Artificial insemination

574:. Insemination in this way means that the sperm do not have to swim through the cervix which is coated with a mucus layer. This layer of mucus can slow down the passage of sperm and can result in many sperm perishing before they can enter the uterus. Donor sperm is sometimes tested for mucus penetration if it is to be used for ICI inseminations but partner sperm may or may not be able to pass through the cervix. In these cases, the use of IUI can provide a more efficient delivery of the sperm. In general terms, IUI is usually regarded as more efficient than ICI or IVI. It is therefore the method of choice for single and lesbian women wishing to conceive using donor sperm since this group of recipients usually require artificial insemination because they do not have a male partner, not because they have medical problems. Owing to the high number of these recipients using donor sperm services, IUI is therefore the most popular method of insemination today at a fertility clinic. The term 'artificial insemination' has, in many cases, come to mean IUI insemination. 553:, may be inserted into the vagina following insemination and may be left in place for several hours. Using this method, a woman may go about her usual activities while the cervical cap holds the semen in the vagina close to the entrance to the cervix. Advocates of this method claim that it increases the chances of conception. One advantage with the conception device is that fresh, non-liquefied semen may be used. The man may ejaculate straight into the cap so that his fresh semen can be inserted immediately into the vagina without waiting for it to liquefy, although a collection cup may also be used. Other methods may be used to insert semen into the vagina notably involving different uses of a conception cap. These include a specially designed conception cap with a tube attached which may be inserted empty into the vagina after which liquefied semen is poured into the tube. These methods are designed to ensure that semen is inseminated as close as possible to the cervix and that it is kept in place there to increase the chances of conception. 367:, the use of artificial insemination for such couples has largely been rendered unnecessary. However, there are still reasons why a couple would seek to use artificial insemination using the male partner's sperm. In the case of such couples, before artificial insemination is turned to as the solution, doctors will require an examination of both the male and female involved in order to remove any and all physical hindrances that are preventing them from naturally achieving a pregnancy including any factors which prevent the couple from having satisfactory sexual intercourse. The couple is also given a fertility test to determine the motility, number, and viability of the male's sperm and the success of the female's ovulation. From these tests, the doctor may or may not recommend a form of artificial insemination. The results of investigations may, for example, show that the woman's immune system may be rejecting her partner's sperm as invading molecules. Women who have issues with the cervix – such as cervical scarring, cervical blockage from 528:

lies on her back and the syringe is inserted into the vagina. Care is optimal when inserting the syringe, so that the tip is as close to the entrance to the cervix as possible. A vaginal speculum may be used for this purpose and a catheter may be attached to the tip of the syringe to ensure delivery of the semen as close to the entrance to the cervix as possible. The plunger is then slowly pushed forward and the semen in the syringe is gently emptied deep into the vagina. It is important that the syringe is emptied slowly for safety and for the best results, bearing in mind that the purpose of the procedure is to replicate as closely as possible a natural deposit of the semen in the vagina. The syringe (and catheter if used) may be left in place for several minutes before removal. The woman can bring herself to orgasm so that the cervix 'dips down' into the pool of semen, again replicating closely vaginal intercourse, and this may improve the success rate.

2092:, which is adopted individually on a state by state basis, was revised to address non married couples and states that an unmarried couple has the same rights to the child that a married couple would. This extended who has the right to be a parent to a man who would supposedly fill in the social role as a “father.” There were now numerous ways to establish parental rights for both the mother and the father depending on if the child was born using a sperm donor or a surrogate. Currently, a revised version of the Uniform Parentage Act is starting to be passed in a few states that expands how parental relations can be determined. This bill includes expanding “father” to mean any person who would fill the role of a father, regardless of their gender and “mother” is expanded to anyone who gives birth to the child regardless of gender. In addition, this act would also change any language of “husband” or “wife” to “spouse.” 2056:

surrogacy, paternity rights, and eventually artificial insemination and LGBT+ parents began to arise. Prior to the use of artificial insemination, the legal parents of a child were the two people who conceived the child or the person who birthed the child and their legal spouse, but artificial insemination complicates the legal process of becoming a parent as well as who is the parent of the child. Deciding who the parents of the child are is the largest legal predicament around artificial insemination. However, questions around surrogacy and donor's rights also appear as a side question to determining the parent(s). Some major cases that deal with artificial insemination and parental rights are,

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reproductive outcomes when compared to heterosexual female peers." Therefore, it is imperative that providers take extra care in educating their LGBTQ+ patients on potential risk factors of artificial insemination. The implications of this knowledge gap between LGTBQ+ individuals and their heterosexual counterparts are serious and worth noting. Lack of access to proper information and risk factors around procedures like these may dissuade someone from pursuing these procedures altogether. As a result, there will be less normalization of LGBTQ+ family making and reproduction, which only perpetuates this cycle of lack of information among LGBTQ+ folks.

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emphasis on this being a family-centered process. Even in a medical setting, it is important to bring intimacy and family-centeredness into this process, as this promotes connectedness and inclusiveness in what can be seen as a hostile and discriminatory environment. LGBTQ couples or individuals typically have to navigate more complexities and barriers than heterosexual couples when undergoing fertility treatment, such as stigma and carrier decisions, so allowing room for intimacy and connectedness in the process can improve the experience for individuals, reduce stress, and minimize barriers that target marginalized individuals.

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insemination using a sperm donor for LGBTQ+ individuals and couples is one of the more cost-effective avenues to parenting. While clinic based IUI may be open to many, it typically still includes hetero-reproductive narratives which dates from the early days of fertilization procedures when these were often exclusively for married couples and when there was a resistance in many societies to extend these services to the LGBTQ+ community. Indeed, in the early days, there were very few fertility clinics which would provide services to single women and lesbian couples. In the UK, notable pioneers in this respect were the

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rights before they can participate. When the mother knows the donor, however, or engages in artificial insemination while unmarried, complications may arise. In cases of private sperm donation, paternity rights and responsibilities are often conferred onto sperm donors when: the donor and recipient did not comply with state laws regarding artificial insemination, the sperm donor and recipient know one another, or the donor had the intent of being a father to the child. When one or a number of these things is true, courts have at times found written agreements relinquishing parental rights to be unenforceable.

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lesbians using donor semen in a fertility centre. Lesbians and single women are less likely to have fertility issues of their own and enabling donor sperm to be inserted directly into the womb will often produce a better chance of conceiving. A 2019 showed that pregnancy rates were similar between lesbian women and heterosexual women undergoing IUI. However, it was found that there is a significantly higher multiple gestation rate among lesbian women undergoing ovulation induction (OI) when compared to lesbian women undergoing natural cycles.

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into question. Prior to the passage of the Uniform Parentage Act in 1973, children conceived via artificial insemination were deemed as “illegitimate” children. The Uniform Parentage Act then recognized the children born from artificial insemination as legal and laid precedent for how the legal parents of the child were decided. However, this act only applied to the children of those married couples. It established that the person who birthed the child was the mother and the father would be the husband of the woman. In 2002, the

2134:, the intrauterine insemination (IUI) of “licitly obtained” (normal intercourse with a silastic sheath i.e. a perforated condom) but technologically prepared semen sample (washed, etc.) has been neither approved nor disapproved by Church authority and its moral validity remains under discussion. Some religious groups, such as the Catholic Church, and individuals have also criticized artificial insemination because acquiring sperm for the procedure is seen as "a form of adultery promoting the vice of masturbation." 1778: 546:(IVI). Sperm supplied by a sperm bank will be frozen and must be allowed to thaw before insemination. The sealed end of the straw itself must be cut off and the open end of the straw is usually fixed straight on to the tip of the syringe, allowing the contents to be drawn into the syringe. Sperm from more than one straw can generally be used in the same syringe. Where fresh semen is used, this must be allowed to liquefy before inserting it into the syringe, or alternatively, the syringe may be back-loaded. 2156: 1790: 1958: 1946: 817:(TMSC), used in a cycle. The success rate increases with increasing TMSC, but only up to a certain count, when other factors become limiting to success. The summed pregnancy rate of two cycles using a TMSC of 5 million (may be a TSC of ~10 million on graph) in each cycle is substantially higher than one single cycle using a TMSC of 10 million. However, although more cost-efficient, using a lower TMSC also increases the average time taken to achieve pregnancy. Women whose age is becoming a major 2260: 1539: 1934: 802:

insemination. The literature is conflicting on immobilization after insemination has increasing the chances of pregnancy. Previous data suggests that it is statistically significant for the patient to remain immobile for 15 minutes after insemination, while another review article claims that it is not. A point of consideration, is that it does cost the patient or healthcare system to remain immobile for 15 minutes if it does increase the chances. For couples with

755:(BPAS) and the Pregnancy Advisory Service (PAS), both of which operated before statutory control of fertility services in 1992, and the London Women's Clinic (LWC) which provided artificial insemination to single women and lesbians from 1998. Most donor insemination procedures undertaken in many countries today are for lesbian couples or single mainly lesbian women, yet much of their rhetoric and advertising is directed at heterosexual couples. Indeed, many 1898: 2164: 1802: 1838: 2018: 2006: 1922: 1886: 1874: 1766: 1970: 1826: 1814: 2030: 1910: 1862: 191: 1850: 1982: 1994: 625:. One of the prominent private clinic in Europe has published a data A multiple logistic regression model showed that sperm origin, maternal age, follicle count at hCG administration day, follicle rupture, and the number of uterine contractions observed after the second insemination procedure were associated with the live-birth rate The steps to follow in order to perform an intrauterine insemination are: 564: 434:. Washed sperm is required in certain situations. Pre- and post-concentration of motile sperm is counted. Sperm from a sperm bank will be frozen and quarantined for a period, and the donor will be tested before and after production of the sample to ensure that he does not carry a transmissible disease. Sperm from a sperm bank will also be suspended in a 4882:

In an eye-opening article in The Huffington Post, Bruce Friedrich gives readers one more reason to boycott meat, dairy and eggs: institutionalized bestiality. Aside from horrifying personal accounts from factory farmers and slaughterhouse workers bragging about sexually abusing animals and undercover

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in 1946) to control bacterial growth, decreasing embryonic mortality, and increase fertility. This, and various new techniques for processing, freezing, and thawing of frozen semen significantly enhanced the practical utilization of artificial insemination in the livestock industry and earned him the

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Artificial insemination is much more common than natural mating, as it allows several female animals to be impregnated from a single male. For instance, up to 30-40 female pigs can be impregnated from a single boar. Workers collect the semen by masturbating the boars, then insert it into the sows via

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When children are conceived the traditional way, there is little discrepancy around who the legal parents of the child are. However, because children conceived using artificial insemination may not be genetically related to one or more of their parents, who the legal parents of the child are can come

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Artificial insemination used to be seen as adultery and was illegal until the 1960s when states started recognizing the child born from artificial insemination as legitimate. Once the children began to be recognized as legitimate, legal questions around who the parents of the child are, how to handle

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The risk factors of artificial insemination are comparatively low to other forms of fertility treatment. The most prominent risk factor would be infection after the procedure, with other risk factors including a higher risk of having twins or triplets, and minor vaginal bleeding during the procedure.

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However, these pregnancy rates may be very misleading, since many factors have to be included to give a meaningful answer, e.g. definition of success and calculation of the total population. These rates can be influenced by age, overall reproductive health, and if the patient had an orgasm during the

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Lesbian couples may either select a friend or family member as their sperm donor or choose an anonymous donor. After a sperm donor is selected, a couple can proceed with donor sperm IUI. IUI is an economic option for same-sex couples and can be done without the use of medication. According to a study

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Semen capacitation: wash and centrifugation, swim-up, or gradient. The insemination should not be performed later than an hour after capacitation. 'Washed sperm' may be purchased directly from a sperm bank if donor semen is used, or 'unwashed semen' may be thawed and capacitated before performing IUI

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Unlike ICI, intrauterine insemination normally requires a medical practitioner to perform the procedure. One of the requirements is to have at least one permeable tube, proved by hysterosalpingography. The infertility duration is also important. A female under 30 years of age has optimal chances with

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During ICI, air is expelled from a needleless syringe which is then filled with semen which has been allowed to liquify. A specially-designed syringe, wider and with a more rounded end, may be used for this purpose. Any further enclosed air is removed by gently pressing the plunger forward. The woman

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In modern species conservation, semen collection and artificial insemination are used also in birds. In 2013 scientist of the Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Germany, from the working group of Michael Lierz, Clinic for birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish, developed a novel technique for semen

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Although these risk factors are minor and generally manageable, there is a significant knowledge gap between identity groups around risk factors for fertility treatments in general. For instance, it was found that LGBTQ+ individuals had "had significant knowledge gaps of risk factors associated with

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found no difference in live birth rate between single and double intrauterine insemination. A Cochrane found uncertain evidence about the effect of IUI compared with timed intercourse or expectant management on live birth rates but IUI with controlled ovarian hyperstimulation is probably better than

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The cost breakdown for Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) involves several components. The procedure itself typically ranges from $ 300 to $ 1,000 per cycle without insurance. The cost of the sperm may vary widely, with prices per vial ranging from $ 500 to $ 1,000 or more from a sperm bank. Additional

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Although ICI is the simplest method of artificial insemination, a meta-analysis has shown no difference in live birth rates compared with IUI. It may also be performed privately by the woman, or, if she has a partner, in the presence of her partner, or by her partner. ICI was previously used in many

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It may be used for many reasons, including to allow a male to inseminate a much larger number of females, to allow the use of genetic material from males separated by distance or time, to overcome physical breeding difficulties, to control the paternity of offspring, to synchronize births, to avoid

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Mild controlled ovarian stimulation (COS): there is no control of how many oocytes are at the same time when stimulating ovulation. For that reason, it is necessary to check the amount being ovulated via ultrasound (checking the amount of follicles developing at the same time) and administering the

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If sperm is provided by a private donor, either directly or through a sperm agency, it is usually supplied fresh, not frozen, and it will not be quarantined. Donor sperm provided in this way may be given directly to the recipient woman or her partner, or it may be transported in specially insulated

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Generally paternity is not an issue when artificial insemination is between a married woman and an anonymous donor. Most states provide that anonymous donors' paternity claims are not recognized, and most sperm donation centers make use of contracts that require donors to sign away their paternity

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There is no federal law that applies to all fifty states when it comes to artificial insemination and paternity rights, but the Uniform Parentage Act is a model which many states have adopted. Under the 1973 UPA, married heterosexual couples making use of artificial insemination through a licensed

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The extent of insurance coverage for fertility treatments, including Intrauterine Insemination (IUI), varies considerably. Some insurance plans may cover some of the costs, while others may not provide any financial support for fertility treatments. Coverage depends on various factors, such as the

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Semen used is either fresh, raw, or frozen. Where donor sperm is supplied by a sperm bank, it will always be quarantined and frozen, and will need to be thawed before use. The sperm is ideally donated after two or three days of abstinence, without lubrication as the lubricant can inhibit the sperm

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is used. Additionally, an egg donor may be used and so the recipient patient uses artificial insemination to carry a child that she is not genetically related to, and that may or may not be related to her partner (if she has one), depending on how the sperm is acquired. This is typically an option

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ICI is commonly used in the home, by self-insemination and practitioner insemination. Sperm used in ICI inseminations does not have to be 'washed' to remove seminal fluid so that raw semen from a private donor may be used. Semen supplied by a sperm bank prepared for ICI or IUI use is suitable for

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seem reluctant to inform donors that most of their donations will be used for lesbians and single women. To improve the way society talks about and carries out donor insemination inclusive language may be used. One way to do this is to bring LGBTQ narratives into this process, with a particular

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Following insemination, fertile sperm will swim through the cervix into the uterus and from there to the fallopian tubes in a natural way as if the sperm had been deposited in the vagina through intercourse. The woman is therefore advised to lie still for about half-an-hour to assist conception.

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Although many fertilization procedures, such as IUI are typically carried out in a medical setting, society is increasingly recognizing the important role that this plays in the lives of individuals who might otherwise not conceive through heterosexual penetrative sexual intercourse. Artificial

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of more than 5 million per ml is optimal. In practice, donor sperm will satisfy these criteria and since IUI is a more efficient method of artificial insemination than ICI and, because of its generally higher success rate, IUI is usually the insemination procedure of choice for single women and

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When performed at home without the presence of a professional, aiming the sperm in the vagina at the neck of the cervix may be more difficult to achieve and the effect may be to 'flood' the vagina with semen, rather than to target it specifically at the entrance to the cervix. This procedure is

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causes decreased success rates; women aged 38–39 years appear to have reasonable success during the first two cycles of ovarian hyperstimulation and IUI. However, for women aged over 40 years, there appears to be no benefit after a single cycle of COH/IUI. Medical experts therefore recommend

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of infertility creates a framework in which individuals are encouraged to think of infertility quite negatively. In many cultures donor insemination is religiously and culturally prohibited, often meaning that less accessible "high tech" and expensive ARTs, like IVF, are the only solution.

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For heterosexual couples, the indications to perform an intrauterine insemination are usually a moderate male factor, the incapability to ejaculate in vagina and an idiopathic infertility. A short period of ejaculatory abstinence before intrauterine insemination is associated with higher

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registries allow registration of foals created through artificial insemination, and the process is widely used allowing the breeding of mares to stallions not resident at the same facility – or even in the same country – through the use of transported frozen or cooled semen.

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Timing is critical, as the window and opportunity for fertilization is little more than twelve hours from the release of the ovum. To increase the chance of success, the woman's menstrual cycle is closely observed, often using ovulation kits, ultrasounds or blood tests, such as

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is a solution that allows the semen from a donor to impregnate more females by making insemination possible with fewer sperm. Antibiotics, such as streptomycin, are sometimes added to the sperm to control some bacterial venereal diseases. Before the actual insemination,

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Nazem, Taraneh Gharib; Chang, Sydney; Lee, Joseph A.; Briton-Jones, Christine; Copperman, Alan B.; McAvey, Beth (March 2019). "Understanding the Reproductive Experience and Pregnancy Outcomes of Lesbian Women Undergoing Donor Intrauterine Insemination".

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Cimino, C.; Guastella, G.; Comparetto, G.; Gullo, D.; Perino, A.; Benigno, M.; Barba, G.; Cittadini, E. (1988). "Direct intraperitoneal insemination (DIPI) for the treatment of refractory infertility unrelated to female organic pelvic disease".

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through selection of particular traits. The line of reasoning follows the history of artificial insemination in breeding livestock and other domesticated animals wherein preferred traits are encouraged through human-controlled selection.

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frequently write against the practice in their articles. Much of the meat production in the United States depends on artificial insemination, resulting in an explosive growth of the procedure over the past three decades. The state of

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Due to the lack of reliable evidence from controlled clinical trials, it is not certain which semen preparation techniques are more effective (wash and centrifugation; swim-up; or gradient) in terms of pregnancy and live birth rates.

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Cordary, D.; Braconier, A.; Guillet-May, F.; Morel, O.; Agopiantz, M.; Callec, R. (December 2017). "Immobilization versus immediate mobilization after intrauterine insemination: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

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The number of samples (ejaculates) required to give rise to a child varies substantially from person to person, as well as from clinic to clinic. However, the following equations generalize the main factors involved:

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In the 1980s, direct intraperitoneal insemination (DIPI) was occasionally used, where doctors injected sperm into the lower abdomen through a surgical hole or incision, with the intention of letting them find the

1727:" of central and southern Africa – from dealing with many of the key causes of infertility treatable by artificial insemination techniques; namely preventable infections, dietary and lifestyle influences. 644:

in the endometrium could end a pregnancy. To avoid that 200 mg/day of micronized progesterone are administered via vagina. If there is pregnancy, this hormone is kept administering until the tenth week of

702:. The cervix is then clamped to prevent leakage to the vagina, best achieved with a specially designed double nut bivalve (DNB) speculum. The sperm is mixed to create a volume of 10 ml, sufficient to fill the 362:

Artificial insemination techniques were originally used mainly to assist heterosexual couples to conceive where they were having difficulties, but with the advancement of techniques in this field, notably

3245: 906: 3267: 300:, a professor in Philadelphia, took sperm from his "best looking" student to inseminate an anesthetized woman without her knowledge. The case was reported 25 years later in a medical journal. The 355:

There are multiple methods used to obtain the semen necessary for artificial insemination, and the sperm used in artificial insemination may be provided by the recipient patient's partner or by a

1039: 726:, mild or moderate male infertility, and mild or moderate endometriosis. In non-tubal sub fertility, fallopian tube sperm perfusion may be the preferred technique over intrauterine insemination. 2103:

physician could list the husband as the natural father of the child, rather than the sperm donor. Since then a revised version of the Act has been introduced, though to less widespread adoption

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Some countries restrict artificial insemination in a variety of ways. For example, some countries do not permit AI for single women, and other countries do not permit the use of donor sperm.

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were able to pioneer the technique in the early 2000s, resulting in "the first successful conceptions, resulting in live offspring, using artificial insemination in any cetacean species".

1249: 1148: 512:. It is painless and is the simplest, easiest and most common method of artificial insemination involving the introduction of unwashed or raw semen into the vagina at the entrance to the 402:

and who is able to receive artificial insemination. Some women who live in a jurisdiction which does not permit artificial insemination in the circumstance in which she finds herself may

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injury incurred during natural mating, and to avoid the need to keep a male at all (such as for small numbers of females or in species whose fertile males may be difficult to manage).

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Nowadays artificial insemination in humans is mainly used as a substitute for sexual intercourse for women without a male partner who wish to have their own children—such as women in

5054: 2357:. A small number of equine associations in North America accept only horses that have been conceived by "natural cover" or "natural service" – the actual physical mating of a 423:

tests over, noting the color and texture of the vaginal mucus, and the softness of the nose of her cervix. To improve the success rate of artificial insemination, drugs to create a

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are also bred using this method (up to 85% of all inseminations). It is an economical means for a livestock breeder to improve their herds utilizing males having desirable traits.

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Hurd WW, Randolph JF, Ansbacher R, Menge AC, Ohl DA, Brown AN (February 1993). "Comparison of intracervical, intrauterine, and intratubal techniques for donor insemination".

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video footage exposing animals being raped and sexually assaulted, Friedrich explains how routine – and legal – acts of bestiality are perpetrated every day on modern farms.

2283:, Poland, as part of an international research project. The participants included Prawochenki (Poland), Milovanoff (USSR), Hammond and Walton (UK), and Thomasset (Uruguay). 654:

insurance plan, state policies and regulations, and the underlying cause of infertility. Several states have mandated insurers to provide coverage for infertility services.

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Custers, I. M; Flierman, P. A; Maas, P.; Cox, T.; Van Dessel, T. J H M; Gerards, M. H; Mochtar, M. H; Janssen, C. A H; van der Veen, F.; Mol, B. W. J (29 October 2009).

2224:. To allow the sperm to remain viable during the time before and after it is frozen, the semen is mixed with a solution containing glycerol or other cryoprotectants. An 2774: 1712:(ARTs) is the pressure placed on couples to conceive, "where children are highly desired, parenthood is culturally mandatory, and childlessness socially unacceptable". 6038: 2220:, extended, then cooled or frozen. It can be used on-site or shipped to the female's location. If frozen, the small plastic tube holding the semen is referred to as a 4497: 588:

Using this technique, as with ICI, fertilization takes place naturally in the external part of the fallopian tubes in the same way that occurs following intercourse.

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from 2021, lesbian women undergoing IUI had an average clinical pregnancy rate of 13.2% per cycle and 42.2% success rate giving the average number of cycles at 3.6.

4019:"Clomifene citrate or unstimulated intrauterine insemination compared with expectant management for unexplained infertility: pragmatic randomised controlled trial" 524:

fertility centers as a method of insemination, but its popularity in this context has waned as other, more reliable methods of insemination have become available.

6393: 3162:"GnRH agonist administration at the time of implantation does not improve pregnancy outcome in intrauterine insemination cycles: a randomized controlled trial" 2121: 1381: 538:

Ordinary sexual lubricants should not be used in the process, but special fertility or 'sperm-friendly' lubricants can be used for increased ease and comfort.

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Yao, Hong; Yang, Jieyi; Lo, Iris Po Yee (June 2023). "Lesbian couples' childbearing experiences using assisted reproductive technology: A netnography study".

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a raised catheter known as a pork stork. Boars are still physically used to excite the females prior to insemination, but are prevented from actually mating.

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With these numbers, one sample would on average help giving rise to 0.1–0.6 children, that is, it actually takes on average 2–5 samples to make a child.

2439:, who identify the practice as a form of rape due to its sexual, involuntary and perceived painful nature. Animal rights organizations such as PETA and 2066: 970:

The pregnancy rate increases with increasing number of motile sperm used, but only up to a certain degree, when other factors become limiting instead.

742:, where both eggs and sperm are mixed outside the woman's body and then immediately inserted into the fallopian tube where fertilization takes place. 738:, although this procedure is no longer generally regarded as having any beneficial effect compared with IUI. ITI however, should not be confused with 577:

It is important that washed sperm is used because unwashed sperm may elicit uterine cramping, expelling the semen and causing pain, due to content of

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Mercy For Animals pursues change for the better by reducing the suffering of the 80 billion farmed animals raped and killed every year, Garcés says.

2800:"Oral Sex, a Knife Fight and Then Sperm Still Impregnated Girl. Account of a Girl Impregnated After Oral Sex Shows Sperms' Incredible Survivability" 2264: 4483: 535:

One insemination during a cycle is usually sufficient. Additional inseminations during the same cycle may not improve the chances of a pregnancy.

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Cows and other factory-farmed female animals endure being raped repeatedly, and their babies are torn away from them before they're all killed.

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Annales de Gembloux L´Organisation Scientifique de l Índustrie Animale en URSS, Artificial Insemination in the URSS, by Luis Thomasset, 1936

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Intracervical insemination (ICI) is the method of artificial insemination which most closely mimics the natural ejaculation of semen by the

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Artificial insemination of farm animals is common in the developed world, especially for breeding dairy cattle (75% of all inseminations).

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Intrauterine insemination. Information notes from the fertility clinic at Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby. By PhD Ulrik Kesmodel et al.

5613: 2846: 2752: 2432: 2058: 581:. (Prostaglandins are also the compounds responsible for causing the myometrium to contract and expel the menses from the uterus, during 2568: 5045: 2956: 255: 6475: 6024: 661:(COH). Clomiphene Citrate is the first line, Letrozole is second line, in order to stimulate ovaries before moving on to IVF. Still, 17: 4095:

Inhorn, Marcia C (May 2003). "Global infertility and the globalization of new reproductive technologies: illustrations from Egypt".

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in 1790, who helped impregnate a linen draper's wife. The first reported case of artificial insemination by donor occurred in 1884:

227: 3085:"Predictive factors for pregnancy after intrauterine insemination (IUI): An analysis of 1038 cycles and a review of the literature" 2127: 208: 843: 621:

administration at the time of implantation does not improve pregnancy outcome in intrauterine insemination cycles according to a

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An over-reliance on reproductive technologies in dealing with infertility prevents many – especially, for example, in the "

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O'Brien, P; Vandekerckhove, P (26 October 1998). "Intra-uterine versus cervical insemination of donor sperm for subfertility".

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is the fraction of the volume that remains after centrifugation of the sample, which may be about half (0.5) to a third (0.33).

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The first viviparous animal to be artificially fertilized was a dog. The experiment was conducted with success by the Italian

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According to the 2021 Bioethics Law, the criteria that must be met to benefit from artificial insemination are as follows:

375:– may also benefit from artificial insemination, since the sperm must pass through the cervix to result in fertilization. 3529:"Comparison of fallopian tube sperm perfusion and intrauterine tuboperitoneal insemination:a prospective randomized study" 984: 6211: 5913: 5081: 3749:

Johal, Jasmyn K.; Gardner, Rebecca M.; Vaughn, Sara J.; Jaswa, Eleni G.; Hedlin, Haley; Aghajanova, Lusine (2021-09-01).

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The parenting project must be validated through a series of interviews with professionals (doctors, psychologists, etc.).

682: 658: 424: 241: 3390:"Single versus double intrauterine insemination in multi-follicular ovarian hyperstimulation cycles: a randomized trial" 3349:"Poor success of gonadotropin-induced controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and intrauterine insemination for older women" 2683: 5779: 752: 6221: 5814: 5679: 3203:"Influence of follicle rupture and uterine contractions on intrauterine insemination outcome: a new predictive model" 3041:"A short period of ejaculatory abstinence before intrauterine insemination is associated with higher pregnancy rates" 274: 4896: 4156:"Barriers to conception: LGBT individuals have worse fertility health literacy than their heterosexual female peers" 3017: 3004: 223: 6450: 6440: 6201: 6176: 6047: 5918: 5618: 5143: 2522: 1709: 364: 324: 146: 123: 1200: 1099: 585:.) Resting on the table for fifteen minutes after an IUI is optimal for the woman to increase the pregnancy rate. 6272: 5970: 5684: 4929: 673:

A double intrauterine insemination theoretically increases pregnancy rates by decreasing the risk of missing the

4667:"Reproductive Physiology and Development of Artificial Insemination Technology in Killer Whales (Orcinus orca)1" 4067: 966:

recommended for vaginal insemination (VI) or intra-cervical insemination (ICI), approximately 20 million pr. ml.

6284: 6231: 5734: 3799: 2659: 739: 399: 212: 2460:

Artificial insemination can be performed using sperm from the husband or frozen sperm from an anonymous donor.

2386:

collection and artificial insemination in parrots producing the world's first macaw by assisted reproduction.

2299:

in Agriculture. Many techniques developed by him have since been applied to other species, including humans.

520:

ICI. ICI is a popular method of insemination amongst single and lesbian women purchasing donor sperm on-line.

6388: 6226: 6216: 5759: 5666: 5168: 3201:

Blasco V, Prados N, Carranza F, González-Ravina C, Pellicer A, Fernández-Sánchez M, et al. (June 2014).

2448:

makes no exceptions for artificial insemination under its bestiality law, thus making the procedure illegal.

2287: 2244: 698:

Intrauterine tuboperitoneal insemination (IUTPI) involves injection of washed sperm into both the uterus and

5000: 2142:

There are critics of artificial insemination who voice concerns regarding the potential for AI to encourage

410:, artificial insemination can be more expensive and more invasive, and may require professional assistance. 6128: 5764: 5724: 5223: 3952:"Immobilisation versus immediate mobilisation after intrauterine insemination: randomised controlled trial" 3700: 2451: 2394: 614: 344: 4869: 4665:

Robeck, T.R.; Steinman, K.J.; Gearhart, S.; Reidarson, T.R.; McBain, J.F.; Monfort, S.L. (1 August 2004).

6445: 5593: 5404: 5377: 4983: 3902: 1301: 798:

using ICI, and 15–20% per cycle for IUI. In IUI, about 60 to 70% have achieved pregnancy after 6 cycles.

622: 5799: 5636: 5394: 5319: 5289: 818: 650:

expenses might include consultation fees, ovulation-inducing medication, ultrasounds, and blood tests.

455: 316: 4392:«Reproductive Technology (Evaluation & Treatment of Infertility): Guidelines for Catholic Couples» 5849: 5461: 5201: 5125: 4589: 1724: 637:

insemination, provided that the capacitation leaves a minimum of, usually, five million motile sperm.

248: 4707: 3295:"Laboring to Conceive: Reducing Barriers to Fertility Care for Same-Sex Mothers Pursuing Parenthood" 5211: 4610:"A novel method for semen collection and artificial insemination in large parrots (Psittaciformes)" 1552: 963: 814: 781: 597: 570:

Intrauterine insemination (IUI) involves injection of washed sperm directly into the uterus with a

69: 3825: 6480: 6267: 6262: 6093: 5784: 5649: 5387: 5115: 5074: 2875: 2353:

Although common with cattle and swine, artificial insemination is not as widely practiced in the

803: 723: 387:

for women who are unable to use their own eggs due to age and/or health concerns and is done via

201: 3160:

Bellver J, Labarta E, Bosch E, Melo MA, Vidal C, Remohí J, Pellicer A, et al. (June 2009).

2838: 1758:

As of May 2013, the following European countries permit medically assisted AI for single women:

427:

may be used, but the use of such drugs also results in an increased chance of a multiple birth.

6398: 6332: 6277: 6171: 6160: 5903: 5719: 5284: 5163: 5032: 5005: 4566: 2497: 667: 420: 388: 5037: 4956:"La loi de bioéthique qui encadre l'AMP (ou PMA) - Assistance médicale à la procréation (AMP)" 4538: 4459: 2854: 5898: 5754: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5523: 5476: 5471: 5439: 5259: 2296: 2276: 2089: 662: 308:

starting in the 1950s in research conducted by University of Iowa medical school researchers

293: 115: 4370:"Who's Your Daddy? Defining Paternity Rights in the Context of Free, Private Sperm Donation" 2431:. Artificial insemination of farm animals is condemned by animal rights campaigners such as 6465: 6289: 6181: 6103: 6005: 5944: 5804: 5661: 5585: 5493: 5483: 5279: 5180: 5158: 5042: 4621: 2507: 784:). Values are for intrauterine insemination. (Old data, rates are likely higher these days) 442:

containers. Some donors have their own freezing apparatus to freeze and store their sperm.

407: 31: 3570:"Intrauterine insemination versus fallopian tube sperm perfusion in non-tubal infertility" 2463:

Both spouses or the unmarried woman must consent in advance to artificial insemination or

2279:

in 1899. In 1935, diluted semen from Suffolk sheep was flown from Cambridge in Britain to

2248: 8: 6301: 6252: 6196: 6191: 6116: 6111: 5908: 5819: 5774: 5674: 5533: 5451: 5434: 5399: 5254: 5175: 5135: 4955: 2512: 2324: 2272: 1902: 1897: 1466:{\displaystyle N={\frac {V_{s}\times c\times r_{s}}{n_{r}}}\times {\frac {V_{v}}{V_{v}}}} 135: 4625: 4411: 3321: 3294: 2452:

Criteria for benefiting from artificial insemination according to the 2021 Bioethics Law

6455: 6327: 6294: 6063: 5794: 5689: 5654: 5513: 5362: 5274: 5239: 5120: 5067: 4832: 4800: 4749: 4642: 4609: 4511: 4436: 4272: 4255: 4043: 4018: 3976: 3951: 3871: 3846: 3775: 3750: 3682: 3594: 3569: 3504: 3479: 3455: 3430: 2932: 2610: 2593: 2477:

The 2021 Bioethics Law has expanded the scope of Medically Assisted Procreation (MAP).

2188: 509: 450: 379: 119: 4108: 3630: 2711: 46: 6378: 6088: 6083: 6073: 5873: 5749: 5488: 5429: 5269: 5249: 5244: 4782: 4772: 4753: 4688: 4647: 4546: 4441: 4423: 4277: 4172: 4155: 4112: 4048: 3981: 3932: 3876: 3780: 3686: 3674: 3634: 3599: 3550: 3545: 3528: 3509: 3460: 3411: 3370: 3365: 3348: 3326: 3224: 3219: 3202: 3183: 3178: 3161: 3142: 3106: 3101: 3084: 3062: 3057: 3040: 2987: 2827: 2715: 2615: 2492: 2487: 2440: 2336: 2328: 2172: 1731: 810: 777: 711: 550: 403: 309: 57: 4369: 3388:

Bagis T, Haydardedeoglu B, Kilicdag EB, Cok T, Simsek E, Parlakgumus AH (May 2010).

2126:

Some theologically buttressed arguments reject the moral validity of this practice,

6352: 6257: 6206: 6078: 6068: 6016: 5844: 5456: 5329: 5324: 5218: 4741: 4678: 4637: 4629: 4431: 4267: 4167: 4104: 4038: 4030: 3971: 3963: 3924: 3866: 3858: 3770: 3762: 3666: 3626: 3589: 3581: 3540: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3401: 3360: 3316: 3306: 3214: 3173: 3134: 3096: 3052: 2979: 2707: 2605: 2217: 2204: 2176: 772: 719: 715: 678: 606: 320: 154: 4683: 4666: 3083:

Merviel P, Heraud MH, Grenier N, Lourdel E, Sanguinet P, Copin H (November 2008).

2899: 6383: 6342: 6186: 5893: 5608: 5503: 5372: 5264: 5153: 5102: 5049: 5022: 4596: 3832: 2502: 2464: 2436: 2332: 1962: 1957: 1688:

On the other hand, only 5 million motile sperm may be needed per cycle with IUI (

795: 328: 127: 75: 5027: 3999: 3928: 3751:"Pregnancy success rates for lesbian women undergoing intrauterine insemination" 3585: 2473:

Individuals benefiting from artificial insemination must be of reproductive age.

2290:. He improved breeding efficiency by the use of antibiotics (first proven with 1532:

and may be eliminated. In short, the smaller the vials, the more vials are used)

6470: 6347: 5939: 5854: 5560: 5508: 5206: 3766: 3670: 2537: 2527: 2354: 2312: 2226: 2168: 1794: 1789: 1716: 789: 735: 703: 699: 674: 593: 463: 435: 356: 150: 4786: 3862: 2983: 6460: 6434: 6403: 6306: 5949: 5839: 5628: 5603: 5355: 5196: 5110: 4745: 4427: 2691: 2542: 2420: 2414: 2369:

being the most notable of these, as no artificial insemination is allowed in

2259: 794:

The rates of successful pregnancy for artificial insemination are 10-15% per

578: 431: 368: 173:). Where gametes from a third party are used, the procedure may be known as ' 5043:

The Hastings Center's Bioethics Briefing Book entry on assisted reproduction

3406: 3389: 3293:

Richburg, Caroline E.; Jackson Levin, Nina; Moravek, Molly B. (March 2022).

6337: 6138: 5985: 5565: 5518: 5466: 5424: 5059: 5001:

Detailed description of the different fertility treatment options available

4692: 4651: 4445: 4281: 4116: 4052: 3985: 3936: 3880: 3784: 3678: 3603: 3554: 3513: 3464: 3429:

Ayeleke, RO; Asseler, JD; Cohlen, BJ; Veltman-Verhulst, SM (3 March 2020).

3415: 3374: 3330: 3228: 3187: 3146: 3138: 3110: 3066: 3018:"Immobilization May Improve Pregnancy Rate After Intrauterine Insemination" 2991: 2719: 2619: 2390: 2370: 2155: 1538: 641: 618: 582: 476: 467: 131: 3638: 2831: 806:, unstimulated IUI is no more effective than natural means of conception. 734:

Intratubal insemination (ITI) involves injection of washed sperm into the

6055: 5975: 5570: 5528: 5446: 4066:

Essig, Maria G. (2007-02-20). Van Houten, Susan; Landauer, Tracy (eds.).

3311: 2749:"British man 'fathered 600 children' at own fertility clinic - Telegraph" 2419:

Artificial insemination on animals has been criticised as a violation of

2366: 2236: 2192: 1950: 1945: 927: 756: 475:

motility. When an ovum is released, semen is introduced into the woman's

400:

Some countries have laws which restrict and regulate who can donate sperm

383: 1678:{\displaystyle N={\frac {V_{s}\times f_{c}\times c\times r_{s}}{n_{r}}}} 6357: 6143: 5980: 5498: 5420: 5299: 5094: 2532: 2517: 2428: 2291: 2163: 1938: 1933: 301: 215: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5016:

United States state court rules sperm donor is not liable for children

4633: 3967: 2569:"ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF MARRIED WOMEN (Hansard, 26 February 1958)" 85: 6311: 6121: 5090: 4708:"I trained killer whales at SeaWorld for 12 years. Here's why I quit" 4034: 3701:"Lesbian Fertility Options - Donor Sperm IUI - Reciprocal IVF - LGBT" 2957:"Procedure for intrauterine insemination (IUI) using processed sperm" 2547: 2378: 2307:

Artificial insemination is used in many non-human animals, including

2184: 111: 3428: 2286:

Modern artificial insemination was pioneered by John O. Almquist of

2280: 190: 6362: 5859: 5575: 3200: 3039:

Marshburn PB, Alanis M, Matthews ML, et al. (September 2009).

2398: 2362: 2143: 1806: 1801: 633:

Ovulation induction: using substances known as ovulation inductors.

610: 571: 4771:. Routledge handbooks in applied ethics. New York, NY: Routledge. 4256:"Paternity Law: Sperm Donors, Surrogate Mothers and Child Custody" 1700:

Thus, only 1–3 samples may be needed for a child if used for IUI.

5382: 2402: 2240: 2022: 2017: 2010: 2005: 1974: 1969: 1926: 1921: 1890: 1885: 1878: 1873: 1854: 1849: 1842: 1837: 1830: 1825: 1818: 1813: 1782: 1777: 1770: 1765: 707: 490:

Sperm is occasionally inserted twice within a 'treatment cycle'.

157:

techniques. Artificial insemination techniques available include

4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4154:

Thomas, S.; Chung, K.; Paulson, R.; Bendikson, K. (March 2018).

3913: 926:

is the volume of a sample (ejaculate), usually between 1.0

5888: 5350: 5345: 4664: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 2445: 2316: 2232: 2034: 2029: 1986: 1981: 1914: 1909: 1866: 1861: 1730:

If good records are not kept, the offspring when grown up risk

513: 505: 484: 480: 459: 336: 107: 103: 3387: 2816: 1708:

One of the key issues arising from the rise of dependency on

5934: 5598: 5367: 2347: 2308: 2131: 1998: 1993: 1517:

is the number of motile sperm recommended for use in a cycles

670:

after one failed COH/IUI cycle for women aged over 40 years.

501: 372: 340: 99: 4608:

Lierz M, Reinschmidt M, Müller H, Wink M, Neumann D (2013).

4180: 3480:"Semen preparation techniques for intrauterine insemination" 3292: 2635:"The First Artificial Insemination Was an Ethical Nightmare" 2405:

as being the first orca to receive artificial insemination.

2267:

in 1935 to work at Cambridge Laboratories and South America.

1478:

is how many children a single sample can help giving rise to

1272:

is the number of motile sperm recommended for use in a cycle

940:, approximately 5–20 million per ml but varies substantially 901:{\displaystyle N={\frac {V_{s}\times c\times r_{s}}{n_{r}}}} 4928:

Rosenberg, Gabriel N.; Dutkiewicz, Jan (11 December 2020).

4732:

Rosenberg, Gabriel (October 2017). "How Meat Changed Sex".

4153: 4017:

Bhattacharya S, Harrild K, Mollison J, et al. (2008).

4016: 3082: 2900:"Europe moves towards complete statutory regulation of ART" 2424: 2374: 2358: 2340: 2320: 1528:

is the volume of the vials used (its value does not affect

305: 4607: 4590:

The Jockey Club has never allowed artificial insemination.

3616: 706:, pass through the interstitial part of the tubes and the 4897:"Mercy For Animals: Interview with President Leah Garcés" 4500:. Qld Government Department of Agriculture and Fisheries. 4486:. Qld Government Department of Agriculture and Fisheries. 4412:"Artificial insemination history: hurdles and milestones" 3431:"Intra-uterine insemination for unexplained subfertility" 3123: 2973: 2594:"Artificial insemination history: hurdles and milestones" 139: 3478:

Boomsma, CM; Cohlen, BJ; Farquhar, C (15 October 2019).

5011:

What are the Ethical Considerations for Sperm Donation?

4074:. Reviewed by Martin Gabica and Avery L. Seifert. WebMD 3917:

Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and Human Reproduction

3748: 3159: 3038: 2998: 2263:

Artificial insemination tools brought from the USSR by

292:

The first recorded case of artificial insemination was

51:

Schematic illustration of human artificial insemination

4815:"Why Vegans Are Going On TV to Call Farmers 'Rapists'" 3949: 3346: 2775:"Mary's Babies review — Fertility clinic's dark truth" 2122:

Religious response to assisted reproductive technology

915:

is how many children a single sample can give rise to.

563: 6486:

Ethically disputed business practices towards animals

4923: 4921: 3477: 3240: 3238: 2851:

International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics

2697: 1610: 1384: 1304: 1203: 1102: 1048:

is how many children a single sample can give rise to

987: 951:

is the pregnancy rate per cycle, between 10% and 35%

846: 6046: 4868:. Mercy for Animals. 3 November 2010. Archived from 4390:

U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) (2020).

3526: 2698:

Gregoire, A.; Mayer, R. (1964). "The impregnators".

2082:

Legal Parental Relations and Artificial Insemination

1034:{\displaystyle N={\frac {n_{s}}{n_{c}}}\times r_{s}} 4927: 3847:"Intrauterine Insemination: Fundamentals Revisited" 974:

Derivation of the equation (click at right to view)

438:which assists with freezing, storing and shipping. 394: 4918: 3235: 2159:A man performing artificial insemination of a cow. 2137: 1677: 1465: 1336: 1243: 1142: 1033: 900: 6420:Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction 4409: 3851:The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 2591: 936:is the concentration of motile sperm in a sample 6432: 5038:IntraUterine TuboPeritoneal Insemination (IUTPI) 3798:England, Fertility Centers of New (2011-03-03). 2733:Kara W. Swanson, "The Birth of the Sperm Bank," 2423:, with animal rights advocates equating it with 1495:is the concentration of motile sperm in a sample 1371:is the concentration of motile sperm in a sample 718:where it would be mixed with the peritoneal and 343:or after entering the genital tract through the 315:In the United Kingdom, the British obstetrician 4131:"Intrauterine insemination (IUI) - Mayo Clinic" 3347:Harris, I.; Missmer, S.; Hornstein, M. (2010). 2684:"Letter to the Editor: Artificial Impregnation" 1375:Thus, the factors can be presented as follows: 605:IUI; A promising cycle is one that offers two 404:travel to another jurisdiction which permits it 158: 2179:from horses for use in artificial insemination 693: 6032: 5075: 3800:"Andrology: Sperm Volume & Concentration" 2427:and arguing it constitutes institutionalized 2050:History of Law Around Artificial Insemination 382:and single women—and thus where sperm from a 350: 5089: 1564:). Values are for intrauterine insemination. 1244:{\displaystyle n_{c}={\frac {n_{r}}{n_{s}}}} 1143:{\displaystyle n_{s}={\frac {V_{s}}{V_{v}}}} 776:Approximate pregnancy rate as a function of 516:, usually by means of a needleless syringe. 4253: 3484:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3435:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2433:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals 2110: 2043: 1551:) among infertile couples as a function of 6039: 6025: 5082: 5068: 3844: 3821: 3819: 3246:"What Is Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)?" 3078: 3076: 3015: 2937:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2183:Artificial insemination is used for pets, 2130:. However, according to a document of the 1160:is the number of vials produced per sample 1059:is the number of vials produced per sample 978:In the simplest form, the equation reads: 45: 30:"IUI" redirects here. For other uses, see 4894: 4734:GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 4731: 4682: 4641: 4435: 4271: 4171: 4090: 4088: 4042: 3975: 3870: 3774: 3656: 3593: 3567: 3544: 3503: 3454: 3405: 3364: 3342: 3340: 3320: 3310: 3218: 3177: 3100: 3056: 2772: 2609: 2275:in 1780. Another pioneer was the Russian 2198: 466:connects the interiors of the uterus and 275:Learn how and when to remove this message 4930:"The Meat Industry's Bestiality Problem" 4705: 4330:"Parentage Act - Uniform Law Commission" 2954: 2844: 2258: 2162: 2154: 1537: 771: 562: 449: 126:for humans, and is a common practice in 4862:"Sex and Violence in the Meat Industry" 4769:The Routledge handbook of animal ethics 4766: 4302:"The New Uniform Parentage Act of 2017" 3845:Allahbadia, Gautam N. (December 2017). 3816: 3797: 3073: 2976:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2373:breeding. Other registries such as the 2115: 1354:is the number of motile sperm in a vial 1283:is the number of motile sperm in a vial 821:may not want to spend that extra time. 809:The pregnancy rate also depends on the 27:Pregnancy through in vivo fertilization 14: 6433: 4545:. World Scientific. pp. 121–134. 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4094: 4085: 3337: 2657: 2408: 1703: 1261:is the number of vials used in a cycle 1070:is the number of vials used in a cycle 487:, depending on the method being used. 6020: 5063: 4988:The Artificial Insemination of Cattle 4895:Jarvenpaa, Mikko (23 December 2019). 4405: 4403: 4324: 4322: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4065: 4059: 3652: 3650: 3648: 2950: 2948: 2922: 2746: 2690:: 163–164. April 1909. Archived from 2660:"A Brief History of Donor Conception" 1750: 613:of more than 500 pg/mL on the day of 549:A conception cap, which is a form of 359:whose identity is known or unknown. 5006:A history of artificial insemination 4960:Assistance médicale à la procréation 4536: 4410:Ombelet, W.; Van Robays, J. (2015). 4367: 4299: 3610: 2955:Ginsburg, Elizabeth (June 4, 2018). 2632: 2592:Ombelet, W.; Van Robays, J. (2015). 824: 657:IUI can be used in conjunction with 609:measuring more than 16 mm, and 213:adding citations to reliable sources 184: 5914:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth 4346: 4236: 4000:"Fertility treatments 'no benefit'" 3835:Subject: Infertility FAQ (part 4/4) 3527:Leonidas Mamas, M.D. (March 2006). 2797: 2095: 1337:{\displaystyle n_{s}=V_{v}\times c} 659:controlled ovarian hyperstimulation 145:Artificial insemination may employ 24: 4977: 4416:Facts, Views & Vision in ObGyn 4400: 4319: 4288: 4254:Luetkemeyer, Lisa (June 1, 2015). 3645: 3574:Medical Journal Armed Forces India 2945: 2876:"Egg Donation (for the recipient)" 2598:Facts, Views & Vision in ObGyn 2235:may be induced through the use of 753:British Pregnancy Advisory Service 745: 98:is the deliberate introduction of 25: 6497: 6222:Preimplantation genetic diagnosis 4994: 4833:"Is your food a product of rape?" 4801:"Is Your Food a Product of Rape?" 767: 331:fathering hundreds of offspring. 166: 6476:Assisted reproductive technology 6202:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection 6177:Autologous endometrial coculture 6048:Assisted reproductive technology 5919:Postpartum physiological changes 5619:Postpartum physiological changes 5144:Assisted reproductive technology 4706:Hargrove, John (22 March 2016). 4567:"Equine Artificial Insemination" 4518:. London. 16 May 1936. p. 3 4173:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.02.102 3804:Fertility Centers of New England 3546:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.08.025 3366:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.02.040 3220:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.06.031 3179:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.04.044 3102:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.09.058 3058:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.07.972 2925:in vitro fertilization technique 2523:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection 2331:animals generally, zoo animals, 2150: 2028: 2016: 2004: 1992: 1980: 1968: 1956: 1944: 1932: 1920: 1908: 1896: 1884: 1872: 1860: 1848: 1836: 1824: 1812: 1800: 1788: 1776: 1764: 1710:assisted reproductive technology 1588:) may be added to the equation: 640:Luteal phase support: a lack of 495: 456:human female reproductive system 395:Barriers for patients and donors 189: 147:assisted reproductive technology 5971:Adaptation to extrauterine life 4990:(Cambridge, Heffer, 1947, 61pp) 4948: 4888: 4854: 4825: 4807: 4793: 4760: 4725: 4699: 4658: 4601: 4583: 4559: 4530: 4504: 4490: 4476: 4460:"Pigs | The Vegetarian Society" 4452: 4384: 4147: 4123: 4010: 3992: 3943: 3907: 3896: 3887: 3838: 3791: 3742: 3717: 3693: 3561: 3520: 3471: 3422: 3381: 3286: 3260: 3194: 3153: 3117: 3032: 3009: 2967: 2916: 2892: 2868: 2810: 2798:Cox, Lauren (3 February 2010). 2773:Hitchings, Henry (2019-03-26). 2138:Other morality-based opposition 1737: 1506:is the pregnancy rate per cycle 1365:is the volume of the vials used 1182:is the volume of the vials used 1081:is the pregnancy rate per cycle 558: 430:Sperm can be provided fresh or 413: 327:in the 1930s, with her husband 200:needs additional citations for 110:for the purpose of achieving a 6285:Gamete intrafallopian transfer 6232:Zygote intrafallopian transfer 5614:Maternal physiological changes 5028:UK Sperm Donors Lose Anonymity 4512:"Experiment in Sheep Breeding" 3496:10.1002/14651858.CD004507.pub4 3447:10.1002/14651858.CD001838.pub6 3272:American Pregnancy Association 2845:Robinson, Sarah (2010-06-24). 2791: 2766: 2740: 2727: 2676: 2651: 2633:Yuko, Elizabeth (2016-01-08). 2626: 2585: 2561: 740:gamete intrafallopian transfer 13: 1: 6389:Genetic diagnosis of intersex 6217:Partner-assisted reproduction 5169:partner-assisted reproduction 4684:10.1095/biolreprod.104.027961 4498:"Collecting semen from boars" 4374:William & Mary Law Review 4368:Gill, Lauren (1 April 2013). 4109:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00208-3 4097:Social Science & Medicine 3705:Southern California Fertility 3631:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)55671-4 3568:Shekhawat, G.S. (July 2012). 2747:Smith, Rebecca (2016-08-10). 2712:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)35476-0 2554: 2288:Pennsylvania State University 1542:Approximate live birth rate ( 813:, or, more specifically, the 729: 677:during ovulation. However, a 445: 4232:Rainbow Europe Country Index 2658:Kramer, Wendy (2016-05-10). 2254: 458:. The cervix is part of the 345:ostium of the fallopian tube 7: 6227:Transvaginal ovum retrieval 5405:Traditional birth attendant 4595:September 20, 2008, at the 4571:www.equine-reproduction.com 3929:10.1016/j.jogoh.2017.09.005 3729:Obstetrics & Gynecology 3586:10.1016/j.mjafi.2012.02.013 2480: 1093:can be further split into: 694:Intrauterine tuboperitoneal 630:desired amount of hormones. 623:randomized controlled trial 10: 6502: 5637:Brain health and pollution 5033:AI technique in the equine 3767:10.1016/j.xfre.2021.04.007 3725:"LGBTQ Fertility Services" 3671:10.1016/j.midw.2023.103656 2820:Acta Europaea Fertilitatis 2412: 2302: 2202: 2119: 938:after freezing and thawing 835:intracervical insemination 787: 780:(may be twice as large as 544:intravaginal insemination' 542:sometimes referred to as ' 351:Patients and gamete donors 287: 159:intracervical insemination 29: 6412: 6394:Religious response to ART 6371: 6320: 6240: 6159: 6102: 6054: 5998: 5963: 5927: 5881: 5872: 5850:Chorionic villus sampling 5832: 5627: 5584: 5553: 5546: 5413: 5338: 5307: 5298: 5232: 5202:Obstetric ultrasonography 5189: 5134: 5126:Pre-conception counseling 5101: 4543:Wolf Prize in Agriculture 3863:10.1007/s13224-017-1060-x 2984:10.1002/14651858.CD000317 2737:71 (Summer 2012), 241–76. 2335:and creatures as tiny as 2191:, and animals in zoos or 1573:intrauterine insemination 1489:is the volume of a sample 1171:is the volume of a sample 722:. IUTPI can be useful in 617:administration. However, 319:founded one of the first 224:"Artificial insemination" 180: 167:intrauterine insemination 82: 68: 56: 44: 39: 18:Intrauterine insemination 6212:Ovarian hyperstimulation 5740:Intrahepatic cholestasis 4746:10.1215/10642684-4157487 2389:Scientists working with 2195:difficult to transport. 2111:Opposition and criticism 2044:Law in the United States 1553:total motile sperm count 964:total motile sperm count 815:total motile sperm count 782:total motile sperm count 683:ovarian hyperstimulation 6451:Reproduction in mammals 6441:Artificial insemination 6248:Artificial insemination 6094:Male infertility crisis 5810:Motor vehicle emissions 5671:Concomitant conditions 5645:environmental toxicants 5388:Auxiliary nurse midwife 5149:artificial insemination 5116:Natural family planning 4803:. PETA. September 2016. 4671:Biology of Reproduction 4160:Fertility and Sterility 3533:Fertility and Sterility 3353:Fertility and Sterility 3020:. Medscape Medical News 3005:European Sperm Bank USA 2700:Fertility and Sterility 2128:such as Pope John XXIII 1577:centrifugation fraction 804:unexplained infertility 724:unexplained infertility 710:, finally reaching the 96:Artificial insemination 40:Artificial insemination 6399:Mitochondrial donation 6333:Donor Sibling Registry 6172:Assisted zona hatching 6161:In vitro fertilisation 5904:Postpartum confinement 5164:in vitro fertilisation 4839:. PETA. September 2016 3139:10.1089/lgbt.2018.0151 2923:Adams, Robert (1988). 2498:Donor conceived people 2268: 2199:Reasons and techniques 2180: 2160: 1679: 1565: 1467: 1338: 1245: 1144: 1035: 902: 785: 686:expectant management. 681:of insemination after 668:in vitro fertilization 567: 471: 421:basal body temperature 5899:Postpartum depression 5780:Pruritic folliculitis 5524:Unassisted childbirth 4767:Fischer, Bob (2019). 3407:10.1093/humrep/deq112 2297:Wolf Foundation Prize 2262: 2166: 2158: 2090:Uniform Parentage Act 1680: 1541: 1468: 1339: 1246: 1145: 1036: 903: 775: 663:advanced maternal age 566: 453: 380:lesbian relationships 175:assisted insemination 116:in vivo fertilization 6290:Reproductive surgery 6182:Cytoplasmic transfer 6112:Estrogen antagonists 6104:Fertility medication 6006:Gravidity and parity 5986:Congenital disorders 5945:Lactation consultant 5815:Pre-existing disease 5494:Childbirth positions 5484:Rupture of membranes 5181:Unintended pregnancy 5159:fertility medication 3312:10.3390/women2010005 3268:"Donor Insemination" 3248:. Planned Parenthood 2508:Ex-situ conservation 2144:eugenicist practices 2116:Religious opposition 1608: 1382: 1302: 1201: 1100: 985: 844: 408:natural insemination 371:, or thick cervical 209:improve this article 118:by means other than 32:IUI (disambiguation) 6302:Selective reduction 6253:Ovulation induction 6197:In vitro maturation 6192:Gestational carrier 6117:aromatase inhibitor 5909:Sex after pregnancy 5716:Endocrine diseases 5662:Prenatal depression 5534:Placental expulsion 5452:Uterine contraction 5435:cervical effacement 5176:Fertility awareness 4866:MercyforAnimals.org 4626:2013NatSR...3E2066L 4537:Chet, Ilan (2009). 4484:"Inseminating sows" 4334:www.uniformlaws.org 4306:www.americanbar.org 4300:Pedersen, Jamie D. 2513:Frozen bovine semen 2409:Violation of rights 2401:trainer, describes 2273:Lazzaro Spallanzani 1704:Social implications 1295:may be split into: 1194:may be split into: 819:factor in fertility 312:and Raymond Bunge. 298:William H. Pancoast 136:frozen bovine semen 124:fertility treatment 6446:Fertility medicine 6328:Donor registration 6295:Vasectomy reversal 5685:Hypercoagulability 5514:Natural childbirth 5363:Postterm pregnancy 5121:Male contraceptive 5048:2016-08-06 at the 5021:2007-10-13 at the 4821:. 6 February 2018. 4539:"John O. Almquist" 4464:Vegetarian Society 4135:www.mayoclinic.org 3962:(oct29 1): b4080. 3831:2018-10-01 at the 2779:www.standard.co.uk 2355:breeding of horses 2339:and as massive as 2269: 2218:Semen is collected 2189:endangered species 2181: 2161: 1751:Legal restrictions 1675: 1566: 1463: 1334: 1241: 1140: 1031: 898: 786: 568: 510:sexual intercourse 472: 325:donor insemination 120:sexual intercourse 6428: 6427: 6379:Accidental incest 6089:Fertility tourism 6084:Fertility testing 6014: 6013: 5999:Obstetric history 5994: 5993: 5955:Confinement nanny 5868: 5867: 5735:Acute fatty liver 5542: 5541: 5430:cervical dilation 4901:Sentientmedia.org 4778:978-1-13-809506-9 4634:10.1038/srep02066 4552:978-981-283-585-7 4260:Missouri Medicine 3968:10.1136/bmj.b4080 2688:The Medical World 2573:api.parliament.uk 2493:Conception device 2488:Accidental incest 2441:Mercy for Animals 2343:(killer whales). 2249:Prostaglandin F2α 2173:artificial vagina 2063:Johnson v Calvert 1732:accidental incest 1673: 1461: 1434: 1239: 1138: 1016: 896: 825:Samples per child 811:total sperm count 778:total sperm count 712:peritoneal cavity 596:. For the man, a 551:conception device 321:fertility clinics 310:Jerome K. Sherman 304:was developed in 285: 284: 277: 259: 93: 92: 16:(Redirected from 6493: 6353:Semen collection 6258:Cryopreservation 6207:Oocyte selection 6079:Fertility clinic 6041: 6034: 6027: 6018: 6017: 5879: 5878: 5845:Cardiotocography 5551: 5550: 5457:Vaginal delivery 5330:Nesting instinct 5305: 5304: 5290:Rudimentary horn 5219:Prenatal testing 5084: 5077: 5070: 5061: 5060: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4934:The New Republic 4925: 4916: 4915: 4910: 4908: 4903:. Sentient Media 4892: 4886: 4885: 4879: 4877: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4844: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4686: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4645: 4605: 4599: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4439: 4407: 4398: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4365: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4326: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4297: 4286: 4285: 4275: 4251: 4234: 4229: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4103:(9): 1837–1851. 4092: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4079: 4068:"Semen Analysis" 4063: 4057: 4056: 4046: 4035:10.1136/bmj.a716 4014: 4008: 4007: 4006:. 7 August 2008. 3996: 3990: 3989: 3979: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3911: 3905: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3874: 3842: 3836: 3823: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3778: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3736: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3654: 3643: 3642: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3597: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3548: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3507: 3490:(11): CD004507. 3475: 3469: 3468: 3458: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3409: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3368: 3344: 3335: 3334: 3324: 3314: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3242: 3233: 3232: 3222: 3213:(4): 1034–1040. 3198: 3192: 3191: 3181: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3104: 3080: 3071: 3070: 3060: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3016:Laurie Barclay. 3013: 3007: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2952: 2943: 2942: 2936: 2928: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2886: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2862: 2853:. Archived from 2842: 2836: 2835: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2785: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2760: 2751:. Archived from 2744: 2738: 2731: 2725: 2723: 2695: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2670: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2645: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2613: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2579: 2565: 2205:Captive breeding 2177:semen collection 2097:Paternity rights 2067:Matter of Baby M 2033: 2032: 2021: 2020: 2009: 2008: 1997: 1996: 1985: 1984: 1973: 1972: 1961: 1960: 1949: 1948: 1937: 1936: 1925: 1924: 1913: 1912: 1901: 1900: 1889: 1888: 1877: 1876: 1865: 1864: 1853: 1852: 1841: 1840: 1829: 1828: 1817: 1816: 1805: 1804: 1793: 1792: 1781: 1780: 1769: 1768: 1725:infertility belt 1684: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1671: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1642: 1641: 1629: 1628: 1618: 1472: 1470: 1469: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1459: 1450: 1449: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1432: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1403: 1402: 1392: 1343: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1327: 1326: 1314: 1313: 1250: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1238: 1237: 1228: 1227: 1218: 1213: 1212: 1149: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1136: 1127: 1126: 1117: 1112: 1111: 1040: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1029: 1017: 1015: 1014: 1005: 1004: 995: 907: 905: 904: 899: 897: 895: 894: 885: 884: 883: 865: 864: 854: 720:follicular fluid 716:Pouch of Douglas 679:randomized trial 425:stimulated cycle 406:. Compared with 280: 273: 269: 266: 260: 258: 217: 193: 185: 155:animal husbandry 102:into a female's 86:edit on Wikidata 78: 49: 37: 36: 21: 6501: 6500: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6424: 6408: 6384:Fertility fraud 6367: 6316: 6236: 6187:Embryo transfer 6164: 6155: 6098: 6050: 6045: 6015: 6010: 5990: 5959: 5923: 5894:Postpartum care 5864: 5828: 5731:Liver diseases 5725:Thyroid disease 5623: 5609:Gestational age 5580: 5538: 5504:Labor induction 5409: 5400:Perinatal nurse 5373:Birth attendant 5334: 5294: 5228: 5224:Medical imaging 5185: 5154:fertility fraud 5130: 5097: 5088: 5050:Wayback Machine 5023:Wayback Machine 4997: 4980: 4978:Further reading 4975: 4974: 4965: 4963: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4939: 4937: 4926: 4919: 4906: 4904: 4893: 4889: 4875: 4873: 4872:on 31 July 2021 4860: 4859: 4855: 4842: 4840: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4779: 4765: 4761: 4730: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4704: 4700: 4663: 4659: 4606: 4602: 4597:Wayback Machine 4588: 4584: 4575: 4573: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4553: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4516:Daily Telegraph 4510: 4509: 4505: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4468: 4466: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4408: 4401: 4389: 4385: 4366: 4347: 4338: 4336: 4328: 4327: 4320: 4310: 4308: 4298: 4289: 4252: 4237: 4230: 4181: 4152: 4148: 4139: 4137: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4093: 4086: 4077: 4075: 4064: 4060: 4015: 4011: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3948: 3944: 3923:(10): 747–751. 3912: 3908: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3843: 3839: 3833:Wayback Machine 3826:Utrecht CS News 3824: 3817: 3808: 3806: 3796: 3792: 3755:F&S Reports 3747: 3743: 3734: 3732: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3709: 3707: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3655: 3646: 3615: 3611: 3566: 3562: 3525: 3521: 3476: 3472: 3441:(3): CD001838. 3427: 3423: 3386: 3382: 3345: 3338: 3291: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3274:. 25 April 2012 3266: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3244: 3243: 3236: 3199: 3195: 3158: 3154: 3122: 3118: 3081: 3074: 3037: 3033: 3023: 3021: 3014: 3010: 3003: 2999: 2978:(2): CD000317. 2972: 2968: 2953: 2946: 2930: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2908: 2906: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2884: 2882: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2860: 2858: 2843: 2839: 2815: 2811: 2796: 2792: 2783: 2781: 2771: 2767: 2758: 2756: 2745: 2741: 2735:Annals of Iowa, 2732: 2728: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2668: 2666: 2656: 2652: 2643: 2641: 2631: 2627: 2590: 2586: 2577: 2575: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2503:Embryo transfer 2483: 2465:embryo transfer 2454: 2437:Joey Carbstrong 2417: 2411: 2305: 2257: 2207: 2201: 2153: 2140: 2124: 2118: 2113: 2100: 2046: 2039: 2027: 2015: 2003: 1991: 1979: 1967: 1963:North Macedonia 1955: 1943: 1931: 1919: 1907: 1895: 1883: 1871: 1859: 1847: 1835: 1823: 1811: 1799: 1787: 1775: 1763: 1753: 1740: 1706: 1696: 1667: 1663: 1656: 1652: 1637: 1633: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1617: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1599: 1587: 1563: 1550: 1536: 1535: 1527: 1516: 1505: 1488: 1455: 1451: 1445: 1441: 1439: 1428: 1424: 1417: 1413: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1391: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1364: 1353: 1322: 1318: 1309: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1282: 1271: 1260: 1233: 1229: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1208: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1181: 1170: 1159: 1132: 1128: 1122: 1118: 1116: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1080: 1069: 1058: 1025: 1021: 1010: 1006: 1000: 996: 994: 986: 983: 982: 979: 975: 961: 950: 930:and 6.5 mL 925: 890: 886: 879: 875: 860: 856: 855: 853: 845: 842: 841: 827: 796:menstrual cycle 792: 770: 748: 746:LGBTQ+ concerns 732: 700:fallopian tubes 696: 594:pregnancy rates 561: 498: 448: 416: 397: 353: 329:Bertold Wiesner 290: 281: 270: 264: 261: 218: 216: 206: 194: 183: 128:animal breeding 89: 74: 52: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6499: 6489: 6488: 6483: 6481:Theriogenology 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6416: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6375: 6373: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6324: 6322: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6287: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6273:ovarian tissue 6270: 6265: 6255: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6168: 6166: 6165:and expansions 6157: 6156: 6154: 6153: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6119: 6108: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6060: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6044: 6043: 6036: 6029: 6021: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6008: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5940:Health visitor 5937: 5931: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5885: 5883: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5855:Nonstress test 5852: 5847: 5842: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5771:Skin diseases 5769: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5639: 5633: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5590: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5561:Amniotic fluid 5557: 5555: 5548: 5544: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5509:Multiple birth 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5348: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5315:Bradley method 5311: 5309: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5207:Pregnancy test 5204: 5199: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5140: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5107: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5087: 5086: 5079: 5072: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5052: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4996: 4995:External links 4993: 4992: 4991: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4947: 4917: 4887: 4853: 4824: 4806: 4792: 4777: 4759: 4740:(4): 473–507. 4724: 4698: 4677:(2): 650–660. 4657: 4600: 4582: 4558: 4551: 4529: 4503: 4489: 4475: 4451: 4422:(2): 137–143. 4399: 4396:www.usccb.org. 4383: 4345: 4318: 4287: 4266:(3): 162–165. 4235: 4179: 4166:(3): e53–e54. 4146: 4122: 4084: 4058: 4009: 3991: 3942: 3906: 3895: 3886: 3857:(6): 385–392. 3837: 3815: 3790: 3761:(3): 275–281. 3741: 3716: 3692: 3644: 3619:Fertil. Steril 3609: 3580:(3): 226–230. 3560: 3539:(3): 735–740. 3519: 3470: 3421: 3400:(7): 1684–90. 3380: 3359:(1): 144–148. 3336: 3285: 3259: 3234: 3207:Fertil. Steril 3193: 3172:(3): 1065–71. 3166:Fertil. Steril 3152: 3116: 3089:Fertil. Steril 3072: 3045:Fertil. Steril 3031: 3008: 2997: 2966: 2944: 2927:. Monterey CA. 2915: 2891: 2867: 2837: 2809: 2790: 2765: 2739: 2726: 2694:on 2012-07-24. 2675: 2650: 2625: 2604:(2): 137–143. 2584: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2538:Sperm donation 2535: 2530: 2528:Semen extender 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2461: 2453: 2450: 2413:Main article: 2410: 2407: 2304: 2301: 2265:Luis Thomasset 2256: 2253: 2200: 2197: 2171:with built-in 2169:breeding mount 2152: 2149: 2139: 2136: 2120:Main article: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2099: 2094: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2025: 2013: 2001: 1989: 1977: 1965: 1953: 1941: 1929: 1917: 1905: 1893: 1881: 1869: 1857: 1845: 1833: 1821: 1809: 1797: 1785: 1773: 1760: 1752: 1749: 1739: 1736: 1717:medicalization 1705: 1702: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1670: 1666: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1616: 1613: 1602: 1601: 1595: 1583: 1559: 1546: 1534: 1533: 1523: 1518: 1512: 1507: 1501: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1479: 1473: 1458: 1454: 1448: 1444: 1438: 1431: 1427: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1390: 1387: 1373: 1372: 1366: 1360: 1355: 1349: 1344: 1333: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1290: 1285: 1284: 1278: 1273: 1267: 1262: 1256: 1251: 1236: 1232: 1226: 1222: 1216: 1211: 1207: 1189: 1184: 1183: 1177: 1172: 1166: 1161: 1155: 1150: 1135: 1131: 1125: 1121: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1088: 1083: 1082: 1076: 1071: 1065: 1060: 1054: 1049: 1042: 1041: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1013: 1009: 1003: 999: 993: 990: 977: 976: 973: 972: 968: 967: 957: 952: 946: 941: 931: 921: 916: 909: 908: 893: 889: 882: 878: 874: 871: 868: 863: 859: 852: 849: 826: 823: 790:Pregnancy rate 788:Main article: 769: 768:Pregnancy rate 766: 747: 744: 736:fallopian tube 731: 728: 704:uterine cavity 695: 692: 675:fertile window 647: 646: 638: 634: 631: 579:prostaglandins 560: 557: 497: 494: 464:cervical canal 447: 444: 436:semen extender 415: 412: 396: 393: 352: 349: 289: 286: 283: 282: 265:September 2017 197: 195: 188: 182: 179: 151:sperm donation 108:uterine cavity 91: 90: 83: 80: 79: 72: 66: 65: 60: 54: 53: 50: 42: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6498: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6411: 6405: 6404:Sex selection 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6307:Sex selection 6305: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241:Other methods 6239: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6140: 6139:Gonadotropins 6137: 6135: 6134:GnRH agonists 6132: 6130: 6127: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6042: 6037: 6035: 6030: 6028: 6023: 6022: 6019: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5950:Monthly nurse 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5840:Amniocentesis 5838: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5800:Vaginal flora 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5690:Substance use 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5604:Fundal height 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5356:Preterm birth 5354: 5353: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5320:Hypnobirthing 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5197:3D ultrasound 5195: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5111:Birth control 5109: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5080: 5078: 5073: 5071: 5066: 5065: 5062: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4989: 4985: 4984:Hammond, John 4982: 4981: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4922: 4914: 4902: 4898: 4891: 4884: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4850: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4802: 4796: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4586: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4554: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4499: 4493: 4485: 4479: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4406: 4404: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4323: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4233: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4136: 4132: 4126: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4089: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3910: 3904: 3899: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3822: 3820: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3625:(2): 339–42. 3624: 3620: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3341: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3247: 3241: 3239: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3079: 3077: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3019: 3012: 3006: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2949: 2940: 2934: 2926: 2919: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2881: 2880:Yale Medicine 2877: 2871: 2857:on 2012-11-04 2856: 2852: 2848: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2755:on 2016-08-10 2754: 2750: 2743: 2736: 2730: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2679: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2640: 2636: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2560: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2543:Sperm sorting 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2449: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2421:animal rights 2416: 2415:Animal rights 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2395:John Hargrove 2392: 2391:captive orcas 2387: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2300: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2261: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2157: 2151:Other animals 2148: 2145: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2123: 2108: 2104: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1748: 1744: 1735: 1733: 1728: 1726: 1721: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1668: 1664: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1614: 1611: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1456: 1452: 1446: 1442: 1436: 1429: 1425: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1388: 1385: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1331: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1281: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1252: 1234: 1230: 1224: 1220: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1151: 1133: 1129: 1123: 1119: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1011: 1007: 1001: 997: 991: 988: 981: 980: 971: 965: 960: 956: 953: 949: 945: 942: 939: 935: 932: 929: 924: 920: 917: 914: 911: 910: 891: 887: 880: 876: 872: 869: 866: 861: 857: 850: 847: 840: 839: 838: 836: 831: 822: 820: 816: 812: 807: 805: 799: 797: 791: 783: 779: 774: 765: 761: 758: 754: 743: 741: 737: 727: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 691: 687: 684: 680: 676: 671: 669: 664: 660: 655: 651: 643: 639: 635: 632: 628: 627: 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 602: 599: 595: 589: 586: 584: 580: 575: 573: 565: 556: 554: 552: 547: 545: 539: 536: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 515: 511: 507: 503: 496:Intracervical 493: 491: 488: 486: 482: 478: 469: 465: 461: 457: 452: 443: 439: 437: 433: 428: 426: 422: 411: 409: 405: 401: 392: 390: 385: 381: 376: 374: 370: 369:endometriosis 366: 360: 358: 348: 346: 342: 338: 332: 330: 326: 322: 318: 313: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 279: 276: 268: 257: 254: 250: 247: 243: 240: 236: 233: 229: 226: – 225: 221: 220:Find sources: 214: 210: 204: 203: 198:This section 196: 192: 187: 186: 178: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 143: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 87: 81: 77: 73: 71: 67: 64: 61: 59: 55: 48: 43: 38: 33: 19: 6338:Egg donation 6247: 5680:Hypertension 5667:Immunization 5650:in pregnancy 5566:Amniotic sac 5519:Silent birth 5462:Presentation 5425:Bishop score 5395:Obstetrician 5285:Interstitial 5212:home testing 5148: 4987: 4964:. Retrieved 4959: 4950: 4938:. Retrieved 4933: 4912: 4905:. Retrieved 4900: 4890: 4881: 4874:. Retrieved 4870:the original 4865: 4856: 4848: 4841:. Retrieved 4836: 4827: 4818: 4809: 4795: 4768: 4762: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4715:. Retrieved 4711: 4701: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4617: 4613: 4603: 4585: 4574:. Retrieved 4570: 4561: 4542: 4532: 4520:. Retrieved 4515: 4506: 4492: 4478: 4467:. Retrieved 4463: 4454: 4419: 4415: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4373: 4337:. Retrieved 4333: 4309:. Retrieved 4305: 4263: 4259: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4138:. Retrieved 4134: 4125: 4100: 4096: 4076:. Retrieved 4071: 4061: 4026: 4022: 4012: 4003: 3994: 3959: 3955: 3945: 3920: 3916: 3909: 3898: 3889: 3854: 3850: 3840: 3807:. Retrieved 3803: 3793: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3733:. Retrieved 3731:. 2018-12-18 3728: 3719: 3708:. Retrieved 3704: 3695: 3662: 3658: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3536: 3532: 3522: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3397: 3393: 3383: 3356: 3352: 3305:(1): 44–55. 3302: 3298: 3288: 3276:. 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