groups, or institutions to determine for themselves when, how, and to what

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It is often claimed, particularly by those in the eye of the media, that their right to privacy is violated when information about their private lives is reported in the press. The point of view of the press, however, is that the general public has a right to know personal information about those

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This clarification was crucial to prevent the dilution of the right in the future on the whims and fancies of the government in power. The Court adopted a liberal interpretation of the fundamental rights to meet the challenges posed an increasing digital age. It held that individual liberty must

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The Constitution is the highest law in China. Privacy rights have been applied throughout China. The Constitution provides direction for all states in China and it further stipulates that "all states must abide by and be held accountable for any violation of the Constitution and the law; the law

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Under GDPR, data about citizens may only be gathered or processed under specific cases, and with certain conditions. Requirements of data controller parties under the GDPR include keeping records of their processing activities, adopting data protection policies, transparency with data subjects,

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has described the modern right to privacy as Fair Information Practices: "the rights and responsibilities associated with the collection and use of personal information." Rotenberg emphasizes that the allocation of rights are to the data subject and the responsibilities are assigned to the data

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For the health care sector where medical records are part of an individual's privacy, The Privacy Rule of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act was passed in 1996. This act safeguards medical data of the patient which also includes giving individuals rights over their health

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Privacy is a major issue in the health care sector with technology becoming an essential component of it. Connecting personal data of patients to internet makes them vulnerable to cyber attacks. There are also concerns about how much data should be stored and who should have access to it.

275:. Privacy to individuals is the ability to behave, think, speak, and express ideas without the monitoring or surveillance of someone else. Individuals exercise their freedom of expression through attending political rallies and choosing to hide their identities online by using pseudonyms. 325:

Regan's goal is to strengthen privacy claims in policy making: "if we did recognize the collective or public-good value of privacy, as well as the common and public value of privacy, those advocating privacy protections would have a stronger basis upon which to argue for its protection".

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Each individual is continually engaged in a personal adjustment process in which he balances the desire for privacy with the desire for disclosure and communication of themself to others, in light of the environmental conditions and social norms set by the society in which they live.

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The right to privacy is a fundamental human right firmly grounded in international law. First recognised in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights—a soft law, the right is later codified in successive (hard) international human human rights treaties, including the

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October 2006 Israel established a regulatory authority, the PPA, part of the Ministry of Justice. PPA defined the Privacy Law and associated regulates based on two principles: general right to online privacy and the protection of personal data stored in databases.

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to bolster defense against supposed terrorist threats; and whether threats of terrorism are a valid excuse to spy on the general population. Private sector actors can also threaten the right to privacy – particularly technology companies, such as

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of some form. While there is a fair amount of case law supporting newsworthiness of subjects, it is hardly comprehensive and, news publications can publish things not covered and defend themselves in court for their right to publish these facts.

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The first binding international instrument which protects the individual against abuses which may accompany the collection and processing of personal data, and which seeks to regulate at the same time the transfrontier flow of personal

222:, in 1967, telephones had become personal devices with lines not shared across homes and switching was electro-mechanical. In the 1970s, new computing and recording technologies raised more concerns about privacy, resulting in the 1105:

Publication of private facts speaks of the newsworthiness of private facts according to the law and the protections that private facts have. If a fact has significant newsworthiness to the public, it is protected by law under the

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explained that there stood the possibility of "a tort identified as unjustified invasion of privacy", but that this case lacked the facts to establish it. Since 2001, there have been some state-based cases—namely the 2003 case

964:-member states are capable of collecting a vast quantity of metadata, internet history, and even actual recordings of phone calls from various countries. Domestic law enforcement at the federal level is conducted by the 472:

classifies data into different categories and establishes corresponding levels of protection. It imposes significant data localization requirements, in a response to the extraterritorial reach of the United States

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However, the United States is behind that of European Union countries in protecting privacy online. For example, the "right to be forgotten" ruling by the EU Court of Justice protects both adults and minors. The

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province for detention of Muslims. As part of its "Strike Hard Campaign against Violent Terrorism" policy the authorities in China have subjugated 13 million Turkish Muslims to the highest order of restrictions.

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policy of WhatsApp with Facebook after Facebook acquired WhatsApp in 2014 has been challenged in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court must decide if the right to privacy can be enforced against private entities.

1949: 405:, VCC 281—that attempted to establish a tortious invasion of privacy, but these cases were settled before decisions could be made. Further, they have received conflicting analyses in later cases. 1793: 1584:

Flaherty, D. (1989). Protecting privacy in surveillance societies: The federal republic of Germany, Sweden, France, Canada, and the United States. Chapel Hill, U.S.: The University of North Carolina Press.

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Priscilla Regan believes that individual concepts of privacy have failed philosophically and in policy. She supports a social value of privacy with three dimensions: shared perceptions, public values, and

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Convention 108 has undergone 5 ratifications with the last ratification 10 January 1985 officially changing the name to Convention 108+ and providing the summary stating the intent of the treaty as:

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In the US, privacy and expectations of privacy have been determined via court cases. Those protections have been established through court decisions provide a reasonable expectations of privacy.

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extent information about them is communicated to others". Westin describes 4 states of privacy: solitude, intimacy, anonymity, and reserve. These states must balance participation against norms:

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Protecting Privacy in China: A Research on China's Privacy Standards and the Possibility of Establishing the Right to Privacy and the Information Privacy Protection Legislation in Modern China

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privacy has precedent in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. Shade believes that privacy must be approached from a people-centered perspective, and not through the marketplace.

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Increase use of the Internet and technological advancement in products lead to the Council of Europe to look at Convention 108+ and the relevance of the Treaty in the wake of the changes.

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Morris; Brigit; Davies, Maire (1 February 2018). "Can Children's Privacy Rights Be Adequately Protected through Press Regulation? What Press Regulation Can Learn from the Courts".

1144:. With the court upholding the newspaper's right to publish, this is much harder to change in the future. Newsworthiness has much around it that is held up by court rulings and 555:

gathered to discuss the protection of individuals when the Convention Treaty No.108 was created and opened for signature by member states and for accession by non-member States.

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In many cases raised in the legal system, these rights have been overlooked as the courts have not treated each case with the same legal precedent for each case. China deploys

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globally. Flaherty forwards an idea of privacy as information control, "individuals want to be left alone and to exercise some control over how information about them is used".

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event. Protection of minors is a different matter in the United States with new stories about minors doing certain things and their faces are shown in a news publication. The

1118:, HIV status, and financial status to show that these can be publicly detrimental to the figure being posted about. The problem arises from the definition of newsworthiness. 433:. Perhaps ironically, Canada's legal conceptualization of privacy, along with most modern legal Western conceptions of privacy, can be traced back to Warren and Brandeis’s 578:

This modernization of Convention 108+ was in progress while the EU data protection rules were developed, the EU data protection rules would be adapted to become the GDPR.

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Mordini, Emilio. "Nothing to Hide: Biometrics, Privacy and Private Sphere". In: Schouten, Ben, Niels Christian Juul, Andrzej Drygajlo, and Massimo Tistarelli (editors).

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In 2018, California set out to create a policy promoting data protection, the first state in the United States to pursue such protection. The resulting effort is the

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The Convention closed and was then renamed Convention 108: Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data.

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Robert L. Habush and Daniel A. Rottier, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. William M. Cannon, Patrick O. Dunphy and Cannon & Dunphy, S.C., Defendants-Respondents

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privacy protection is a constitutional basic right and is therefore protected by the Basic Law. Basic Law: the Knesset passed on 12 February 1958, by the

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has made significant progress to protect privacy from these risks, and it has led to a wave of privacy and data protection laws around the world.

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Zurbriggen, Eileen L.; Hagai, Ella Ben; Leon, Gabrielle (2016). "Negotiating privacy and intimacy on social media: Review and recommendations".

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Under liberal democratic systems, privacy creates a space separate from political life, and allows personal autonomy, while ensuring democratic

2534: 3490: 2435:"What is Griswold v. Connecticut? How access to contraception and other privacy rights could be at risk after SCOTUS overturned Roe v. Wade" 877:. The law enacts regulation over all companies regardless of operational geography protecting the six Intentional Acts included in the law. 3569: 2434: 1753: 990: 2971:" (PDF). Case No.: 2011AP1769. Court of Appeals of Wisconsin Published Opinion. Opinion filed: 21 February 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2014. 2646:"The CIA has been conducting mass surveillance in the U.S. with minimal oversight—and the program's uncovering is bad news for Big Tech" 2364:"The Right of Privacy The Issue: Does the Constitution protect the right of privacy? If so, what aspects of privacy receive protection?" 986:

at the time, testified under oath that the NSA does not "wittingly" collect data on Americans. Clapper later retracted this statement.

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The Russian Constitution specifically articles 23 and 24, institutes individual citizen the right to privacy. Russia, a member of the

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expanded from meaning "what is fair" to include "a right – an entitlement a person possesses to control or claim something," by the

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finding that the right to privacy was not mentioned in the constitution, leaving the future validity of these decisions uncertain.

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Biometrics and Identity Management: First European Workshop, BIOID 2008, Roskilde, Denmark, 7–9 May 2008, Revised Selected Papers

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The protection of minors in the United States often falls on the shoulders of the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (

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to access and analyze many details of an individual's life; whether or not the right to privacy is forfeited as part of the

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titled "The Right To Privacy" that is often cited as the first implicit finding of a U.S. stance on the right to privacy.

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Private sector actors can also threaten the right to privacy – particularly technology companies, such as

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In 2011 the modernization of Convention 108+ started and completed in 2012 amending the treaty with Protocol CETS No223.

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do not explicitly include a right to privacy. Currently no federal law takes a holistic approach to privacy regulation.

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system requires so much personal disclosure from pregnant women that they effectively do not have privacy rights.

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or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Art 12; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art 17.

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collectors because of the transfer of the data and the asymmetry of information concerning data practices.

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of 2013, the right to privacy has been a subject of international debate. Government agencies, such as the

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about the severe restrictions. The privacy of these health codes remain unacknowledged and unaddressed.

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appointing a Data Protection Officer, and implementing technical safeguards to mitigate security risks.

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1. Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence.

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with status as a public figure. This distinction is encoded in most legal traditions as an element of

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State protection of human and civil rights and freedoms in the Russian Federation shall be guaranteed.

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In recent years, there have been few attempts to clearly and precisely define the "right to privacy."

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Everyone shall the right to protect his (her) rights and freedoms by all means not prohibited by law.

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is China's first comprehensive law on personal data rights and is modeled after the European Union's

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in 1890, Holvast states "Almost all authors on privacy start the discussion with the famous article '

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Request a business to delete any personal information about a consumer collected from that consumer.

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information, like getting a copy of their records and seeking correction. Medical anthropologist

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Compared to the United States, the European Union (EU) has more extensive data protection laws.

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and while "the forms of privacy may be culturally relative . . . the need for privacy is not."

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Hoofnagle, Chris Jay; Sloot, Bart van der; Borgesius, Frederik Zuiderveen (2 January 2019).

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Privacy rights are inherently intertwined with information technology. In his widely cited

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in the publication of private facts. This helps to uphold the freedom of the press in the

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Laws and courts in the UK uphold the protection of minors in the journalistic space. The

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State laws, such as the CPPA in California, have granted more comprehensive protection.

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In some American jurisdictions, the use of a person's name as a keyword under Google's

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2006 International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society

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Right to privacy has been the justification for decisions involving a wide range of

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South Africa, the European Union, and the UK in recognizing this fundamental right.

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The intentions included in the Act provide California residents with the right to:

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extend to digital spaces and individual autonomy and privacy must be protected.

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of individuals. Over 185 national constitutions mention the right to privacy. On

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According to Digital Media Law Project, the courts will usually side with the

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State of California - Department of Justice - Office of the Attorney General

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State of California - Department of Justice - Office of the Attorney General

3912: 3693: 3065: 2721:"The NSA Is Building the Country's Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say)" 1890:"The world's biggest surveillance system is growing—and so is the backlash" 791: 597: 313: 55: 3907: 3427: 2597:"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (16 December 1966)" 1212:. These private sector threats are more acute due to AI data processing. 804:, and thus restricted state powers to enforce laws against abortion; and 796: 667: 528: 245: 2884:"Strutner v. Dispatch Printing Co., 442 N.E.2d 129 (Ohio Ct. App. 1982)" 1302:, a US law requiring banks to disclose details of financial transactions 1165: 975:, the NSA turned its surveillance apparatus on the US and its citizens. 351:

Australia does not have a constitutional right to privacy. However, the

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In the United States, an article in the December 15, 1890, issue of the

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Shade, L. R. (2008). "Reconsidering the right to privacy in Canada".

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Publicizing one's private affairs without a legitimate public concern

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December 10, 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the

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is an element of various legal traditions that intends to restrain

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Lessig, L. (2006). Code: Version 2.0. New York, U.S.: Basic Books.

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Know whether their personal data is sold or disclosed and to whom.

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Legal tradition restraining actions threatening individual privacy

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Legislating Privacy: Technology, social values, and public policy

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Not be discriminated against for exercising their privacy rights.

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In 1890, Warren and Brandeis drafted an article published in the

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Meingast, Marci; Roosta, Tanya; Sastry, Shankar (August 2006).

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High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy

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The Constitution of the Russian Federation: Article 45 states:

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The Privacy Fallacy: Harm and Power in the Information Economy

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Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd

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Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd

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in counterterrorism or the disruption of a terrorist attack.

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Legally, the right of privacy is a basic law which includes:

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Privacy laws apply to both public and private sector actors.

312:

There have been attempts to reframe privacy as a fundamental

139: 2621:

Privacy and the Role of International Law in the Digital Age

1548:"Right to Privacy: Constitutional Rights & Privacy Laws" 3836: 1703: 961: 814:, and thus eliminated state powers to enforce laws against 373: 94: 3352: 3042:. Vol. 2006. New York, NY: IEEE. pp. 5453–5458. 2575:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights (10 December 1948)" 2387:"Constitutional Sources of the Penumbral Right to Privacy" 1840:"How will China's privacy law apply to the Chinese state?" 1005:

The Chinese government is conducting mass surveillance in

839:

The right of persons to be free from unwarranted publicity

332: 41:"Invasion of privacy" redirects here. For other uses, see 3275:

The Right to Privacy - Article 21, Cases, Acts, GDPR etc.

2078:"Whatsapp-Facebook Privacy Case – Supreme Court Observer" 1794:"A common law action for breach of privacy in Australia?" 365:

and its usage by the government and large companies. The

241:"Don't take pictures of me", drawing school, Russia, 2021 86: 82: 78: 1687:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. 1947: 361:) provides a degree of protection over an individual's 307: 1768: 884:

Know what personal data is being collected about them.

2821:"China's Political Surveillance System Keeps Growing" 3033: 2624:. New York, United States: Oxford University Press. 2366:. University of Missouri – Kansas City School of Law 1606:, Posner, R. A. (1981). "The economics of privacy". 1281: 911:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

676:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

369:

also outlines the 13 Australian Privacy Principles.

3006: 1272:

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

537:

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

3832:International Association of Privacy Professionals 3091: 1749:Office of the Australian Information Commissioner 427:and the various provincial legislatures, and the 3948: 3797:Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility 2795:"China: How Mass Surveillance Works in Xinjiang" 848:Wrongful intrusion into one's private activities 1954:Information & Communications Technology Law 1715:"Do Australians have a legal right to privacy?" 1100: 496:The right to privacy is protected in the EU by 461:on its population including through the use of 30:"The Right to Privacy" redirects here. For the 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2669: 1492: 931:Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present) 842:Unwarranted appropriation of one's personality 3368: 3316:(Pennsylvania State University Press, 2010). 3009:Translational Issues in Psychological Science 2718: 1698:Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 1461: 1415:"Read about "Right to privacy" on Constitute" 3282:Feminism, Democracy and the Right to Privacy 2744: 2058:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2003: 2001: 1975:11245.1/8a9b1909-1ce8-478f-b3fc-be5126911846 821:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 3313:Privacy Rights: Moral and Legal Foundations 3294:Minerva – An Internet Journal of Philosophy 2838: 2770: 2695: 1493:Warren, Samuel; Brandeis, Louis D. (1890). 1060:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 991:Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board 3375: 3361: 2533:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2460:"The Legal Right to Privacy | Stimmel Law" 2384: 2062:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1488: 1486: 1484: 629:Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 592:Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 399:, QDC 151; and the 2007 case 3207: 3087: 3085: 3083: 2101: 2033:Communication, C 2017, ABC Design &. 2032: 1998: 1973: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1712: 1659:(2009). Beauchamp; Bowie; Arnold (eds.). 1080:Learn how and when to remove this message 800:, which struck down an abortion law from 419:Canadian privacy law is derived from the 402:Doe v Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2982:"California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA)" 2914:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2876: 2549:"California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA)" 2102:Rajagopal, Krishnadas (24 August 2017). 1779:, 208 CLR 199, pg. 249 ( 1247:Independent Press Standards Organisation 704:Data protection (privacy) laws in Russia 627:India's Data Protection law is knows as 445:' of Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis". 236: 3146: 3126: 3120: 2508: 1837: 1655: 1481: 1441:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 1235: 940:Governmental organizations such as the 527:(GDPR) is an important component of EU 430:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 333:Privacy laws in different jurisdictions 14: 3949: 3080: 2907: 1907: 1593:Allen, A. & Rotenberg, M. (2016). 783:, which invalidated a successful 1922 232: 187:and future U.S. Supreme Court Justice 58:and private actions that threaten the 3812:Electronic Privacy Information Center 3356: 2689: 2617: 1918: 1838:Horsley, Jamie P. (29 January 2021). 1806:from the original on 14 November 2021 1756:from the original on 14 November 2021 1545: 1379:" (19 December 2000). Privacilla.org. 672:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 68:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 2356: 1828:. Heidelberg: Springer, 2011. Print. 1160: 1058:adding citations to reliable sources 1025: 960:, and other operations conducted by 916: 903: 890:Say no to the sale of personal data. 546: 535:, in particular Article 8(1) of the 308:A collective value and a human right 224:Fair Information Practice Principles 43:Invasion of privacy (disambiguation) 3792:Center for Democracy and Technology 2934: 2378: 1438: 678:, both of which contain a right to 514:European Convention on Human Rights 498:European Convention on Human Rights 482:Personal Information Protection Law 363:personally identifiable information 24: 3219:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 3127:Kovanis, Georgea (November 2019). 2262:"The Privacy Protection Authority" 1941: 1713:Donaldson, Morag (14 March 2005), 1261: 1226:General Data Protection Regulation 935: 525:General Data Protection Regulation 486:General Data Protection Regulation 25: 3978: 3269: 2432: 1575:(Fifth ed.). New York.: Atheneum. 1469:. San Diego Law Review. p. 3 1462:James Griffin (1 November 2007). 1455: 1240: 1121: 984:Director of National Intelligence 732:Constitution of the United States 726:Privacy laws of the United States 491: 3931: 3930: 3398:Right of access to personal data 2775:. Electronic Frontier Foundation 1799:Australian Law Reform Commission 1284: 1164: 1030: 875:Personal identifying information 719: 660:This section is an excerpt from 3186:Springer Science+Business Media 3027: 3000: 2974: 2954: 2928: 2901: 2813: 2787: 2771:Mark Rumold (23 January 2014). 2764: 2738: 2719:James Bamford (15 March 2012). 2712: 2663: 2638: 2618:Yilma, Kinfe (5 January 2023). 2611: 2589: 2567: 2541: 2502: 2477: 2452: 2426: 2401: 2331: 2306: 2288: 2279: 2254: 2229: 2204: 2179: 2154: 2129: 2095: 2070: 2026: 1882: 1857: 1831: 1818: 1786: 1744:"Australian Privacy Principles" 1736: 1690: 1677: 1649: 1624: 1615: 1600: 1587: 1343: 966:Federal Bureau of Investigation 871:California Consumer Privacy Act 662:Right to privacy in New Zealand 388:, 208 CLR 199, the 75:global surveillance disclosures 3807:Electronic Frontier Foundation 3787:American Civil Liberties Union 3741:Privacy-enhancing technologies 2859:"Publication of Private Facts" 1578: 1565: 1539: 1432: 1407: 1382: 1362: 761:located in the founding text. 654: 36:The Right to Privacy (article) 13: 1: 3106:10.1080/17577632.2018.1467597 2745:Andrew Blake (6 March 2019). 2670:Andy Greenberg (7 May 2015). 2511:The poverty of privacy rights 1966:10.1080/13600834.2019.1573501 1356: 1156: 1021: 170:, Italy in the 12th century. 3202:10.1007/978-3-540-89991-4_27 1919:Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024). 1609:The American Economic Review 1464:"The Human Right to Privacy" 1101:Publication of private facts 810:, which struck down a Texas 780:Pierce v. Society of Sisters 736:United States Bill of Rights 608:with nine-judge bench under 340: 7: 3532:Data protection authorities 3382: 3208:Singleton, Solveig (2008). 2509:Bridges, Khiara M. (2017). 1661:Ethical theory and business 1546:Sharp, Tim (12 June 2013). 1277: 893:Access their personal data. 158:begins when the Latin word 10: 3983: 3736:Social networking services 3236:10.4135/9781412965811.n242 3188:, 2008. pp. 245–258. 3174: 1349:For a useful summary see: 1125: 1000: 950:other nations in the world 920: 723: 701: 659: 585: 412: 344: 149: 40: 29: 3926: 3850: 3827:Global Network Initiative 3779: 3771:Virtual assistant privacy 3751:Privacy-invasive software 3679: 3643: 3530: 3426: 3390: 3048:10.1109/IEMBS.2006.260060 2863:Digital Media Law Project 2696:Handley, J. (July 2013). 1112:Digital Media Law Project 686: 634: 477:or similar foreign laws. 463:closed-circuit television 408: 347:Privacy in Australian law 205:Olmstead v. United States 3158:Federal Trade Commission 2908:Cofone, Ignacio (2023). 2513:. Stanford, California. 2162:"Supreme Court Observer" 1336: 1321:Nothing to hide argument 1204:, Facebook, Google, and 989:The US Government's own 942:National Security Agency 588:Right to Privacy verdict 581: 448: 3822:Future of Privacy Forum 3817:European Digital Rights 3154:"Children's Protection" 2941:The National Law Review 2343:The National Law Review 1925:Oxford University Press 1781:High Court of Australia 1723:Parliament of Australia 1595:Privacy Law and Society 864: 751:Griswold v. Connecticut 614:ruled on 24 August 2017 390:High Court of Australia 372:Australia also lacks a 269:freedoms of association 183:," written by attorney 154:The concept of a human 3863:Cellphone surveillance 3780:Advocacy organizations 3403:Expectation of privacy 2599:. UNGA Res 2200A (XXI) 2389:. Villanova Law Review 2082:Supreme Court Observer 1495:"The Right to Privacy" 1114:uses examples such as 570: 518: 435:"The Right to Privacy" 380:. In the 2001 case of 265: 242: 3842:Privacy International 3413:Right to be forgotten 3222:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 2577:. UNGA Res 217 A(III) 2318:archive.government.ru 1683:Regan, P. M. (1995). 1419:constituteproject.org 1326:Right to be forgotten 1208:that use and collect 921:Further information: 828:, in part due to the 790:requiring compulsory 710:Strasbourg Convention 674:and has ratified the 563: 502: 251: 240: 214:switchboard operators 142:that use and collect 111:intelligence agencies 3230:. pp. 390–392. 3094:Journal of Media Law 2700:. American Diplomacy 1236:Protection of minors 1108:freedom of the press 1054:improve this section 973:September 11 attacks 857:has argued that the 670:is committed to the 606:Indian Supreme Court 443:The Right to Privacy 425:Parliament of Canada 415:Canadian privacy law 378:invasions of privacy 181:The Right to Privacy 107:current capabilities 3878:Global surveillance 3746:Privacy engineering 3731:Personal identifier 3681:Information privacy 3418:Post-mortem privacy 3280:Lever, Annabelle. " 2464:www.stimmel-law.com 2385:R.H. Clark (1974). 1573:Privacy and Freedom 1571:Westin, A. (1968). 1306:Information privacy 952:. Programs such as 923:Global surveillance 260:Privacy and Freedom 233:An individual right 185:Samuel D. Warren II 103:global surveillance 18:Invasion of privacy 3918:Personality rights 3345:2016-03-04 at the 3334:2017-09-08 at the 3133:Detroit Free Press 3021:10.1037/tps0000078 2967:2013-05-14 at the 2799:Human Rights Watch 2302:. 10 October 2012. 1527:on 23 October 2008 1500:Harvard Law Review 1390:"Right to Privacy" 1375:2017-09-08 at the 1331:Stakeholder theory 1256:Detroit Free Press 1176:. You can help by 1116:sexual orientation 767:Harvard Law Review 439:Harvard Law Review 423:, statutes of the 243: 210:constitutional law 200:dissenting opinion 176:Harvard Law Review 156:"right to privacy" 97:, have engaged in 32:Harvard Law Review 3944: 3943: 3888:Mass surveillance 3329:The Privacy Torts 3304:. 2005. Volume 9. 3057:978-1-4244-0032-4 2988:. 15 October 2018 2555:. 15 October 2018 2520:978-0-8047-9545-6 1869:www.reedsmith.com 1802:. 27 March 2014. 1612:, 71(2), 405–409. 1597:. West Academic. 1439:Nations, United. 1370:The Privacy Torts 1194: 1193: 1095:freedom of speech 1090: 1089: 1082: 1015:COVID-19 pandemic 946:mass surveillance 917:Mass surveillance 904:International law 807:Lawrence v. Texas 777:cases, including 553:Council of Europe 547:Council of Europe 470:Data Security Law 459:mass surveillance 437:published in the 216:. By the time of 193:yellow journalism 164:Decretum Gratiani 16:(Redirected from 3974: 3934: 3933: 3802:Data Privacy Lab 3761:Privacy software 3408:Right to privacy 3377: 3370: 3363: 3354: 3353: 3340:About Privacilla 3265: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3089: 3078: 3077: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2978: 2972: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2855: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2751:Associated Press 2742: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2532: 2524: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2439:Business Insider 2430: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2292: 2286: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2057: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2005: 1996: 1995: 1977: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1916: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1861: 1855: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1835: 1829: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1790: 1784: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1719: 1710: 1701: 1694: 1688: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1657:Johnson, Deborah 1653: 1647: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1636:www.psupress.org 1628: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1604: 1598: 1591: 1585: 1582: 1576: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1523:. Archived from 1490: 1479: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1468: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1443:. United Nations 1436: 1430: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1411: 1405: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1386: 1380: 1366: 1350: 1347: 1311:Internet privacy 1300:Bank Secrecy Act 1294: 1289: 1288: 1189: 1186: 1168: 1161: 1085: 1078: 1074: 1071: 1065: 1034: 1026: 824:later overruled 792:public education 533:human rights law 516: 404: 398: 387: 354:Privacy Act 1988 65: 52:right to privacy 21: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3940: 3922: 3846: 3775: 3675: 3639: 3526: 3520:amended in 2020 3422: 3386: 3381: 3347:Wayback Machine 3336:Wayback Machine 3272: 3246: 3177: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3137: 3135: 3125: 3121: 3090: 3081: 3058: 3032: 3028: 3005: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2969:Wayback Machine 2959: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2935:Fishman, Ross. 2933: 2929: 2922: 2906: 2902: 2892: 2890: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2867: 2865: 2857: 2856: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2825:thediplomat.com 2819: 2818: 2814: 2804: 2802: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2727: 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1741: 1737: 1728: 1726: 1717: 1711: 1704: 1700:, 28(1), 80–91. 1695: 1691: 1682: 1678: 1671: 1654: 1650: 1640: 1638: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1605: 1601: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1570: 1566: 1556: 1554: 1552:livescience.com 1544: 1540: 1530: 1528: 1513:10.2307/1321160 1491: 1482: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1460: 1456: 1446: 1444: 1437: 1433: 1423: 1421: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1398: 1396: 1394:faculty.uml.edu 1388: 1387: 1383: 1377:Wayback Machine 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1290: 1283: 1280: 1264: 1243: 1238: 1190: 1184: 1181: 1174:needs expansion 1159: 1138:US Constitution 1130: 1124: 1103: 1086: 1075: 1069: 1066: 1051: 1035: 1024: 1003: 978:In March 2013, 938: 933: 919: 906: 867: 775:civil liberties 728: 722: 706: 689: 684: 683: 665: 657: 637: 594: 586:Main articles: 584: 549: 517: 512: 494: 451: 417: 411: 400: 396:Grosse v Purvis 394: 381: 349: 343: 335: 310: 294:Lawrence Lessig 258:— Alan Westin, 235: 152: 115:social contract 63: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3980: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3962:Digital rights 3959: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3938: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3903:Search warrant 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3883:Identity theft 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3756:Privacy policy 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3717: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3696: 3691: 3685: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3637: 3635:United Kingdom 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3550:European Union 3547: 3542: 3536: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3524: 3523: 3522: 3508: 3506:United Kingdom 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3466:European Union 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3432: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3380: 3379: 3372: 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