2996:
Williamson (2016) used PPP exchange rates and
Broadberry (2003) used growth rates using own-country price indices. However, none of them is somehow better than the others (or theoretically justifiable). There is a high probability that these three methods will give three different answers, and, in fact, Brunt and Fidalgo (2018) showed in their paper that "these three approaches do give three different answers when estimating output levels and growth rates in the US and UK â and they are not only different to one another, but also different to a comparison using the (more theoretically justifiable) chained GK prices." Even though it is more theoretically justifiable, it does not mean it should be used without considering every aspect of this method.
2816:
situation in the country and decide whether to provide additional loans (or any other investments) to said country, or not. It also offers some comparison of purchasing power parities all around the world (developing countries tend to have higher PPPs). Some traders even use Geary-Khamis method to determine if country's currency is undervalued or overvalued. Exchange rates are frequently used for comparing currencies, however, this approach does not reflect real value of currency in said country. It is better to include PPP or prices of goods in said country. International dollar solves this by taking into account exchange rates, PPP and average commodity prices. Geary-Khamis method is the best method for comparisons of agricultural outputs.
3008:
structure. Brunt and
Fidalgo (2018) show examples of Ireland (which has really similar price structure to the international) and South Africa (which has really different price structure to the international). So, when using domestic and international price indices, Ireland's growth rates move in very similar direction, but when domestic and international prices are applied to South Africa, they, in fact, move in opposite directions. It is worth noting, that bigger countries tend to have a price index that moves more similarly to the international price index. It is simply because bigger countries have a bigger weight in creation of this index.
3000:
international prices, which we could use for valid cross-country comparisons. Comparing GDP levels across countries using their own prices converted at the nominal exchange rate has no value whatsoever. This approach is quite arbitrary because the exchange rate is determined simply by the supply and demand for currency and these metrics are greatly dependent on the volumes of trade balances. It makes little (or no) sense to value all goods (both traded and non-traded at the nominal exchange rate, especially since the absolute volumes of trades may be small compared to total output in both countries.
3004:
another problem. What should we choose to be in the basket? Brunt and
Fidalgo (2018) use examples of an English basket in 1775 and Chinese basket in 1775. While the English one would have a lot of wheat, the Chinese one would have a lot of rice. Wheat was quite affordable in England and rice was quite affordable in China, however, if we switch these goods, they both would be relatively expensive. This nicely illustrates how choice of the content of the basket will influence the comparison. Simply by using English basket, China would seem like an expensive place to live and vice versa.
3048:
3034:
2925:
25:
3020:
2830:
2871:
2491:
2166:
national and international prices in the participating countries weighted by expenditure. International prices and PPPs are defined by a system of interrelated linear equations that need to be solved simultaneously. The GK method produces PPPs that are transitive and actual final expenditures that are additive.
3003:
Economists therefore create PPP exchange rates, deriving the exchange rate by valuing a basket of goods in the two countries at two sets of prices (and expressing them as a ratio afterwards). This allows us to see how much it actually costs to live in said country. Although with this approach emerges
2806:
The numerator of the equation represents the total value of output in j-th country expressed in national currency, and the denominator is the value of j-th country output evaluated by repricing at international prices Pi in international dollars. Then PPPj gives the number of national currency units
2496:
This equation implies that the international price of i-th commodity is calculated by dividing the total output of i-th commodity in all selected countries, converted in international dollars, using purchasing power parities, by the total quantity produced of i-th commodity. Previous equation can be
2174:
When comparing between countries and between years, the international dollar figures may be adjusted to compensate for inflation. In that case, the base year is chosen, and all figures will be expressed in constant international dollars for that specified base year. Researchers must understand which
2205:
Suppose PPPj is the parity of j-th currency with a currency called international dollars, which may reflect any currency, however, US dollar is the most commonly used. Then the international price Pi is defined as an international average of prices of i-th commodity in various countries. Prices in
2165:
This system is valuing the matrix of quantities using the international prices vector. The vector is obtained by averaging the national prices in the participating countries after their conversion into a common currency with PPP and weighing quantities. PPPs are obtained by averaging the shares of
2995:
Economists and historians use many methods when they want to research economic development in the past. For example, if we take the United States of
America and United Kingdom (these two examples were compared many times in various researches), someone may use nominal exchange rates, Lindert and
3007:
Geary-Khamis tries to solve this by estimating a weighted average price of each commodity using the shares of countries in world production to weight the country prices. Another problem emerges when researchers compare countries which have different price structure than the international price
2815:
Geary-Khamis international dollar is widely used by foreign investors and institutions such as IMF, FAO and World Bank. It has become so widely used because it made possible to compare living standards between countries. Thanks to the international dollar they can see more trustworthy economic
2999:
For example, Maddison (2001) used the 1990 international dollar when he examined prices during the time of Christ. Ideally, we would use a price benchmark which is significantly closer to the time of Christ. However, there are no such benchmarks. Another problem is that there is no set of
2206:
these countries are expressed in their national currencies. Geary-Khamis method solves this by using national prices after conversion into a common currency using the purchasing power parities (PPP). Hence, the international price, Pi of i-th commodity is defined as:
2212:
2652:
194:(PPP) of currencies and the international average prices of commodities. It shows how much a local currency unit is worth within the country's borders. It is used to make comparisons both between countries and over time. For example, comparing per capita
2801:
213:
Figures expressed in international dollars cannot be converted to another country's currency using current market exchange rates; instead they must be converted using the country's PPP exchange rate used in the study.
2657:
This equation suggests that Pi is weighted average of international prices pij after conversion into international dollars using PPPj. PPPj is by Geary-Khamis system defined through this equation:
2486:{\displaystyle p_{i}={\frac {\left(p_{i1}q_{i1}/{\rm {PPP}}_{1}\right)+\left(p_{i2}q_{i2}/{\rm {PPP}}_{2}\right)+\cdots +\left(p_{iM}q_{iM}/{\rm {PPP}}_{M}\right)}{q_{i1}+q_{i2}+\cdots +q_{iM}}}}
2196:
Inflation adjustments (in which case, figures have been adjusted, based on changes in an inflation index such as the consumer price index, to represent currency for a "base" year, such as 2000).
2503:
2663:
179:
of various countries and markets. The year 1990 or 2000 is often used as a benchmark year for comparisons that run through time. The unit is often abbreviated, e.g.
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3253:
Deaton, A., Heston, A., (2009) Understanding PPPs and PPP-based national accounts https://www.princeton.edu/~deaton/downloads/deaton_heston_complete_nov10.pdf
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FAO Geary-Khamis statistical yearbook http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ess/documents/publications_studies/statistical_yearbook/gearyKhamis.pdf
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Cuthbert, J., R., Cuthbert, M., (1988) On aggregation methods of purchasing power parities, OECD https://www.oecd.org/economy/outlook/2002058.pdf
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616:
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Brunt, L., Fidalgo, A., (2018) Why 1990 international Geary-Khamis dollars cannot be a foundation for reliable long run comparisons of GDP
198:(GDP) of various countries in international dollars, rather than based simply on exchange rates, provides a more valid measure to compare
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2193:
Purchasing power parity adjustments and/or average commodity prices (in which case, figures are typically expressed as
International $ )
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89:
1896:
61:
3931:
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42:
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68:
626:
222:
According to IMF, below is the implied PPP rate of
International dollar to local currency of respective countries in 2022:
556:
3258:
Schmidt, M., International Dollar, Geary-Khamis Dollar https://www.business-case-analysis.com/international-dollar.html
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75:
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2647:{\displaystyle p_{i}=\sum _{j=1}^{M}{\left(p_{ij}/{\rm {PPP}}_{j}\right){\frac {q_{ij}}{\sum _{j=1}^{M}q_{ij}}}}}
2036:
57:
3142:
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276:
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3237:
3169:"Why 1990 International Geary-Khamis Dollars Cannot Be a Foundation for Reliable Long Run Comparisons of GDP"
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Currency exchange rate adjustments (In which case, figures will be expressed in one currency unit (typically
716:
3234:
Annex II â Methods of
Aggregation. Statistical definition at the UN United Nations Statistics Division. 2007
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2796:{\displaystyle {\rm {PPP}}_{j}={\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{N}{p_{ij}q_{ij}}}{\sum _{i=1}^{N}{p_{i}q_{ij}}}}}
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35:
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1446:
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176:
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906:
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164:
8:
3824:
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1926:
1866:
1786:
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3875:
3698:
3039:
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Population adjustments (In which case, figures represent per capita monies)
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167:
had in the United States at a given point in time. It is mainly used in
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2949: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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24:
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3092:"International Dollar Geary-Khamis Defined, Examples Explained"
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may be in need of reorganization to comply with
Knowledge's
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Criticism of using 1990 US dollars for long run comparisons
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159:), is a hypothetical unit of currency that has the same
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3167:Brunt, Liam; Fidalgo, Antonio (13 December 2018).
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2891:to make improvements to the overall structure.
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3166:
2858:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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2983:Learn how and when to remove this message
2965:Learn how and when to remove this message
2907:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2161:Short description of Geary-Khamis system
3143:"World Economic Outlook (October 2022)"
2175:adjustments are reflected in the data (
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3271:
3118:"What is an "international dollar"?"
2947:adding citations to reliable sources
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190:It is based on the twin concepts of
47:adding citations to reliable sources
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2201:Description of Geary-Khamis system
14:
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2839:This section has multiple issues.
2811:Advantages of Geary-Khamis method
187:(if the benchmark year is 2000).
3574:Malaya and British Borneo dollar
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2934:needs additional citations for
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34:needs additional citations for
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3932:Currencies introduced in 1958
3719:Zimbabwean dollar (2019â2024)
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2190:, International $ , ⏠£ or „)
16:Hypothetical unit of currency
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7:
3629:Prince Edward Island dollar
3499:British North Borneo dollar
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587:China, People's Republic of
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3122:World Bank Data Help Desk
206:in 1958 and developed by
192:purchasing power parities
3529:Danish West Indian daler
3365:Eastern Caribbean dollar
1827:South Sudan, Republic of
557:Central African Republic
218:Exchange rate by country
3788:Project Entropia Dollar
3740:Pitcairn Islands dollar
3494:British Columbia dollar
3176:SSRN Electronic Journal
617:Congo, Dem. Rep. of the
210:between 1970 and 1982.
173:purchasing power parity
161:purchasing power parity
3420:Solomon Islands dollar
3096:Business Case Web Site
3072:Special drawing rights
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447:Bosnia and Herzegovina
231:Exchange rate in 2022
196:gross domestic product
177:gross domestic product
58:"International dollar"
3901:Zimbabwean bond notes
3896:Zimbabwean bond coins
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3614:Norwegian speciedaler
3549:Greenlandic rigsdaler
3355:Cayman Islands dollar
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1667:Saint Kitts and Nevis
202:. It was proposed by
3766:International dollar
3654:Saint Vincent dollar
3599:New Brunswick dollar
3445:United States dollar
3184:10.2139/ssrn.3292792
2943:improve this article
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2037:United Arab Emirates
185:2000 International$
125:international dollar
43:improve this article
3825:Canadian Tire money
3634:Puerto Rican dollar
3619:Nova Scotian dollar
3609:Norwegian rigsdaler
3604:Newfoundland dollar
3509:Ceylonese rixdollar
3360:Cook Islands dollar
3067:World currency unit
2889:editing the article
2170:Inflation adjusting
1977:Trinidad and Tobago
277:Antigua and Barbuda
200:standards of living
149:GearyâKhamis dollar
3840:Salt Spring dollar
3704:Trinidadian dollar
3649:Saint Lucia dollar
3644:Saint Kitts dollar
3544:Dutch rijksdaalder
3519:Continental dollar
3405:New Zealand dollar
3098:. 24 February 2016
3054:Numismatics portal
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1647:Russian Federation
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717:Dominican Republic
627:Congo, Republic of
208:Salem Hanna Khamis
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3714:Zimbabwean dollar
3709:Tobagonian dollar
3694:Old Taiwan dollar
3689:Swedish riksdaler
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3430:New Taiwan dollar
3425:Surinamese dollar
3320:Australian dollar
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3589:Mongolian dollar
3584:Mauritian dollar
3554:Grenadian dollar
3539:Dominican dollar
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3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3871:Quarter dollar
3868:
3863:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3845:Toronto dollar
3842:
3837:
3835:Liberty dollar
3832:
3830:Disney Dollars
3827:
3822:
3820:Calgary dollar
3816:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3763:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3728:Noncirculating
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3679:Straits dollar
3676:
3674:Spanish dollar
3671:
3666:
3661:
3659:Sarawak dollar
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3579:Malayan dollar
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3489:Antigua dollar
3485:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3468:Ethiopian birr
3465:
3459:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3227:
3226:External links
3224:
3221:
3220:
3159:
3134:
3109:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3062:World currency
3058:
3057:
3043:
3029:
3013:
3010:
2991:
2990:
2973:
2972:
2931:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2914:
2877:
2875:
2868:
2863:
2837:
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2827:
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2809:
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2786:
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2466:
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2460:
2455:
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2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2184:
2171:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2047:United Kingdom
2043:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1903:
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1899:
1893:
1892:
1889:
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1879:
1873:
1872:
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1859:
1853:
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1849:
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1699:
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1683:
1682:
1679:
1673:
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1669:
1663:
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1649:
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1632:
1629:
1623:
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1619:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1603:
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1599:
1593:
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1579:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1543:
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1439:
1433:
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1392:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1353:
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1349:
1343:
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1339:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1013:
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1009:
1003:
1002:
999:
993:
992:
989:
983:
982:
979:
973:
972:
969:
963:
962:
959:
953:
952:
949:
943:
942:
939:
933:
932:
929:
923:
922:
919:
913:
912:
909:
903:
902:
899:
893:
892:
889:
883:
882:
879:
873:
872:
869:
863:
862:
859:
853:
852:
849:
843:
842:
839:
833:
832:
829:
823:
822:
819:
813:
812:
809:
803:
802:
799:
793:
792:
789:
783:
782:
779:
773:
772:
769:
763:
762:
759:
753:
752:
749:
743:
742:
739:
733:
732:
729:
723:
722:
719:
713:
712:
709:
703:
702:
699:
693:
692:
689:
683:
682:
679:
673:
672:
669:
667:Czech Republic
663:
662:
659:
653:
652:
649:
643:
642:
639:
633:
632:
629:
623:
622:
619:
613:
612:
609:
603:
602:
599:
593:
592:
589:
583:
582:
579:
573:
572:
569:
563:
562:
559:
553:
552:
549:
543:
542:
539:
533:
532:
529:
523:
522:
519:
513:
512:
509:
503:
502:
499:
493:
492:
489:
483:
482:
479:
473:
472:
469:
463:
462:
459:
453:
452:
449:
443:
442:
439:
433:
432:
429:
423:
422:
419:
413:
412:
409:
403:
402:
399:
393:
392:
389:
383:
382:
379:
373:
372:
369:
363:
362:
359:
353:
352:
349:
343:
342:
339:
333:
332:
329:
323:
322:
319:
313:
312:
309:
303:
302:
299:
293:
292:
289:
283:
282:
279:
273:
272:
269:
263:
262:
259:
253:
252:
249:
243:
242:
239:
233:
232:
229:
219:
216:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3945:
3944:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:See also
3852:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3783:Linden dollar
3781:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:Penang dollar
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3370:Fijian dollar
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3345:Brunei dollar
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:Belize dollar
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3281:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3192:11250/2575366
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3044:
3041:
3030:
3027:
3021:
3016:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2987:
2984:
2969:
2966:
2958:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2932:This section
2930:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2911:
2908:
2900:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2878:This section
2876:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2852:
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2835:
2826:
2825:
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2777:
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2767:
2760:
2755:
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2736:
2733:
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2687:
2682:
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2659:
2658:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2580:
2561:
2555:
2552:
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2543:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2437:
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2423:
2417:
2398:
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2385:
2379:
2376:
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2367:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2297:
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2289:
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2264:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2245:
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2238:
2233:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2195:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:Marty Schmidt
2167:
2158:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2057:United States
2055:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1888:
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1800:
1798:
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1790:
1788:
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1784:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
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1734:
1730:
1728:
1725:
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1720:
1718:
1715:
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1710:
1708:
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1704:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1665:
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1660:
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1600:
1598:
1595:
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1570:
1568:
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1525:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
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99:December 2012
91:
88:
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81:
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70:
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63:
60: â
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3891:Trade dollar
3876:Holey dollar
3765:
3699:Texas dollar
3463:Chinese yuan
3454:Circulating,
3302:
3211:. Retrieved
3175:
3162:
3150:. Retrieved
3146:
3137:
3125:. Retrieved
3121:
3112:
3100:. Retrieved
3095:
3086:
3040:Money portal
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2979:
2961:
2955:January 2022
2952:
2941:Please help
2936:verification
2933:
2903:
2897:October 2021
2894:
2879:
2855:
2848:
2842:
2841:Please help
2838:
2814:
2805:
2656:
2495:
2204:
2173:
2164:
2156:
2007:Turkmenistan
1817:South Africa
1757:Sierra Leone
1717:Saudi Arabia
497:Burkina Faso
347:Bahamas, The
221:
212:
204:Roy C. Geary
189:
184:
180:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:int'l dollar
128:
124:
122:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3866:Half dollar
3861:Dollar sign
3804:Angus Bucks
3761:Petrodollar
3735:Niue dollar
3456:but renamed
3410:Samoan tÄlÄ
3313:Circulating
3213:17 November
1947:Timor-Leste
1887:Switzerland
1677:Saint Lucia
1617:Puerto Rico
1587:Philippines
1457:New Zealand
1447:Netherlands
847:Gambia, The
747:El Salvador
165:U.S. dollar
133:intl dollar
3916:Categories
3756:Eurodollar
3749:Conceptual
3307:or similar
3299:Currencies
3152:19 October
3078:References
2844:improve it
2077:Uzbekistan
1917:Tajikistan
1747:Seychelles
1707:San Marino
1397:Mozambique
1377:Montenegro
1317:Mauritania
1247:Madagascar
1227:Luxembourg
1167:Lao P.D.R.
1097:Kazakhstan
637:Costa Rica
517:Cabo Verde
367:Bangladesh
337:Azerbaijan
135:, symbols
69:newspapers
3797:Fictional
3208:158301926
3200:0804-6824
2850:talk page
2746:∑
2695:∑
2608:∑
2522:∑
2462:⋯
2361:⋯
2097:Venezuela
1847:Sri Lanka
1767:Singapore
1467:Nicaragua
1327:Mauritius
1237:Macao SAR
1217:Lithuania
1021:62381.74
1007:Indonesia
907:Guatemala
317:Australia
287:Argentina
169:economics
163:that the
151:(symbols
3127:13 April
3102:13 April
3012:See also
2147:Zimbabwe
2111:7174.60
2081:2589.68
2031:1298.23
1937:Thailand
1927:Tanzania
1867:Suriname
1787:Slovenia
1761:3327.59
1607:Portugal
1571:2701.54
1567:Paraguay
1527:Pakistan
1371:1064.79
1367:Mongolia
1277:Maldives
1267:Malaysia
1251:1199.19
1171:3100.29
1117:Kiribati
1011:4719.26
957:Honduras
921:4210.30
797:Ethiopia
787:Eswatini
707:Dominica
697:Djibouti
621:1007.08
601:1424.06
597:Colombia
537:Cameroon
531:1332.55
527:Cambodia
487:Bulgaria
457:Botswana
377:Barbados
228:Country
137:Int'l$ .
3813:Private
3776:Virtual
3482:Defunct
3147:imf.org
2151:356.58
2131:447.06
2107:Vietnam
2091:121.11
2087:Vanuatu
2067:Uruguay
1987:Tunisia
1961:223.31
1931:853.89
1861:155.65
1831:181.08
1807:Somalia
1731:235.10
1727:Senegal
1661:337.15
1637:Romania
1491:162.33
1487:Nigeria
1481:241.31
1417:Namibia
1411:451.68
1407:Myanmar
1387:Morocco
1357:Moldova
1291:203.78
1261:318.18
1197:Liberia
1187:Lesotho
1131:796.49
1101:172.10
1067:Jamaica
1037:Ireland
1031:782.45
991:148.06
987:Iceland
981:153.57
977:Hungary
931:186.19
897:Grenada
867:Germany
857:Georgia
841:352.20
817:Finland
777:Estonia
767:Eritrea
761:337.25
727:Ecuador
701:100.02
687:Denmark
681:234.62
647:Croatia
641:336.75
631:389.73
611:179.52
607:Comoros
581:460.84
571:254.59
561:282.81
541:222.10
511:688.36
507:Burundi
501:192.77
437:Bolivia
421:202.47
397:Belgium
387:Belarus
357:Bahrain
327:Austria
301:161.51
297:Armenia
271:228.27
257:Andorra
247:Algeria
237:Albania
141:Intl$ .
83:scholar
3922:Dollar
3881:Thaler
3304:dollar
3301:named
3206:
3198:
2137:Zambia
2071:30.82
2027:Uganda
2017:Tuvalu
1997:Turkey
1941:11.71
1911:14.91
1907:Taiwan
1901:10.77
1877:Sweden
1851:74.82
1741:42.39
1737:Serbia
1657:Rwanda
1651:32.11
1597:Poland
1591:18.78
1547:Panama
1531:44.27
1511:11.38
1507:Norway
1501:20.06
1471:11.92
1441:33.56
1401:23.91
1337:Mexico
1331:16.25
1321:12.21
1257:Malawi
1177:Latvia
1161:21.74
1147:Kuwait
1137:Kosovo
1111:43.00
1087:Jordan
1081:90.39
1071:79.79
1047:Israel
1001:23.43
961:11.03
951:55.74
941:91.64
937:Guyana
917:Guinea
887:Greece
851:17.65
827:France
801:17.03
721:24.08
671:13.38
657:Cyprus
547:Canada
521:44.33
467:Brazil
431:20.14
427:Bhutan
407:Belize
371:32.11
291:67.72
267:Angola
251:45.28
241:40.22
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3886:Tolar
3204:S2CID
3172:(PDF)
2141:6.09
2127:Yemen
2121:1.87
2101:3.52
2061:1.00
2051:0.67
2041:2.27
2021:1.44
2011:2.21
2001:4.23
1991:0.95
1981:4.71
1971:1.71
1967:Tonga
1951:0.46
1921:2.36
1891:1.04
1881:8.73
1871:7.46
1857:Sudan
1841:0.59
1837:Spain
1821:6.98
1811:0.41
1801:7.76
1791:0.56
1781:0.50
1771:0.83
1751:7.64
1721:1.88
1711:0.63
1701:1.83
1697:Samoa
1691:1.46
1681:1.77
1671:1.86
1641:1.92
1631:2.65
1627:Qatar
1621:0.88
1611:0.56
1601:1.93
1581:1.83
1561:2.78
1551:0.45
1541:0.96
1537:Palau
1521:0.22
1477:Niger
1461:1.44
1451:0.76
1437:Nepal
1431:1.27
1427:Nauru
1421:7.18
1391:3.82
1381:0.36
1361:6.64
1351:1.11
1341:9.88
1311:1.11
1301:0.55
1297:Malta
1281:7.53
1271:1.54
1241:4.66
1231:0.85
1221:0.49
1211:1.52
1207:Libya
1201:0.44
1191:6.31
1181:0.53
1151:0.23
1141:0.34
1121:1.09
1107:Kenya
1091:0.28
1077:Japan
1061:0.63
1057:Italy
1051:3.51
1041:0.74
997:India
971:5.54
947:Haiti
911:3.88
901:1.53
891:0.54
881:2.71
877:Ghana
871:0.72
861:1.00
837:Gabon
831:0.71
821:0.82
811:0.83
791:5.91
781:0.60
771:4.69
751:0.46
741:4.66
737:Egypt
731:0.50
711:1.68
691:6.63
661:0.56
651:3.29
591:4.10
577:Chile
551:1.26
491:0.79
481:0.80
471:2.56
461:4.69
451:0.71
441:2.51
417:Benin
411:1.27
401:0.77
391:0.96
381:2.31
361:0.19
351:0.81
341:0.67
331:0.74
321:1.51
311:1.24
307:Aruba
281:2.05
261:0.59
153:GâK$
145:Int$
90:JSTOR
76:books
3215:2022
3196:ISSN
3154:2022
3129:2019
3104:2019
2188:US$
1957:Togo
1577:Peru
1517:Oman
1287:Mali
1027:Iraq
1017:Iran
807:Fiji
567:Chad
175:and
157:GK$
123:The
62:news
3188:hdl
3180:doi
2945:by
2179:):
183:or
155:or
131:or
45:by
3918::
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