218:
234:
226:
560:
51:
179:
thickened. This makes it more difficult for oxygen to pass into the bloodstream. The disease presents itself with the following symptoms: shortness of breath, nonproductive coughing, fatigue, and weight loss, which tend to develop slowly, over several months. The average rate of survival for someone with this disease is between three and five years. The term ILD is used to distinguish these diseases from
545:
614:
are four types of histopathologic patterns seen in ILD: usual interstitial pneumonia, non-specific interstitial pneumonia, organizing pneumonia, and diffuse alveolar damage. There is significant overlap of the histopathological and radiologic features of each ILD type making diagnosis challenging; even with lung biopsy, 15% of cases of ILD cannot be classified.
2254:
King, Talmadge E.; Bradford, Williamson Z.; Castro-Bernardini, Socorro; Fagan, Elizabeth A.; Glaspole, Ian; Glassberg, Marilyn K.; Gorina, Eduard; Hopkins, Peter M.; Kardatzke, David; Lancaster, Lisa; Lederer, David J.; Nathan, Steven D.; Pereira, Carlos A.; Sahn, Steven A.; Sussman, Robert; Swigris,
178:
tissues. It may occur when an injury to the lungs triggers an abnormal healing response. Ordinarily, the body generates just the right amount of tissue to repair damage, but in interstitial lung disease, the repair process is disrupted, and the tissue around the air sacs (alveoli) becomes scarred and
1200:
is an option if the ILD progresses despite therapy in appropriately selected patients with no other contraindications. Life expectancy after lung transplant is 5.2 years in those with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) and 6.7 years in those with other types
613:
transbronchial cryobiopsy, in which a camera is introduced into the airways followed by rapid freezing of an area of lung tissue prior to biopsy is associated a lower complication rate and a much lower mortality rate compared to VATS or surgical biopsy with near comparable diagnostic accuracy. There
574:
Diagnosis of ILD involves assessing the signs and symptoms as well as a detailed history investigating occupational exposures. ILD usually presents with dyspnea, worsening exercise intolerance and 30-50% of those with ILD have a chronic cough. On examination, velcro crackles, in which the crackles
1292:
The median survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is 3-3.5 years. In those who receive a lung transplant, the medial survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is 5.2 years, as compared to 6.7 years in those with other types of ILD. ILD is associated with a 3-fold increased risk of lung cancer.
201:
is interstitial lung disease for which no obvious cause can be identified (idiopathic) and is associated with typical findings both radiographic (basal and pleural-based fibrosis with honeycombing) and pathologic (temporally and spatially heterogeneous fibrosis, histopathologic honeycombing, and
1039:
For some types of paediatric ILDs and few forms adult ILDs, genetic causes have been identified. These may be identified by blood tests. For a limited number of cases, this is a definite advantage, as a precise molecular diagnosis can be done; frequently then there is no need for a lung biopsy.
658:
of the chest is the preferred modality and differs from routine CT of the chest. Conventional (regular) CT chest examines 7–10 mm slices obtained at 10 mm intervals; high resolution CT examines 1–1.5 mm slices at 10 mm intervals using a high-spatial-frequency reconstruction
1217:
have been shown to slow the decline in lung function (as measured by forced vital capacity ) in those with ILD compared to placebo. Pirfenidone was associated with a 45% less decline in FVC at 52 weeks compared to placebo in a trial involving people with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and was
2077:
Hayes D, Jr; Wilson, KC; Krivchenia, K; Hawkins, SMM; Balfour-Lynn, IM; Gozal, D; Panitch, HB; Splaingard, ML; Rhein, LM; Kurland, G; Abman, SH; Hoffman, TM; Carroll, CL; Cataletto, ME; Tumin, D; Oren, E; Martin, RJ; Baker, J; Porta, GR; Kaley, D; Gettys, A; Deterding, RR (1 February 2019).
594:, CT scans of the chest have supplanted lung biopsy as the preferred diagnostic test for ILD. A thoracic CT scan is 91% sensitive and 71% specific for ILD. In higher income countries, less than 10% of people with ILD undergo a lung biopsy as part of the diagnostic evaluation.
587:) indicating reduced alveolar to blood capillary transport. Pulmonary function testing is indicated for all people with ILD and the FVC loss and DLCO is prognostic, with an FVC loss of greater than 5% per year associated with a poor prognosis in fibrosis subtypes of ILD.
1930:
1158:
ILD is not a single disease but encompasses many different pathological processes, hence treatment is different for each disease. If a specific occupational exposure cause is found, the person should avoid that environment. If a
275:
is the term given to ILDs with an unknown cause. They represent the majority of cases of interstitial lung diseases (up to two-thirds of cases). They were subclassified by the
American Thoracic Society in 2002 into 7 subgroups:
640:
As disease progression increases and the lungs become stiffer lung volumes will continue to decrease; lower TLC, RV, FVC and FEV1 scores are associated with a more severe disease progression and poorer prognosis.
1887:
Troy, Lauren K; Grainge, Christopher; Corte, Tamera J (February 2020). "Diagnostic accuracy of transbronchial lung cryobiopsy for interstitial lung disease diagnosis (COLDICE): a prospective, comparative study".
637:(total lung capacity), RV (residual volume), FVC (forced vital capacity) and FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in one second). As both FVC and FEV1 are reduced, the FVC to FEV1 ratio remains normal or is increased.
2359:
2344:
1367:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1315:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1218:
associated with a slower FVC decline in those with progressive pulmonary fibrosis. Nintedanib was also associated with a slower FVC decline and increased mean survival in people with ILD.
3556:
1174:
at home is recommended in those with significantly low oxygen levels. Oxygen therapy in ILD is associated with improvements in quality of life but reductions in mortality are uncertain.
659:
algorithm. The HRCT therefore provides approximately 10 times more resolution than the conventional CT chest, allowing the HRCT to elicit details that cannot otherwise be visualized.
1714:"Exploring Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Interstitial Lung Diseases: Rationale, Aims, and Design of a Nationwide Prospective Registry—The EXCITING-ILD Registry"
304:
1276:
are indicated in all those with ILD. Short acting opiates are known to improve breathlessness symptoms in those with end stage lung disease. The opiate agonist-antagonist
652:
is usually the first test to detect interstitial lung diseases, but the chest radiograph can be normal in up to 10% of patients, especially early in the disease process.
2854:
1838:
662:
Radiologic appearance alone, however, is not adequate and should be interpreted in the clinical context, keeping in mind the temporal profile of the disease process.
1712:
Kreuter, Michael; Herth, Felix J. F.; Wacker, Margarethe; Leidl, Reiner; Hellmann, Andreas; Pfeifer, Michael; Behr, JĂĽrgen; Witt, Sabine; Kauschka, Dagmar (2015).
1534:
Bush A, Cunningham S, de Blic J, Barbato A, Clement A, Epaud R, Hengst M, Kiper N, Nicholson AG, Wetzke M, Snijders D, Schwerk N, Griese M (November 2015).
1185:
appears to be useful with the benefits being sustainable longer term with improvements in exercise capacity (as measured by a six minute walking test),
2003:
2473:
1237:
all showed improved lung function (as measured by % predicted FVC) compared to placebo in systemic sclerosis or scleroderma associated ILD.
3318:
449:
1225:
has a benefit in scleroderma associated ILD by helping to preserve lung function (as measured by FVC) at 48 weeks. The immunomodulators
1852:
Cottin, Vincent (November 2016). "Lung biopsy in interstitial lung disease: balancing the risk of surgery and diagnostic uncertainty".
3073:
1450:
3097:
2869:
1108:
17:
1252:
secondary to interstitial lung disease and is associated with improved exercise capacity as measured by a 6-minute walk test.
2844:
2443:
2255:
Jeffrey J.; Noble, Paul W. (29 May 2014). "A Phase 3 Trial of
Pirfenidone in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis".
606:
3530:
3313:
3068:
2466:
655:
516:
286:
187:
3323:
3119:
298:
3520:
3300:
2800:
2495:
2490:
272:
245:
310:
3264:
316:
3535:
3001:
2459:
708:
1457:
3109:
280:
249:
198:
3308:
3259:
3092:
3030:
2423:
2007:
1791:"Smoking-related interstitial fibrosis (SRIF) in patients presenting with diffuse parenchymal lung disease"
1414:
King TE (August 2005). "Clinical advances in the diagnosis and therapy of the interstitial lung diseases".
548:
475:
415:
353:
292:
241:
180:
601:
may be required if the clinical history and imaging are not clearly suggestive of a specific diagnosis or
3269:
492:
217:
3455:
623:
504:
50:
3328:
2953:
2652:
2553:
2080:"Home Oxygen Therapy for Children. An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline"
1536:"European protocols for the diagnosis and initial treatment of interstitial lung disease in children"
3104:
2932:
2917:
2910:
2815:
2776:
2723:
2701:
2659:
2587:
2394:
1182:
630:
580:
464:
3083:
1839:"Dr. Daniele Macchini, Treating COVID-19 Patients in Bergamo, Italy, Describes Horrible Situation"
1312:
3561:
3232:
2874:
2790:
2665:
576:
373:
78:
1763:
3358:
3211:
3172:
3087:
3040:
2739:
2582:
1249:
264:
ILD may be classified as to whether its cause is not known (idiopathic) or known (secondary).
2620:
2592:
1230:
486:
441:
206:
3237:
3189:
3177:
2991:
2949:
2548:
1261:
1197:
348:
171:
2849:
8:
3505:
3472:
3218:
3167:
2795:
2615:
2482:
2363:
1186:
634:
591:
551:
can present with interstitial lung disease, as seen in the reticular markings on this AP
333:
137:
1284:
are also known to improve coughing in those with ILD and other end stage lung diseases.
510:
313:(COP): also known by the older name bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP)
3363:
3228:
3184:
3016:
2937:
2864:
2734:
2384:
2368:
2161:
2128:
2104:
2079:
2054:
2029:
1815:
1790:
1740:
1713:
1689:
1664:
1511:
1476:
1439:
1391:
1366:
1339:
1314:
564:
470:
358:
194:
153:
145:
2388:
2380:
2372:
1901:
1382:
1330:
3485:
2729:
2558:
2519:
2451:
2307:
2272:
2236:
2201:
2166:
2148:
2109:
2059:
1985:
1905:
1869:
1820:
1745:
1694:
1645:
1567:
1516:
1498:
1431:
1396:
1344:
1313:
GBD 2015 Disease and Injury
Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (8 October 2016).
167:
66:
2376:
1443:
1364:
339:
Connective tissue related disease represents approximately 25% of all cases of ILD.
3428:
3421:
3285:
3206:
3045:
2981:
2830:
2299:
2264:
2228:
2193:
2156:
2144:
2140:
2099:
2091:
2049:
2041:
1975:
1897:
1861:
1810:
1802:
1735:
1725:
1684:
1676:
1637:
1557:
1547:
1506:
1488:
1423:
1386:
1378:
1334:
1326:
1245:
1226:
452:
is an example of a type of interstitial lung disease known to be caused by smoking.
233:
1552:
1535:
1260:
Those with ILD should stop smoking cigarettes if they smoke. Vaccinations against
3450:
3402:
3290:
3241:
3162:
3078:
2886:
2399:
2030:"Radio-pathological correlation of organizing pneumonia (OP): a pictorial review"
368:
2127:
Dowman, Leona; Hill, Catherine J.; May, Anthony; Holland, Anne E. (2021-02-01).
1865:
418:(extrinsic allergic alveolitis), representing approximately 15% of cases of ILD.
3388:
3050:
2961:
2881:
2691:
2686:
2197:
2095:
1171:
665:
Interstitial lung diseases can be classified according to radiologic patterns.
626:. These tests are useful in diagnosis and determining severity of the disease.
381:
2353:
2232:
2219:
Whelan TP (March 2012). "Lung transplantation for interstitial lung disease".
1427:
810:
Honeycomb lung caused by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) or other diseases
629:
Although there is large diversity in interstitial lung disease, most follow a
3550:
3480:
3194:
2905:
2152:
1680:
1502:
1265:
175:
3417:
3370:
2755:
2707:
2576:
2438:
2311:
2276:
2240:
2205:
2170:
2113:
2063:
1989:
1909:
1873:
1824:
1806:
1749:
1698:
1649:
1641:
1571:
1562:
1520:
1435:
1400:
1348:
1241:
610:
480:
436:
363:
253:
141:
2303:
2268:
1931:"Approach to the adult with interstitial lung disease: Diagnostic testing"
1730:
590:
A chest x-ray is 63% sensitive and 93% specific for ILD. With advances in
3515:
3462:
3445:
3440:
3393:
3348:
3199:
3147:
3114:
2986:
2715:
2647:
2610:
2565:
2500:
2045:
1269:
1222:
1210:
649:
598:
552:
402:
343:
193:
Thirty to 40% of those with interstitial lung disease eventually develop
163:
71:
2336:
2290:
Hassoun, Paul M. (16 December 2021). "Pulmonary
Arterial Hypertension".
1493:
3435:
3035:
3021:
2996:
2971:
2966:
2900:
2771:
2747:
2696:
2570:
2535:
2510:
1980:
1963:
1628:
Maher, Toby M. (22 April 2024). "Interstitial Lung
Disease: A Review".
1365:
GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death
Collaborators (8 October 2016).
1277:
1214:
1160:
937:
Pulmonary fibrosis associated with connective tissue diseases (ILD-CTD)
918:
568:
430:
397:
237:
156:
3510:
3142:
3011:
3006:
2976:
2527:
1234:
511:
Childhood interstitial lung disease and ILD predominately in children
392:
160:
575:
compare to the sound of velcro being unfastened, are common in ILD.
328:
Secondary ILDs are those diseases with a known etiology, including:
3525:
3410:
2810:
2543:
2418:
1789:
Vehar SJ, Yadav R, Mukhopadhyay S, Nathani A, Tolle LB (Dec 2022).
1281:
1273:
225:
2253:
2027:
924:
Respiratory broncholitis associated with interstitial lung disease
283:(IPF): the most common subgroup, representing more than 30% of ILD
190:. The acronym ChILD is sometimes used for this group of diseases.
2763:
2639:
559:
257:
59:
622:
Most patients with suspected ILD are likely to undergo complete
609:(VATS) biopsy is associated with a mortality rate up to 1-2%. A
209:, affected 1.9 million people. They resulted in 122,000 deaths.
27:
Diseases of the space or tissue between the alveoli of the lungs
2860:
2673:
2602:
2348:
602:
533:
2076:
1964:"Diagnostic approach to the patient with diffuse lung disease"
1138:
Mutations in the regulator of telomere elongation helicase 1 (
851:
Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease
544:
305:
Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease
58:
End-stage pulmonary fibrosis of unknown origin, taken from an
2681:
1788:
1477:"Role of pirfenidone in the management of pulmonary fibrosis"
1072:
1060:
1051:
1043:
605:
cannot otherwise be ruled out. Surgical lung biopsy or via a
248:(a type of interstitial lung disease) and usually represents
1533:
1458:"Frequently Asked Questions About Interstitial Lung Disease"
331:
3557:
Respiratory diseases principally affecting the interstitium
2630:
2028:
Zare
Mehrjardi M, Kahkouee S, Pourabdollah M (March 2017).
1124:
1081:
584:
407:
Industrial printing chemicals (e.g. carbon black, ink mist)
149:
2186:
American
Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
2184:
Kotloff RM, Thabut G (July 2011). "Lung transplantation".
2084:
American
Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
1962:
Ryu JH, Olson EJ, Midthun DE, Swensen SJ (November 2002).
1756:
1416:
American
Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
221:
Interstitial lung disease affects gas flow in the alveoli
2129:"Pulmonary rehabilitation for interstitial lung disease"
1996:
1088:
Congenital pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (mutations in
1711:
739:
Connective tissue-associated interstitial lung diseases
2481:
1961:
1163:
cause is suspected, that drug should be discontinued.
583:
with decreased diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (
379:
644:
2326:
2126:
522:
2177:
1929:
1665:"Interstitial lung disease: progress and problems"
1475:Meyer, Keith C; Decker, Catherine A (2017-04-03).
527:Growth abnormalities and deficient alveolarisation
205:In 2015, interstitial lung disease, together with
1100:
3548:
2212:
1886:
1116:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1122:Mutations in telomerase reverse transcriptase (
633:. Restrictive defects are defined by decreased
186:There are specific types in children, known as
1058:Surfactant protein C deficiency (mutations in
1049:Surfactant protein B deficiency (mutations in
197:which has a median survival of 2.5-3.5 years.
2467:
2183:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
617:
2283:
1942:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1308:
1306:
1145:Mutations in poly(A)-specific ribonuclease (
450:Smoking-related interstitial fibrosis (SRIF)
2133:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1845:
1656:
1527:
1474:
1407:
1360:
1358:
1248:analogue) is indicated in the treatment of
1177:
1106:Alveolar capillary dysplasia (mutations in
2474:
2460:
1244:(a synthetic prostacyclin which acts as a
1079:Brain–lung–thyroid syndrome (Mutations in
1044:ILDs related to alveolar surfactant region
49:
3074:Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema
2247:
2160:
2103:
2053:
1979:
1928:King, Talmadge E Jr (February 27, 2023).
1880:
1814:
1739:
1729:
1688:
1578:
1561:
1551:
1510:
1492:
1481:Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
1390:
1338:
1303:
534:ILD related to alveolar surfactant region
295:(AIP): also known as Hamman-Rich syndrome
244:(UIP). UIP is the most common pattern of
1355:
558:
543:
232:
224:
216:
3098:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
2289:
2006:. Northwestern Medicine. Archived from
1192:
1131:Mutations in telomerase RNA component (
909:Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis
804:Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis
668:
99:Months – years, depending on cause/type
91:Months – years, depending on cause/type
44:Diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD)
14:
3549:
2218:
1851:
1795:American Journal of Clinical Pathology
1662:
976:
433:(e.g., nitrofurantoin and sulfa drugs)
2455:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1627:
188:children's interstitial lung diseases
1927:
1768:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1462:University of Chicago Medical Center
1413:
607:video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery
530:Infant conditions of undefined cause
3531:Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis
854:Desquamative interstitial pneumonia
517:Childhood interstitial lung disease
287:Desquamative interstitial pneumonia
24:
3120:Vaping-associated pulmonary injury
2483:Diseases of the respiratory system
1916:
1255:
1034:
1030:Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia
848:Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia
807:Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis
645:X-ray and CT (computed tomography)
299:Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia
144:(the tissue) and space around the
25:
3573:
2322:
1166:
273:Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia
246:idiopathic interstitial pneumonia
2034:The British Journal of Radiology
972:Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia
948:Central predominance (perihilar)
892:Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease
702:Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia
691:Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia
311:Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia
130:diffuse parenchymal lung disease
2292:New England Journal of Medicine
2257:New England Journal of Medicine
2120:
2070:
2021:
1890:The Lancet Respiratory Medicine
1831:
1782:
898:
523:Diffuse developmental disorders
424:
317:Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia
3536:Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
2145:10.1002/14651858.CD006322.pub4
1705:
1468:
1204:
1101:Diffuse developmental disorder
982:Pleural effusion or thickening
969:Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia
886:Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
860:Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
709:Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
699:Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia
13:
1:
3110:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
2004:"What Is Pulmonary Fibrosis?"
1902:10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30342-X
1718:BioMed Research International
1553:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207349
1383:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1
1331:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
1296:
1117:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
966:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
934:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
825:Alveolar hemorrhage syndromes
736:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
720:Linear or reticular opacities
705:Lymphoproliferative disorders
682:Alveolar hemorrhage syndromes
498:
281:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
267:
250:idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
199:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
3093:Respiratory hypersensitivity
3031:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
1854:European Respiratory Journal
1764:"Interstitial Lung Diseases"
1669:Postgraduate Medical Journal
1287:
1153:
840:Acute interstitial pneumonia
834:Acute inhalational exposures
831:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
774:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
766:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
748:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
688:Acute interstitial pneumonia
685:Acute eosinophilic pneumonia
563:A chest X-ray demonstrating
539:
476:Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
458:
416:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
354:Systemic lupus erythematosus
323:
293:Acute interstitial pneumonia
242:usual interstitial pneumonia
181:obstructive airways diseases
7:
3002:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis
1866:10.1183/13993003.01633-2016
1024:Lymphangitic carcinomatosis
996:Lymphangitic carcinomatosis
921:-related pulmonary fibrosis
915:Coal workers pneumoconiosis
883:Lymphangitic carcinomatosis
783:Coal workers pneumoconiosis
505:Lymphangitic carcinomatosis
493:Respiratory syncytial virus
10:
3578:
2855:Acute exacerbation of COPD
2198:10.1164/rccm.201101-0134CI
2096:10.1164/rccm.201812-2276ST
1005:Drug-induced lung diseases
990:Connective tissue diseases
857:Drug-induced lung diseases
837:Drug-induced lung diseases
624:pulmonary function testing
618:Pulmonary function testing
514:
3498:
3471:
3401:
3387:
3341:
3299:
3278:
3252:
3155:
3141:
3132:
3061:
2946:
2926:
2809:
2789:
2629:
2509:
2489:
2409:
2330:
2233:10.1016/j.ccm.2011.12.003
2221:Clinics in Chest Medicine
1974:(11): 1221–7, quiz 1227.
1663:Bourke SJ (August 2006).
1428:10.1164/rccm.200503-483OE
1189:, and quality of life.
1070:deficiency (mutations in
1040:Testing is available for
786:Respiratory bronchiolitis
751:Drug-induced lung disease
212:
122:Interstitial lung disease
111:
103:
95:
87:
77:
65:
57:
48:
40:
36:Interstitial lung disease
35:
2918:Diffuse panbronchiolitis
2911:Bronchiolitis obliterans
2777:Laryngotracheal stenosis
2724:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
2702:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
2660:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
2588:Nasal septum perforation
1681:10.1136/pgmj.2006.046417
1240:The inhaled vasodilator
1183:Pulmonary rehabilitation
1178:Pulmonary rehabilitation
1002:Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
867:Thickened alveolar septa
577:Pulmonary function tests
465:Coronavirus disease 2019
2666:Retropharyngeal abscess
1968:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
961:Peripheral predominance
929:Lower lung predominance
904:Upper lung predominance
789:Alveolar microlithiasis
374:Antisynthetase syndrome
3359:Pulmonary hypertension
3088:Eosinophilic pneumonia
2740:Vocal cord dysfunction
2583:Nasal septum deviation
1642:10.1001/jama.2024.3669
1250:pulmonary hypertension
817:Ground glass opacities
571:
556:
549:Pneumocystis pneumonia
437:Chemotherapeutic drugs
332:Connective tissue and
261:
230:
222:
18:Interstitial pneumonia
3486:Mediastinal emphysema
3265:Healthcare-associated
3195:Legionnaires' disease
2621:Peritonsillar abscess
2593:Nasal septal hematoma
2304:10.1056/NEJMra2000348
2269:10.1056/NEJMoa1402582
1231:mycophenolate mofetil
562:
547:
487:Chlamydia trachomatis
442:Antiarrhythmic agents
236:
228:
220:
207:pulmonary sarcoidosis
3233:Mendelson's syndrome
3105:Hamman–Rich syndrome
2046:10.1259/bjr.20160723
1807:10.1093/ajcp/aqac144
1377:(10053): 1459–1544.
1325:(10053): 1545–1602.
1221:The immunomodulator
1198:Lung transplantation
1193:Lung transplantation
669:Pattern of opacities
380:Inhaled substances (
349:Rheumatoid arthritis
202:fibroblastic foci).
138:respiratory diseases
3506:Respiratory failure
3473:Mediastinal disease
3041:Bird fancier's lung
2616:Adenoid hypertrophy
1770:. 23 September 2020
1731:10.1155/2015/123876
1494:10.2147/TCRM.S81141
977:Associated findings
631:restrictive pattern
592:computed tomography
334:autoimmune diseases
83:Respiratory failure
3411:Pleuritis/pleurisy
3364:Pulmonary embolism
3260:Community-acquired
3185:Atypical bacterial
3084:Löffler's syndrome
2865:Status asthmaticus
2850:Chronic bronchitis
2735:Vocal fold paresis
2549:Vasomotor rhinitis
2410:External resources
2040:(1071): 20160723.
1981:10.4065/77.11.1221
1209:The antifibrotics
943:Chronic aspiration
656:High-resolution CT
581:restrictive defect
572:
565:pulmonary fibrosis
557:
471:Atypical pneumonia
446:Cigarette smoking
359:Systemic sclerosis
262:
231:
223:
195:pulmonary fibrosis
148:(air sacs) of the
107:1.9 million (2015)
3544:
3543:
3494:
3493:
3451:Empyema/pyothorax
3383:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3337:
3336:
3270:Hospital-acquired
3128:
3127:
2992:Caplan's syndrome
2785:
2784:
2730:Vocal fold nodule
2554:Atrophic rhinitis
2433:
2432:
2298:(25): 2361–2376.
2263:(22): 2083–2092.
1636:(19): 1655–1665.
650:Chest radiography
168:basement membrane
136:), is a group of
119:
118:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3569:
3429:Pleural effusion
3422:Hemopneumothorax
3399:
3398:
3153:
3152:
3139:
3138:
2982:Bauxite fibrosis
2947:External agents/
2944:
2943:
2875:Exercise-induced
2831:Acute bronchitis
2807:
2806:
2507:
2506:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2328:
2327:
2316:
2315:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1959:
1940:
1939:
1936:www.uptodate.com
1933:
1925:
1914:
1913:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1860:(5): 1274–1277.
1849:
1843:
1842:
1841:. 11 March 2020.
1835:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1743:
1733:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1625:
1576:
1575:
1565:
1555:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1514:
1496:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1394:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1342:
1310:
1246:prostaglandin I2
1227:cyclophosphamide
796:Cystic airspaces
53:
33:
32:
21:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3490:
3467:
3403:Pleural disease
3392:
3375:
3333:
3295:
3279:By distribution
3274:
3253:By vector/route
3248:
3146:
3134:
3124:
3079:Pulmonary edema
3057:
2952:
2948:
2935:
2931:
2922:
2887:Cystic fibrosis
2814:
2798:
2794:
2781:
2625:
2499:
2493:
2485:
2480:
2449:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2405:
2404:
2339:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2288:
2284:
2252:
2248:
2217:
2213:
2182:
2178:
2139:(2): CD006322.
2125:
2121:
2075:
2071:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1960:
1943:
1926:
1917:
1885:
1881:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1710:
1706:
1661:
1657:
1626:
1579:
1546:(11): 1078–84.
1532:
1528:
1473:
1469:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1412:
1408:
1363:
1356:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1290:
1258:
1256:Supportive care
1207:
1195:
1180:
1169:
1156:
1119:
1103:
1046:
1037:
1035:Genetic testing
1010:Lymphadenopathy
987:Pulmonary edema
979:
901:
875:Pulmonary edema
828:Pulmonary edema
728:Pulmonary edema
671:
647:
620:
579:usually show a
542:
519:
513:
501:
461:
427:
386:
369:Dermatomyositis
337:
326:
270:
215:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3575:
3565:
3564:
3562:Lung disorders
3559:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3414:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3396:
3389:Pleural cavity
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3235:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3165:
3159:
3157:
3150:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3090:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3051:Lycoperdonosis
3048:
3043:
3038:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2962:Pneumoconiosis
2958:
2956:
2941:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2903:
2898:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2882:Bronchiectasis
2879:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2858:
2852:
2842:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2804:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2751:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2694:
2692:Laryngeal cyst
2689:
2687:Laryngomalacia
2684:
2679:
2677:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2515:
2513:
2504:
2487:
2486:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2456:
2447:
2446:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2391:
2356:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:Classification
2324:
2323:External links
2321:
2318:
2317:
2282:
2246:
2211:
2176:
2119:
2069:
2020:
1995:
1941:
1915:
1896:(2): 171–181.
1879:
1844:
1830:
1801:(2): 146–157.
1781:
1755:
1704:
1675:(970): 494–9.
1655:
1577:
1526:
1467:
1449:
1406:
1354:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1257:
1254:
1206:
1203:
1194:
1191:
1179:
1176:
1172:Oxygen therapy
1168:
1167:Oxygen therapy
1165:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1086:
1077:
1065:
1056:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
984:
983:
978:
975:
974:
973:
970:
967:
963:
962:
958:
957:
954:
950:
949:
945:
944:
941:
938:
935:
931:
930:
926:
925:
922:
916:
913:
910:
906:
905:
900:
897:
896:
895:
894:
893:
890:
887:
884:
878:
877:
876:
869:
868:
864:
863:
862:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
843:
842:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
819:
818:
814:
813:
812:
811:
808:
805:
798:
797:
793:
792:
791:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
769:
768:
767:
760:
759:
755:
754:
753:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
731:
730:
729:
722:
721:
717:
716:
715:
714:
711:
706:
703:
700:
694:
693:
692:
689:
686:
683:
676:
675:
670:
667:
646:
643:
619:
616:
541:
538:
537:
536:
531:
528:
525:
515:Main article:
512:
509:
508:
507:
500:
497:
496:
495:
490:
483:
478:
473:
468:
460:
457:
456:
455:
454:
453:
444:
439:
434:
426:
423:
422:
421:
420:
419:
410:
409:
408:
405:
400:
395:
385:
382:pneumoconiosis
378:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
336:
330:
325:
322:
321:
320:
314:
308:
302:
296:
290:
284:
269:
266:
214:
211:
152:. It concerns
140:affecting the
117:
116:
115:122,000 (2015)
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
81:
75:
74:
69:
63:
62:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3574:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:Other/general
3497:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3481:Mediastinitis
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3224:noninfectious
3222:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3133:Obstructive /
3131:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3046:Farmer's lung
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2906:Bronchiolitis
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2227:(1): 179–89.
2226:
2222:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2192:(2): 159–71.
2191:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2090:(3): e5–e23.
2089:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2010:on 2014-02-26
2009:
2005:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1751:
1747:
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758:Small nodules
757:
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611:bronchoscopic
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254:H&E stain
251:
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239:
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227:
219:
210:
208:
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200:
196:
191:
189:
184:
182:
177:
176:perilymphatic
173:
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147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
80:
79:Complications
76:
73:
70:
68:
64:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
3418:Pneumothorax
3371:Lung abscess
3353:
3223:
3212:Pneumocystis
3173:Pneumococcal
2954:lung disease
2950:occupational
2928:Interstitial
2927:
2893:
2837:
2823:
2796:lung disease
2762:
2756:Epiglottitis
2746:
2714:
2708:Laryngospasm
2672:
2653:Strep throat
2638:
2601:
2577:nasal septum
2575:
2534:
2518:
2448:
2437:
2417:
2393:
2358:
2343:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2087:
2083:
2072:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2012:. Retrieved
2008:the original
1998:
1971:
1967:
1935:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1833:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1767:
1758:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1633:
1629:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1374:
1370:
1322:
1318:
1291:
1262:pneumococcus
1259:
1242:treprostinil
1239:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1181:
1170:
1157:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1123:
1107:
1093:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1050:
1038:
899:Distribution
664:
661:
654:
648:
639:
628:
621:
596:
589:
573:
485:
481:Tuberculosis
425:Drug-induced
364:Polymyositis
338:
327:
271:
263:
204:
192:
185:
172:perivascular
159:, pulmonary
142:interstitium
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:
3516:Common cold
3463:Fibrothorax
3446:Chylothorax
3441:Hydrothorax
3394:mediastinum
3354:circulatory
3349:Atelectasis
3156:By pathogen
3148:pneumonitis
3135:Restrictive
3115:Sarcoidosis
2987:Berylliosis
2933:restrictive
2894:unspecified
2816:obstructive
2799:(including
2716:vocal cords
2648:Pharyngitis
2611:Tonsillitis
2566:Nasal polyp
2501:common cold
2494:(including
1487:: 427–437.
1223:tocilizumab
1211:pirfenidone
1205:Medications
1021:Berylliosis
1015:Sarcoidosis
956:Berylliosis
953:Sarcoidosis
889:Sarcoidosis
777:Sarcoidosis
745:Sarcoidosis
713:Sarcoidosis
599:lung biopsy
553:chest x-ray
431:Antibiotics
403:Berylliosis
344:Sarcoidosis
229:The alveoli
164:endothelium
88:Usual onset
72:Pulmonology
41:Other names
3551:Categories
3436:Hemothorax
3238:Aspiration
3200:Chlamydiae
3190:Mycoplasma
3178:Klebsiella
3036:Bagassosis
3022:Byssinosis
2997:Chalicosis
2972:Asbestosis
2967:Aluminosis
2901:Bronchitis
2772:Tracheitis
2748:epiglottis
2697:Laryngitis
2571:Rhinorrhea
2014:2014-02-22
1724:: 123876.
1538:. review.
1297:References
1278:nalbuphine
1215:nintedanib
993:Asbestosis
940:Asbestosis
919:Carmustine
742:Asbestosis
603:malignancy
569:amiodarone
499:Malignancy
467:(COVID-19)
398:Asbestosis
389:Inorganic
268:Idiopathic
238:Micrograph
157:epithelium
3511:Influenza
3456:Malignant
3219:Parasitic
3168:Bacterial
3143:Pneumonia
3012:Silicosis
3007:Siderosis
2977:Baritosis
2811:Bronchial
2559:Hay fever
2528:Sinusitis
2153:1469-493X
1503:1176-6336
1288:Prognosis
1274:influenza
1235:rituximab
1154:Treatment
1018:Silicosis
912:Silicosis
880:Chronic:
845:Chronic:
801:Chronic:
780:Silicosis
771:Chronic:
733:Chronic:
696:Chronic:
540:Diagnosis
459:Infection
393:Silicosis
324:Secondary
260:specimen.
161:capillary
104:Frequency
67:Specialty
3526:COVID-19
3319:BOOP-COP
3286:Broncho-
3229:Chemical
3017:Talcosis
2938:fibrosis
2791:Lower RT
2544:Rhinitis
2491:Upper RT
2419:Orphanet
2312:34910865
2277:24836312
2241:22365254
2206:21471083
2171:34559419
2114:30707039
2064:28106480
1990:12440558
1910:31578168
1874:27799381
1825:36495281
1750:26640781
1699:16891438
1650:38648021
1572:26135832
1521:28435277
1444:29591585
1436:15879420
1401:27733281
1349:27733282
1282:morphine
1266:Covid-19
1201:of ILD.
1027:Lymphoma
999:Lymphoma
412:Organic
307:(RB-ILD)
154:alveolar
96:Duration
2838:chronic
2764:trachea
2640:pharynx
2520:sinuses
2400:D017563
2162:8094410
2105:6802853
2055:5601538
1816:9891418
1774:27 July
1741:4657073
1690:2585700
1512:5388201
1392:5388903
1340:5055577
1187:dyspnea
1092:and/or
872:Acute:
822:Acute:
763:Acute:
725:Acute:
679:Acute:
567:due to
258:Autopsy
146:alveoli
60:autopsy
3207:Fungal
2861:Asthma
2674:larynx
2603:tonsil
2444:CHORUS
2424:182095
2385:714.81
2369:518.89
2310:
2275:
2239:
2204:
2169:
2159:
2151:
2112:
2102:
2062:
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1540:Thorax
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1434:
1399:
1389:
1371:Lancet
1347:
1337:
1319:Lancet
1094:CSFR2B
1090:CSFR2A
301:(NSIP)
213:Causes
170:, and
128:), or
112:Deaths
3342:Other
3291:Lobar
3242:Lipid
3163:Viral
3062:Other
2824:acute
2801:LRTIs
2726:(LPR)
2704:(LPR)
2682:Croup
2662:(LPR)
2496:URTIs
2439:00736
2389:770.7
2381:516.3
2373:508.1
2354:J84.9
1440:S2CID
1140:RTEL1
1109:FoxF1
1073:ABCA3
1068:ABCA3
1061:SFTPC
1052:SFTPB
319:(LIP)
289:(DIP)
150:lungs
3521:SARS
3324:NSIP
3069:ARDS
2870:AERD
2845:COPD
2631:Neck
2536:nose
2511:Head
2395:MeSH
2364:9-CM
2308:PMID
2273:PMID
2237:PMID
2202:PMID
2167:PMID
2149:ISSN
2137:2021
2110:PMID
2060:PMID
1986:PMID
1906:PMID
1870:PMID
1821:PMID
1776:2021
1746:PMID
1722:2015
1695:PMID
1646:PMID
1630:JAMA
1568:PMID
1517:PMID
1499:ISSN
1432:PMID
1397:PMID
1345:PMID
1280:and
1272:and
1233:and
1213:and
1161:drug
1147:PARN
1133:TERC
1125:TERT
1082:TTF1
585:DLCO
174:and
134:DPLD
3314:DIP
3309:UIP
3301:IIP
2442:at
2377:515
2360:ICD
2345:ICD
2300:doi
2296:385
2265:doi
2261:370
2229:doi
2194:doi
2190:184
2157:PMC
2141:doi
2100:PMC
2092:doi
2088:199
2050:PMC
2042:doi
1976:doi
1898:doi
1862:doi
1811:PMC
1803:doi
1799:159
1736:PMC
1726:doi
1685:PMC
1677:doi
1638:doi
1634:331
1558:hdl
1548:doi
1507:PMC
1489:doi
1424:doi
1420:172
1387:PMC
1379:doi
1375:388
1335:PMC
1327:doi
1323:388
1270:RSV
635:TLC
240:of
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