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privileges can lead to Asian
Americans being viewed as the same as European Americans by African Americans in terms of having a larger median income as well as receiving on average lighter punishments from the American judicial system. Meanwhile, a significant percentage of Asian Americans share a view with European Americans that African Americans "aren't capable of getting ahead", according to a study conducted by the National Conference of Christians and Jews. This sentiment flared especially during the era of racial tension in Los Angeles surrounding the
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340:' successes. The successes of Asian Americans are frequently compared to the struggles of African Americans, who may believe that attempts to lump the struggles of the two ethnic groups together can negate their own struggles. Comparatively, Asian Americans and African Americans are socially considered parts of the same minority culture that other non-white ethnic groups are considered parts of, in contrast to "white" culture. The divisions are even more pronounced through what has been identified as the "
396:, as riots and protests hit 2,200 Korean small businesses. African Americans felt cheated by the judicial system, as they had faced much more stringent punishments for charges involving an armed weapon, while Korean Americans felt targeted and attacked by the African American community for having their businesses destroyed. This led to Korean Americans being divided by those who felt abandoned and betrayed by the police and those who felt threatened by African Americans in their community.
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385:, many moved to settle in Los Angeles, but could not work in the same traditionally white collar jobs they held back home. Instead, many opened up businesses in areas where the rent was cheap in predominantly African American communities. Korean American and African American community leaders soon realized that tensions existed and they were predominantly due to differences in culture as well as a language barrier. This came to a head during the era of the riots as Korean grocer
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247:, ethnic Asians and Asian Americans were classified as âwhiteâ in the official census. They began to be called âmodel minoritiesâ because they established a societal reputation for "hard work". But in the West, which had such a high rate of Asian immigrants that there was white resistance to their presence, the majority passed laws and courts ruled against allowing them the same rights as European Americans. For instance, in the California court case,
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against
African-Americans by Irish rioters. The Irish resented the fact that free black men were paid more than them and did not need to fear being drafted, whereas the Irish could only avoid the draft by paying $ 300. The official death toll was listed at either 119 or 120 individuals. Conditions in
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to control the city. The rioters were overwhelmingly Irish working-class men who did not want to fight in the Civil War and resented that wealthier men, who could afford to pay a $ 300 commutation fee to hire a substitute, were spared from the draft. At the time a typical laborer's wage was between $
351:
Within this relationship, Asian
Americans may be seen to profit from their dealings with members of both ethnic groups, which can fuel the stereotype of the "model minority" among European Americans, as well as a distrust of Asian Americans among African Americans. From this viewpoint, their societal
323:
The tension and division between Asian
Americans and African Americans can be explained via an analysis of the role which ethnic minorities have played within American society as a whole. As more ethnic groups began to enter the civil discourse in the United States, the media and social figures began
282:
upheld the local decision. It ruled that state law defined whites as specifically
Caucasian and said that if the girls attended public school, they would have to go to one for "black" students, as all other ethnicities than white were classified (including Native Americans). Their parents knew that
211:
Because of the centuries of abuses from historic slavery and its aftermath, discussions of racial tension in the United States have often focused on black-white relations. This has failed to include the perspective of Asian
Americans in racial discourse. Some Asian Americans feel stuck in limbo, as
347:
This idea has been used to describe the relationship that Asian
Americans often play between European Americans and African Americans. It suggests that one group acts as a linking partner to other groups, where these groups are typically divided by class or race. In this case, Asian Americans have
272:
While their numbers were few in the South, Chinese immigrants were recruited as laborers by planters in the early 20th century. They worked to get out of the fields, establishing small community groceries and similar businesses. They also worked to distinguish themselves from the restrictions of
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protection of Asian immigration into the United States. But it did not protect such immigrants and their descendants from the varieties of de facto prejudice, bullying, hate crimes, and segregation faced by ethnic minorities. Certain
European American immigrants also faced such discrimination.
293:
for states to classify students by race and segregate them on that basis. Early 20th century Asian nationals, such as
Japanese immigrants, were prohibited from owning land or businesses in some states. If their American-born children were old enough, property was put in their name instead.
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from whites, the forms of discrimination have often taken different forms. In addition, these two groups (which encompass numerous ancestral backgrounds) have also competed for jobs, education and resources over the decades, and have displayed tensions toward each other.
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prisons, for instance, Latino and black inmates targeted each other over racial issues. There have been reports of racially motivated attacks by gangs against
African Americans who have moved into neighborhoods occupied mostly by Hispanic Americans, and vice versa.
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and its successive laws helped codify the rights and protections of ethnic minorities. Despite facing similar attacks on their cultures and people, Asian Americans and African Americans sometimes found themselves divided and clashing within the 20th century.
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in the United States, there are areas of competition for housing, jobs and other resources with African Americans. Tensions in communities have also been reflected in racial tensions between these ethnic groups in prisons. In several significant riots in
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The military did not reach the city until the second day of rioting, by which time the mobs had ransacked or destroyed numerous public buildings, two Protestant churches, the homes of various abolitionists or sympathizers, many black homes, and the
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236:, only âfree white person(s)â were eligible to be naturalized as American citizens with full rights. While the intention at the time was to avoid granting enslaved African Americans and free blacks the same privileges as
550:" within the city's Irish community, in that "mostly Irish American rioters confronted police, soldiers, and pro-war politicians ... were also to a considerable extent from the local Irish immigrant community."
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brought suit challenging its daughters' expulsion from a local school for white students. In the binary system of the time, the school system had classified the girls as non-white and therefore prohibited. The
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played the role of middlemen between African Americans and European Americans. Particularly among early generations of immigrants and their children, they established niches as shopkeepers and merchants.
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As Asian Americans established their niches in society, they faced discrimination from white Americans who treated them like they did African Americans at the time. With members of organizations like the
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The rate of Asian immigration and naturalization increased following the Immigration and Naturalization Law of 1952, which repealed previous limits to Asian immigration. This allowed for the
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shot and killed a black teenage girl in her store, and she received a remarkably light sentence compared to sentences imposed on African Americans in the judicial system at the time.
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166:. This relationship has included widely publicized cooperation and conflict, andâsince the 1970sâit has been an area of significant academic research. Cooperation during the
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253:, "the court found that people of Asian descent could not testify under existing legal acts that prohibited testimony from people of African descent. According to the
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
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criticize this contemporary policy because it refuses to acknowledge the interminority inequalities and antagonisms generated by changing demographics.
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colonists, future waves of immigrants brought ethnicities from different areas, such as those from Asia and Africa, without full naturalization.
216:â, because of their record of achievement and statistically high reported educational scores and incomes. But not all are equally successful.
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995:"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875 Statutes at Large, 1st Congress, 2nd Session"
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they have had differences and suffered discrimination from other ethnic groups. At the same time, Asian Americans have been extolled as the â
1514:"History of Wages in the United States From Colonial Times to 1928 : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. 499"
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to the ground. The area's demographics changed as a result of the riot. Many black residents left Manhattan permanently with many moving to
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530:(July 13â16, 1863), sometimes referred to as the Manhattan draft riots and known at the time as Draft Week, were violent disturbances in
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
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in 1854, the court ruledâ he words âBlack personâ...must be taken as contradistinguished from White, and necessarily excludes all
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intimidating, assaulting, bullying, and attacking Asian Americans (particularly Chinese Americans), the arrival of the
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Statistics, United States Bureau of Labor; Stewart, Estelle M. (Estelle May); Bowen, Jesse Chester (October 1, 1929).
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other than the Caucasianâ. As the 19th century progressed, white resistance resulted in Acts of Congress such as the
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828:"About a third of Asian Americans say they have changed their daily routine due to concerns over threats, attacks"
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BAW: The Hutchinson Report: Thanks to Latino Gangs, There's a Zone in L.A. Where Blacks Risk Death if They Enter
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Ban, Hyun; Adams, R.C. (June 1997). "L.A. Times Coverage of Korean Americans before, after 1992 Riots".
289:, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously affirmed that decision, holding that it was not a violation of the
2023:
1185:
Park, Kyeyoung (September 1996). "Use and Abuse of Race and Culture: Black-Korean Tension in America".
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Holland, Kenneth M. (August 2007). "A History of Chinese Immigration in the United States and Canada".
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The relationship has also featured conflicts and controversies which are related to such topics as the
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Kitano, Harry H. L. (November 1974). "Japanese Americans: The Development of a Middleman Minority".
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these schools were poorly funded and lower in quality than those provided to white students. In
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racial segregation that African Americans were forced to endure. In 1927 a Chinese family in
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Taking America's Pulse: A Summary Report of the National Survey on Inter-Group Relations
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of 1892, which effectively barred further immigration of Asians until the 20th century.
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Noe-Bustamante, Luis; Ruiz, Neil G.; Lopez, Mark Hugo; Edwards, Khadijah (9 May 2022).
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discourse to acknowledge multiracial difference. Multiculturalist theorists such as
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While African Americans and Asian Americans have both faced historical and current
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concerning the alleged dominant role of American and Caribbean-based Jews in the
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Kim, Claire Jean. "Imagining race and nation in multiculturalist America", in
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Initially intended to express anger at the draft, the protests turned into a
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Psy's âHangover:â Challenging Asian American and African American Relations
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ought to be proclaimed, but I have not a sufficient force to enforce it."
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1.00 and $ 2.00 a day, and the fee was equivalent to $ 7,400 in 2023.
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In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626â1863
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511:, also known as the Civil War Military Draft Act, which authorized the
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1549:"Maj. Gen. John E. Wool Official Reports for the New York Draft Riots"
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1269:"25 years after LA riots, Koreatown finds strength in 'Saigu' legacy"
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diverted several regiments of militia and volunteer troops after the
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Troubling the waters: Black-Jewish relations in the American century
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Toby Joyce, "The New York Draft Riots of 1863: An Irish Civil War?"
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Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic#United States
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JURIST - Paper Chase: Race riot put down at California state prison
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1325:. The New American Nation. New York: Harper & Row. pp.
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Prejudice or discrimination between racial minorities in the US
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Race relations | Where black and brown collide | Economist.com
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Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States
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have both contributed to long-lasting racial tensions between
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The role of Asian Americans according to the middleman theory
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Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863â1877
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in the years leading up to 1992. As people migrated from
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Fight Against Fear: Southern Jews and Black Civil Rights
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Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century
96:. There have also been inter-racial tensions between
884:"Racial segregation continues in California prisons"
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141:
123:
546:. According to Toby Joyce, the riot represented a "
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1032:(2nd ed.). Long Grove, Ill.: Waveland Press.
668:are frequently a vehicle for inter-ethnic conflict
170:was strategic and significant, culminating in the
2360:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
1609:Blacks in the Jewish Mind: A Crisis of Liberalism
1553:Shotgun's Home of the American Civil War blogsite
1029:The Mississippi Chinese: between Black and White
2452:
1582:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 279â88.
1292:
1215: (New York: National Conference, 1994), 5.
907:Gang mayhem grips LA | World news | The Observer
971:Race, Rights, and the Asian American Experience
2461:AfricanâHispanic and Latino American relations
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1487:"The journal of political economy. v.13 1905"
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324:to paint these groups as subdivisions of the
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682:History of antisemitism in the United States
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687:History of immigration to the United States
589:at 44th Street and Fifth Avenue, which was
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207:African AmericanâKorean American relations
48:. Please do not remove this message until
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2330:Interminority racism in the United States
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707:Mass racial violence in the United States
692:Homophobia in ethnic minority communities
400:Irish AmericanâAfrican American relations
359:
234:United Statesâ Naturalization Act of 1790
201:African AmericanâAsian American relations
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
2476:Multiracial affairs in the United States
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44:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1466:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800â"
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732:Race and ethnicity in the United States
672:Geography of antisemitism#United States
162:have interacted throughout much of the
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332:divide. American society often lumps
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2491:Social history of the United States
1815:Discrimination based on nationality
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727:Race and crime in the United States
661:Discrimination in the United States
373:was inhabited by a large number of
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892:. 21 February 2005. Archived from
722:Nativism in United States politics
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717:Nativism (politics)#United States
651:Antisemitism in the United States
646:African AmericanâJewish relations
149:African AmericanâJewish relations
142:African AmericanâJewish relations
124:African AmericanâLatino relations
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1063:, 4 Cal. 399, 405 (October 1854)
737:Racism against African Americans
712:Native AmericanâJewish relations
702:Index of racism-related articles
697:Immigration to the United States
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488:1864 New York City arson attacks
405:This section is an excerpt from
147:This section is an excerpt from
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1299:. Baker & Godwin. pp.
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2320:Go back to where you came from
1619:. Princeton University Press.
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392:Relations worsened during the
112:Current US policy advocates a
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1373:"Prologue: Selected Articles"
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263:Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
94:Hispanic and Latino Americans
1458:American Antiquarian Society
1438:American Antiquarian Society
1399:"The Draft in the Civil War"
1362:(March 2003) 11#2, pp 22â27.
973:. Rutgers University Press.
757:Racism in Muslim communities
752:Racism in Jewish communities
538:men to fight in the ongoing
164:history of the United States
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767:Racism in the United States
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84:, economic competition and
50:conditions to do so are met
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1615:Greenberg, Cheryl (2006).
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853:Ethnic and Racial Studies
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528:New York City draft riots
470:New York City draft riots
465:Battle of Portland Harbor
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407:New York City draft riots
969:Ancheta, Angelo (2008).
772:Xenophobia#United States
578:, said on July 16 that "
444:Northern Theater of the
255:California Supreme Court
172:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2350:Psychometrics of racism
1800:Anti-miscegenation laws
1187:American Anthropologist
762:Racism in North America
503:A recruiting poster in
128:With the growth of the
2315:Ethnic plastic surgery
1810:Biological determinism
1529:Cite journal requires
1001:. 1790. Archived from
608:1992 Los Angeles Riots
576:Department of the East
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394:1992 Los Angeles riots
360:1992 Los Angeles riots
2235:In Jewish communities
2213:Hispanic & Latino
1607:Forman, Seth (2000),
1403:United States History
1211:National Conference,
587:Colored Orphan Asylum
507:in June 1863 for the
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381:during and after the
312:Civil Rights Movement
221:racial discrimination
168:Civil Rights Movement
2325:Herrenvolk democracy
1634:Webb, Clive (2003),
896:on 22 February 2005.
638:United States portal
559:Battle of Gettysburg
291:Fourteenth Amendment
194:Atlantic slave trade
178:Black Power movement
2345:Perpetual foreigner
1341:(updated ed. 2014,
1127:275 U.S. 89
999:Library of Congress
832:Pew Research Center
574:, commander of the
280:state Supreme Court
37:of this article is
2375:Racial integration
2355:Race and sexuality
2160:Japanese Americans
1880:Racial segregation
1870:Racial nationalism
923:2007-01-17 at the
870:2010-03-07 at the
613:Crown Heights Riot
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513:federal government
447:American Civil War
338:European Americans
186:affirmative action
108:U.S. public policy
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2196:African Americans
2143:Chinese Americans
1840:Ethnic stereotype
1379:. August 15, 1990
855:. Nov 2004. 27:6.
747:Racism by country
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460:Detroit Race Riot
342:middle man theory
238:European American
190:antisemitic trope
156:African Americans
98:African Americans
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2390:in Australia
2380:Racial quota
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2024:Soviet Union
1967:Saudi Arabia
1908:South Africa
1835:Ethnic slurs
1830:Ethnic jokes
1732:Internalized
1635:
1616:
1608:
1578:
1556:. Retrieved
1552:
1543:
1522:cite journal
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1490:
1481:
1471:February 29,
1469:. Retrieved
1449:
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1402:
1393:
1381:. Retrieved
1377:Archives.org
1376:
1367:
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1320:
1309:
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1288:
1277:. Retrieved
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1018:
1007:. Retrieved
1003:the original
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902:
894:the original
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847:
835:. Retrieved
831:
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572:John E. Wool
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308:Ku Klux Klan
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2305:Anti-racism
2046:Middle East
1940:South Korea
1935:North Korea
1850:Hate speech
1772:Substantive
1752:Neocolonial
1601:Works cited
1442:1700â1799:
1422:1634â1699:
1315:Foner, Eric
1121:Lum v. Rice
944:Forman 2000
580:Martial law
371:Los Angeles
286:Lum v. Rice
275:Mississippi
245:1870 Census
243:Before the
58:August 2023
2471:Minorities
2455:Categories
2184:Vietnamese
1957:Arab world
1855:Hate group
1845:Hate crime
1782:Xenophobia
1762:Scientific
1747:Linguistic
1589:0226317757
1558:August 16,
1491:HathiTrust
1408:August 28,
1279:2019-02-28
1039:0881333123
1009:2019-02-28
788:References
553:President
521:Union Army
387:Soon Ja Du
383:Korean War
364:See also:
232:Under the
205:See also:
188:, and the
135:California
35:neutrality
2365:Race card
2300:Alt-right
2100:Argentina
2061:Palestine
1979:Australia
1805:Apartheid
1793:of racism
1383:August 1,
1255:150923679
1247:0739-5329
1106:144885858
1098:0272-2011
940:Webb 2003
567:race riot
548:civil war
517:conscript
267:Geary Act
46:talk page
2420:Category
2335:Lynching
2310:Casteism
2155:Japanese
2014:Portugal
1945:Thailand
1913:Zimbabwe
1777:Symbolic
1767:Societal
1757:Romantic
1722:Gendered
1702:Cultural
1692:Colorism
1687:Aversive
1497:July 13,
1447:(1992).
1427:(1997).
1317:(1988).
1273:NBC News
1048:17808912
1026:(1988).
921:Archived
868:Archived
624:See also
602:Examples
595:Brooklyn
265:and the
39:disputed
2430:Commons
2340:Passing
2295:Ableism
2218:Mexican
2138:Chinese
2034:Ukraine
1999:Germany
1989:Denmark
1950:Vietnam
1303:â6, 12.
1161:3638430
299:de jure
228:History
182:Zionism
80:In the
2262:Slavic
2257:Romani
2252:Muslim
2225:Jewish
2172:Korean
2133:Asians
2105:Brazil
2088:Mexico
2078:Canada
2066:Turkey
2056:Israel
2019:Russia
2009:Poland
1994:France
1984:Europe
1903:Africa
1737:Patent
1717:Formal
1697:Covert
1673:Racism
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1125:,
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837:9 June
591:burned
478:Affair
2440:Index
2201:Women
2191:Black
2110:Chile
2029:Spain
2004:Italy
1972:Sudan
1962:Libya
1930:Japan
1925:China
1707:Cyber
1454:(PDF)
1434:(PDF)
1329:â33.
1251:S2CID
1157:JSTOR
1102:S2CID
536:draft
379:Korea
330:black
326:white
259:races
2242:LGBT
2128:Arab
2051:Iran
1920:Asia
1621:ISBN
1584:ISBN
1560:2007
1535:help
1499:2022
1473:2024
1410:2015
1385:2017
1343:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1243:ISSN
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1044:OCLC
1034:ISBN
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