International Agrarian Bureau

2063: 840: 1042:, leading to "internal peace from social defense". He wished to export this model for the benefit of "toiling, liberal, peaceful peasants", who rejected all extremes; he also commended the BZNS for having adopted a more "reasonable" stance. In addition, Hodža viewed agrarianism as subsumed to his own take on the Danubian Federation, explaining in 1928: "For the past eight years, I've been searching for a collaborative element for the countries of Central Europe, one that would result in stable equilibrium; I believe to have found it in peasant democracy. If we manage to organize a new Central Europe on this basis, it will then be possible, as an automatic development, to also include Austria". 2031: 946:, in which the Green International was referred to as a tool for "the rich landowners and the bourgeoisie". Days later, Radić signed a truce with the Yugoslav establishment, and left the Krestintern. The latter was forced to attempt recruitment in other parts of Yugoslavia, and was joined by a numerically smaller Agrarian Democratic Party, while also seeking to infiltrate and influence the HSS' left-wing. From Romania, the PȚ observed and condemned the clampdown in Yugoslavia, before rejoicing at news that the HSS had reconciled with the establishment. Nevertheless, the agrarian movement was again inhibited by the 669: 2046: 2016: 1803:. Kostohryz was indicted for having co-signed a 1949 Memorandum calling for a Western intervention in Czechoslovakia. The prosecution fabricated charges according to which the group were all IPU infiltrators, who wished to dilute Czechoslovak sovereignty into a "European Federation" and an "agrarian colony of the USA." Caving in during the interrogations, Kepka supported this claim, noting that the Greens wished "to create a federal state of 100 million inhabitants", in accordance with Hodža's interwar blueprints. At the end of a 45: 26: 1471: 1184:. The opposition continued to organize clandestinely, and, in the Slovene case, maintained a direct link with the IAB. The Second IAB Congress was held at Prague on May 23–May 25, 1929, but officially reunited only delegates from Austria, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Finland, France, Latvia, Romania, and Switzerland; these unanimously reconfirmed Švehla as Chairman. The Congress was also tinged by controversy: earlier that month, Švehla had spoken at the RSZML to describe agrarianism as embracing 1049:, advocating for a purely internationalist line, which welcomed representatives from outside Slavic Europe. However, the notion of Slavic unity was not entirely dropped from IAB statutes, with Švehla declaring that Slavs, as naturally predisposed farmers, were selected to preach a "gospel of land" during a time when, as he saw it, both socialism and liberalism were in crisis. Summits of the Slavic Peasant Youth continued to be held—at Prague, 1130:(PAPF). Explicit in its praise of Eastern European agrarianism, it was criticized by left-wing journalist Guy Le Normand as inauthentic and makeshift: "Founded by some slick and dodgy 'intellectuals' who knew how to cleverly exploit a desire of the 'Green International', which was to set up a chapter in France". The PAPF's first congress, held at Paris in January 1929, was attended by Mečíř, for the IAB, and 803:, banners read: "Long live the International that will consecrate the fraternity of European peoples and will suppress minority rule!"; and "To the gallows with those responsible for the disaster and with the militarists!" As argued by Docelles, the congress was superficial in its attempt to discuss the "international side of the peasant issue". Though invitations to attend were extended to the BVP and the 1636:. In that context, Maček openly argued that the Eastern-Bloc peasantry was not just a separate social class, but in fact a singular "people", whose values (including traditionalism and religiosity) made it stand apart from all other components of society, while largely distinguishing them from Western counterparts. From 1953, the IPU began publishing Hodža's manuscripts on Central European federalism. 1947:"; it endured as the main component of BZNS flags until the 1940s, when green was added. Scholar Fabien Conord notes of the IAB (which "historians commonly designate the 'Green International'"): "The color does not in fact show up on the organization's bulletin, whose successive editors never make a point of using the term 'green' in their discourse". However, the Bureau began popularizing the 823:, "since are always the first ones to get killed". This hope was contrasted by reality, with Valota Cavallotti defining Stamboliyski's network as "surely one of the least important ones to have emerged on the Continent in the 19th and 20th centuries", a "series of attempts" rather than a coherent movement. The BZNS was able to obtain representation from the RSZML, the ZS, and the 1038:", rather than as a syncretic policy. This vision was immediately echoed by Witos, who agreed that Polish peasants needed to reject right- and left-wing ideologies. In later interviews, Hodža also argued that "peasant democracy" would reconcile the constituent "races" of Czechoslovakia, including both Czechs and 1279:. The Bloc of Agrarian Countries held its last conference in Bucharest in June 1933, after which it faded away due to the hostility of great powers and a lack of commitment among Polish statesmen. Although Italy participated in the 1931 Grain Conference, which was a triumph for the small agrarian states, its 1209:, and support the peaceful resolution of international conflicts. By 1932, Paris was home to another "Green International", which, despite the name, was a network of pacifists, "supporting, confronting, publicizing and uniting as one fraternal vision all movements working to organize peace across the world." 696:(RSZML) in Czechoslovakia. He believed that RSZML would also ensure reconciliation between Bulgarians and Yugoslavs, after the nations had been separated by World War I. These attempts achieved public notoriety in February 1921. In that context, Stamboliyski openly described his project as resistance to the 935:. Such contacts were observed by the Krestintern, which reportedly sent friendly letters to be read at the PȚ's National Congress in 1924. Romanian Peasantists refrained from answering, since Romania had not yet established diplomatic contacts with the Soviets. Comintern sources describe the letters as 2000:

movement in the United States; it was displayed on green-and-white flags. A variant (gold on green) was also used in Romania, and seen for instance at a PNȚ rally in 1936, while another one showed up in Czechoslovakia as the main emblem of the RSZML. The four-leaf clover was to be finally selected as

1755:

Overall, the IPU was effectively powerless in opposing communism, as membership remained symbolic, and entirely cut off from the source countries. In their countries of origin, all participating groups were depicted using lines of criticism first tested by the Krestintern, as "pro-fascist, bourgeois,

1068:

In 1928, the IAB had made a final change to its name, becoming known as the International Agrarian Bureau. It was still informally the "Green International". Despite being the least agrarian state of the region, Czechoslovakia was still the centerpiece of all agrarian projects, through both the RSZML

1013:

would enshrine peasant property in the Soviet Union, and that "passive peasant resistance to communism" would follow from this. As noted the following year by reviewer André Pierre, the agrarian movement in Europe appeared to have stalled; peasants, he argued, "have very specific national problems to

811:

agrarianists, "few foreign delegates were able to reach the Bulgarian capital." In June, Prague was announced as the seat of a "Green International Bureau", which was set to gather worldwide affiliations in preparation for the actual establishment of a plenary body. From July of that year, members of

1973:

informed its readers that "the symbolic color of peasant (or agrarian, agricultural etc.) parties is green." In 1937, Romanian fascist Ion V. Emilian pointed to Mihalache's usage of green flags as a direct homage to the IAB—which, according to Emilian, also stood for a "communist orientation", being

1838:

showed that "peasant movements are main obstacles in the path of Soviet imperialism." The Greens also criticized the Bulgarian regime for its reclamation of Stamboliyski as a cult figure, noting that such practices glossed over his anti-communism. The Greens' agenda was mainly focused on criticizing

1224:

was arrested on various charges of treason, including allegations that he had kept in contact with the IAB and with Chernov. A new IAB Congress was held in Prague in October–November 1930; delegates represented the Czechoslovak parties and Swiss parties, the BZNS, PAPF, PB, PNȚ, the Latvian Farmers'

1204:

The closing resolution of 1929 "affirmed the necessity of establishing a peasant party in each country, based on the principles of private property and private initiative. demanded the full equality of treatment for all classes in customs policy, the development of credit and cooperative societies,

903:

made overtures toward the Bulgarian agrarianist exiles in Prague, but the talks were inconclusive. Tsankov then used the Krestintern's documented activities as a pretext to allege that the Green International had always been a Comintern plot, in conjunction with the local Comintern chapters; Tsankov

774:

Both assessments are dismissed by more modern scholars, who note that Stamboliyski wished to found "an international agricultural league that would serve as protection against both the reactionary 'White International' of the royalists and landlords and the 'Red International' of the Bolsheviks". As

1245:

Historians Eduard Kubů and Jiří Šouša view the reincarnated IAB as not fully measuring up to its mission: "the scope its action did not exceed the area of professional consolidation and information exchange. As an alternative foreign policy field of the Czechoslovak agrarian movement, it failed."

1137:

Though Mečíř claimed to have enlisted 17 political parties from all over Europe into his International, entire regions remained uncovered—including the one-party states. It was never able to canvass for support in Hungary, possibly because Hungarian agrarianists viewed the IAB as an instrument for

1018:

similarly argues that Stamboliyski's removal "was the end of the Green International as a serious factor in European affairs and therewith of the peasant revolutionism which, in its Russian manifestation, the Bolsheviks had already subdued to their centralising, industrialist control. This peasant

1057:; however, Piast delegates were suspicious of such ethnic cooperation, and resented the BZNS's authoritarian tendencies. In October 1926, Mečíř visited Romania and obtained promises that the PȚ would join the IAB as its first non-Slavic member. In fact, later that month, the PȚ fused with Maniu's 1918:

no longer made an effort to attend meetings, and "IPU activity was more or less driven only by Bulgarians and Poles." In 1971 the IPU had closed down its bulletin, as well as its offices in New York, though announcing that it remained nominally active from Washington. It is presumed to have been

1581:

had a mandate from Maniu to represent the party in exile; Gafencu was also impressed that the IPU had spontaneously protested against the PNȚ's outlawing. A delegation of the PSL was also admitted in January 1948; six parties were thus represented at the First IPU Congress in May 1948. All these

755:

radicals. According to Hamon, industrial and agricultural workers were natural allies, since "one cannot be strong without the other", meaning that the Green International would find itself "pushed" into an alliance with the Comintern. Similarities between the two bodies were noted by journalist

1882:

lifted hopes of defeating communism, but apathy followed in the wake of its defeat; at the time, American politicians began avoiding the IPU, which they now saw as inefficient. In 1964, following renewed disputes with other IPU leaders, and a decline of his health, Mikołajczyk resigned and Nagy

754:

saw it as the peasant's coming of age, noting that agrarian countries had all gone through a land reform. This meant that "capitalists" controlled the "agrarian revolution", but only for a brief moment; Hamon identified an ideological incompatibility between BVP conservatives and Stamboliyski's

1069:

and the BdL, which represented the Sudeten Germans. The IAB's permanent seat was in Prague, with Švehla serving as IAB Chairman. Among the founding parties, the BZNS remained factionalized, with one wing still attending Krestintern sessions until being expelled by the party mainstream in 1930.

1351:

if the IAB had been abandoned, Hodža responded: "No. Not at all. However, the terrifying agricultural crisis which has been unfolding over these past three years made our reunions pointless. Please inform Mr Mihalache of my wish to convene the next international bureau in February or March ."

1561:

Declaration". This document specifically linked the IPU to the interwar IAB; it also described the IPU as a legitimate representative of the Eastern European peasants, and restated support for the cooperative movement, viewed as a decent alternative to the "red feudalism" of

759:, who called attention to Stamboliyski's "little terror" in Bulgaria, including his institution of compulsory labor. Hamon's sympathetic vision was criticized by Adolphe Hodee, an agricultural trade unionist, who suggested that the "Green International" was fundamentally 1254:, the regulation of wheat prices, as advocated by the IAB and the Bloc of Agrarian Counties, was detrimental to the interest of French peasants, who needed to "calmly analyze" their international commitments. The IAB briefly extended into other countries, enlisting the 1205:

as well as of vocational training. It ends on this phrase: 'Peasant power will bring about world peace'." That year, membership criteria were introduced. Member or candidate parties were expected to endorse agricultural cooperatives, pledge themselves to protecting

1831:. Both were made to confess that they had left Austria voluntarily, as they "grew disgusted of serving the National Bulgarian Committee, a propaganda organ of the United States, and the 'Green International', which is also subsidized from American coffers." 1807:, Kepka received the death penalty, while Chloupek and others were sentenced to life in prison. A wave of trials for similar charges resulted in charges for other alleged IPU cells. The prosecution obtained more minor sentences for two former RSZML leaders, 1250:, the old Green International continued to exist in Prague in 1932, having established "branches in Nordic and Danubian countries, as well as in Switzerland"; PAPF was its westernmost member, as well as that region's "most active". As noted by economist 4726: 1582:

groups made up the original IPU Presidium. Mikołajczyk was elected President, and Dimitrov General Secretary; the four Vice Presidents were Maček (the only IPU leader to have served in the higher echelons of the IAB), Gavrilović, Nagy, and the PNȚ's

1537:(PSL), with whom he discussed plans for an agrarianist counter-offensive in Eastern Europe. Upon moving to the United States in 1946, Dimitrov also obtained pledges from Maček and Gavrilović, who represented the HSS and ZS, respectively, and from 4397: 787:

countries, who are some of the most conscious and determined, alongside those of France and Russia, will form a powerful anti-Red coalition." Historian Bianca Valota Cavallotti believes that the Greens could have been natural allies of the

465:

This new Green International was powerless in effecting political change in Soviet-dominated countries, although its activities attracted the attention of communist regimes, who described the IPU as "fascist". In 1952, authorities in the

887:

had entered a "uniquely pro-peasant period". The new group was nevertheless hastily created, as "there were practically no peasant organizations on which it could be based", and as such had to recruit among mainstream agrarian groups.

1283:

singled out peasant internationalists as crucial enemies. In 1934, as part of the Italo–German rapprochement, it maneuvered to have Hungary withdraw from the Bloc of Agrarian Countries. In December of the following year, a piece in

1742:

as an ultimate goal of anti-Soviet policies. IPU sections were still organized in Western Europe; however, the IPU was mired by financial difficulties, and by 1954 was forced to contain its outreach efforts—particularly so under

1632:(NCFE) starting in June 1949. The new International continued to view itself as a regional rather than universal body, and, unlike the IAB, never recruited in Western Europe. Here, the IAB economic agenda was also revived by an 2295:, "L'Internationale Verte. La guerre a provoqué une véritable révolution paysanne qui doit rejoindre la révolution ouvrière, malgré les tentatives des capitalistes opposant le travailleur des champs à celui de l'usine", in 89: 562:. He also channeled support for the Green International, described by one of his Hungarian disciples as an effective way to combat Comintern influence—since "the so-called 'bourgeois' classes proved incapable of toppling 1768:, and other "peasant martyrs for democracy". Soon after being set up, the group began a large-scale awareness campaign about the status of peasants in communist countries. One of its memorandums was drafted for the 1966:

with the IAB logo as the agrarian banner. Both fell into disfavor by 1931, when the party adopted ears of wheat on green as the banner, while still using clovers on member badges. Also in 1931, the PNȚ's newspaper

1385:

as the IAB overseer. The RSZML had by then entered its own transition toward the far-right. According to historian Roman Holec, the process had begun with Švehla's death in 1933, and was overseen by his successor

1188:

and proposing that the political makeup of Czechoslovakia be refined to give peasants a decisive role; such statements were immediately condemned by a majority of Czechoslovak political journals. A RSZML cadre,

2747:, "L'Internationale verte – celle des paysans – prend naissance à Prague. M. Hodza, ministre de Tchéco-Slovaquie nous dit son espoir d'établir grâce à la démocratie paysanne l'équilibre en Europe centrale", in 1613:. After a series of failed attempts at merger, Feierabend lost his prestige, and his followers joined Černý's party, which had achieved IPU recognition. Discussions about joining the IPU were then initiated by 1146:

exception showed that Finnish peasants were becoming aware of similarities between their own agricultural markets and those in "new independent states of the eastern half of Europe". During early 1928, the

1402:, into which the RSZML was dissolved. Most of its activists, including its leader Beran, had belonged to the nationalist right-wing of agrarianism. The decisive movement in this drift to the right was the 867:, these events were intimately related to Stamboliyski's vision of peasant internationalism, since this implied containing old rivalries between Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, while overshadowing the agenda of 4218:

Germán Rueda Hernanz, "Notas. El partido agrario Español (1934–1936). Análisis sociológico de la sección Valenciana y estudio comparativo con la agrupación madrileña del Partido Republicano Radical", in

1077:

In addition to all its other original members, the IAB was able to obtain allegiance from the HSS, as well as from the Dutch PB and the Romanian PNȚ; Piast was eventually replaced by its successor, the

899:; in May 1926, they adhered to the Moscow International, but kept the matter secret, so that the party would not be split apart. By contrast, BZNS right-wingers only looked to the IAB. Red Peasants and 1939:

was not officially adopted by the organization. In its original, Stamboliyskian incarnation, international agrarianism was visually associated with the color orange. This paradox was noted in 1921 by

715:

of the RSZML was to serve as its leader, with Stamboliyski expressing new hopes that this mediation would bring Yugoslav agrarianists into his movement. The original International Bureau, set up in

2062: 711:

While visiting Czechoslovakia earlier that year, Stamboliyski had approached the RSZML directly, announcing that they would form an "International Peasant Union" as a League of Nations subsidiary.

4382: 543:, and the Netherlands; Swiss and Belgian politicians sent messages of support, although the Dutch delegation itself remained skeptical about the possibility of Heim's movement being successful. 4425: 4402: 1878:

The organization was weakened from within by a conflict between Mikołajczyk and Dimitrov, which flared up as early as 1953 and required arbitration by the NCFE. Erupting shortly after, the

1155:, also looked into the possibility of joining the IAB. This project was quickly vetoed from within by M. Kochubei, who underscored ideological incompatibilities: the USKhD viewed itself as 1293:

The advent of authoritarian and fascist regimes slowly encroached on the IAB, reducing its representation. Green activists recorded the fascization of some peasant parties, describing the

892:, the Russian anti-communist, noted in 1924 that Krestintern agents were active "in the same countries as the Green International, an organization which, as a matter of fact, has failed." 474:

of the Green International; the sentences were overturned in the 1960s. Beset by financial troubles, apathy, and disagreements between its leaders, the IPU itself was inactive from 1971.

1417:", if properly armed by Britain and France, could function as a bulwark against Nazi Germany. A Croat autonomist, Maček also believed that any such arming needed to be conditioned by a 985:

of 1927, which appeared to favor industrialized nations, Poland opened up to such offers; it led regional partners in creating the Bloc of Agrarian Countries, formed at a conference in

1863:'s take on agrarian questions, concluding that peasants and Marxists were forever incompatible. This development, Cabo argues, signaled that the Greens were no longer searching for a " 742:

The new peasant caucus is described by scholar Saturnino M. Borras Jr and colleagues as a continuation of Heim's movement. However, it found itself criticized by Austrian conservative

1358: 1148: 771:". As Hodee put it: "Stronger and more dangerous than ever, peasant individualism opposes social progress under the communist banner, under the white banner, under the green banner." 1301:

and Bolshevism. Eventually, democratic agrarianism was shunned in its countries of origin. Following Radić's assassination, the HSS had drifted into radical right-wing politics. The

3263:, "D. Dr. Milan Hodza despre problemele economice. 'Vom intensifica raporturile economice cu România chiar cu prețul sacrificiilor', spune ministrul cehoslovac al agriculturii", in 1569:

The four founding sections (BZNS, FK, HSS, ZS) were joined by the PNȚ later in 1947—that is, shortly before leaders Maniu and Mihalache were imprisoned in what became known as the "

577:, selected by Heim because of its location, but also because of his belief that Austria needed to be kept distinct from Germany; another factor was that Austria was governed by the 1760:—charges which, as noted by scholar Miguel Cabo, were almost universally groundless. The IPU's own propaganda works highlighted Nazi and communist state terrorism as used against 4731: 1606: 931:

visited Radić and discussed with him new forms of agrarian rapprochement; Madgearu also visited the Bureau in Prague, discussing his projects with Švehla, who was serving as

1648: 1255: 1664: 4186:Édouard Lynch, "Le Parti agraire et paysan français entre politique et manifestation. Succès et limite d'une stratégie de contestation paysanne dans les années 1930", in 4881: 1996:

Other IAB members also chose clovers, though not always from the same source: a four-leaf clover, adopted by Latvian agrarianists in 1929, was a direct reference to the

982: 4155:

Eduard Kubů, Jiří Šouša, "Sen o slovanské agrární spolupráci (Antonín Švehla — ideový a organizační tvůrce Mezinárodního agrárního bureau)", in Blanka Rašticová (ed.),

3235:

in Latvia: Regularity of Development of the Existing Parliamentary System or a Breakthrough Called by the Actual Situation. The View of the USA Legation in Latvia", in

957:

In the wake of the Bulgarian and Polish coups, agrarianist leaders in Central Europe were absorbed into projects for regional economic cooperation. During this period,

4407: 1684: 1542: 443: 973:. His "Maniu Plan" for a "Little Europe", circulated in 1930, proposed the confederation of 8 Central European states. Attempting to reconcile small democracies with 4485: 3584:, "'New Central Europe' in Co-operating and United Europe. Czechoslovak Ideas in 1920s and 1930s and Attempts at Coordination with Austrian and Hungarian Ideas", in 1226: 1045:

This ideal coincided with Maniu's plans for economic unification, through the Bloc of Agrarian Countries. Mečíř also contributed, specifically in that he toned down

4891: 4876: 4440: 1900: 1812: 1370:. After years of tacit collaboration with the Romanian left, the PNȚ also dealt a serious blow to the development of democracy by sealing a pact with the fascist 895:

By 1924, groups situated on the BZNS' left had formed a tactical alliance with the Krestintern, preparing another ill-fated insurgency against Bulgarian dictator

4460: 1321:

to set up personal dictatorships, banning all political groups—including their own. These measures were justified as protection against more radical groups: the

1521:

announced that they intended to restore a Green International. Their project was put on hold in 1945, when Dimitrov was expelled from Bulgaria by the communist

1014:

tackle". Pierre proposed instead that the Second International open up an Agrarian Section, to mirror and compete with the Krestintern. Cooperatist doctrinaire

875:, when Mihalache's PȚ organized a relief campaign in support of Bulgarian refugees to Romania. In late 1923, the Comintern's competing agrarian body emerged in 1824: 1290:

alleged that a continental conspiracy, comprising both the Red and Green Internationals, was set out to destroy Italy, and, through it, "the order of Europe".

1190: 84: 4886: 3291:

Bernet, pp. 32–34; Lynch, pp. 67–68; Passmore, pp. 287–288, 306, 314. See also Marie-Elizabeth Handman, "Les agriculteurs et la politique depuis Méline", in

1943:, according to whom "the Green International has an orange banner". The color was chosen early on to represent "ripe wheat fields", lending its name to the " 1610: 1578: 824: 768: 3398:

Andrej Tóth, "Count János Esterházy (1901–1957) – Short Political Portrait of Leading Figure of Czechoslovak Hungarian Minority in the Thirtieths [

3101: 1780: 1247: 998: 361: 241: 4146:

Mary Hrabík Šámal, "In Search of Vindication and Liberation: The Czechoslovak Republican (Agrarian) Party in Exile during the Paris Years (1948–1951)", in

2908: 2872: 1969: 1843:". Mikołajczyk took on the mission of reminding Westerners about historical issues that the Soviet government had either obscured or denied, including the 1201:

took the rostrum to note that "peasant parties" stood for a "pure community of economic interests", replacing the nationalist allegiances of past decades.

1131: 620:

proposed a merger with Heim's group, which Heim himself welcomed. Reports of the following year suggest that Heim had also earned promises of support from

4861: 4816: 4435: 1914:

Despite his efforts to restore the IPU's prestige, Nagy was unable to prevent its demise. Under his watch, high-ranking figures such as Černý, Popa, and

566:

on their own." According to the same source, the International was supposed to diffuse the "ideas of order" among the peasant class, while endorsing the

4277: 4148: 3908: 1828: 1633: 1792: 1614: 2903: 2744: 1788: 1757: 1438: 1356:, proposed the death penalty by hanging for politicians found guilty of forgery or embezzlement. The group formed a single caucus with the far-right 4111:

Fabien Conord, "Principes antithétiques et adversaires communs: partis paysans et partis socialistes en Europe des années 1920 aux années 1960", in

1796: 652:

made an effort to mediate between the French- and German-centered peasant Internationals, but the former adamantly refused. Managed by Swiss farmer

411:, which identified Greens as its enemies—although some sections of the IAB came to favor cooperation with the various fascist movements. From 1933, 4761: 4666: 1891:, which hosted eight of its nine congresses, down to its last, held in New York City in 1969. Its final activities were directed at condemning the 819:

In August 1921, scholar Gustave Welter proposed that the Green International would emerge as the strongest one in existence, and would bring about

4636: 3906:

Mary Hrabík Šámal, "The Cleveland Czech and Slovak Community's Heartfelt Protest against the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968", in

2421: 1583: 864: 783:, were no longer able to exercise any influence over the peasant movement and "coalesce against Capital." Leblond proposed that "the Greens in 4806: 4541: 4480: 2147: 2030: 593:

to form a Pan-German "Congress of Peasants". He was unable to prevent competition by the International Peasant Congress, which was centered on

4821: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4646: 4586: 1808: 1784: 4511: 1919:

entirely inactive after that moment, though attempts to revive it were made in 1978 and 1986. With the advent of relative liberalization ("

1719: 1711: 750:, the "peasant-boot dictatorship". On such grounds, Stamboliyski's initiative was well-received by Europe's anti-communist left. Anarchist 653: 512: 349: 4088:

Saturnino M. Borras Jr, Marc Edelman, Cristobal Kay, "Transnational Agrarian Movements: Origins and Politics, Campaigns and Impact", in

915:, embraced separatism and agreed to join the Krestintern as a means to advance it. Radić explained at the time that his agrarianism was 4811: 4736: 2052: 1340: 399:(or Comintern). In 1929 to 1934, the IAB also gathered allegiances from parties in other areas of the continent, managing to draw the 4681: 4430: 1647:, was co-opted as well and, from 1954, was a member of the IPU Secretariat. Also joining in 1948–1950 were the Slovak Democrats, the 932: 523:

in 1918, Heim worked on the unification of "peasant and conservative forces from all countries." His effort only touched the former

1800: 1534: 1399: 693: 439: 357: 34: 4081:

Jacques Bernet, "Un compiégnois célèbre dans l'entre deux-guerres. Fleurant Agricola, fondateur du Parti agraire (1864–1936)", in

1927:, Nagy contemplated abandoning his political exile and returning home. He was still undecided at the moment of his death in 1979. 1907:; he also directed the effort to erect a monument to Palach in the West, resulting in the 1973 installation of a sculpture inside 4866: 4751: 4392: 2981:

Miroslav Tomek, "Ukrajinská monarchistická emigrace v ČSR a organizace agrární strany", in Josef Harna, Blanka Rašticová (eds.),

1710:

Despite being ideologically linked to Eastern European agrarianism, IPU leaders maintained a working relationship with France's

4871: 4270: 1892: 492: 4226:

Ioan Scurtu, "Relationships of the Peasants' Party of Romania with the Agrarian Parties of Central and South-East Europe", in

4851: 4475: 4164: 4141: 3601: 3228: 2990: 1656: 1625: 1629: 1019:

revolutionism never had, I think, much chance of constructive success; but if it had any chance, was the man to lead it."

4132:

Roman Holec, "Ideové zdroje medzinárodného agrarizmu a jeho národných špecifík", in Josef Harna, Blanka Rašticová (eds.),

3202:

Sandra Souto Kustrín, "De la paramilitarización al fracaso: las insurrecciones socialistas de 1934 en Viena y Madrid", in

4856: 4766: 4661: 4465: 4450: 3217:

Cultivating the Rural Citizen. Modernity, Agrarianism and Citizenship in Late Tsarist Estonia. Studia Baltica Serie II: 1

1835: 1403: 1362:, and expelled its own left-wing members in 1936. Though a close collaborator of the PAPF, the PAE remained loyal to the 416: 2983:

Regionální zvláštnosti politiky agrární strany v období první Československé republiky. Studie Slováckého Muzea; 17/2012

1173:

movement which " not have a sense of homeland". Kochubei described the IAB's commitment to democracy as "pathological".

4746: 4651: 4616: 4516: 4470: 3171:"Dernière minute de l'étranger. Le Grand conseil fasciste qui arrêtera la réponse italienne se réunit aujourd'hui", in 1418: 551: 2015: 581:, whose members were "principally recruited among the peasant masses". Heim earned pledges of support from throughout 4826: 4641: 4417: 4263: 3362: 3342: 3313:

Gh. I. Ioniță, "Succesele forțelor democratice din România în alegerile comunale și județene din anii 1936—1937", in

2970: 2036: 1644: 1621: 1602: 1127: 681: 404: 345: 708:'s formulas": "he will oppose the Green International to the Red International; and private property to communism". 4771: 4676: 4455: 4445: 4097:

Miguel Cabo, "El trébol de cuatro hojas. La International Peasant Union y su actuación durante la Guerra Fría", in

1820: 1744: 1660: 1558: 617: 578: 540: 1514: 860: 353: 4721: 4591: 4546: 4359: 4309: 4118:

Simion Costea, "Ideea de unificare europeană în doctrina și acțiunea politică a lui Iuliu Maniu (1924–1937)", in

1974:"created by the Jews to undermine the unity of Christian nations." The PAPF had been using a green flag with the 1888: 1776: 1769: 1598: 927:

group suggesting that the HSS had better join the mainstream Greens. During late 1924, PȚ activists Madgearu and

701: 467: 2963:

Finland and Europe: the Early Years of Independence 1917—1939. Societas Historica Finlandiae Studia Historica 29

1545:(FK). The IAB was ultimately revived as the International Peasant Union (IPU). It grouped only parties from the 487:

The concept of a "Green International" in the service of peasant interests dates back to the 1900s: in 1905, an

4501: 4157:

Agrární strany ve vládních a samosprávných strukturách mezi světovými válkami. Studie Slováckého Muzea; 13/2008

1924: 1839:

Western politicians who talked of deescalating tensions with the Soviet Union, referring to such an agenda as "

1676: 1375: 511:. The notion of a "Green International" was again explored during the early interwar period, being embraced by 2045: 1815:—though neither had been politically active after 1948. Sentences were revised during the following decade of 1333: 656:, the International Peasant Congress survived to at least 1929, when its European and American members met in 4836: 4364: 4314: 1819:, when the regime acknowledged that confessions were obtained under torture. A smaller trial occurred in the 1687:

finally joined the IPU in 1964. The IPU was never interested in representing the agrarian anti-communists of

1639:

By 1950, the IPU had also taken in delegates from the RSZML, including Černý, who became IPU Vice President.

2574:

Les faussaires contre les Soviets. Matériaux pour servir à l'histoire de la lutte contre la Révolution russe

1679:, "whoever sympathizes with the 'Green International', is sympathizing with an indivisible Russian Empire." 839: 4841: 4606: 3076: 1879: 1395: 633: 520: 1587: 3354: 1844: 1715: 1594: 1522: 1517:

in Bulgaria, the PNȚ and BZNS could organize legally. Shortly after, party representatives Mihalache and

1176:

Meanwhile, Yugoslavia's agrarian movements experienced crisis, triggered by Radić's murder in 1928. The "

1062: 641: 369: 329: 1671:. The contentious issue was its apparent endorsement of the territorial status quo. As noted in 1953 by 1605:. Two rival parties claiming to represent the RSZML were formed in Paris and London—respectively led by 1586:. By 1948, the Vice Presidents had been grouped into a Central Committee, and Popa had been replaced by 692:. In May 1920, he declared his intention to establish a form of "agrarian representation" alongside the 680:

Other early efforts to organize peasant representatives into an international lobby were carried by the

4831: 4756: 4090: 2069: 1959: 1597:, the RSZML found itself unable to organize: indicted as a pro-Nazi organization, it was banned by the 1526: 1409:

The notion of a Green International centered on anti-fascist policies was embraced in 1939 by the HSS'

1079: 689: 582: 536: 516: 447: 228: 74: 4526: 4387: 4233: 3593: 2271: 1107: 962: 900: 743: 4787: 4611: 4551: 2616:

Conord, p. 416; Holec, p. 60; Kubů & Šouša, p. 35; Scurtu, p. 38. See also Gmitruk, pp. 118–119

1908: 1338:. In Latvia, an ideological synthesis was performed, transforming the agrarian youth organization, 1306: 629: 668: 4711: 4581: 4536: 4286: 4212: 4193:

Martin Nekola, "'Exilové internacionály' ve studené válce jako nástroj boje proti komunismu", in

4176: 2236:

P. de Docelles, "Sous l'égide de la Charrue et de la Bêche. Le Congrès des paysans bulgares", in

1363: 1181: 1058: 919:, combining elements of the "revolutionary east" and the "conservative west". His decision upset 685: 673: 555: 488: 396: 341: 152: 4134:

Agrární strana a její zájmové, družstevní a peněžní organizace. Studie Slováckého Muzea; 15/2010

3507:"L'Internationale verte se développe. Déclaration de la Fédération Internationale Paysanne", in 1667:

had escaped to the United States. Like the IAB, the IPU had problems obtaining support from the

1216:. The Soviet regime ended in bloodshed its attempt to reach out to the peasantry, inaugurating " 4576: 1872: 1422: 1263: 1177: 1160: 1098: 1089: 1065:(PNȚ). This stronger and less radical group was finally accepted into the IAB in October 1927. 908: 828: 804: 731:. However, in January 1921 Stamboliyski also visited non-Slavic Romania, meeting with the PȚ's 420: 400: 333: 2073: 1570: 989:

in August 1930. The Bloc also won over Romania's agrarian ideologues, in particular Madgearu.

792:, but also notes that they developed their movement in poorly industrialized countries, where 4596: 1704: 1700: 1553:, represented by political exiles to the United States. The constitutive session was held at 1193:, spoke during the IAB proceedings to reassure the audience that agrarians still believed in 1115: 868: 645: 337: 1756:

and counterrevolutionary". State propaganda consistently accused the IPU branches of having

462:, exposing its involvement in mass murders and its brutal oppression of agrarian movements. 4846: 4706: 4686: 4374: 4332: 3832:

B.E.I.P.I.: Bulletin de l'Association d'Études et d'Informations Politiques Internationales

3220: 2923: 2708: 1156: 789: 567: 166: 1577:. Although estranged from the PNȚ, he contacted its members in the diaspora, arguing that 1445:. This initiative produced in July 1942 an International Agrarian Conference, overseen by 8: 3581: 1963: 1867:", but rather folded into a standard capitalist vision; the IPU reserved some praise for 1739: 1286: 1194: 1031: 1010: 966: 816:, also joined Adrien Toussaint's International Confederation of Agricultural Syndicates. 712: 625: 495:. In 1907, an International Confederation of Agricultural Associations was formed in the 381: 325: 175: 1935:

Despite commonplace reference to the "Green International" and its "green banner", that

1434: 704:". French journalist P. de Docelles also noted that Stamboliyski had "transposed all of 570:

and regulating the market for the benefit of all classes, "not just peasant producers".

4601: 4241: 3334: 2347: 2022: 1868: 1668: 1652: 1563: 1297:

as incompatible with its agenda, and restated that the IAB remained equally opposed to

1221: 1139: 1006: 916: 896: 872: 780: 776: 747: 586: 4531: 1659:. By 1952, the IPU was also seeking a rapprochement with the FK's national rival, the 1310: 904:

noted that some of Stamboliyski's former ministers had since been co-opted by Moscow.

4671: 4200:

István Papp, "Hungarian Emigration and State Security. The Story of Imre Kovács", in

4160: 4137: 3959:

Proceedings of the 25th International Congress of Vexillology, Rotterdam, August 2013

3597: 3376: 3358: 3338: 3224: 2986: 2966: 2958: 2749: 1920: 1875:

in the West, but refrained from advancing any specific model for future development.

1680: 1554: 1510: 1280: 947: 724: 621: 598: 3417:

M. de Loince, "M. Matchek expose les desiderata croates a notre envoyé special", in

1352:

Radicalization, meanwhile, was also embraced by the PAPF, who, at the height of the

1314: 4656: 4169:

Jordan Kuck, "Renewed Latvia. A Case Study of the Transnational Fascism Model", in

3648: 3119: 2426: 2374: 2152: 1981:. It popularized green flags and armbands, which appeared during demonstrations in 1948: 1816: 1672: 1450: 1391: 1230: 1119: 978: 943: 936: 793: 728: 205: 30: 1640: 1530: 912: 423:, put an end to IAB activities, though attempts were still made to revive it from 3471: 3466: 3326: 1936: 1852: 1617:, who was still skeptical about Mikołajczyk's ability to shape Western policies. 1574: 1454: 1353: 1152: 1039: 974: 928: 736: 637: 373: 301: 3260: 1410: 1348: 1327: 942:

Radić was eventually arrested in 1925; his confiscated papers included notes by

364:

served as its first leader. Mečíř was able to extend the IAB beyond its core in

44: 4351: 3346: 2473: 2311: 2292: 1975: 1940: 1915: 1848: 1765: 1573:". The decision to "participate in all manifestations" of the IPU was taken by 1518: 1430: 1309:, which dissolved it in early 1934. During the same weeks, agrarianist leaders 1294: 1234: 1217: 1185: 1169: 1123: 951: 889: 756: 751: 602: 532: 524: 455: 293: 259: 183: 2350:, "Les principaux questions extérieures. Le problème des Internationales", in 1772:

in April 1948, but went unheard due to being vetoed by the Soviet delegation.

1470: 1453:, while restating support for cooperative farming and introducing calls for a 1023: 649: 648:

were also participants in Heim's exchange. In mid 1921, Hungarian agrarianist

608:

This group, itself dubbed a "Green International", held its second meeting in

377: 4800: 4571: 4324: 3585: 2700: 1978: 1884: 1856: 1799:—the accused were not RSZML members, though most had a background in Beran's 1761: 1723: 1550: 1446: 1442: 1322: 1213: 1015: 970: 813: 732: 720: 504: 500: 496: 365: 210: 25: 1955: 1366:, integrating with a family of "right-wing republicans" which also included 4776: 4301: 4255: 4159:, pp. 35–40. Uherské Hradiště: Slovácké Muzeum v Uherském Hradišti, 2008. 4136:, pp. 51–72. Uherské Hradiště: Slovácké Muzeum v Uherském Hradišti, 2010. 3074:"La Conference du Bureau International Agraire s'est ouverte a Prague", in 2683:

André Pierre, "Les dernières publications dans les pays de langues slaves.

1944: 1823:

following the September 1954 abduction of two political exiles in Austria,

1696: 1688: 1546: 1498: 1390:(noted earlier for his support of the IAB). Its size reduced following the 1387: 1270: 1206: 950:, upon which the Piast Party was outlawed. Forced into exile, Piast leader 884: 764: 613: 459: 435: 412: 187: 2334:

Adolphe Hodee, "La réaction mondiale. Les agrariens contre le B.I.T.", in

1382: 340:. The creation of a continental association of peasants was championed by 4741: 4521: 4247:

Bianca Valota Cavallotti, "L'Internazionale verde tra pace e guerra", in

3331:

Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania, 1940–1944

1840: 1747:

administrations, which reduced federal grants for anti-communist groups.

1538: 1251: 1198: 1164: 1046: 958: 920: 880: 820: 760: 590: 508: 499:, but it failed to survive World War I. It was later partly revived as a 451: 392: 321: 246: 170: 162: 4383:

Coordination Committee of Maoist Parties and Organisations of South Asia

3265: 3001:

Anka Vidovič-Miklavčič, "Zveza slovenskih kmetov v letih 1932–1935", in

2985:, p. 187. Uherské Hradiště: Slovácké Muzeum v Uherském Hradišti, 2012. 2507:"Les événements de Sofia seraient bien d'origine agraro-communiste", in 1180:" outlawed them and all other political groups, replacing them with the 1005:. Its first issue, appearing in 1923, included critical analyses of the 4238:

Two Polish Attempts to Bring about a Central-East European Organisation

4074:

Petr Anev, "Procesy s údajnými přisluhovači Zelené internacionály", in

3590:

Disintegration and Integration in East-Central Europe. 1919 – post-1989

3374:"Le neuvième congrès du Parti agraire s'est tenu hier à Compiègne", in 1896: 1804: 1727: 1371: 1275: 1054: 594: 563: 491:

newspaper voiced hopes that such a movement would be formed around the

471: 4398:

International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations

1779:

staged a clampdown against alleged "Green International" cells led by

4403:

International Coordination of Revolutionary Parties and Organizations

4342: 1990: 1864: 1731: 1318: 1273:, whose leadership viewed the entirety of Central Europe as a German 1035: 1027: 697: 657: 388: 3997:"Aniversarea 'Svasticei de Foc'. Intrunirea din sala Eintracht", in 2670:

Nicolas Zvorikine, "La Terre, seule source du bien-être humain", in

1734:. IPU congresses were reportedly attended by peasant delegates from 1050: 1034:

as being "in crisis", and articulated a vision of agrarianism as a "

527:

and countries that had been neutral in World War I: a conference at

4104:

Henryk Cimek, "Wpływy Międzynarodówki Chłopskiej na Bałkanach", in

3999: 3830:"Le communisme dans le monde libre. Rapt d'hommes en Autriche", in 1986: 1982: 1262:; while Greek Agrarianists were no longer IAB members in 1931, the 1259: 1084: 969:, and put effort into creating the rudiments of a Central European 547: 179: 4183:. Warsaw: Nakład Fundacji Wieczystej im. H.J. Chankowskiego, 1933. 1883:

became the IP President; by then, the central office had moved to

395:, or "Red Peasant International", which existed as a proxy of the 4506: 4106:

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio F, Historia

1860: 1414: 1103: 1093: 1022:

The IAB relaunched in 1927, after renewed efforts by the RSZML's

863:, during which Stamboliyski was murdered. As noted by journalist 808: 660:. However, it had by then evolved into a non-political movement. 559: 470:

indicted a number of political and intellectual figures during a

408: 4125:

Janusz Gmitruk, "Zasady i symbole polskiego ruchu ludowego", in

2372:"Dans le Proche Orient. Un mouvement agraire international", in 1381:

On February 28, 1937, Mečíř attended the Ninth PAPF Congress in

4732:

International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties

3718:

Valota Cavallotti, pp. 298–299. See also Cabo, pp. 302, 322–323

2177:"Mayer János Párisba megy a zöld internácionále érdekében", in 1735: 1426: 1298: 1111: 986: 876: 784: 716: 597:

and reserved membership for countries that had also joined the

574: 528: 458:, this Green International fought a propaganda war against the 424: 200: 1433:'s East European Discussion Group, frequented by the likes of 1212:

Also in 1929, the Krestintern's activities were toned down by

859:

The project was disrupted by the BSNS' fall from power in the

3041:"La vie sociale et corporative. Communications diverses", in 2965:, pp. 262–263. Helsinki: Suomen Historiallinen Seura, 1988. 1834:

According to IPU communiques, the cases of Petkov, Maniu and

1082:(SL). Other new recruits included four national parties: the 997:

Unofficially overseen by Švehla, and in practice directed by

800: 779:, European socialists, their prestige greatly damaged by the 705: 609: 4041:

Românul. Organ al Partidului Național Țărănesc din Jud. Arad

3132:

Cabo, p. 304. See also Conord, p. 415; Rueda Hernanz, p. 310

2408: 2406: 2096:"La settimana. L'istituto internazionale d'agricoltura", in 1449:, during which delegates formally pledged themselves to the 1026:. He attended the First Congress of Slavic Peasant Youth in 981:

as a ninth member of "Little Europe". Dissatisfied with the

2921:"Le Premier Congrès National du Parti Paysan Français", in 1904: 1601:. As a result, its activists gravitated toward the smaller 1367: 676:'s leadership of the peasants. From a 1935 album by his son 503:

Peasants' Association, which received memberships from the

415:

also interfered directly in the politics of IAB countries.

3469:, Elena Istrătescu, "Credința în fireasca datorie...", in 3088: 3086: 2775:, p. 177; Cabo, p. 303; Kubů & Šouša, pp. 35–37, 39–40 2447: 2445: 1114:); the BdL, ZS and HSS were regional members, as were the 719:

in November 1921, was still limited to three countries in

585:; his project therefore superseded a rival attempt by the 391:" movement. The Bureau was thus a key competitor with the 3400: 2403: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2189: 2187: 1997: 3293:

Après-Demain. Journal Mensuel de Documentation Politique

1001:, the Bureau put out a trilingual (Czech–French–German) 4408:

International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties

3596:& Editura Fundației pentru Studii Europene, 2014. 3406:

Acta Fakulty Filozofické Západočeské Univerzity v Plzni

3083: 2442: 2278:, p. 80. Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company, 1943 2129:"L'organisation patronale. L'Internationale verte", in 1151:(USKhD), founded in Berlin by exiled supporters of the 746:, who described the Green International as a front for 3062:, Vol. 45, Issues 3–4, July–December 2004, pp. 404–406 2209: 2184: 1855:" as an umbrella term for both fascism and communism. 1233:. In greeting his foreign colleagues, Hodža supported 723:(including Yugoslavia). It was also briefly joined by 550:, advocating for a parallel rapprochement between the 4039:"Ofensiva pentru răsturnarea guvernului liberal", in 3957:

Manuela Schmöger, "Orange as a Political Colour", in

739:, and discussing prospects for regional cooperation. 403:

away from the Krestintern, and helping to create the

387:

Hodža also redefined international agrarianism as a "

4209:

The Right in France from the Third Republic to Vichy

1859:

and other IPU intellectuals dedicated much study to

1699:. Overall, however, postwar Greens remained proudly 4094:, Vol. 8, Issues 2–3, April–July 2008, pp. 169–204. 3140: 3138: 1474:Map of countries nominally represented in the IPU. 1406:in 1938, after which the IAB was no longer active. 871:. Agrarian cooperation was also enhanced after the 812:earlier initiatives, including Mauri and the BZNS' 277:

Monthly Bulletin of the International Peasant Union

49:

Countries and regions with IAB members, before 1935

4882:Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C. 4230:, Vol. 19, Issue 1, January–March 1981, pp. 31–39. 4149:Kosmas - Czechoslovak and Central European Journal 4113:Studia Politica: Romanian Political Science Review 3909:Kosmas - Czechoslovak and Central European Journal 3546: 3544: 3503: 3501: 3499: 2885:Valota Cavallotti, p. 295. See also Conord, p. 415 2387:G. Welter, "Opinions. La victorire du paysan", in 2150:, "Lettre d'Autriche. L'Internationale Verte", in 1634:International Federation of Agricultural Producers 2894:Bernet, pp. 29–31; Lynch, p. 56; Passmore, p. 287 2705:Communism and Social Democracy, 1914–1931. Part I 1951:, usually green, as a universal agrarian symbol. 1269:Agrarian initiatives were sabotaged from 1933 by 1118:and two Swiss Parties of Farmers and Traders (in 4798: 3135: 4892:Non-profit organizations based in New York City 4877:Defunct organizations based in Washington, D.C. 3785:Anev, pp. 25, 28. See also Hrabík Šámal, p. 118 3541: 3496: 3280:Chantecler. Littéraire, Satirique, Humoristique 3054:Alessandro Stanziani, "Čajanov, Kerblay et les 3028: 3026: 3024: 3016:Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Tchécoslovaque 2838:Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Tchécoslovaque 2728: 2726: 1993:, selected for its revolutionary connotations. 4542:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 3731:; Hrabík Šámal, pp. 117–118; Papp, pp. 341–342 2321:dans les Balkans. L'Internationale Verte", in 1899:'s memory. In 1970, an IPU executive officer, 1504:Note: Shaded areas represent regional parties. 854: Maniu Plan for a federal "Little Europe" 434:(IPU), grouping agrarianist refugees from the 407:. This drive was interrupted by the spread of 37:; popularized by the IAB as an agrarian symbol 4697:International Alliance of Socialist Democracy 4692:International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam 4667:Committee for a Workers' International (1974) 4587:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties 4350: 4271: 3655:, Vol. 4, Issues 3–4, March–April 1953, p. 10 1620:The project received initial grants from the 430:In 1947, the Bureau was reestablished as the 97:Note: Shaded areas represent regional parties 4887:Defunct organizations based in New York City 4285: 3021: 2723: 2389:Le Confédéré. Organe des Libéraux Valaisiens 2276:The Menace of the Herd or Procustes at Large 1887:. The organization remained centered on the 1712:National Centre of Independents and Peasants 1134:, of the Czechoslovak cooperative movement. 454:were successively IPU presidents. Primarily 4197:, Vol. XXII, Issues 1–2, 2015, pp. 102–129. 3493:Cabo, pp. 308, 323. See also Nekola, p. 110 3106:Le Peuple. Organe Quotidien du Syndicalisme 3070: 3068: 3043:Le Peuple. Organe Quotidien du Syndicalisme 2836:"Le Congrès de l'Internationale Verte", in 2585:"Les documents saisis chez M. Raditch", in 2478:Le Peuple. Organe Quotidien du Syndicalisme 2476:, "Socialisme et Communisme en Orient", in 2424:, "Lettre des Balkans. Belgrade-Sofia", in 2336:Le Peuple. Organe Quotidien du Syndicalisme 2297:Le Peuple. Organe Quotidien du Syndicalisme 2240:, Vol. 4, Issue 10, March 1921, pp. 308–309 2232: 2230: 2228: 2131:Le Peuple. Organe Quotidien du Syndicalisme 1903:, deposed a wreath at the Palach Statue in 1167:, dismissing the Green International as an 4862:Anti-German sentiment in the United States 4817:1971 disestablishments in Washington, D.C. 4737:International Revolutionary Marxist Centre 4702:International Working People's Association 4278: 4264: 4152:, No. 28.1, Spring–Fall 2014, pp. 102–128. 3939:Cabo, p. 327. See also Nekola, pp. 113–114 3621:Anev, p. 28. See also Hrabík Šámal, p. 121 3104:, "Lettres de la campagne. Les verts", in 2740: 2738: 2661:Cabo, p. 303; Kubů & Šouša, pp. 37, 38 2587:Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Yugoslave 2576:, p. 10. Paris: Librairie du travail, 1926 2544:Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Yugoslave 2143: 2141: 2139: 1429:. The IAB was partly reconstructed as the 1220:". During this process, agrarian theorist 977:, Maniu also argued in favor of including 573:The emerging organization was centered on 348:, but originated with earlier attempts by 4512:International League of Peoples' Struggle 4249:Publications de l'École Française de Rome 4085:, Vol. 2, Issue 6, April 1979, pp. 29–34. 2866: 2864: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2685:Bulletin du Bureau International Agricole 2643:Costea, pp. 395, 400; Tarnowski, pp. 9–11 2307: 2305: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2006:Green banners associated with IAB members 273:Bulletin du Bureau International Agricole 4204:, Vol. VIII, Issue 1, 2015, pp. 335–354. 3651:, "The Perspective of Our Campaign", in 3511:, Vol. II, Issue 10, February 1948, p. 2 3295:, Issues 94–95, May–June 1967, pp. 14–15 3065: 2858:Conord, p. 415. See also Gmitruk, p. 119 2288: 2286: 2284: 2225: 1989:(1933), but used as its main symbol the 1469: 1229:. The core topic for discussion was the 838: 700:, a "peasant dictatorship to oppose the 694:Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants 667: 519:(BVP). From late 1918, at a height of a 358:Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants 35:Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants 4752:Revolutionary Internationalist Movement 3834:, Vol. 6, Issue 117, October 1954, p. 9 3727:Cabo, pp. 303, 313–314. See also Anev, 2735: 2691:, Vol. 7, Issue 317, March 1924, p. 336 2542:"Le voyage de M. Raditch à Moscou", in 2136: 954:moved to Prague as a guest of the IAB. 612:in November 1920. During its sessions, 4799: 4115:, Vol. 11, Issue 3, 2011, pp. 411–421. 2861: 2823: 2302: 2173: 2171: 2112: 1930: 1893:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 1425:relocated peasant internationalism to 1413:, who proposed that such an "agrarian 628:(PB) of the Netherlands, and from the 493:International Institute of Agriculture 417:Germany's occupation of Czechoslovakia 380:introduced the Green International to 356:, the IAB came to be dominated by the 4807:1921 establishments in Czechoslovakia 4259: 3317:, Vol. 18, Issue 4, 1965, pp. 785–805 3005:, Vol. 43, Issue 4, 1989, pp. 556–557 2281: 1628:, before obtaining stipends from the 1626:National Association of Manufacturers 1126:). An additional member was France's 883:. Its profile suggested that the new 94:(joined in 1930, dropped out in 1931) 4822:Organizations disestablished in 1971 4228:Revue Des Études Sud-est Européennes 4223:, Issues 206–207, 1976, pp. 303–323. 4122:, Vols. XII–XIII, 1999, pp. 391–402. 3278:Marius, "La justice expéditive", in 2674:, Vol. 4, Issue 70, March 1924, p. 4 1630:National Committee for a Free Europe 1599:National Front of Czechs and Slovaks 1595:revival of Czechoslovak independence 1347:In November 1934, asked by Romanian 1030:(September 1924), where he spoke of 55: Founding members (joined 1921) 4767:West Indies Democratic Labour Party 3237:Latvijas Vēstures Institūta Žurnāls 3014:"Le congrès du parti agrarien", in 2876:, Vol. I, Issue 1, March 1931, p. 2 2168: 2068:Banner used in World War II by the 1423:Nazi hegemony in Continental Europe 1404:German occupation of Czechoslovakia 843:Other interwar agrarian alliances: 775:argued by the writing duo known as 13: 4747:Labour and Socialist International 4652:Communist Correspondence Committee 4617:World Union of National Socialists 4522:International Workers' Association 3018:, No. 29, December 11, 1929, p. 10 1657:Lithuanian Popular Peasants' Union 1557:, on July 4, 1947, producing the " 1138:Czechoslovak foreign policy; most 1072: 14: 4903: 4812:Organizations established in 1921 4642:Anarchist St. Imier International 4083:Annales Historiques Compiégnoises 2870:"Biroul Internațional agrar", in 2840:, No. 29, December 11, 1929, p. 7 2524:, pp. 175–176; Cimek, pp. 212–216 2037:French Agrarian and Peasant Party 1738:. From 1948, the Greens declared 1622:United States Department of State 1593:During the same period, with the 1525:; from Italy, Dimitrov contacted 727:representing the by-then-defunct 682:Bulgarian Agrarian National Union 405:French Agrarian and Peasant Party 346:Bulgarian Agrarian National Union 4772:West Indies Federal Labour Party 4662:Communist Workers' International 4055: 4046: 4033: 4024: 4015: 4006: 3991: 3982: 3973: 3964: 3951: 3942: 3933: 3924: 3915: 3912:, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2018, pp. 93–97 3900: 3891: 3882: 3873: 3864: 3855: 3846: 3837: 3824: 3815: 3806: 3797: 3788: 3779: 3770: 3761: 3752: 3743: 3734: 3721: 3712: 3703: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3667: 3658: 3642: 3633: 3624: 3615: 3606: 3575: 3566: 3553: 3532: 3523: 3514: 3487: 3478: 3460: 3451: 3442: 3433: 3424: 3239:, Issue 3 (108), 2018, pp. 73–76 2061: 2044: 2029: 2014: 1954:In 1927, upon being convened by 1871:and highlighted the progress of 1661:Hungarian National Peasant Party 1465: 1246:According to French syndicalist 1149:Ukrainian Agrarian Statist Party 1142:were also glaringly absent. The 848: Bloc of Agrarian Countries 521:revolutionary upheaval in Europe 360:in Czechoslovakia, whose member 43: 24: 4722:International Communist Seminar 4592:International Monarchist League 4547:World Anti-Imperialist Platform 4517:International People's Assembly 4360:International Communist Current 4310:Centrist Democrat International 3457:Cabo, pp. 301–302, 307, 316–317 3411: 3404:] of the 20th Century", in 3392: 3383: 3368: 3320: 3307: 3298: 3285: 3272: 3254: 3242: 3231:; Uldis Krēsliņš, "15 May 1934 3209: 3196: 3187: 3178: 3165: 3156: 3147: 3126: 3111: 3095: 3058:. Une histoire 'globale'?", in 3048: 3035: 3008: 2995: 2975: 2952: 2943: 2930: 2915: 2897: 2888: 2879: 2852: 2843: 2814: 2805: 2796: 2787: 2778: 2765: 2756: 2714: 2694: 2677: 2664: 2655: 2646: 2637: 2628: 2619: 2610: 2601: 2592: 2579: 2567: 2558: 2549: 2536: 2527: 2514: 2501: 2492: 2483: 2467: 2458: 2433: 2415: 2394: 2381: 2366: 2357: 2341: 2328: 2265: 2252: 2243: 1777:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 1770:United Nations Security Council 1695:, was published irregularly in 992: 702:dictatorship of the proletariat 531:in mid 1919 had delegates from 468:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 354:Stamboliyski's downfall in 1923 4867:Cross-European advocacy groups 4788:Pan-European political parties 4502:Atheist Alliance International 4393:International Communist League 3529:Hrabík Šámal, pp. 108–114, 121 3408:, Vol. 9, Issue 2, 2014, p. 25 3117:"Presses départamentales", in 2589:, No. 58, March 20, 1925, p. 4 2363:Valota Cavallotti, pp. 297–298 2200: 2159: 2103: 2098:Il Cuneo. Periodico Socialista 2090: 1722:, and established contacts in 1677:Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations 1240: 834: 807:, as well as to the RSZML and 546:In November 1920, Heim was in 438:. This group incorporated the 421:takeover of Continental Europe 320:), was founded in 1921 by the 1: 4872:Organizations based in Prague 4717:International Agrarian Bureau 4365:International Communist Party 4315:International Democracy Union 4251:, Vol. 95, 1987, pp. 285–299. 4221:Revista de Estudios Políticos 4108:, Vol. 57, 2002, pp. 211–225. 4101:, Vol. 40, 2018, pp. 299–329. 4067: 1821:People's Republic of Bulgaria 1344:, along quasi-fascist lines. 799:At the BZNS' 1921 reunion in 368:, obtaining support from the 286:International Agrarian Bureau 19:(International Peasant Union) 17:International Agrarian Bureau 4852:Anti-communist organizations 4607:Pirate Parties International 4190:, Issue 18, 2006, pp. 56–68. 4173:, Vol. 2, 2013, pp. 183–204. 4129:, Issue 5/2013, pp. 115–128. 4061:Cabo, p. 309; Nekola, p. 109 3897:Cabo, p. 308; Nekola, p. 112 3673:Cabo, p. 309; Nekola, p. 110 3448:Cabo, p. 307; Nekola, p. 109 2546:, No. 53, July 7, 1924, p. 4 1603:Democratic Party of Slovakia 1009:, expressing hopes that the 444:Hungarian Smallholders Party 306:Bureau International Agraire 7: 3355:Ohio State University Press 3153:Tarnowski, pp. 11–12, 14–15 1925:Hungarian People's Republic 1649:Albanian League of Peasants 1421:. From 1940, the effective 1359:Comités de Défense Paysanne 1305:supported the notion of an 1256:Belgian Agricultural League 1237:at an international level. 663: 432:International Peasant Union 136:; 53 years ago 10: 4908: 4857:Anti-fascist organizations 4757:Situationist International 4181:Współczesne idee społeczne 4091:Journal of Agrarian Change 4078:, Issue 4/2012, pp. 23–34. 3691:Cabo, pp. 311–312, 316–317 3612:Hrabík Šámal, pp. 117, 121 3315:Studii. Revistă de Istorie 3304:Rueda Hernanz, pp. 303–312 2480:, September 23, 1924, p. 4 2133:, September 10, 1921, p. 4 1851:, while Nagy popularized " 1750: 1714:, as well as with Italy's 1501:not represented in the UPU 1376:national elections in 1937 1128:Agrarian and Peasant Party 965:, proceeded to champion a 939:by anti-communist exiles. 911:(HSS), led at the time by 690:Prime Minister of Bulgaria 583:Central and Eastern Europe 482: 298:Mezinárodní Agrární Bureau 229:Central and Eastern Europe 4785: 4629: 4564: 4527:Progressive International 4494: 4416: 4388:European Communist Action 4373: 4341: 4323: 4300: 4293: 4003:, November 17, 1937, p. 5 3594:Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft 3520:Hrabík Šámal, pp. 102–107 3269:, November 17, 1934, p. 5 3175:, December 18, 1935, p. 3 3123:, September 4, 1932, p. 2 3045:, November 30, 1932, p. 4 2412:Valota Cavallotti, p. 295 2400:Valota Cavallotti, p. 286 2325:, February 28, 1921, p. 2 1693:Agrarpolitische Rundschau 1691:. An affiliate magazine, 1663:, whose former Secretary 1588:Grigore Niculescu-Buzești 1419:Croat–Yugoslav settlement 1197:; by contrast, the BdL's 1178:Dictatorship of January 6 983:World Economic Conference 963:Prime Minister of Romania 744:Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn 630:Agrarian Party in Hungary 308:), commonly known as the 266: 253: 235: 220: 193: 158: 148: 130: 112: 104: 42: 23: 4827:Political internationals 4612:World Ecological Parties 4552:World Socialist Movement 4287:Political internationals 3351:The Romanians. A History 3080:, October 30, 1930, p. 3 2927:, January 27, 1929, p. 1 2652:Costea, pp. 395, 398–400 2634:Costea, pp. 392–395, 400 2430:, November 8, 1923, p. 2 2156:, December 5, 1920, p. 2 2084: 1909:Cleveland Public Library 1758:collaborated with Nazism 1703:, as noted by the PSL's 1685:Ukrainian Agrarian Party 1334:1934 Latvian coup d'état 1307:Austrian Corporate State 1227:Agrarian Party of Greece 1063:National Peasants' Party 923:intellectuals, with the 370:National Peasants' Party 4582:Humanists International 4537:Socialist International 4213:Oxford University Press 4188:Histoire & Sociétés 4177:Jerzy Karol Kurnatowski 4030:Kuck, pp. 186, 188, 190 4021:Lynch, pp. 59–60, 65–66 3588:, Nicolae Păun (eds.), 3092:Kubů & Šouša, p. 40 2784:Kubů & Šouša, p. 38 2272:Francis Stuart Campbell 2222:Kubů & Šouša, p. 39 1845:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1801:Party of National Unity 1645:Czechoslovak Communists 1643:, once a leader of the 1400:Party of National Unity 1364:Second Spanish Republic 1182:Yugoslav National Party 1059:Romanian National Party 948:Polish Coup of May 1926 686:Aleksandar Stamboliyski 674:Aleksandar Stamboliyski 517:Bavarian People's Party 489:Italian Socialist Party 419:, and subsequently its 397:Communist International 342:Aleksandar Stamboliyski 153:Political international 118:; 102 years ago 75:Bavarian People's Party 4577:Humanist International 3961:, Paper 31, 2013, p. 9 3740:Cabo, pp. 304, 312–313 3639:Papp, pp. 338, 340–342 3592:, p. 89. Baden-Baden: 3484:Cabo, pp. 302, 307–308 3380:, March 1, 1937, p. 7B 3206:, Issue 2/2003, p. 200 3060:Cahiers du Monde Russe 2912:, March 15, 1938, p. 3 2511:, April 19, 1925, p. 1 2299:, March 21, 1921, p. 3 2206:Kurnatowski, pp. 82–83 2109:Kurnatowski, pp. 81–82 1901:Robert Bohuslav Soumar 1873:mechanized agriculture 1506: 1460: 1398:" was governed by the 1266:(PAE) joined in 1934. 1264:Spanish Agrarian Party 1140:Nordic agrarian groups 909:Croatian Peasant Party 861:Bulgarian coup of 1923 856: 805:German Agrarian League 684:(BZNS), whose leader, 677: 618:Italian People's Party 579:Christian Social Party 477: 401:Croatian Peasant Party 305: 297: 4677:Fascist International 4637:Alliance of Democrats 4597:Liberal International 4043:, Issue 14/1936, p. 3 3475:, January 1998, p. 29 3421:, April 4, 1939, p. 3 3282:, Issue 99/1934, p. 2 3219:, p. 231. Stockholm: 2391:, Issue 89/1921, p. 3 2378:, June 14, 1921, p. 2 2338:, June 24, 1921, p. 4 2070:Polish People's Party 1960:Polish People's Party 1535:Polish People's Party 1527:Stanisław Mikołajczyk 1473: 1116:Slovene Peasant Party 1080:Polish People's Party 869:Macedonian Bulgarians 842: 671: 624:in Denmark, from the 448:Stanisław Mikołajczyk 440:Polish People's Party 314:Zelená Internacionála 4837:Cooperative movement 4762:Vienna International 4707:Second International 4687:Fourth International 4333:Progressive Alliance 4052:Hrabík Šámal, p. 113 3988:Gmitruk, pp. 119–120 3538:Hrabík Šámal, p. 120 3353:, p. 192. Columbus: 3221:Stockholm University 3108:, May 24, 1932, p. 1 2753:, May 27, 1928, p. 1 2709:Macmillan Publishers 2687:, Prague, 1923", in 2625:Hrabík Šámal, p. 121 2354:, May 15, 1921, p. 3 2181:, July 2, 1921, p. 1 2100:, Issue 7/1905, p. 1 1880:Hungarian Revolution 1825:Petar Penev Trifonov 1491: Joined by 1964 1485: Joined by 1950 1479: Joined by 1948 1394:, Czechoslovakia's " 1157:anti-intellectualist 933:Czechoslovak Premier 901:Bulgarian Communists 790:Second International 568:cooperative movement 318:Internationale Verte 167:Cooperative movement 85:Greek Agrarian Party 67: Joined by 1934 61: Joined by 1927 33:logo as used by the 4842:Peace organizations 4712:Third International 4682:First International 4647:Black International 4099:Historia y Política 3970:Conord, pp. 415–416 3879:Nekola, pp. 112–113 3509:Messager de Pologne 3184:Conord, pp. 416–417 3003:Zgodovinski Časopis 2672:La Pensée Française 2314:, "Une enquête de l 2074:Bataliony Chłopskie 1931:Political symbolism 1740:European federalism 1716:Christian Democracy 1681:Roman Smal-Stotskyi 1611:Ladislav Feierabend 1579:Alexandru Cretzianu 1513:in Romania and the 1497: Areas of the 1317:(in Latvia) staged 1287:Corriere della Sera 1195:class collaboration 1153:Ukrainian Hetmanate 1090:Farmers' Assemblies 1032:economic liberalism 1011:New Economic Policy 967:Danubian Federation 907:In Yugoslavia, the 769:White International 382:European federalism 376:; as an ideologue, 310:Green International 226:Europe (originally) 176:European federalism 20: 4602:Muslim Brotherhood 4242:Polish Hearth Club 3653:ABN Correspondence 3563:, pp. 177, 178–179 3365:; Holec, pp. 57–58 3335:Palgrave Macmillan 2909:Le Midi Socialiste 2849:Cimek, pp. 223–225 2707:, p. 273. London: 2598:Cimek, pp. 217–219 2498:Cimek, pp. 220–221 2489:Cimek, pp. 220–222 2348:Marius-Ary Leblond 2165:Kurnatowski, p. 82 1869:Nordic agrarianism 1669:Ukrainian diaspora 1564:collective farming 1543:Smallholders Party 1507: 1281:fascist government 1222:Alexander Chayanov 1132:Ferdinand Klindera 1007:Russian Revolution 917:spectral-syncretic 897:Aleksandar Tsankov 873:September Uprising 857: 781:Russian Revolution 777:Marius-Ary Leblond 748:agrarian socialism 678: 208:(1947–1964?, 1971) 77:(involved in 1921) 16: 4832:Agrarian politics 4794: 4793: 4672:E2D International 4625: 4624: 4560: 4559: 4165:978-80-86185-72-9 4142:978-80-86185-90-3 4120:Revista Bistriței 3930:Cabo, pp. 326–327 3870:Cabo, pp. 316–321 3861:Cabo, pp. 321–322 3852:Cabo, pp. 318–319 3749:Cabo, pp. 312–313 3709:Cabo, pp. 309–310 3682:Cabo, pp. 314–315 3664:Cabo, pp. 310–311 3602:978-3-8487-1330-1 3572:Cabo, pp. 315–316 3439:Cabo, pp. 306–307 3333:, p. 33. London: 3229:978-91-89315-75-4 2991:978-80-87671-01-6 2959:Juhani Paasivirta 2949:Cabo, pp. 303–304 2924:L'Express du Midi 2720:Holec, pp. 53, 59 2689:L'Europe Nouvelle 2607:Scurtu, pp. 36–37 2555:Scurtu, pp. 35–36 2439:Scurtu, pp. 33–35 2249:Scurtu, pp. 32–33 2238:L'Europe Nouvelle 1921:Goulash Communism 1813:František Machník 1653:Estonian Settlers 1511:King Michael Coup 1313:(in Estonia) and 763:, a corollary of 599:League of Nations 556:Austrian Republic 552:Hungarian Kingdom 282: 281: 255:Secretary-General 4899: 4657:Communist League 4375:Marxist–Leninist 4348: 4347: 4298: 4297: 4280: 4273: 4266: 4257: 4256: 4207:Kevin Passmore, 4062: 4059: 4053: 4050: 4044: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4013: 4010: 4004: 3995: 3989: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3971: 3968: 3962: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3931: 3928: 3922: 3919: 3913: 3904: 3898: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3880: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3862: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3844: 3841: 3835: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3795: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3732: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3710: 3707: 3701: 3698: 3692: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3674: 3671: 3665: 3662: 3656: 3649:Yaroslav Stetsko 3646: 3640: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3604: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3564: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3539: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3512: 3505: 3494: 3491: 3485: 3482: 3476: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3449: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3422: 3415: 3409: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3381: 3372: 3366: 3324: 3318: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3296: 3289: 3283: 3276: 3270: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3213: 3207: 3204:Pasado y Memoria 3200: 3194: 3191: 3185: 3182: 3176: 3169: 3163: 3162:Tarnowski, p. 12 3160: 3154: 3151: 3145: 3144:Tarnowski, p. 14 3142: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3115: 3109: 3102:Émile Guillaumin 3099: 3093: 3090: 3081: 3077:Le Petit Journal 3072: 3063: 3052: 3046: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3019: 3012: 3006: 2999: 2993: 2979: 2973: 2956: 2950: 2947: 2941: 2934: 2928: 2919: 2913: 2906:, "Touché!", in 2901: 2895: 2892: 2886: 2883: 2877: 2868: 2859: 2856: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2834: 2821: 2818: 2812: 2809: 2803: 2800: 2794: 2791: 2785: 2782: 2776: 2769: 2763: 2760: 2754: 2742: 2733: 2730: 2721: 2718: 2712: 2698: 2692: 2681: 2675: 2668: 2662: 2659: 2653: 2650: 2644: 2641: 2635: 2632: 2626: 2623: 2617: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2599: 2596: 2590: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2562: 2556: 2553: 2547: 2540: 2534: 2533:Holec, pp. 52–53 2531: 2525: 2518: 2512: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2481: 2471: 2465: 2462: 2456: 2449: 2440: 2437: 2431: 2419: 2413: 2410: 2401: 2398: 2392: 2385: 2379: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2355: 2345: 2339: 2332: 2326: 2317: 2309: 2300: 2290: 2279: 2269: 2263: 2256: 2250: 2247: 2241: 2234: 2223: 2220: 2207: 2204: 2198: 2191: 2182: 2175: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2145: 2134: 2127: 2110: 2107: 2101: 2094: 2065: 2048: 2033: 2018: 1949:four-leaf clover 1889:Eastern Seaboard 1829:Milorad Mladenov 1817:De-Stalinization 1781:Antonín Chloupek 1726:, as well as in 1705:Stanisław Wójcik 1673:Yaroslav Stetsko 1559:Independence Day 1555:Washington, D.C. 1523:Fatherland Front 1515:September putsch 1496: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1451:Atlantic Charter 1435:Milan Gavrilović 1392:Munich Agreement 1248:Émile Guillaumin 1231:Great Depression 944:Grigory Zinoviev 937:black propaganda 853: 847: 794:social democracy 729:Russian Republic 626:Peasants' League 601:—thus excluding 446:, whose leaders 206:Washington, D.C. 144: 142: 137: 126: 124: 119: 93: 82: 72: 66: 60: 54: 47: 31:Four-leaf clover 28: 21: 15: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4896: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4781: 4727:ICMPLO (Maoist) 4621: 4556: 4532:São Paulo Forum 4490: 4412: 4369: 4337: 4319: 4289: 4284: 4254: 4211:. Oxford etc.: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4007: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3979:Gmitruk, p. 119 3978: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3812:Anev, pp. 30–33 3811: 3807: 3803:Anev, pp. 29–30 3802: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3767:Anev, pp. 23–27 3766: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3506: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3472:Magazin Istoric 3467:Grigore Gafencu 3465: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3416: 3412: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3373: 3369: 3327:Dennis Deletant 3325: 3321: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3290: 3286: 3277: 3273: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3215:Johan Eellend, 3214: 3210: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3116: 3112: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3084: 3073: 3066: 3056:šestidesjatniki 3053: 3049: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3022: 3013: 3009: 3000: 2996: 2980: 2976: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2935: 2931: 2920: 2916: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2869: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2835: 2824: 2820:Tarnowski, p. 9 2819: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2779: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2745:Jules Sauerwein 2743: 2736: 2731: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2699: 2695: 2682: 2678: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2584: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2519: 2515: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2450: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2386: 2382: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2346: 2342: 2333: 2329: 2315: 2310: 2303: 2291: 2282: 2270: 2266: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2235: 2226: 2221: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2192: 2185: 2176: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2146: 2137: 2128: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2066: 2057: 2049: 2040: 2034: 2025: 2023:Farmers' League 2019: 2008: 2007: 1976:French tricolor 1937:political color 1933: 1853:totalitarianism 1789:Josef Kostohryz 1775:From 1952, the 1753: 1575:Grigore Gafencu 1549:and the former 1502: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1468: 1463: 1455:planned economy 1439:Jerzy Kuncewicz 1396:Second Republic 1354:Stavisky Affair 1311:Konstantin Päts 1243: 1225:Union, and the 1191:Karel Viškovský 1161:anti-democratic 1088:(Austria), the 1075: 1073:Final expansion 1040:Sudeten Germans 995: 975:Italian fascism 929:Nicolae L. Lupu 855: 851: 849: 845: 837: 737:Virgil Madgearu 688:, was the then- 666: 638:Greater Romania 634:Peasants' Party 587:Farmers' League 485: 480: 374:Greater Romania 275: 269: 256: 245: 238: 227: 223: 216: 209: 204: 186: 182: 178: 174: 169: 165: 140: 138: 135: 122: 120: 117: 100: 95: 87: 80: 78: 70: 68: 64: 62: 58: 56: 52: 50: 38: 18: 12: 11: 5: 4905: 4895: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4422: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4379: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4356: 4354: 4352:Left communist 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4335: 4329: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4306: 4304: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4283: 4282: 4275: 4268: 4260: 4253: 4252: 4245: 4234:Adam Tarnowski 4231: 4224: 4216: 4205: 4202:Caietele CNSAS 4198: 4195:Soudobé Dějiny 4191: 4184: 4174: 4167: 4153: 4144: 4130: 4123: 4116: 4109: 4102: 4095: 4086: 4079: 4076:Paměť a Dějiny 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4063: 4054: 4045: 4032: 4023: 4014: 4005: 3990: 3981: 3972: 3963: 3950: 3941: 3932: 3923: 3921:Nekola, p. 113 3914: 3899: 3890: 3881: 3872: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3823: 3814: 3805: 3796: 3787: 3778: 3769: 3760: 3758:Nekola, p. 111 3751: 3742: 3733: 3720: 3711: 3702: 3700:Nekola, p. 112 3693: 3684: 3675: 3666: 3657: 3641: 3632: 3623: 3614: 3605: 3582:Vladimír Goněc 3574: 3565: 3552: 3550:Nekola, p. 110 3540: 3531: 3522: 3513: 3495: 3486: 3477: 3459: 3450: 3441: 3432: 3423: 3410: 3391: 3382: 3367: 3347:Vlad Georgescu 3319: 3306: 3297: 3284: 3271: 3253: 3241: 3208: 3195: 3186: 3177: 3164: 3155: 3146: 3134: 3125: 3110: 3094: 3082: 3064: 3047: 3034: 3020: 3007: 2994: 2974: 2951: 2942: 2929: 2914: 2896: 2887: 2878: 2860: 2851: 2842: 2822: 2813: 2804: 2795: 2786: 2777: 2764: 2762:Costea, p. 395 2755: 2734: 2722: 2713: 2693: 2676: 2663: 2654: 2645: 2636: 2627: 2618: 2609: 2600: 2591: 2578: 2566: 2557: 2548: 2535: 2526: 2513: 2500: 2491: 2482: 2474:Viktor Chernov 2466: 2457: 2441: 2432: 2414: 2402: 2393: 2380: 2365: 2356: 2340: 2327: 2312:Albert Londres 2301: 2293:Augustin Hamon 2280: 2264: 2251: 2242: 2224: 2208: 2199: 2183: 2167: 2158: 2135: 2111: 2102: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2067: 2060: 2058: 2050: 2043: 2041: 2035: 2028: 2026: 2021:Banner of the 2020: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2005: 2004: 2003: 2001:the IPU logo. 1941:Albert Londres 1932: 1929: 1916:Jozef Lettrich 1849:Katyn massacre 1766:Wincenty Witos 1752: 1749: 1571:Tămădău Affair 1519:G. M. Dimitrov 1509:Following the 1493: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1431:Fabian Society 1315:Kārlis Ulmanis 1295:Lapua Movement 1242: 1239: 1235:price controls 1218:Dekulakization 1186:class conflict 1170:intelligentsia 1108:Farmers' Union 1074: 1071: 1061:to become the 994: 991: 952:Wincenty Witos 890:Viktor Chernov 850: 844: 836: 833: 757:Albert Londres 752:Augustin Hamon 713:Antonín Švehla 665: 662: 642:Agrarian Party 603:Weimar Germany 537:German Austria 533:Weimar Germany 525:Central Powers 484: 481: 479: 476: 456:anti-communist 330:Czechoslovakia 280: 279: 270: 267: 264: 263: 260:G. M. Dimitrov 257: 254: 251: 250: 239: 236: 233: 232: 224: 222:Region served 221: 218: 217: 215: 214: 197: 195: 191: 190: 184:Anti-communism 160: 156: 155: 150: 146: 145: 132: 128: 127: 114: 110: 109: 106: 102: 101: 79: 69: 63: 57: 51: 48: 40: 39: 29: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4904: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4789: 4784: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4572:Global Greens 4570: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4281: 4276: 4274: 4269: 4267: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4225: 4222: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4110: 4107: 4103: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4092: 4087: 4084: 4080: 4077: 4073: 4072: 4058: 4049: 4042: 4036: 4027: 4018: 4012:Bernet, p. 31 4009: 4002: 4001: 3994: 3985: 3976: 3967: 3960: 3954: 3945: 3936: 3927: 3918: 3911: 3910: 3903: 3894: 3885: 3876: 3867: 3858: 3849: 3840: 3833: 3827: 3818: 3809: 3800: 3791: 3782: 3773: 3764: 3755: 3746: 3737: 3730: 3724: 3715: 3706: 3697: 3688: 3679: 3670: 3661: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3636: 3627: 3618: 3609: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3586:Wilfried Loth 3583: 3578: 3569: 3562: 3556: 3547: 3545: 3535: 3526: 3517: 3510: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3490: 3481: 3474: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3454: 3445: 3436: 3427: 3420: 3414: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3395: 3386: 3379: 3378: 3371: 3364: 3363:0-8142-0511-9 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3343:1-4039-9341-6 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3316: 3310: 3301: 3294: 3288: 3281: 3275: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3205: 3199: 3190: 3181: 3174: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3141: 3139: 3129: 3122: 3121: 3114: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3089: 3087: 3079: 3078: 3071: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3044: 3038: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3017: 3011: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2971:951-8915-14-8 2968: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2946: 2939: 2933: 2926: 2925: 2918: 2911: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2891: 2882: 2875: 2874: 2873:Țara de Mâine 2867: 2865: 2855: 2846: 2839: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2817: 2808: 2802:Scurtu, p. 39 2799: 2793:Scurtu, p. 38 2790: 2781: 2774: 2768: 2759: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2717: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2701:G. D. H. Cole 2697: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2673: 2667: 2658: 2649: 2640: 2631: 2622: 2613: 2604: 2595: 2588: 2582: 2575: 2570: 2564:Scurtu, p. 36 2561: 2552: 2545: 2539: 2530: 2523: 2517: 2510: 2504: 2495: 2486: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2464:Cimek, p. 211 2461: 2454: 2448: 2446: 2436: 2429: 2428: 2423: 2422:Paul Gentizon 2418: 2409: 2407: 2397: 2390: 2384: 2377: 2376: 2369: 2360: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2337: 2331: 2324: 2320: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2262:, pp. 174–175 2261: 2255: 2246: 2239: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2203: 2196: 2190: 2188: 2180: 2179:Zalai Közlöny 2174: 2172: 2162: 2155: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2132: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2106: 2099: 2093: 2089: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2054: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2032: 2027: 2024: 2017: 2012: 2011: 2002: 1999: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1972: 1971: 1970:Țara de Mâine 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1895:and honoring 1894: 1890: 1886: 1885:New York City 1881: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1857:David Mitrany 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1793:Vilém Knebort 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1762:Nikola Petkov 1759: 1748: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1724:Latin America 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1701:Germanophobic 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1641:Bohumil Jílek 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1615:Martin Hrabík 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1584:Augustin Popa 1580: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551:Baltic states 1548: 1544: 1541:of Hungary's 1540: 1536: 1532: 1531:Stanisław Kot 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1505: 1500: 1472: 1466:Consolidation 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1447:Chatham House 1444: 1443:David Mitrany 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1323:Vaps Movement 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1288: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1214:Joseph Stalin 1210: 1208: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1144:Maalaisliitto 1141: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1099:Maalaisliitto 1095: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1070: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1017: 1016:G. D. H. Cole 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 990: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 971:single market 968: 964: 961:, who became 960: 955: 953: 949: 945: 940: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 913:Stjepan Radić 910: 905: 902: 898: 893: 891: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 865:Paul Gentizon 862: 841: 832: 830: 826: 822: 817: 815: 814:Nikola Petkov 810: 806: 802: 797: 796:had no pull. 795: 791: 786: 782: 778: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 753: 749: 745: 740: 738: 734: 733:Ion Mihalache 730: 726: 725:White émigrés 722: 721:Slavic Europe 718: 714: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 675: 670: 661: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 544: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 505:Low Countries 502: 498: 497:German Empire 494: 490: 475: 473: 469: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 385: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 366:Slavic Europe 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 278: 274: 271: 265: 261: 258: 252: 248: 243: 240: 234: 230: 225: 219: 212: 211:New York City 207: 202: 199: 198: 196: 192: 189: 185: 181: 177: 172: 168: 164: 161: 157: 154: 151: 147: 133: 129: 123:November 1921 116:November 1921 115: 111: 107: 103: 98: 91: 86: 76: 46: 41: 36: 32: 27: 22: 4777:Young Europe 4716: 4302:Conservative 4248: 4237: 4227: 4220: 4208: 4201: 4194: 4187: 4180: 4170: 4156: 4147: 4133: 4126: 4119: 4112: 4105: 4098: 4089: 4082: 4075: 4057: 4048: 4040: 4035: 4026: 4017: 4008: 3998: 3993: 3984: 3975: 3966: 3958: 3953: 3948:Papp, p. 351 3944: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3907: 3902: 3893: 3888:Cabo, p. 326 3884: 3875: 3866: 3857: 3848: 3843:Cabo, p. 314 3839: 3831: 3826: 3817: 3808: 3799: 3790: 3781: 3772: 3763: 3754: 3745: 3736: 3728: 3723: 3714: 3705: 3696: 3687: 3678: 3669: 3660: 3652: 3644: 3635: 3630:Cabo, p. 310 3626: 3617: 3608: 3589: 3577: 3568: 3560: 3555: 3534: 3525: 3516: 3508: 3489: 3480: 3470: 3462: 3453: 3444: 3435: 3430:Cabo, p. 305 3426: 3418: 3413: 3405: 3399: 3394: 3389:Holec, p. 62 3385: 3375: 3370: 3350: 3330: 3322: 3314: 3309: 3300: 3292: 3287: 3279: 3274: 3264: 3261:Ion Clopoțel 3256: 3249: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3216: 3211: 3203: 3198: 3193:Holec, p. 53 3189: 3180: 3172: 3167: 3158: 3149: 3128: 3118: 3113: 3105: 3097: 3075: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3042: 3037: 3032:Cabo, p. 304 3015: 3010: 3002: 2997: 2982: 2977: 2962: 2954: 2945: 2937: 2932: 2922: 2917: 2907: 2899: 2890: 2881: 2871: 2854: 2845: 2837: 2816: 2811:Cabo, p. 303 2807: 2798: 2789: 2780: 2772: 2767: 2758: 2748: 2732:Holec, p. 64 2716: 2704: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2671: 2666: 2657: 2648: 2639: 2630: 2621: 2612: 2603: 2594: 2586: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2560: 2551: 2543: 2538: 2529: 2521: 2516: 2508: 2503: 2494: 2485: 2477: 2469: 2460: 2452: 2435: 2425: 2417: 2396: 2388: 2383: 2373: 2368: 2359: 2351: 2343: 2335: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2296: 2275: 2267: 2259: 2254: 2245: 2237: 2202: 2194: 2178: 2161: 2151: 2148:Marcel Dunan 2130: 2105: 2097: 2092: 2072: 2051: 1995: 1968: 1953: 1945:Orange Guard 1934: 1913: 1877: 1833: 1797:Otakar Čapek 1774: 1754: 1709: 1697:West Germany 1692: 1689:East Germany 1638: 1619: 1592: 1568: 1547:Eastern Bloc 1508: 1503: 1499:Eastern Bloc 1411:Vladko Maček 1408: 1388:Rudolf Beran 1380: 1357: 1349:Ion Clopoțel 1346: 1339: 1331: 1328:Pērkonkrusts 1326: 1302: 1292: 1285: 1274: 1271:Nazi Germany 1268: 1244: 1211: 1207:smallholding 1203: 1175: 1168: 1143: 1136: 1097: 1083: 1076: 1067: 1044: 1021: 1002: 996: 993:1927 revival 956: 941: 924: 906: 894: 885:Soviet Union 858: 818: 798: 773: 765:Luigi Sturzo 741: 710: 679: 672:Allegory of 614:Angelo Mauri 607: 572: 545: 486: 464: 460:Soviet Union 436:Eastern Bloc 431: 429: 413:Nazi Germany 386: 352:. Following 317: 313: 309: 289: 285: 283: 276: 272: 213:(1964?–1971) 188:Anti-fascism 105:Abbreviation 96: 4847:Pan-Slavism 4742:Krestintern 4325:Progressive 4127:Myśl Ludowa 3821:Anev, p. 34 3794:Anev, p. 28 3776:Anev, p. 27 3233:Coup d'État 1985:(1929) and 1841:appeasement 1836:Béla Kovács 1809:Josef Dufek 1785:Josef Kepka 1665:Imre Kovács 1607:Josef Černý 1539:Ferenc Nagy 1252:Paul Bastid 1241:Dissolution 1199:Franz Spina 1165:corporatist 1106:), and the 1047:Pan-Slavism 1024:Milan Hodža 999:Karel Mečíř 959:Iuliu Maniu 921:Yugoslavist 881:Krestintern 835:1923 hiatus 825:Piast Party 821:world peace 761:reactionary 650:János Mayer 591:Sudetenland 509:Scandinavia 452:Ferenc Nagy 393:Krestintern 378:Milan Hodža 362:Karel Mečíř 324:parties of 247:Ferenc Nagy 242:Karel Mečíř 231:(from 1947) 203:(1921–1938) 171:Pan-Slavism 163:Agrarianism 88: [ 4801:Categories 4630:Historical 4418:Trotskyist 4240:. London: 4068:References 3559:Borras Jr 3173:Paris-Midi 2936:Borras Jr 2904:Gérard Vée 2771:Borras Jr 2520:Borras Jr 2451:Borras Jr 2352:Paris-Midi 2258:Borras Jr 2193:Borras Jr 1956:Jan Dąbski 1923:") in the 1897:Jan Palach 1805:show trial 1745:Democratic 1720:Coldiretti 1372:Iron Guard 1319:self-coups 1276:Lebensraum 1055:Bratislava 654:Ernst Laur 646:Yugoslavia 595:Strasbourg 564:Bolshevism 513:Georg Heim 501:Pan-German 472:show trial 350:Georg Heim 338:Yugoslavia 268:Main organ 4431:FI (USFI) 4343:Socialist 3419:Excelsior 3357:, 1991. 3337:, 2006. 3223:, 2007. 2509:Excelsior 2323:Excelsior 2319:Excelsior 1991:pitchfork 1979:in canton 1964:red flags 1865:Third Way 1732:East Asia 1707:in 1954. 1383:Compiègne 1374:ahead of 1036:Third Way 1028:Ljubljana 698:red peril 658:Bucharest 589:(BdL) in 389:Third Way 237:President 173:(to 1927) 131:Dissolved 113:Formation 4000:Curentul 3377:Le Matin 3266:Adevărul 3120:Le Temps 2940:, p. 177 2750:Le Matin 2455:, p. 175 2427:Le Temps 2375:Le Temps 2197:, p. 174 2153:Le Temps 2053:Mazpulki 1987:Chartres 1983:Beauvais 1847:and the 1624:and the 1341:Mazpulki 1325:and the 1303:Landbund 1260:Wallonia 1085:Landbund 1003:Bulletin 785:Danubian 664:Creation 644:(ZS) of 640:and the 636:(PȚ) of 548:Budapest 442:and the 326:Bulgaria 322:agrarian 194:Location 180:Pacifism 4507:COPPPAL 4244:, 1943. 4215:, 2013. 4171:Fascism 1861:Marxism 1751:Decline 1675:of the 1533:of the 1415:autarky 1120:Argovia 1104:Finland 1096:), the 1094:Estonia 879:as the 622:Venstre 616:of the 560:Bavaria 541:Hungary 515:of the 483:Origins 409:fascism 344:of the 262:(first) 244:(first) 159:Purpose 139: ( 121: ( 108:IAB/IPU 4461:IWL-FI 4441:ICL-FI 4294:Active 4163: 4140: 3729:passim 3600: 3361: 3341: 3250:passim 3248:Kuck, 3227: 2989: 2969: 2711:, 1958 1958:, the 1795:, and 1736:Taiwan 1655:, the 1651:, the 1495: 1489: 1483: 1477: 1441:, and 1427:London 1299:Nazism 1163:, and 1112:Latvia 1053:, and 1051:Poznań 987:Warsaw 877:Moscow 852: 846: 829:Poland 809:Balkan 717:Prague 632:. The 575:Vienna 558:, and 554:, the 529:Berlin 425:London 334:Poland 302:French 249:(last) 201:Prague 83: 81: 73: 71: 65: 59: 53: 4565:Other 4495:Other 4486:WIRFI 4481:TF-FI 3561:et al 2938:et al 2773:et al 2522:et al 2453:et al 2316:' 2260:et al 2195:et al 2085:Notes 1962:used 1728:South 1332:(see 979:Italy 925:Obzor 801:Sofia 706:Lenin 610:Paris 294:Czech 92:] 4436:ICFI 4426:CRFI 4161:ISBN 4138:ISBN 3598:ISBN 3359:ISBN 3339:ISBN 3225:ISBN 2987:ISBN 2967:ISBN 2056:flag 2039:flag 1905:Rome 1827:and 1811:and 1730:and 1718:and 1609:and 1529:and 1368:CEDA 1124:Bern 1122:and 767:'s " 735:and 507:and 450:and 336:and 284:The 149:Type 141:1971 134:1971 4476:RCI 4471:L5I 4466:LFI 4456:IST 4451:ISA 4446:ICU 3401:sic 1998:4-H 1683:'s 1461:IPU 1258:of 827:of 478:IAB 372:in 290:IAB 4803:: 4236:, 4179:, 3543:^ 3498:^ 3349:, 3345:; 3329:, 3137:^ 3085:^ 3067:^ 3023:^ 2961:, 2863:^ 2825:^ 2737:^ 2725:^ 2703:, 2444:^ 2405:^ 2304:^ 2283:^ 2274:, 2227:^ 2211:^ 2186:^ 2170:^ 2138:^ 2114:^ 1911:. 1791:, 1787:, 1783:, 1764:, 1590:. 1566:. 1457:. 1437:, 1378:. 1159:, 831:. 605:. 539:, 535:, 427:. 384:. 332:, 328:, 316:, 304:: 300:, 296:: 292:; 90:el 4279:e 4272:t 4265:v 1336:) 1110:( 1102:( 1092:( 312:( 288:( 143:) 125:) 99:.

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