African American–Jewish relations

4790: 5796:

and the West Side. Other explanations include scapegoating, competition for resources or support, rising identity politics which caused both groups to become more insular, anti-Black racism among Jews, Israeli support for South Africa during apartheid, increasing pro-Palestinian support among Black people and the radical left, the failure of white and Jewish liberalism to advance Black rights, resentment over what Judith Rosenbaum called "Jewish feelings of moral proprietorship in the civil rights struggle", or to a perceived failure to show or maintain solidarity with Black communities, particularly in the South. Tema Smith has argued that many of these explanations share

6189:

Jones Beach, the centerpiece of the Long Island state park system, by such measures as making it difficult for Black groups to get permits to park buses, even if they came by other roads, and assigning Black lifeguards to "distant, less developed beaches" instead. While the exclusion of commercial vehicles and the use of low bridges were standard on earlier parkways for aesthetic reasons, Caro argues that Moses made greater use of such bridges, which his aide Sidney Shapiro said was done to make it more difficult for future legislators to allow commercial vehicles. Steve Woolgar and Geoff Cooper refer to the claim about bridges as an "urban legend".

5872:, a Jewish organization, the prevalence of antisemitism among African-Americans was found to be 23%, compared to 14% for the general population, 19% for US-born Hispanics, 31% for "foreign-born" Hispanics and 10% for White Americans. This prevalence has fallen significantly since surveys in 1998, 1992 and 1964. Conversely, a survey by PRRI in 2018 found that 44% of Black Protestants believe Jewish people face "a lot" of discrimination in America, compared to 31% of religiously unaffiliated Americans, 29% of Catholics, 28% of White mainline Protestants and only 20% of white evangelical Protestants. 5101:

appreciation to the rabbis who chose to give moral witness with us in St. Augustine during our recent protest against segregation in that unhappy city? Need I remind anyone of the awful beating suffered by Rabbi Arthur Lelyveld of Cleveland when he joined the civil rights workers there in Hattiesburg, Mississippi? And who can ever forget the sacrifice of two Jewish lives, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner, in the swamps of Mississippi? It would be impossible to record the contribution that the Jewish people have made toward the Negro's struggle for freedom—it has been so great.

6639: 5588:

were granted full citizenship, while others were granted permanent resident status, and others were granted temporary resident status. In April 2021, A spokesman for the Israeli government announced Israel's plans to deport dozens of African Hebrews despite the fact that many members of the community had received permanent residency under arrangements with Israel. 51 members of the community were ordered to leave their homes by September 23, 2021. In October 2021, the Beersheba court district issued an interim injunction that effectively halted the deportations.

4539:, Jewish shop-owners and landlords engaged in business with Black customers and tenants, often filling a need where non-Jewish, White business owners would not venture. This was true in most regions of the South, where Jews were often merchants in its small cities, as well as northern urban cities such as New York, where they settled in high numbers. Jewish shop-owners tended to be more civil than other Whites to Black customers, treating them with more dignity. Black people often had more immediate contact with Jewish people compared to White Christians. 6354:

portrayed as inherently Jew-hating, strong, coarse, drunk, illiterate, dumb, and sexually promiscuous," and the work of scholars such as Israel Bartal, Ewa Morawska, and David Roskies who have illustrated that "Jews differentiated between what they saw as high-cultured and low-cultured Gentiles". Because of the role of many Jewish immigrants as "storeowners, tavern keepers, peddlers, and landlords" to Black people, this reinforced those attitudes and "African Americans were frequently seen as the new country’s reincarnation of peasant folk" or the

4550:. In the 1953 edition, he changed the text to use the words "immigrant" and "foreigner", explaining, "What, of course, I meant to condemn was the exploitation of Black labor and that it was in this country and at that time in part a matter of immigrant Jews, was incidental and not essential. My inner sympathy with the Jewish people was expressed better in the last paragraph of page 152. But this illustrates how easily one slips into unconscious condemnation of a whole group. Du Bois also publicly spoke out against anti-Semitism for decades. 5415: 5998: 5371:

Jews. In order to promote cooperation with his Christian colleagues, Rothschild established the Institute for the Christian Clergy, an annual daylong event which was hosted by the Temple each February. Black ministers were always welcome at the Temple's interfaith events, and on other occasions, Rothschild invited prominent black leaders, such as Morehouse College president Benjamin Mays, to lead educational luncheons at the Temple, despite objections from some members of his congregation.

16464: 6611: 1647: 5375:

Atlanta's moderate reputation. The Ministers' Manifesto, as the statement came to be known, marked an important turning point in Atlanta's race relations. Although the Manifesto's strong Christian language prevented Rothschild from signing it himself, the rabbi assisted in the drafting and conception of the statement, and he endorsed it in an article that ran separately in the Atlanta Journal and the Atlanta Constitution and later, it appeared in the Congressional Record.

18129: 5514: 5887: 5608: 6653: 5226: 18143: 6625: 4190:. For instance, a Jewish editor named Jacob N. Cardozo explained that "the reason the Almighty had made the colored black" was to mark him as inferior, providing an obvious, God-given approval of slavery. This scientific racism often characterized people as belonging to three broad categories or races: Caucasian, Mongoloid and Negroid. So, although Jews were often considered "other" and separate from European Christians, the 4613: 4603:

have a rent strike. We were paying $ 94 for four run-down, shabby rooms, and .... we discovered that whites ... were paying only $ 78 a month. We were paying 20 percent tax. The Negro ends up paying a color tax, and this has happened in instances where Negroes actually confronted Jews as the landlord or the storekeeper. The irrational statements that have been made are the result of these confrontations.

14431: 6321:. Jewish slave owners were mostly found in business or domestic settings, rather than plantations, so most of the slave ownership was in an urban context — running a business or working as domestic servants. Jewish slave owners freed their Black slaves at about the same rate as non-Jewish slave owners. Sometimes, Jewish slave owners bequeathed slaves to their children in their wills. 8479: 5056: 4562:

butchers and pawnbrokers in Harlem were Jews, and that this represented Blacks' daily experience not just of White people but of capitalism as well. As a result of these interactions, and the ongoing economic inequalities Black people faced, he explained, many Black people wrongly "hated them ." He went on to end the article with a clear condemnation of antisemitism:

5490:(ILGWU) against charges of anti-Black racial discrimination, distorted the government's reports about discrimination, failed to tell union members the truth, and when union members complained, the JLC labeled them antisemites. Hill says that ILGWU leaders denounced Black members for demanding equal treatment and access to leadership positions. 4878: 5730:, we have had various responses. The responses of the so-called young militants does not represent the position of the vast majority of Negroes. There are some who are color consumed and see a kind of mystique in being colored, and anything non-colored is condemned. We do not follow that course in the 6373:

It was the first time we saw black people. Beforehand we saw them only in books and newspapers’ illustrations. Now they actually passed by us, showing their white teeth and pouting their thick lips, whose strong redness lit their faces’ blackness. With each encounter or brushing elbows against them –

6360:

Ribak has also noted how newly arrived Jews in America, as opposed to those who were born there, often considered Black people in exoticized or racialized ways. Sholem Aleichem (Sholem Yankev Rabinovitsh) would describe Black people on the train as, "Crude creatures. Frightfully thick lips. Big white

6154:

is practiced within their own communities, which has sometimes resulted in "pushing Black Jews out". Rebecca Pierce has criticized the policing of Jewish identities among Jews of color, or accusations of "Jewface", by arguing that they are based on a conspiracy theory and they also constitute part of

5826:

Hamid later admitted Nazi groups had tried to offer him money to organise a Black "legion" against the Jews, but that he refused because they didn't care about Blacks either. Hamid renounced antisemitism, saying it was wrong to condemn "Jews as a race" based on the actions of a few who denied jobs to

5771:

As Black people continued to face widespread discrimination and struggled to make progress in society, Black activism became increasingly outspoken. Greenberg believes that this increased resentment and fear among Jews. As this activism spread to the North, many liberal Jews also began to move out of

5587:

In 2003, 1,200 Black Hebrew Israelites were found to be eligible for Israeli citizenship. Members of the community began to immigrate to Israel as early as 1992, when Israel's interior ministry began to grant Black Hebrew Israelites different levels of immigration status. Some Black Hebrew Israelites

5338:

engaged in virtually no organized activities on behalf of civil rights. This lack of participation was puzzling to some northern Jews, due to the "inability of the northern Jewish leaders to see that Jews, before the battle for desegregation, were generally not victims in the South because the racial

5211:

in which he argued that Jews had become a problem for Blacks precisely because they had so identified with the Black struggle. Cruse insisted that Jewish involvement in interracial politics impeded the emergence of "Afro-American ethnic consciousness". For Cruse, as well as for other Black activists,

5179:

In "The Complex Relationship between Jews and African Americans in the Context of the Civil Rights Movement", Hannah Labovitz argues, "this is not a story about white Jews intervening to save the day after experiencing their own challenges, but rather one damaged community doing what it could to help

4859:

While this period is sometimes remembered as a "golden age" of African American–Jewish relations, modern scholars point out that there were still disagreements and tensions between Blacks and Jews at the time. The reasons for collaborating were also diverse, and often motivated by politics as much as

4701:

and critics suggests that Jews in the music business played an important role in paving the way for mainstream acceptance of Black culture, though Blacks and Jews didn't benefit from this acceptance equally. Melnick concludes that, "while both Jews and African-Americans contributed to the rhetoric of

4670:

at the time. Black people could not appear in leading roles in either the theatre or in movies, but Blackface was relatively common. Despite this, Rogin argues that Jewish Blackface did not cause significant tensions at the time, saying: "Jewish blackface neither signified a distinctive Jewish racism

4321:

Despite many publications taking an anti-racist stance, coverage in Jewish periodicals could be deeply ambivalent: it was often inspired by principles of justice and by a desire to change racist policies in the United States, but it sometimes used racist language, occasionally blamed Black people for

6409:

An example of Jewish ambivalence to Black people, Rabbi Max (Mordecai Ze’ev) Raisin expressed his concern about the plight of African Americans, saying, "I bow before Blacks in respect," but also, "I thank God that we Jews have at least white skin and are able to intermingle among whites" (a thought

5378:

While Rothschild's activism won admiration from some quarters of the city's white population, it earned contempt from others. When fifty sticks of dynamite exploded at the Temple on October 12, 1958, many observers concluded that the rabbi's outspoken support of civil rights had made the synagogue a

5370:

At the same time, he reached out to members of the local Christian clergy and he also became active in civic affairs, joining the Atlanta Council on Human Relations, the Georgia Council of Human Relations, the Southern Regional Council, the Urban League, and the National Conference of Christians and

5174:

Jews tend to be a little self-righteous about their liberal record, ... we realize that they were pitying us and wanted our gratitude, not the realization of the principles of justice and humanity... Blacks consider paternalistic. Black people have destroyed the previous relationship which they had

4710:

he century-old problem of Jewish racism in Hollywood denies Blacks access to positions of power in the industry and portrays Blacks in a derogatory manner: "If Jewish leaders can complain of Black anti-Semitism, our leaders should certainly raise the issue of the century-old problem of Jewish racism

4561:

in the years between the world wars and would also highlight the visibility of Jewish landlords as a cause of antisemitism in the Black community. In the essay "Negroes Are Anti-Semitic Because They’re Anti-White", in which he critiqued that Black antisemitism, he noted that many landlords, grocers,

6517:

teachers in a strike. He also shared antisemitic leaflets he said were put in teachers' lockers, which the school board argued was a deliberate attempt to fan the flames; they pointed out that half the new teachers they had hired to cover the strike were Jewish. Shanker also personally cut chapters

6030:

The American Jewish population from the 1600s–1800s was extremely low, with few settling in the South. As such, the Jewish role in the American slave trade was minimal. Overall, Jews accounted for 1.25 percent of Southern slave owners. Of all the shipping ports in Colonial America, only in Newport,

5795:

Most analysts, including the ADL, attribute Black antisemitism to poor education in disadvantaged communities (in which Black people may be overrepresented due to systemic racism); or to unequal power dynamics and opportunities between Jews and Blacks living in close proximity in places like Harlem

5125:

and it is frequently romanticized by Jews: "It is downplayed by blacks because they focus on the astonishingly rapid entry of most Jews into the middle and upper middle classes during this brief period—an entry that has spawned... resentment from a quickly growing Black impoverished class. Jews, on

4602:

When we were working in Chicago, we had numerous rent strikes on the West Side, and it was unfortunately true that, in most instances, the persons we had to conduct these strikes against were Jewish landlords... We were living in a slum apartment owned by a Jew and a number of others, and we had to

4391:

However, the trial also pitted Jews against Blacks because Frank's Jewish defense attorneys excluded Black jurors and exploited anti-Black racism by shifting the blame for the murder of Mary Phagan, a White girl, to Jim Conley, a Black janitor and witness against Frank. Frank's lead attorney Luther

6580:

There is never a time more needed than now for Blacks and Jews to remember the struggle that we’ve gone through. You can't fight for anybody if you don't fight for everybody. I cannot fight for Black rights if I don't fight for Jewish rights ... because then it becomes a matter self-aggrandizement

6324:

After the Civil War, Southern Jews often bemoaned the abolition of slavery. For instance, Solomon Cohen, a Confederate Jewish leader in Savannah, Georgia and Georgia's first Jewish senator, described slavery as "the only institution that could elevate the Negro from barbarism and develop the small

6188:

accused Moses of building low bridges across his parkways in order to make them inaccessible to public transit buses, thereby restricting "the use of state parks by poor and lower-middle-class families" who did not own cars. Caro argues that Moses attempted to discourage Black people from visiting

4970:

Historian Greenberg notes that one narrative of the relationship says: "It is significant that ... a disproportionate number of white civil rights activists were as well. Jewish agencies engaged with their African American counterparts in a more sustained and fundamental way than other white

4566:

I also know that if today I refuse to hate Jews, or anybody else, it is because I know how it feels to be hated. I learned this from Christians, and I ceased to practice what the Christians practiced. The crisis taking place in the world, and in the minds and hearts of black men everywhere, is not

6353:

Gil Ribak argues that when Jewish immigrants began arriving in large numbers from Eastern Europe, they brought with them prejudices about Gentile peasants, which they transferred to African Americans. He points to late-19th century portrayals of Gentiles in Yiddish folklore as "that of a peasant,

5791:

Some leaders of the Black community have publicly made comments or expressed opinions which have been deemed antisemitic. These include accusing Jews of being over-aggressive or exploitative in their business relations with Black people, accusing Jews of being more loyal to Israel than the United

5394:

In the years after King's death, Rothschild's opposition to the more militant measures which were adopted by younger Black activists cost him much of the support which he once received from his African American counterparts in the civil rights movement. Despite his diminished stature in the Black

5145:

It is more than a little revealing that Whites who travelled south in 1964 referred to their sojourn as their 'Mississippi summer'. It is as if all the efforts of the local Blacks for voter registration and the desegregation of public facilities had not even existed until White help arrived... Of

4705:

Some Black people also have criticized Jewish movie producers for portraying Black people in a racist manner. In 1990, at an NAACP convention in Los Angeles, Legrand Clegg, founder of the Coalition Against Black Exploitation, a pressure group that lobbied against negative screen images of African

6089:

Dutch-American historian of the Atlantic world Wim Klooster notes that "n no period did Jews play a leading role as financiers, shipowners, or factors in the transatlantic or Caribbean slave trades. They possessed far fewer slaves than non-Jews in every British territory in North America and the

5390:

During this period, Rothschild forged a close personal friendship with Martin Luther King Jr. After King received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, Rothschild assisted in the organizing of a city-sponsored banquet in King's honor, and during the banquet, he served as its master of ceremonies. After

5374:

In 1957, when other southern cities were erupting in violent opposition to court-ordered school desegregation, eighty Atlanta ministers issued a statement in which they called for interracial negotiation, obedience to the law, and a peaceful resolution to the integration disputes that threatened

4140:(Jews of Spanish, Portuguese or Italianate descent). Many were refugees and immigrants from Brazil, where they had moved from Portugal, trying to escape the Inquisition; or from Amsterdam, where many Spanish and Portuguese Jews fled; or from England. They settled in cities such as New York City, 5701:: "Jews will not comprehend what the symbolic predicament and literal plight of Palestinians in Israel means to Blacks.... Blacks often perceive the Jewish defense of the state of Israel as a second instance of naked group interest, and, again, an abandonment of substantive moral deliberation." 5485:

alleged that since the 1940s, the JLC had also defended the anti-Black discriminatory practices of unions in both the garment and building industries. Hill claimed that the JLC changed "a Black white conflict into a Black-Jewish conflict". He said that the JLC defended the Jewish leaders of the

4588:

The first white man I ever saw was the Jewish manager who arrived to collect the rent, and he collected the rent because he did not own the building. I never, in fact, saw any of the people who owned any of the buildings in which we scrubbed and suffered for so long, until I was a grown man and

6203:

There were allegations Moses selectively chose locations for recreational facilities based on the racial compositions of neighborhood, such as when he selected sites for 11 pools that opened in 1936. According to Jeff Wiltze, Moses purposely placed some pools in neighborhoods with mainly-white

5386:

at public events throughout the city and throughout the region, and assuming the vice presidency of the Atlanta Council on Human Relations. Members of his congregation followed Rothschild's lead, taking leadership positions in HOPE (Help Our Public Education) and OASIS (Organizations Assisting

5100:

How could there be anti-Semitism among Negroes when our Jewish friends have demonstrated their commitment to the principle of tolerance and brotherhood not only in the form of sizable contributions, but in many other tangible ways, and often at great personal sacrifice. Can we ever express our

4936:—sometimes, it is called the "golden age" of the relationship. The leaders of each group jointly worked to launch a movement for racial equality in the United States, and Jews funded and led some national civil rights organizations. For Jewish publications, African-American Civil Rights leader 4272:

In the early 1900s, Jewish newspapers drew parallels between the Black movement out of the South and the Jews' escape from Egypt, pointing out that both Blacks and Jews lived in ghettos, and calling anti-Black riots in the South "pogroms". Stressing the similarities rather than the differences

6378:

After 40 years of having Black men and women as servants in his house, Scharfstein later admitted, "I cannot remove completely the traces of that hidden fear from my heart." Despite penning a moving story, "Lynching", about the horrors of anti-Black racism, Yiddish playwright Yoysef Opatoshu

6158:

According to the 2022 PRRI-EPU Religion and Inclusive Spaces Survey, American Jews score 0.39 on the Structural Racism Index, scoring slightly lower (i.e., less racist) than the average American (0.45) on issues regarding structural and anti-Black racism. Black Americans score 0.20, Hispanic

5767:

that have reduced, rather than increased, Jewish access to jobs and education. Historians believe that this difference in outlook contributed to the decline of the Black-Jewish alliance in the 1970s, when Black people began seeking ways to build on the civil rights legislation of the 1960s.

5583:

Many Black Hebrews consider themselves—rather than Jews—to be the only authentic descendants of the ancient Israelites, claiming that Jews are simply imposters. Some groups identify themselves as Hebrew Israelites, other groups identify themselves as Black Hebrews, and other groups identify

4575:

described Baldwin's essay as "a passionate justification of Negro anti-Semitism." Later, Rabbi Samuel Silver said of Baldwin, "Like other Negro extremists, he has allowed his hostility to whites to run into extra-hostility to Jews, despite the fact that Jews were among the leaders of those

6390:

Harlem because of the number of Black people moving there. The notorious Bronx "slave markets", predominantly based in Jewish neighborhoods, often saw Black women exploited to work as domestic help. Many were hired by Jewish households and were often extremely underpaid, further straining

5687:

conquered the Arab homes and land through terror, force, and massacres". The publication of this article triggered a conflict between Jews and the SNCC, but Black SNCC leaders treated the war as a "test of their willingness to demonstrate the SNCC's break from its civil rights past".

6581:

rather than fighting for humanity. It's easy for Blacks to stand up for racism. It's easy for Jews to stand up to antisemitism. But if you want to really be a leader, you got to speak as a Black against antisemitism and antisemites, and you got to speak as a Jew against racism.

4314:, Northern Jewish daily and weekly publications, many of them holding radical and secular views, often reported on violence against Blacks at a time when non-Jewish publications would not. Some writers in these publications compared the anti-Black violence in the South to the deadly 4392:

Rosser called Conley a "dirty, filthy, Black, drunken, lying nigger." Though many historians since the late 20th century have concluded that Conley did murder Phagan, most Southern Jews were quite racist towards Blacks at the time and took advantage of their higher social status.

6398:(Jewish World) pointed out that this move would put Jewish children into "a Negro neighborhood, not far from the Tenderloin " with "Negroes and painted-up hussies." The President of the Zionist Council of Greater New York, Abraham H. Fromenson, who served as co-editor of the 4387:

by a mob of White Southerners caused many Southern Jews to "become acutely conscious of the similarities and differences between themselves and Blacks." Some began feeling an increased sense of solidarity with Blacks, as the trial exposed widespread antisemitism in Georgia.

5133:

points out that the number of non-Southern Jews who went to the southern states only numbered a few hundred, and she also points out that the "relationship was frequently out of touch, periodically at odds, with both sides failing to understand each other's point of view."

4711:

in Hollywood.... No Jewish people ever attacked or killed Black people. But we're concerned with Jewish producers who degrade the Black image. It's a genuine concern. And when we bring it up, our statements are distorted and we're dragged through the press as anti-Semites.

5379:

target of extremist violence. Because the bombing was condemned by elected officials, members of the press, and the vast majority of ordinary citizens, it resulted in a repudiation of extremism and a renewed commitment to racial moderation by members of official Atlanta.

4171:, Jews comprised only 1.25 percent of Southern slave owners. For the most part, American Jews did not accept a sense of responsibility for the larger society around them until the late 19th century. When they finally did so, Southern Jews lagged far behind Northern Jews. 5353:, The Hebrew Benevolent Congregation, also known as "the Temple", from 1946 until his death in 1973, where he distinguished himself by speaking out as an outspoken proponent of civil rights. Upon his arrival in Atlanta (after living in Pittsburgh for most of his life), 6589:

The Wiesel family stands now and will always stand with the Black community against racism and the lingering economic effects of slavery and segregation in this country. And we are so moved to hear leaders in the Black community like Mayor Adams, Rev Sharpton, and Rev

5860:

was a proponent of the idea that Jewish businessmen financed the Atlantic slave trade and used the movie industry to hurt black people. He was sacked by CUNY and his conclusions have been rejected by major African American historians of the slave trade, including

5437:

was another area of the African American–Jewish relationship that flourished before WWII, but it ended in conflict afterwards. In the early 20th century, one important area of cooperation was attempts to increase minority representation in the leadership of the

4583:

have argued that Baldwin's intent was to take aim at "racial capitalism". Baldwin would write other accounts of Jews that were similarly sympathetic and which would clarify that his target was "not Jews" but the capitalist systems that exploited Black people:

6134:

was seen as a threat to the quality of schools. Rebecca Pierce and Batya Ungar-Sargon have also argued that "a racist hyper-policing of any Black support for Palestine" has often led American Jews to denounce Black political movements and figures, including

6402:(Jewish Daily News), wrote that children would be moved to "a street infested with the dirtiest rabble, the scum of the colored race." Fromenson would later defend Booker T. Washington from a racist attack in a Jewish weekly newspaper from St. Louis, 4267:

Black people related to the Jews, seeing connections between slavery in America and the biblical accounts of the Israelites in Egypt. Northern Jews also began to see similar connections and began to express sympathy for the plight of Black Americans:

4459:

policy restricted certain neighborhoods to people of the "same social and racial classes". While some of these neighborhoods excluded them based on charter, Jews were usually permitted to move into White areas, while Blacks were not. This reinforced

6304:

Jews were not significantly different from other Southern slave owners in their treatment of slaves. Wealthy Jewish families in the American South generally preferred employing White servants rather than owning slaves. Jewish slave owners included

5715:

is perceived as thwarting the rightful status of people of color. Some Blacks view Israel as essentially a White and European power, supported from the outside, and occupying space that rightfully belongs to the original inhabitants of Palestine."

6755:

The law also provides certain rights to the spouse of a person who is recognized as a Jew, the children and grandchildren of a person who is recognized as a Jew, and the spouses of the children and grandchildren of a person who is recognized as a

6130:. Jewish authors who criticized Black activists frequently portrayed them as "extremists" or "militants," and sometimes, they blamed Black people for their own oppression. Sometimes, the civil rights movement was seen as violent or dangerous, and 11430: 4589:

famous. None of them were Jews. And I was not stupid: the grocer and the druggist were Jews, for example, and they were very very nice to me, and to us... I knew a murderer when I saw one, and the people who were trying to kill me were not Jews.

4597:

suggested that some Black antisemitism arose from the tensions of landlord-tenant relations. He acknowledged "irrational statements" made against Jews by Black people, blaming them on the dire situation of Black people in areas like Chicago:

4330:. At the same time, African American writers often portrayed Jewish people through the lens of capitalism and exploitation of Black labour and many Jews felt that the comparisons Black people drew between themselves and Jews were offensive. 6529:, became "even more racially and economically segregated than traditional public schools." Charter schools deepened the issues Black and Puerto Rican parents had fought against, and helped widen the rift between Blacks and Jews nationally. 5775:

Herbert Hill's survey of affirmative-action lawsuits found that Jewish organizations have generally opposed affirmative-action programs. A widely publicized example of the Black-Jewish conflict arose in the 1978 affirmative action case of

6410:

which immediately brought him "burning shame"). He would also say, "Negroes must not be likened to Jews. They never wrote a bible, did not give prophets and messiahs to the world," and that "only white trash will agree to marry Blacks."

5146:

course, this was done with benign intentions, as if to say 'we have come in answer to your calls for assistance'. The problem was... the condescending tone... For Jewish liberals, the great memory of that summer has been the deaths of

6510:) intended to fight segregation and racial inequity in education, including improving attainment for students of color. The school board was also concerned about the lack of role models for the mostly Black and Puerto Rican students. 6598:

Rabbi Boteach praised the "highly committed Jewish leaders" who joined Black people to fight against racism and hate, adding that this was "the way it should be. Blacks and Jews united to promote human dignity and fight the haters."

4344:

was a Northern Jewish philanthropist who donated a large part of his fortune to supporting Black education in the South by providing matching funds for construction of schools in rural areas. Northern Jews played a major role in the

6328:

While anti-Black racism animated the original Ku Klux Klan, antisemitism did not. Many prominent Southern Jews identified wholly with southern culture, leading some to participate in the Klan. In 1896, an editorial in the newspaper

5742:

Rebecca Pierce and Batya Ungar-Sargon have argued that Jewish criticism of Black political movements and individuals based on their support for Palestinians is based on "a racist hyper-policing of any Black support for Palestine".

5362:

sermon but he remained mindful of his status as an outsider and during his first few years in Atlanta, he proceeded with caution in order to avoid alienating his supporters. By 1954, however, when the U.S. Supreme Court issued its

1582: 1469: 6090:

Caribbean. Even when Jews in a handful of places owned slaves in proportions slightly above their representation among a town's families, such cases do not come close to corroborating the assertions of The Secret Relationship."

5822:

accused him of fomenting Black-Jewish "disturbances" in Harlem. He argued he merely targeted shops that refused to hire Black workers and was acquitted of charges of trying to drive out Jewish shopkeepers and of maligning Jews.

5945:. In a 1985 speech, Farrakhan similarly said, "I have a problem with Jews ... because I am declaring to the world that they are not the chosen people of God. ... You, the black people of America and the Western Hemisphere ." 5391:

King's assassination in 1968, the combined clergy of Atlanta paid their respects to King by holding a memorial service at the Episcopal Cathedral of St. Philip, and Rothschild was selected to deliver the eulogy by his peers.

5126:

the other hand, tend to romanticize this period because their present status as upper middle dogs and some top dogs in American society unsettles their historic self-image as progressives with a compassion for the underdog."

7527: 4745:

in jazz, a musical genre created and originally developed by African Americans. This is largely attributed to aligning through persecution, as Jews were not considered fully American or White throughout the 1920s and 30s.

9553: 4836:

individuals and organizations provided financial support, legal expertise, and grassroots activism to support the growing movement nationwide. Prominent Jewish organizations involved in this "Grand Alliance" included the

6212:

notes that of 255 playgrounds built in the 1930s under Moses's tenure, only two were in largely-Black neighborhoods. Caro wrote that close associates of Moses had claimed they could keep African Americans from using the

6082:. That book alleges that Jews played a major role in the African slave trade, and it generated considerable controversy. Scholarly works were published which rebutted its charges. Mainstream scholars of slavery such as 4273:

between the Jewish and Black experience in America, Jewish leaders emphasized the idea that both groups would benefit the more America moved toward a society of merit, free of religious, ethnic and racial restrictions.

6333:

observed that "Twenty-five years of education resulted in making the colored women more immoral and the men more trifling... Negroes are intellectually, morally and physically an inferior race- a fact none can deny."

4986:, which urged Jews to "participate in the great task of modern times, to solve, on the basis of justice and righteousness, the problems presented by the contrasts and evils of the present organization of society." 5188:

By 1966, Jews were increasingly transitioning to middle-class and upper-class status, creating a gap in relations between Jews and Black people. At the same time, many Black leaders, including some leaders of the

5989:, although the crowd was hostile towards him and booed at his comments. Even after leaving the NOI and during the last months of his life, Malcolm X's statements about Jews continued to call Jews "bloodsucker". 10282: 11431:"Mayor Eric Adams, Rev. Al Sharpton, Robert F. Smith, Robert F. Smith, Rev. Conrad Tillard, Rabbi Shmuley Boteach and Elisha Wiesel join together to host '15 Days of Light,' celebrating Hanukkah and Kwanzaa" 5453:

in Germany, formed approximately two dozen local committees to combat racial intolerance in the U.S and Canada. The JLC, which had local offices in a number of communities in North America, helped found the

5357:

was disturbed by the depth of the racial injustice which he witnessed and he resolved to make civil rights a focal point of his rabbinical career. He first broached the topic of civil rights in his 1947

4333:

During this period, notable Northern Jewish leaders invested time, influence and economic resources into Black endeavors, supporting civil rights, philanthropy, social service, and organizing. Historian

5815:

merchants and establishments which he claimed discriminated against Blacks. Many of them were owned by Jewish proprietors, but others were owned by Greeks and Italians. In response to these activities,

5772:

areas with increasing Black populations, due to what Greenberg describes as the perceived "deterioration of their schools and neighborhoods", sometimes also citing civil rights protests as a motivator.

15836: 15831: 6573:

in a unifying holiday ceremony at Carnegie Hall. Smith said, "When we unify the souls of our two communities, we can usher in light to banish the darkness of racism, bigotry, and antisemitism."

4824:

formed strategic alliances to challenge racial inequality and injustice across the country. This built on earlier solidarity between the two communities, which had resulted in, among other things,

4368:

On the other hand, African Americans also experienced racism and shock from newly arrived Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe, and faced a lack of support from Jews in the South. Critics such as

5367:

decision, which called for the desegregation of public schools, race relations had become a recurring theme of his sermons, and Temple members had grown accustomed to his support of civil rights.

5849:, after a car driven by a Jew hit and killed a Black boy, Gavin Cato, and seriously injured his cousin, Angela. The two ethnic groups lived in close proximity to each other in this neighborhood. 6228:, and his comments have been called "excruciatingly racist" by local journalist Glen Jeffries. He said the British Empire was useful in stemming the "rise of the lesser breeds without the law". 18386: 15843: 1454: 15584: 5343:

system in the south situated Jews favorably in the Southern mind, or it 'whitened' them." However, there were some southern Jews who participated in the civil rights movement as individuals.

4427: 6576:

The speakers called for Americans to join them in a national display of unity to dispel the darkness of racism and antisemitism for the 15 nights of Hanukkah and Kwanzaa. Sharpton said:

6382:

In Harlem, the West Side and other Black neighborhoods, Black customers and tenants felt that Jewish shopkeepers and landlords treated them unfairly because they were racists. Hacker quotes

5036:(1999), recounting the historic relationship between African and Jewish Americans as a way to encourage a return to strong ties following years of animosity that reached its apex during the 4438:

peace negotiators to turn over former German colonies in southwest Africa to Blacks. In that period, Zionists were promoting a "return of Jews" after 2,000 years to the historic homeland of

19106: 4571:

Despite this, the incendiary title and language earned him accusations of antisemitism. In his response, "Negroes Are Anti-Semitic Because They Want a Scapegoat; A Reply to James Baldwin",

4406:

Now, when the white body of one of ours has been hung upon a tree, we will perhaps understand that the blacks feel every day what we have felt for only one day and become better citizens.

1386: 7390:"The early life and career of B. Charney Vladeck, 1886-1921 : the emergence of an immigrant spokesman / by Franklin Jonas | עבודת מחקר NNL_ALEPH990020621360205171 | הספרייה הלאומית" 19598: 5913:

asserted that Whites—as well as Jews—were devils who were implicated in racism against Blacks, but he did not consider Jews to be any more corrupt or oppressive than other Whites were.

1464: 15848: 6499:(AFT) from 1974 to 1997, has been accused of anti-Black racism. Early on, he marched with Martin Luther King, Jr., but later moved to the right and proudly supported the Vietnam War. 1449: 5783:

when Black and Jewish organizations took opposing sides in the case of a white student who sued for admission, claiming that he was unfairly excluded by affirmative action programs.

10878: 7533: 8053: 5576:

Jews, nor are they accepted as Jews by the wider Jewish community, due to their degree of divergence from mainstream Judaism, and their frequent expressions of hostility towards

5212:

the role of American Jews as political mediators between Blacks and Whites was "fraught with serious dangers to all concerned" and it must be "terminated by Negroes themselves."

6394:

In 1904, a Board of Education plan to move Jewish children from overcrowded schools on the East Side to the West Side drew condemnation from 2,000 Jewish parents. The newspaper

102: 6448:(having a Jewish mother or having a Jewish maternal grandmother), those with Jewish ancestry (having a Jewish father or having a Jewish grandfather), and people who convert to 19471: 15519: 7237: 748: 5442:(UAW). In 1943, Jews and Black people joined to request the creation of a new department within the UAW dedicated to minorities, but that request was refused by UAW leaders. 4058:. This relationship has included widely publicized cooperation and conflict, and—since the 1970s—it has been an area of significant academic research. Cooperation during the 6221:, by making the water too cold. However, no other source has corroborated the claim that heaters in any particular pool were deactivated or excluded from the pool's design. 4476:. About 50 percent of the civil rights attorneys in the South during the 1960s were Jews, as were over 50 percent of the Whites who went to Mississippi in 1964 to challenge 6341:'s Carnegie Library rejected a petition to admit Blacks; a Jewish board member voted with the majority. These were not isolated incidents. In 1903, Leon Pinsker argued, in 5047:

in their communities and schools, even at the risk of diluting the unity of their close-knit Jewish communities, which were frequently a critical component of Jewish life.

10574: 6038:

says that "he numbers just aren't there to support the view" of significant numbers of Jewish slaveholders, and that "Jews were involved, but to an insignificant degree."

161: 113: 19188: 2706: 1459: 1411: 19193: 5422: 4291: 1421: 1416: 11405: 5838:

made antisemitic comments, which were widely publicized. Many have argued that these remarks extended the era of African-American and Jewish distrust into the 1980s.

19288: 18628: 18498: 14189: 12474: 1687: 1431: 5960:, his co-author, had to make rewrites to eliminate a number of negative statements about Jews in the manuscript. Malcolm X believed the fabricated antisemitic text 6118:" and added that "the book massively misinterprets the historical record, largely through a process of cunningly selective quotations of often reputable sources." 4264:

of the 1910s, Blacks began large-scale migration to northern cities, where many Jews had already settled, in order to escape peonage and second class citizenship.

14169: 8526: 4491:. As an example of this hatred, in one year alone, from November 1957 to October 1958, temples and other Jewish communal gatherings were bombed and desecrated in 19878: 18758: 1401: 9038:

Chireau, Yvonne (2000). "Black Culture and Black Zion: African American Religious Encounters with Judaism, 1790–1930, an Overview". In Yvonne Patricia Chireau;

6406:, though he said in the same defense, "if manifests evil inclinations we should not wonder at it, seeing the many years of slavery his race has gone through." 4480:. These pro-Black Southern Jews tended to keep a low profile on "the race issue" in order to avoid attracting the attention of the anti-Black (and antisemitic) 20637: 19365: 19133: 18967: 18623: 16369: 16364: 15913: 14645: 14502: 14213: 9006: 7685: 5243: 4218: 4206: 3284: 304: 6897: 6273:, setting the stage for other suburban towns nationwide. Levitt wrote , "Levittown homes must not be used or occupied by any person other than members of the 20884: 19654: 19221: 19111: 16176: 16048: 14633: 13967: 11968: 10288: 6686: 4222: 2939: 2634: 1336: 1326: 145: 4398:

reported that although he didn't see Jews attack Blacks in the South, he did see them smile when Blacks were assaulted, and argued that Jews ignored their "

20710: 18989: 12137: 8576: 8113: 7918: 5679:'s (SNCC) newsletter wrote an article which criticized Israel, asserted that the war was an effort to regain Palestinian land and asserted that during the 4156: 4114: 4106: 1406: 83: 6192:

In response to the biography, Moses defended the displacement of poor and minority communities as an inevitable part of urban revitalization: "I raise my

2826: 20798: 20632: 19026: 14261: 14109: 6041:

During the 1990s, much of the Jewish-black conflict centered on allegations of antisemitism which were made against studies of Jewish involvement in the

1396: 1391: 6537:

In December 2022, taking an active and joint stand against the increasing number of instances of racism and antisemitism in the US, New York City Mayor

5290: 19566: 19424: 14743: 14416: 6259: 5487: 5354: 4372:

have argued that pro-Black attitudes amongst Southern Jews in this time period would have provoked fierce opposition from Christian White Southerners.

4290:

were central to the campaign against racial prejudice. Jews made substantial financial contributions to many civil rights organizations, including the

4122: 4034: 9709: 6871: 5262: 20879: 19128: 18915: 15332: 14467: 11152: 5522: 5013:, the American Jewish Committee, the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith (now the ADL) and the Atlanta Board of Education marched together again. 4947:

Historically, Black colleges and universities hired Jewish refugee professors who were not given comparable jobs in White institutions because wider

1798: 1426: 1306: 9304: 7213: 7083:""Negroes Must Not Be Likened to Jews": The Attitudes of Eastern European Jewish Immigrants Toward African Americans in a Transnational Perspective" 19620: 19593: 18910: 17633: 15826: 11333: 5778: 2821: 19968: 19928: 18264: 18023: 16374: 15614: 12720: 12611: 12031: 10493: 6074: 5269: 3069: 622: 5121:

in which blacks and Jews were free of tension and friction". West said that this period of Black–Jewish cooperation is frequently downplayed by

5069:, and many Jews from the North and West traveled to the South to participate in a concentrated voter registration effort. Two Jewish activists, 4971:

groups did largely because their constituents and their understanding of Jewish values and Jewish self-interest pushed them in that direction."

4893:' civil rights activism and labor organizing efforts. Gelders and his wife Esther started to host a weekly discussion group for students at the 20874: 19776: 18694: 18181: 16443: 16418: 14266: 5110:

Some recent scholarship suggests that the "golden age" (1955–1966) of the Black–Jewish relationship was not as ideal as it is often portrayed.

4682:

created the myth that they were the proper interpreters of Black culture, "elbowing out 'real' Black Americans in the process." Black academic

1661: 1562: 309: 181: 35: 11387: 6204:

populations to deter African Americans from using them, and other pools intended for African Americans, such as the one in Colonial Park (now

5505:, made statements that were seen by some as straining Black-Jewish relations because in them, he accused Black teachers of being antisemitic. 5395:

community, Rothschild continued to candidly speak about social justice and civil rights on a regular basis until he died, after he suffered a

4487:

However, Klan groups exploited the issue of Black integration and Jewish involvement in the struggle in order to commit violently antisemitic

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at the time and deepened the economic, social and political inequalities between African Americans and other ethnic groups, including Jews.

19608: 19205: 19021: 18962: 18545: 18503: 18259: 18254: 18249: 18244: 18239: 18234: 18229: 18224: 18219: 18214: 16144: 15980: 15689: 15679: 15337: 15327: 8292: 6701: 5402:

In recent decades, southern Jews have been more willing to speak out in support of civil rights, as was illustrated by the 1987 marches in

5276: 4789: 4567:

produced by the star of David, but by the old, rugged Roman cross on which Christendom's most celebrated Jew was murdered. And not by Jews.

4338:

notes that "they made sure that their actions were well publicized" as part of an effort to demonstrate increasing Jewish political clout.

1616: 1596: 1356: 848: 833: 320: 9114: 7014: 20732: 20575: 20470: 20215: 19953: 19073: 18984: 18726: 18711: 18593: 17983: 16186: 15958: 14144: 14139: 13927: 13909: 12641: 12550: 4194:

classed them as "free White persons" and thus full citizens, unlike Native Americans, Africans, Pacific Islanders, and non-White Asians.

2308: 2271: 1361: 1341: 9857:"An Anti-Defamation League Survey: 1,000 U.S. Adults + an Oversample of African Americans and Hispanics (October 18 - October 29, 2016)" 20558: 20073: 20068: 20058: 19431: 19160: 18408: 16501: 16406: 15350: 15345: 12690: 12392: 11239: 9248: 9091: 8045: 4921: 4868:, both Black and Jewish communities and community leaders have collaborated on general and specific campaigns to tackle discrimination. 4442:, stressing self-determination for former colonies. At the same time, Garvey regularly criticized Jews in his columns in his newspaper 627: 88: 6837: 5387:

Schools in September), two influential organizations that helped ensure the peaceful integration of Atlanta's public schools in 1961.

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themselves as Jews. Dozens of Black Hebrew groups were founded in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

5463: 5331: 5010: 4801: 4546:

described the disparity between Black and Jews in the South, describing the latter, who were often landlords, as successors to the

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Instead of withdrawing from public life, Rothschild stepped up his activism after the bombing, regularly speaking in support of

20781: 20490: 20173: 20078: 19908: 19856: 19817: 19384: 19379: 19233: 19170: 19123: 19101: 19066: 18721: 18577: 17129: 16583: 16438: 16433: 16401: 16171: 16075: 16038: 15985: 15819: 12561: 6433: 4967:, which prohibited discriminatory voting practices and authorized the government to oversee and review state voting practices. 4027: 3197: 3132: 3014: 1296: 1281: 1188: 10548: 9464: 8458: 6948: 20597: 20485: 20355: 20259: 20168: 20092: 19637: 19603: 18618: 18608: 18603: 18461: 18456: 18320: 18285: 17124: 16396: 16354: 16166: 14714: 14580: 14575: 14460: 13932: 12052: 11806: 11778: 11734: 11693: 11672: 11582: 11545: 11513: 11466: 11296: 10990: 10789: 10755: 10457: 9603: 9156: 8398: 7803: 7617: 7592: 5792:

States, alleging that Jews had a central role in the slave trade, and accusing Jews of economically oppressing black people.

4913: 2318: 1248: 325: 314: 176: 130: 125: 98: 11171: 7995: 6471:. A group of American civil rights activists which was led by Bayard Rustin investigated the 1966 case. They concluded that 6049:

stated in a 1991 speech that "rich Jews" financed the slave trade, citing the role of Jews in slave-trading centers such as

4430:. His push to celebrate Africa as the original homeland of African Americans, led many Jews to compare Garvey to leaders of 20793: 20690: 20627: 20617: 20500: 20291: 20254: 20183: 20015: 19980: 19531: 19261: 18994: 18765: 18716: 18689: 18613: 18572: 16344: 16329: 16193: 16102: 16097: 16031: 14492: 14318: 12782: 12730: 12676: 12078: 7717: 4638: 2756: 1351: 1311: 1253: 1208: 68: 17033: 10388: 10217: 6265:

While Levitt is credited as being the "father of Suburban development", African Americans were explicitly prohibited from

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fit only for slavery, which was also the predominant view held by many of their non-Jewish Southern Christian neighbors.

5657: 5200:(SNCC) voted to exclude Whites from its leadership, a decision that resulted in the expulsion of several Jewish leaders. 4894: 4674:

Jews often drew on Black culture in film, music, and plays. Historian Jeffrey Melnick argues that Jewish artists such as

3024: 2841: 2831: 2071: 1238: 1218: 1063: 632: 478: 7612:. Oxford world's classics (1. publ. as an Oxford World's Classics paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6345:, that Jewish suffering was worse than Black suffering, because "unlike the negroes, they belong to an advanced race". 20722: 20663: 20548: 20543: 20480: 20242: 20203: 20163: 20010: 19963: 19943: 19556: 19183: 19178: 19083: 19031: 18560: 18315: 18174: 17956: 16833: 16309: 16203: 16119: 15963: 15744: 15544: 14695: 14673: 12735: 12710: 12695: 12424: 12092: 9657: 7467: 6386:'s comments about Jewish shopkeepers in Harlem in support of his racism claim. Rabbi Max Raisin believed that Jews and 5434: 5335: 5283: 5044: 4261: 3420: 3370: 3335: 3029: 2894: 2761: 1366: 1346: 900: 765: 197: 7919:""Our Sacred Mission", speech at the Empire State Black Arts and Cultural Festival in Albany, New York, July 20, 1991" 6518:

on Malcolm X and a quote from Frederick Douglass ("power concedes nothing without a demand") from the proposed course

5193:, became outspoken in their demands for greater equality, frequently criticizing Jews along with other White targets. 20764: 20744: 20695: 20685: 20553: 20475: 20452: 20412: 20276: 20266: 20143: 20118: 20025: 20005: 19483: 19273: 18999: 18381: 16984: 16838: 16456: 14846: 14497: 14241: 14114: 12588: 12365: 11894: 11641: 11622: 11249: 10817:

Gutman, Marta (November 1, 2008). "Race, Place, and Play: Robert Moses and the WPA Swimming Pools in New York City".

10575:"Creating More Inclusive Public Spaces: Structural Racism, Confederate Memorials, and Building for the Future | PRRI" 10250:

Austen, Ralph A., "The Uncomfortable Relationship: African Enslavement in the Common History of Blacks and Jews", in

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with the Jewish community, in which we were the victims of a kind of paternalism, which is only a benevolent racism.

4974:

The extent of Jewish participation in the civil rights movement frequently correlated with their branch of Judaism:

20769: 20715: 20700: 20602: 20437: 19913: 19866: 19861: 19763: 19690: 19390: 19155: 18684: 16893: 16801: 16384: 16349: 16334: 16092: 15694: 14938: 14908: 14724: 14453: 14276: 14018: 12489: 12376: 10879:"HONORING MEMORY OF WINSTON CHURCHILL'S MOTHER; Plaque Unveiled on Brooklyn Home, Birthplace of Churchill's Mother" 9856: 9147: 8233: 8164: 6417:, used overt anti-Black rhetoric in his re-election bid for mayor against the city's first Black mayoral candidate 5881: 5827:

Blacks. He founded the Universal Order of Tranquility with the aim of uniting Jews, Christians, whites and blacks.

5017: 4736: 3405: 3387: 3293: 3187: 3039: 3034: 2959: 2924: 2791: 1656: 1592: 1203: 853: 266: 166: 9277: 20803: 20592: 20533: 20442: 20333: 20308: 19805: 19795: 19360: 19278: 19216: 19200: 19046: 19041: 18805: 18785: 18775: 18770: 18058: 17252: 16391: 16314: 16109: 15953: 15684: 15549: 15254: 14893: 14303: 14291: 12767: 12705: 6496: 5962: 3923: 3822: 3377: 3360: 3313: 3212: 3122: 3059: 3009: 2989: 2984: 2904: 2878: 2853: 2731: 2721: 2711: 2691: 2686: 1158: 1025: 843: 770: 8105: 7922: 20786: 20460: 20407: 20323: 20313: 20281: 20210: 20198: 20153: 20040: 19938: 19800: 19720: 19710: 19496: 19353: 19056: 19014: 18957: 18731: 18642: 16934: 16494: 16161: 16055: 15970: 15574: 12017: 10947: 8750: 8626: 7686:"Blacks and Jews: Fifty-Five Years After James Baldwin's "Negroes Are Anti-Semitic Because They're Anti-White"" 6676: 5247: 4747: 4456: 3396: 3382: 3350: 3330: 3298: 3242: 3217: 3192: 3172: 3162: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3117: 3107: 3102: 3079: 2994: 2979: 2899: 2858: 2811: 2806: 2726: 2671: 1567: 1243: 1193: 11849: 8040: 8038: 5952:

has also been widely accused of being antisemitic. His autobiography contains several antisemitic charges and

20538: 20402: 20318: 20249: 20220: 20158: 20048: 20020: 19664: 19036: 18929: 18167: 18035: 17356: 16198: 16131: 16114: 16060: 16009: 15948: 15853: 15814: 15754: 15554: 14943: 14923: 14730: 14709: 14313: 14256: 14055: 12397: 12370: 12188: 8391:

The William R. Ferris Reader, Omnibus E-book: Collected Essays from the Pages of Southern Cultures, 1995–2013

6514: 6492: 5498: 5482: 5418: 4315: 3817: 3355: 3340: 3303: 3265: 3237: 3227: 3222: 3207: 3202: 3182: 3167: 3152: 3127: 3093: 3064: 2964: 2949: 2873: 2863: 2781: 2751: 2676: 2662: 1258: 1228: 1213: 1198: 1173: 1153: 775: 409: 276: 10904:"Ceremonies in Honor of Lady Churchill | WNYC | New York Public Radio, Podcasts, Live Streaming Radio, News" 9492: 7948: 20833: 20826: 20759: 20622: 20505: 20427: 20417: 20271: 20232: 20188: 20148: 20105: 20053: 19985: 19958: 19918: 19896: 19705: 19519: 19466: 19399: 19256: 19212: 19140: 19061: 18979: 18790: 18654: 18483: 18391: 18199: 18098: 17966: 17961: 17149: 17134: 16898: 16853: 16598: 16021: 15997: 15992: 15975: 15943: 15886: 14999: 14948: 14781: 14435: 14401: 14308: 14164: 14149: 13773: 13293: 12817: 12618: 12525: 12414: 10625: 8035: 6867: 6821:

Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South

6726: 6422: 6127: 6025: 5645: 5025: 4948: 4547: 4402:" ("White" privilege). However, he felt the lynching of Frank could improve relations with Blacks, writing: 4198: 4055: 3425: 3345: 3308: 3232: 3177: 3044: 3019: 2944: 2919: 2909: 2848: 2771: 2766: 2746: 2736: 2716: 2701: 2594: 2298: 2062: 2057: 1286: 1178: 1163: 1148: 1115: 414: 93: 9683: 9527: 8137:"The Unbearable Whiteness of Being Jewish: Desegregation in the South and the Crisis of Jewish Liberalism" 7389: 6859: 6467:. Branch was criticized by Seth Forman, who said that his claims seemed baseless. He said that Israel had 4643:

Jewish producers in the United States entertainment industry produced many works on Black subjects in the

4097:

Africans first arrived in America in the 16th century. Captives from West and Central Africa were sold to

20754: 20705: 20520: 20422: 20345: 20227: 20123: 19948: 19933: 19871: 19506: 19461: 19268: 19150: 19004: 18063: 18048: 16929: 16789: 16286: 16278: 16221: 16136: 15624: 15529: 15385: 15367: 15269: 14928: 14898: 14623: 14543: 14522: 14208: 13942: 13703: 12700: 12666: 12646: 12530: 12409: 12116: 11102:"My Mom Drank Ink: The "Little Negro" and the Performance of Race in Yente Telebende's Stage Productions" 8217:"The Complex Relationship between Jews and African Americans in the Context of the Civil Rights Movement" 6980:"The Complex Relationship between Jews and African Americans in the Context of the Civil Rights Movement" 6666: 5909:

religious and political group, made several antisemitic pronouncements in the late 20th century. Founder

5364: 5006: 4644: 4299: 3415: 3410: 3365: 3318: 3004: 2974: 2934: 2929: 2786: 2092: 1509: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1233: 705: 496: 466: 404: 353: 281: 171: 11996: 11273: 8738: 4889:

A 1934 ore-miner strike which led to the killing of several Black miners was the catalyst for physicist

20658: 20528: 20360: 20340: 20328: 20138: 20128: 19810: 19715: 19328: 19318: 18845: 18840: 18830: 18825: 18347: 18017: 17911: 17562: 17456: 17164: 17097: 16658: 16548: 16304: 16241: 16231: 15781: 15539: 15499: 14856: 14550: 14286: 14154: 14124: 13108: 12863: 12752: 12682: 12153: 9348: 7975: 6554: 6175: 5966:

was authentic and introduced it to NOI members, while blaming Jews for "perfecting the modern evil" of

5818: 5383: 5323: 4940:

wrote testimonies and op-eds that decried the Nazi violence in Europe after he visited the eviscerated

4358: 4326:), and was sometimes paternalistic. Some of the ambivalence was motivated, as Uri Schreter puts it, by 4191: 4175: 4145: 4069:

The relationship has also featured conflicts and controversies which are related to such topics as the

3889: 3734: 3442: 2836: 2032: 2022: 1758: 1524: 1504: 1007: 942: 715: 617: 584: 371: 256: 9877: 20237: 19543: 19348: 19343: 18905: 18359: 18133: 18073: 17971: 17951: 17821: 17746: 17606: 17473: 17159: 17119: 16487: 16213: 16026: 15858: 15419: 14918: 14756: 14563: 13952: 13783: 13753: 13688: 13173: 12812: 12792: 12762: 12671: 12605: 12578: 12544: 12287: 12068: 10928: 10652:"Do Artefacts Have Ambivalence? Moses' Bridges, Winner's Bridges and Other Urban Legends in S&TS" 10494:"Opinion | Black Jews Are Being Chased Out Of the Jewish Community By Racism. Here Are Their Stories" 8955: 8234:"A 'Black-Jewish alliance' in the US? Israel-Gaza war shows it's more myth than special relationship" 5727: 5680: 5552:. To varying degrees, Black Hebrews adhere to the religious beliefs and practices of both mainstream 5439: 5147: 5086: 5070: 5059: 4964: 4516: 4279: 4003: 3696: 3547: 3488: 2379: 1479: 1223: 1183: 472: 10903: 7633:

Sevitch, Benjamin (Summer 2002). "W. E. B. Du Bois and Jews: A Lifetime of Opposing Anti-Semitism".

7135: 5016:

Sixteen Jewish leaders were arrested while they were heeding King's call to participate in the June

5009:. To commemorate this moment, 20 years later, representatives from the Coalition of Conscience, the 20350: 19730: 19700: 19695: 19685: 19451: 19407: 19248: 19009: 18795: 18659: 18473: 18413: 18053: 17884: 17183: 17058: 15903: 15467: 15380: 15024: 14813: 14628: 14568: 14558: 14484: 13853: 13813: 13338: 13243: 12651: 12600: 12593: 12566: 12506: 12387: 12297: 12221: 10108: 8287: 8073: 8071: 6140: 5971: 5857: 4956: 4842: 4728: 4687: 4520: 4283: 4183: 4141: 4063: 3706: 3686: 2796: 2276: 1817: 1058: 838: 685: 569: 343: 224: 52: 5722:

criticized this position at the 68th Annual Rabbinical Assembly for Conservative Judaism, saying:

5707:

argues that some African American support for Palestinians is due to the consideration of them as

4375:

Southern Jewish attitudes towards Blacks only started to change in 1915, when the much publicized

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moral, ethical and religious concerns. Since the 1960s, despite disagreements on issues such as

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Carson, Clayborne, (1984) "Blacks and Jews in the Civil Rights Movement: The Case of SNCC", in

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concluded that Jews had little major or continuing impact on the history of New World slavery.

5985:. At a different rally, Rockwell claimed there was overlap between Elijah Muhammed's ideas and 5925: 5869: 5719: 5467: 5446: 5021: 5002: 4998: 4854: 4846: 4838: 4797: 4698: 4594: 4395: 4287: 4202: 3966: 3701: 3615: 2681: 2233: 1852: 1822: 271: 261: 241: 20: 11768: 11724: 10779: 10745: 6432:

asserted that Jews had been "perpetrators of racial hate." He noted that 3,000 members of the

6155:

an "undeniable pattern of racist harassment and abuse" which is levied against Jews of color.

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A number of Jewish and Black commentators have also highlighted the fact that racism against

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in the reading list for his classes, leading to charges of antisemitism against him in 1993.

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wrote about the disparity between Jewish and Black experiences of the civil rights movement:

4813: 4775: 4500: 4473: 4295: 4179: 4059: 3857: 3852: 3797: 3585: 2500: 2228: 2215: 2110: 1827: 895: 885: 817: 780: 564: 554: 454: 135: 9915: 20847: 19975: 19849: 19740: 19118: 18550: 18530: 18478: 18428: 18369: 18300: 18103: 18093: 17596: 16568: 16468: 15876: 15639: 15450: 15402: 15274: 15164: 15069: 14836: 14826: 14798: 14663: 14517: 14271: 14159: 13957: 13838: 13743: 13553: 13183: 12341: 12073: 11406:"Mayor Eric Adams, Rev. Al Sharpton, others gather for joint Kwanzaa, Hanukkah celebration" 11127:"Help Wanted: The Bronx Slave Markets and the Exploitation of Black Women Domestic Workers" 11126: 9627:

McDowell, Winston C., "Keeping them 'In the same boat together'?" in Franklin, pp. 208–236.

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The concerns of Black people continued to be expressed, and in 1993, the Black philosopher

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has discussed how some of the treatments were racist and could be considered exploitative.

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When the Word Is Given: A Report on Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm X, and the Black Muslim World

8667: 7214:"Negroes Are Anti-Semitic Because They Want a Scapegoat; A Reply to James Baldwin (Cont.)" 6464: 4666:. He suggests that these were deliberately racist portrayals but adds that they were also 4651:, and the music industry. Many portrayals of Black people were sympathetic, but historian 4527:

received death threats, but there were no injuries following these outbursts of violence.

8: 20387: 20303: 20113: 19829: 19514: 19145: 18342: 17751: 17719: 17645: 17554: 17500: 17107: 16907: 16641: 16606: 16251: 15609: 15524: 15004: 14793: 14683: 14613: 14034: 13995: 13543: 13503: 13453: 13363: 13323: 13298: 13253: 13058: 13013: 12858: 12838: 12807: 12802: 12745: 12656: 12451: 12404: 12354: 12315: 9751: 9076: 8778:

Greenberg, Cheryl. "The Southern Jewish Community and the Struggle for Civil Rights". In

7580: 6440:. The Americans claimed that they had the right of citizenship as Jews under the Israeli 6270: 5982: 5760: 5649: 5455: 4983: 4909: 4512: 4350: 4323: 4130: 3981: 3676: 2354: 2221: 2124: 2117: 2047: 1935: 1810: 1519: 997: 959: 376: 207: 16256: 11574:

African Americans and Jews in the Twentieth Century: Studies in Convergence and Conflict

9710:"FREE IN ANTI-SEMITIC CASE; Sufi Abdul Hamid Wins Dismissal of Charge of Maligning Jews" 7832:

Melnick, Jeffrey (2004) "Harold Cruse's Worst Nightmare: Rethinking Porgy and Bess," in

6436:, founded in 1966 in Chicago, were denied citizenship as Jews when they moved to Israel 1002: 19627: 19615: 19333: 19323: 19300: 19283: 18679: 18423: 18418: 18290: 18083: 18078: 17889: 17611: 17488: 17483: 17468: 17438: 17391: 17314: 17220: 17080: 16653: 16558: 16525: 16324: 16261: 16004: 15462: 15229: 15209: 15114: 15039: 14866: 14771: 14761: 14749: 14640: 14537: 14512: 14351: 14119: 14103: 14096: 14075: 14067: 14061: 14024: 13858: 13768: 13748: 13673: 13653: 13643: 13623: 13538: 13423: 13368: 13313: 13218: 12998: 12913: 12572: 12556: 12536: 12302: 12267: 12194: 11662: 11101: 10980: 10731: 10719: 10687: 10679: 10446: 10364: 10199: 10166: 9838: 9011: 8439: 8368: 8156: 7662: 7654: 7505: 7497: 7110: 6526: 6286: 6131: 6111: 6005: 5930: 5846: 5752: 5471: 5158:. Indeed, Chaney's name tends to be listed last, as if the life he lost was only worth 5037: 4865: 4861: 4720: 4536: 4354: 4253:

immigrated to the U.S. for social and economic opportunities due to widespread violent

4214: 4210: 4078: 3832: 3782: 3729: 3724: 3638: 3508: 2776: 2605: 2364: 2284: 2138: 1704: 890: 675: 442: 419: 108: 17366: 17242: 11225:

Shipler, David K. (January 30, 1981). "Israelis Urged To Act Over Black Hebrew Cult".

7183:""The Most Awful Scenes": The Tulsa Massacre and Racist Violence in the Yiddish Press" 6361:

teeth and white finger-nails." Even those sympathetic to Black people still expressed

6200:

without moving people as I hail the chef who can make omelets without breaking eggs."

6069:. His comments drew widespread outrage and calls for his dismissal from his position. 6045:

and allegations that they were over-represented as prominent figures in it. Professor

20370: 19526: 18878: 18376: 18295: 18280: 17867: 17798: 17680: 17665: 17448: 17319: 17284: 16573: 15771: 15492: 15154: 15124: 14719: 14476: 14219: 14134: 14129: 14089: 13962: 13733: 13718: 13683: 13463: 13383: 13328: 13113: 12277: 12272: 12144: 12130: 12123: 12084: 11890: 11802: 11774: 11730: 11711: 11689: 11668: 11637: 11618: 11578: 11541: 11519: 11509: 11462: 11455: 11245: 10986: 10834: 10785: 10751: 10712: 10691: 10671: 10453: 10356: 9830: 9764: 9717: 9573: 9152: 9051: 9039: 8985: 8746: 8673: 8622: 8431: 8394: 8386: 8360: 8243: 8198: 8148: 7882: 7799: 7666: 7613: 7588: 7463: 7102: 6903: 6513:

When the school board fired 19 White union teachers for underperforming, Shanker led

6468: 6097: 6083: 5953: 5862: 5426: 5151: 5074: 4982:. Many Reform Jews were guided by values which were reflected in the Reform branch's 4821: 4187: 4164: 4149: 4047: 3976: 3918: 3898: 3715: 3275: 2914: 2374: 2245: 2175: 2052: 1965: 1832: 695: 536: 43: 12009: 10418: 7509: 7418:

Hill, Robert A. (1998a). "Black Zionism: Marcus Garvey and the Jewish Question". In

6475:

was not the cause of the Black Hebrews' rejection in Israel; they were considered a

6425:) publicly endorsed Jackson, which caused Massell to lose his re-election campaign. 5928:

and others consider antisemitic. Though Farrakhan has denied it, a tape obtained by

4423: 1075: 20286: 20133: 19839: 19659: 18669: 18510: 18493: 18488: 18327: 17933: 17901: 17862: 17833: 17816: 17766: 17567: 17376: 17309: 17262: 17210: 17178: 17169: 17154: 17028: 17003: 16979: 16863: 16794: 16711: 16578: 15927: 15898: 15893: 15791: 15759: 15732: 15457: 15074: 15044: 15034: 15029: 14596: 14396: 14381: 14371: 14341: 14082: 14029: 13878: 13863: 13828: 13693: 13638: 13628: 13523: 13398: 13333: 13208: 13123: 13083: 13073: 13063: 13048: 13043: 13018: 12908: 12292: 12207: 12170: 11829: 11655:

Strangers & neighbors: relations between Blacks & Jews in the United States

11504: 11457:

Strangers & Neighbors: Relations between Blacks & Jews in the United States

10826: 10723: 10663: 10348: 10113: 9878:"Wedding Cakes, Same-Sex Marriage, and the Future of LGBT Rights in America | PRRI" 9822: 9565: 9320: 9096: 8847: 8423: 8352: 7762:

A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr.

7646: 7489: 7094: 6806:

In Search of Our Roots: How 19 Extraordinary African Americans Reclaimed Their Past

6721: 6716: 6449: 6421:. As a result, many progressive and college-educated Whites in the city (including 6366: 6338: 6310: 6244: 6115: 6046: 6013: 5906: 5853: 5808: 5804: 5565: 4979: 4937: 4882: 4724: 4716: 4648: 4543: 4369: 4341: 3946: 3827: 3787: 3751: 3449: 2999: 2510: 2266: 2170: 2085: 1975: 1767: 1070: 927: 755: 690: 670: 579: 11726:

The Portable Malcolm X Reader: A Man Who Stands for Nothing Will Fall for Anything

11304: 10523:"Opinion | Black Jewish Voices Are Finally Being Heard. So Is The Racist Backlash" 10218:"Is Jewish Control Over the Slave Trade a Nation of Islam Lie or Scholarly Truth?" 9926: 8343:

Ingalls, Robert P. (1981). "Antiradical Violence in Birmingham During the 1930s".

6525:

Shanker would eventually propose charter schools in the U.S., which, according to

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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

15435: 15390: 15244: 15234: 15214: 15199: 15099: 14974: 14964: 14603: 14391: 14376: 14361: 14179: 13808: 13798: 13758: 13738: 13698: 13573: 13563: 13528: 13488: 13473: 13408: 13273: 13223: 13153: 13038: 12988: 12973: 12963: 12958: 12938: 12923: 12918: 12893: 12833: 12757: 12360: 12331: 12326: 12282: 12262: 12241: 12213: 11796: 11683: 11572: 11535: 11082: 10392: 9142: 9044: 8616: 8216: 7793: 7449: 7182: 6979: 6558: 6418: 6252: 6079: 5986: 5967: 5921: 5910: 5902: 5894: 5890: 5797: 5708: 5497:

also signaled the decline of Black-Jewish relations: the Jewish president of the

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concerning the alleged dominant role of American and Caribbean-based Jews in the

3908: 3867: 3862: 3842: 3764: 3758: 3691: 3643: 3483: 3464: 2615: 2344: 2256: 2239: 1783: 1098: 905: 655: 574: 11987:

Counterblast: How the Atlanta Temple Bombing Strengthened the Civil Rights Cause

10184: 5093:

by some, and as a result, Black-Jewish relations were temporarily strengthened.

4702:

musical affinity, the fruits of this labor belonged exclusively to the former."

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An unillustrious alliance: the African American and Jewish American communities

10853:"Winston Churchill's Mother? You've Got the Wrong Brooklyn Address - Hell Gate" 10830: 10667: 10385: 9756: 7374:

Vladeck, Baruch Charney (March 22, 1911). "How do the Jews Live in the South".

6770: 6630: 6591: 6453: 6445: 6444:. Under the law, the only people who are recognized as Jews are people who are 6298: 6274: 6225: 6031:

Rhode Island, did Jewish merchants play a significant part in the slave-trade.

5596: 5577: 5573: 5502: 5066: 4975: 4890: 4850: 4805: 4732: 4419: 4362: 4250: 4246: 4137: 4102: 4008: 3807: 3662: 3542: 3521: 3498: 3493: 3471: 3459: 3054: 2535: 2469: 2434: 2412: 2349: 2187: 2165: 2027: 2006: 1982: 1748: 1730: 1557: 982: 952: 710: 700: 531: 11664:

The Jew Accused: Three Anti-Semitic Affairs (Dreyfus, Beilis, Frank) 1894–1915

9963:

Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution, Volume 2

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A Right to Sing the Blues: African Americans, Jews, and American Popular Song

11650: 11610: 10838: 10675: 10476: 10360: 9834: 9768: 9721: 9577: 9072:"In temporary injunction, court orders state not to deport Hebrew Israelites" 8483: 8435: 8364: 8249: 8152: 8097: 7859:

A Right to Sing the Blues: African Americans, Jews, and American Popular Song

7789: 7106: 6696: 6658: 6644: 6562: 6550: 6441: 6429: 6383: 6171: 6151: 6058: 5942: 5934:

supports claims that he referred to Judaism as a "dirty religion" and called

5831: 5704: 5653: 5592: 5561: 5475: 5359: 5327: 5167: 5138: 5029: 4997:

churches frequently played key roles in the civil rights movement, including

4941: 4817: 4793: 4751: 4675: 4667: 4652: 4572: 4554: 4477: 4472:

By the middle of the 20th century, many Southern Jews were supportive of the

4415: 4257:

in their homelands. They mainly settled in New York and other major cities.

4051: 3956: 3951: 3157: 3084: 2610: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2439: 2417: 2369: 2131: 1970: 1875: 1837: 1788: 1626: 1621: 9452:

The Farrakhan Phenomenon: Race, Reaction, and the Paranoid Style in American

9249:"Opinion | Why Jewish Organizations Should Not Be Tearing Down Angela Davis" 7493: 19753: 19725: 18780: 17896: 17693: 17655: 17616: 17205: 16949: 16888: 16868: 16828: 16811: 16779: 16767: 16728: 16646: 16621: 15629: 15397: 15322: 15294: 15279: 15264: 15219: 15194: 15174: 15084: 15054: 15049: 15019: 14969: 14821: 14507: 14366: 14346: 13868: 13823: 13818: 13778: 13613: 13593: 13548: 13483: 13418: 13403: 13318: 13308: 13263: 13213: 13203: 13193: 13163: 13158: 13148: 13133: 13093: 13028: 13008: 13003: 12983: 12978: 12968: 12928: 12883: 12853: 12236: 11715: 11556:

Antisemitism: a historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution, Vol 1

10713:"We Live in a Motorized Civilization: Robert Moses Replies to Robert Caro". 10441: 10437: 8238: 7453: 6387: 6318: 6209: 6167: 6136: 6050: 5935: 5886: 5835: 5764: 5697: 5661: 5618: 5615: 5557: 5541: 5204: 5155: 5122: 5082: 5078: 4933: 4932:

Cooperation between Jewish and African-American organizations peaked after

4905: 4759: 4755: 4742: 4683: 4630: 4481: 4452: 4349:(NAACP) in its early decades. Northern Jews involved in the NAACP included 3986: 3812: 3653: 3648: 3606: 3559: 2653: 2520: 2505: 2464: 2429: 2042: 1884: 1110: 922: 650: 513: 11905:

Struggles in the promised land: toward a history of Black-Jewish relations

11761:

Black-Jewish Relations on Trial: Leo Frank and Jim Conley in the New South

11604:

What Went Wrong?: The Creation & Collapse of the Black-Jewish Alliance

11523: 10781:

City Games: The Evolution of American Urban Society and the Rise of Sports

10727: 10337:"Review of Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight" 9916:

Minister Farrakhan rebuts fraudulent "Judaism is a Gutter Religion" canard

8833:

Sevenson, Marshall F. "African-Americans and Jews in Organized labor". In

8209: 7323:

Black–Jewish Relations on Trial: Leo Frank and Jim Conley in the New South

4904:

Due to his efforts, Gelders was kidnapped and assaulted by members of the

4318:, even though other Jewish writers strongly objected to such comparisons. 20030: 19561: 18898: 18800: 18540: 18403: 18159: 17906: 17421: 17346: 17324: 17227: 16821: 16750: 16745: 16733: 16723: 15649: 15634: 15482: 15445: 15284: 15239: 15224: 14989: 14984: 14831: 14386: 14356: 13983: 13947: 13888: 13883: 13843: 13793: 13728: 13723: 13633: 13583: 13513: 13508: 13448: 13433: 13283: 13278: 13143: 13023: 12993: 12933: 12898: 12159: 12001: 11941: 11833: 11703: 11531: 11499: 9325: 8226: 8188: 8184: 8182: 6542: 6414: 6362: 6314: 6306: 6218: 6185: 5712: 5692: 5641: 5114: 4444: 4435: 4335: 4136:

Early Jewish communities in what became the United States were primarily

4126: 3971: 3913: 3578: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2444: 1276: 932: 785: 665: 449: 11851:

Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present

11818:"White Devils, Satanic Jews: The Nation of Islam From Fard to Farrakhan" 11477:

The quiet voices: southern rabbis and Black civil rights, 1880s to 1990s

11373:

Jones, Brian; et al. (Edited by Jeff Bale and Sarah Knopp) (2012).

10203: 8809:

The quiet voices: southern rabbis and Black civil rights, 1880s to 1990s

8160: 8136: 7114: 7098: 7082: 5992: 4877: 18893: 18699: 18525: 18520: 18438: 18000: 17707: 17289: 16883: 16631: 16553: 15184: 15169: 15139: 15134: 14883: 14851: 14690: 14658: 14010: 13668: 13598: 13568: 13438: 13413: 13358: 13258: 12873: 12843: 11063: 10368: 10336: 9842: 9814: 9569: 9305:"WHAT TO THE BLACK AMERICAN IS THE MERITOCRACY? Comment on M. Sandel's 8876:

Hill, Herbert (1998), "Black-Jewish conflict in the Labor Context", in

8577:"Atlanta Jews, Blacks Go to Selma Together to Remember 'Bloody Sunday'" 8372: 7658: 7501: 6538: 5997: 5957: 5637: 5549: 5250: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4488: 4327: 4118: 3629: 2643: 2572: 2530: 2359: 2339: 1898: 1805: 1725: 381: 120: 15520:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

10683: 10651: 8443: 8179: 7795:

Blackface, White Noise: Jewish Immigrants in the Hollywood Melting Pot

6193: 6062: 5513: 5349:

Jacob Rothschild was the rabbi of Atlanta's oldest and most prominent

4428:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League

20382: 20375: 17921: 17386: 17277: 17188: 16806: 16740: 15798: 15644: 15149: 14933: 14871: 14766: 13988: 13458: 13443: 10104: 9638:

Harlem Renaissance lives from the African American National Biography

6863: 6463:

Branch believed that the rejection of the Chicago group was based on

6266: 6066: 6035: 5970:. He was a leading figure in shaping Black antisemitism, engaging in 5949: 5665: 5633: 5607: 5564:

from Christian resources. They are generally not accepted as Jews by

5350: 5090: 4663: 4659: 4616: 4508: 4380: 3792: 3777: 2867: 2815: 2577: 2525: 2515: 2196: 2192: 2182: 2097: 1857: 1606: 947: 680: 459: 286: 16757: 14445: 11962:

Antisemitism: A historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution

11634:

Troubling the waters: Black-Jewish relations in the American century

10549:"Opinion | Why Is The Pro-Israel Right So Threatened By Black Jews?" 10352: 9826: 9392: 8356: 8046:"A Brief History of Jews and the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s" 7650: 5225: 4129:

or escape and founded independent communities before and during the

2545: 18565: 18515: 17640: 17582: 17527: 17522: 17193: 16479: 16271: 16266: 15776: 13348: 8427: 8106:"Then and Now: Black-Jewish Relations in the Civil Rights Movement" 7480:

Cutler, David; Glaeser, Edward (1997). "Are Ghettos Good or Bad?".

6566: 5842: 5545: 5526: 5089:, as a result of their participation. Their deaths were considered 4994: 4828:

activists taking many of the leadership positions within the early

4376: 4110: 3961: 3571: 3503: 2334: 1842: 1793: 992: 917: 910: 15535:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

11241:

The Teacher Wars: A History of America's Most Embattled Profession

11151:

Times, Jon Nordheimer Special to The New York (October 17, 1973).

6469:

airlifted thousands of Ethiopian Jews to Israel in the early 1990s

4766:

was an attempt to combine Jewish music and jazz into a new genre.

17855: 17739: 17734: 17724: 17712: 17532: 17517: 17461: 17396: 17371: 17334: 17198: 16873: 16772: 16696: 16588: 16514: 14888: 13937: 11043: 10386:"Incident at Wellesley College: Jewish Attack on Black Academics" 9119: 8743:

Bridges and boundaries : African Americans and American Jews

8482:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

6570: 6294: 6248: 5684: 5669: 5621: 5553: 4492: 4448:

for allegedly trying to destroy the Black population of America.

4431: 4160: 4074: 3937: 3903: 3772: 3566: 2555: 2550: 2422: 2313: 2208: 2204: 2200: 1949: 1944: 1921: 1903: 1778: 1773: 1763: 1741: 1716: 1080: 386: 11592:

Hill, Herbert. "Black-Jewish Conflict in the Labor Context". In

11537:

In the Almost Promised Land: American Jews and Blacks, 1915-1935

10979:

Silverman, Jason H. (1997). "Judaism and the Antebellum South".

9554:"Antisemitic Attitudes among Young Black and Hispanic Americans" 8739:"Blacks and Jews in the Civil Rights Movement: The Case of SNCC" 7834:

Harold Cruse's The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual Reconsidered

7459:

American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass

6896:

Johnson, Terrence L.; Berlinerblau, Jacques (February 1, 2022).

6428:

In his 1992 essay "Blacks and Jews: The Uncivil War," historian

5941:

Elijah Muhammad claimed that Blacks— not Whites or Jews—are the

5449:(JLC), which was founded in February 1934 to oppose the rise of 5055: 4686:

viewed the arts scene as a White-dominated misrepresentation of

17926: 17793: 17729: 15722: 14005: 11747:

The Jewish Onslaught: Despatches from the Wellesley Battlefront

11375:"The Struggle for Black Education." In Education and Capitalism 10747:

Contested Waters: A Social History of Swimming Pools in America

10579:

PRRI | At the intersection of religion, values, and public life

9882:

PRRI | At the intersection of religion, values, and public life

6472: 6379:

described an old Black man in the story as "an old Orangutan."

6197: 6054: 5845:, a Black mob killed Yankel Rosenbaum, an Orthodox Jew, in the 5812: 5629: 5612: 5530: 5450: 4963:

in schools and other public facilities, and the passage of the

4612: 4558: 4439: 4254: 3597: 3592: 3552: 3537: 2648: 2540: 1960: 1926: 1912: 1847: 987: 11153:"Atlanta Elects a Black Mayor, First in a Major Southern City" 10008:

Black Zion: African American Religious Encounters with Judaism

9940:, Yvonne Patricia Chireau, Nathaniel Deutsch, 2000, pp. 91–113 9938:

Black Zion: African American Religious Encounters with Judaism

9904:

Black Zion: African American religious encounters with Judaism

9046:

Black Zion: African American Religious Encounters with Judaism

8860: 8858: 8618:

Shared Dreams: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Jewish Community

8079:"Justice Department Recognizes Jewish American Heritage Month" 6949:"American Jews, Race, Identity, and the Civil Rights Movement" 6365:. Arriving in 1914, Hebrew-language educator and entrepreneur 5652:; for example, they publicly supported the Palestinian leader 5170:, who was an African-American convert to Judaism, as writing: 5034:

Shared Dreams: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Jewish Community

5032:, President of the Foundation for Ethnic Understanding, wrote 5024:. It was the occasion of the largest mass arrest of rabbis in 4658:

Rogin also analyzes the instances when Jewish actors, such as

17877: 17872: 17826: 17781: 17702: 17697: 16961: 16716: 16686: 15534: 12740: 11935:

Bittersweet encounter: the Afro-American and the American Jew

11320:

Hope and History: Why We Must Share the Story of the Movement

10784:. An Illini book. University of Illinois Press. p. 148. 10323:

Jews and Judaism in the United States: A Documentary History,

9408: 6823:, p. 29. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, 1998. 5346: 5340: 5215: 4990: 4829: 4524: 4504: 4346: 4322:

their own oppression (including racist incidents such as the

4311: 2560: 1989: 1893: 1862: 760: 8928: 8926: 7554:

Golden, Harry, "Negro and Jew: an Encounter in America", in

7413: 7411: 17976: 16510: 15579: 11912:

Bridges and Boundaries: African Americans and American Jews

11657:, Maurianne Adams (Ed.). Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1999. 11202:

Bridges and Boundaries: African Americans and American Jews

10395:, www.blacksandjews.com, no date. Retrieved April 18, 2010. 8855: 7608:

Du Bois, William E. B. (2007). Edwards, Brent Hayes (ed.).

7238:"The Digest Of The Yiddish Press: James Baldwin Challenged" 7018: 5763:. Many Jews, meanwhile, associated affirmative action with 4955:. This era of cooperation culminated in the passage of the 4857:

and contributed significantly to landmark legal victories.

4833: 4825: 4735:

controlled the film industry, using it to paint a negative

1712: 790: 10448:

Allah in the West: Islamic Movements in America and Europe

10287:, New York: Oxford Univ. Press, p. 89, archived from 9584: 8888: 8886: 8704: 8702: 8694:

The colors of Jews: racial politics and radical diasporism

6297:. Many Southern Jews held the view that Black people were 5050: 4897:. He established an Alabama committee which worked on the 4347:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

11822:

Modern Judaism - A Journal of Jewish Ideas and Experience

8923: 7774:

Rogin, Michael. "Black sacrifice, Jewish redemption". In

7408: 6247:, he is widely credited as the father of modern American 5751:

Many Black people have supported government and business

5105: 11927:

Fight Against Fear: Southern Jews and Black Civil Rights

11554:

Dollinger, Mark, "African American-Jewish Relations" in

11334:"The UFT's Opposition to the Community Control Movement" 11182: 10798: 10593: 9977:"Tape Contradicts Disavowal of 'Gutter Religion' Attack" 9465:"ADL Survey Finds Anti-Semitism High in Black Community" 9278:"Opinion | Why Do Jews Keep Tearing Down Black Leaders?" 14190:

Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam

13968:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)" 11919:

Crown Heights: Blacks, Jews, and the 1991 Brooklyn Riot

11840:

Pollack, Eunice G, "African American Antisemitism", in

11505:

The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York

10404:

Black, Chris, "Jewish groups rap Wellesley professor",

9115:"Muhammad Ali's Complicated Relationship With the Jews" 9092:"Spokesman: Israel to deport dozens of African Hebrews" 8898: 8883: 8791: 8789: 8759: 8699: 8640: 8638: 7426: 5786: 4530: 4410: 4245:

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, millions of

14214:

African American founding fathers of the United States

12567:

Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement

12432:

John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights

11723:

Marable, Manning; Felber, Garrett (January 16, 2013).

11200:

Branch, Taylor "Blacks and Jews: The Uncivil War", in

9178: 7874:

Jewish power: inside the American Jewish establishment

7264: 7160:

Diner, Hasia R. "Drawn Together by Self-Interest". In

12039: 12002:

Articles related to African American–Jewish relations

11207: 9943: 9782: 8557: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8221:

The Gettysburg Historical Journal: Vol. 20, Article 8

7764:, James Washington (Ed.), HarperCollins, 1990, p. 669 7718:"Negroes Are Anti-Semitic Because They're Anti-White" 7521: 7519: 6899:

Blacks and Jews in America: An Invitation to Dialogue

6799: 6687:

Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century

6159:

Americans score 0.33 and White Americans score 0.52.

5993:

Alleged overrepresentation of Jews in the slave trade

5675:

Immediately after the Six Day War, the editor of the

11004: 11002: 10974: 10972: 10970: 10968: 10605: 9420: 8786: 8635: 7276: 7252: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6606: 5920:

publicly called Jews "bloodsuckers". Current leader

5481:

Beginning in early 1962, the NAACP's labor director

4182:

to justify the enslavement of Black people based on

3576: 3557: 1980: 19:"Blacks and Jews" redirects here. For the film, see 14262:

Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument

11172:"Will America's 'Black Mecca' Elect a White Mayor?" 10948:"Levittown: The Archetype for Suburban Development" 10810: 10750:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 140. 9794: 8720: 8718: 7015:"From Swastika to Jim Crow: Black-Jewish Relations" 6895: 5977:In 1961, Malcolm X spoke at an NOI rally alongside 1583:

Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers

11454: 11084:Autoemanzipation: Mahnruf an seine Stammesgenossen 10819:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 10445: 9349:"When White Privilege Is Disguised as Meritocracy" 9043: 8979: 8814: 8603:Pillar of fire: America in the King Years, 1963–65 8531:Experiencing History: Holocaust Sources in Context 8527:"W.E.B. Du Bois: "The Negro and the Warsaw Ghetto" 8501: 7516: 7303: 6413:In the early 1970s, Atlanta's first Jewish mayor, 5974:and claiming the Jews "brought it on themselves". 5602: 4197:After the United States was founded in 1776, most 4062:was strategic and significant, culminating in the 11933:Weisbord, Robert G., and Stein, Arthur Benjamin, 11864:"Black Antisemitism in America: Past and Present" 11564:Blacks in the Jewish Mind: A Crisis of Liberalism 10999: 10965: 9493:"Opinion | How to talk about Black anti-Semitism" 8980:Johannes P. Schade, ed. (2006). "Black Hebrews". 8849:70 Years Strong: The Jewish Labor Committee Story 6916: 6293:were governed by regional practices, rather than 5734:, and certainly most of the organizations in the 4671:nor produced a distinctive Black anti-Semitism". 20866: 19594:Native American recognition in the United States 15570:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 12798:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 11816:Norwood, Stephen H.; Pollack, Eunice G. (2020). 11653:(1999) "Jewish Racism, Black anti-Semitism", in 11453:Adams, Maurianne; Bracey, John H., eds. (1999). 10985:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 384. 10479:(1999) "Jewish Racism, Black anti-Semitism," in 8956:"The Black Jewish or Hebrew Israelite Community" 8715: 7901:Quart, Leonard, "Jews and Blacks in Hollywood", 7587:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. xxv. 6486: 5779:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke 4152:, gradually integrating into the local society. 15615:Black players in professional American football 15565:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 12788:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 12721:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights 12612:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County 11789:The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews 11770:Religious Outsiders and the Making of Americans 11021: 11019: 11017: 9815:"The Bizarre Classroom of Dr. Leonard Jeffries" 8459:"Civil Rights in America: Racial Voting Rights" 7561: 6325:amount of intellect with which he is endowed." 6260:100 Most Influential People of the 20th Century 6121: 6102:The Secret Relationship between Blacks and Jews 6075:The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews 6010:The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews 5548:and claim to be the descendants of the ancient 5462:and provided staffing and support for the 1963 5458:and campaigned for the passage of California's 5445:In the immediate post-World War II period, the 5043:Northern and Western Jews frequently supported 4225:. Due to the widespread policy and ideology of 14267:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument 11815: 11461:. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. 11390:, By RIchard D. Kahlenberg and Halley Potter, 10274: 10148:"Total Jewish Population in the United States" 10067: 9552:Hersh, Eitan; Royden, Laura (March 31, 2023). 8745:. New York: George Braziller. pp. 36–49. 5755:, believing that meritocracies are subject to 4908:on September 23, 1936. Gelders and suffragist 4719:echoed those comments in a 1991 speech at the 310:Education of freed people during the Civil War 19991:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 18175: 16495: 14461: 14175:List of lynching victims in the United States 12513:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States 12025: 11722: 11617:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. 11272:Pavone, Vera; Scott, Norman (June 14, 2009). 10649: 10055: 9684:"Sufi Abdul Hamid Gets Ten Days in Workhouse" 9640:, Henry Louis Gates (Ed.), 2009, pp. 235–236. 9604:"Black-Jewish Relations in the United States" 8696:. Indiana University Press, 2007. pp. 33, 36. 8414:Foreman, Clark (1951). "The Decade of Hope". 7479: 7462:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993, 6809:. New York: Crown Publishing. pp. 20–21. 6565:jointly hosted 15 Days of Light, celebrating 6557:, World Values Network founder and CEO Rabbi 5330:was undertaken by Jews from the northern and 4927: 4125:. A few were able to achieve freedom through 4028: 1681: 16:Relations between Blacks and Jews in America. 20885:History of civil rights in the United States 15328:Historically black colleges and universities 11969:Why Do Black Activists Care About Palestine? 11014: 10982:The Historical encyclopedia of world slavery 10185:"The Jewish Population of the United States" 10167:"The Jewish Population of the United States" 8984:. Franklin Park, N.J.: Foreign Media Group. 6702:History of antisemitism in the United States 6594:speak out so strongly against antisemitism. 5868:According to a 2016 survey conducted by the 5488:International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union 5207:attacked Jewish activism in his 1967 volume 4690:, epitomized by works like Gershwin's opera 4434:. An example of this was that Garvey wanted 321:Historically black colleges and universities 17984:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 12642:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights 11452: 11404:Reports, AmNews Staff (December 21, 2022). 11377:. Chicago: Haymarket Books. pp. 64–65. 11271: 10617: 10480: 10436: 10251: 9747:"Jesse Jackson's 'Hymietown' Remark – 1984" 9551: 9197: 9172: 8932: 8877: 8709: 7555: 7438: 4169:Jews had an outsize role in the slave trade 2272:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 305:Education during the slave period in the US 18189: 18182: 18168: 16502: 16488: 14468: 14454: 12691:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership 12032: 12018: 10825:(4). University of California Press: 538. 10623: 10472: 10470: 10246: 10244: 9004: 7357:"A 'Frank' look at American anti-Semitism" 6289:, Jewish slave ownership practices in the 6208:), were placed in inconvenient locations. 6126:The counterpoint to Black antisemitism is 5508: 5216:Southern Jews in the civil rights movement 4922:National Committee to Abolish the Poll Tax 4769: 4035: 4021: 1688: 1674: 628:National Black Caucus of State Legislators 19604:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 15545:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 14247:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument 11660: 11631: 11484:Blacks and Jews: Alliances and Arguments' 11425: 11423: 11421: 11419: 11008: 10978: 10182: 9909: 9819:The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 9438: 9414: 9324: 8777: 8736: 8724: 8551: 8533:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 8495: 8456: 8050:Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism 7913: 7911: 7334: 7297: 6927: 6776: 6712:Interminority racism in the United States 6491:Albert Shanker, who was president of the 5677:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 5310:Learn how and when to remove this message 5198:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 4741:Jewish Americans are noted for playing a 4316:anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire 4304:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 4117:to European colonists and put to work on 84:Slavery in the colonial history of the US 20880:History of African-American civil rights 16531:Index of Jewish history-related articles 14282:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change 12322:University of Georgia desegregation riot 11609: 11593: 11570: 11061: 11049: 10334: 10312:, Columbia University Press, 1960, p. 72 10268: 9812: 9636:Russell, Thadeus, "Sufi Abdul Hamid" in 9558:Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics 8834: 8832: 8779: 8614: 7870: 7775: 7432: 7419: 7325:Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2000, p. 61. 7270: 7161: 6977: 6707:History of the Jews in the United States 6520:Lesson Plans on African-American History 5996: 5885: 5732:Southern Christian Leadership Conference 5606: 5544:ancestry who are mainly situated in the 5512: 5464:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom 5413: 5054: 5011:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change 4876: 4802:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom 4788: 4611: 4467: 19655:List of counties and county equivalents 18030:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 16667: 14196:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence 13933:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus" 13928:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round" 11871:Institute for National Security Studies 11861: 11847: 11842:Encyclopedia of American Jewish history 11794: 11681: 11489: 11403: 11317: 11096: 11094: 11087:(in German). Verlag der "Kadimah" Wien. 11080: 10517: 10515: 10467: 10380: 10378: 10241: 10134: 10091: 10079: 10043: 10010:, Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 111 9961:Dollinger, Mark. "Nation of Islam", in 9949: 9788: 9740: 9738: 9652: 9650: 9648: 9646: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9516: 9514: 9487: 9485: 9398: 9272: 9270: 9243: 9241: 9239: 9141: 9109: 9107: 9037: 8841: 8413: 8342: 8283:"10 Great Moments of #BlackJewishUnity" 7973: 7861:by Jeffrey Paul Melnick (2001), p. 196. 7823:Palgreve Macmillan, pp. 61–63, 197–198. 7734: 7715: 7635:The Journal of African American History 7632: 7607: 7579: 7567: 7373: 7282: 6495:from 1964 to 1985 and president of the 6465:anti-Black sentiment among Israeli Jews 5924:has also made several remarks that the 5644:, some Black Americans expressed their 5611:After his retirement, the professional 5421:(second from right), labor director of 5183: 5096:In 1965, Martin Luther King Jr., said, 5051:Murder of Jewish civil rights activists 4916:in 1938. In 1941, Gelders and activist 4163:, especially in the South. Despite the 4054:have interacted throughout much of the 20867: 16444:Topics related to the African diaspora 15550:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 14110:African-American women in the movement 12562:White House Conference on Civil Rights 12393:"Segregation now, segregation forever" 11798:Antisemitism and the American Far Left 11561: 11416: 11357: 11351: 11213: 11188: 10816: 10743: 10650:Woolgar, Steve; Cooper, Geoff (1999). 9906:, Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 94 9744: 9402: 9372: 9302: 9211:"Conversation with Martin Luther King" 9151:. New York: Viking. pp. 367–368. 9007:"They're Jewish, With a Gospel Accent" 8765: 8644: 8563: 8385: 8338: 8336: 8295:from the original on November 27, 2023 8255: 8167:from the original on November 27, 2023 8134: 8116:from the original on November 27, 2023 8104:García, Kristina (November 19, 2020). 8103: 7996:"Jews and Jazz: Improvising Ethnicity" 7949:"9 Jews Who Changed The Sound of Jazz" 7908: 7846: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7525: 7211: 7136:"We Need to Talk about Shmuel Charney" 7076: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7009: 7007: 7005: 6874:from the original on December 29, 2019 6795: 6793: 6784: 6434:African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem 6178:during the early to mid-20th century. 6174:and public official who worked in the 5495:New York City teachers' strike of 1968 5065:The summer of 1964 was designated the 4723:Black Arts & Cultural Festival in 18163: 16483: 16424:Landmark African-American legislation 14475: 14449: 12551:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections 12013: 12000: 11884: 11844:, Volume 1 By Stephen Harlan Norwood. 11766: 11702: 11530: 11372: 11362:. Yale University Press. p. 142. 11294: 11150: 11037: 11025: 10946:Staff, HistoryNet (October 4, 2007). 10945: 10777: 10734:164717606. Retrieved August 13, 2017. 10280: 10164: 10097: 10031: 10019: 9974: 9454:, Georgetown University Press, p. 246 9050:. New York: Oxford University Press. 8920:, ABC-CLIO, pp. 111–116, esp. p. 113. 8656:The Essential Writings (1986), p. 370 8056:from the original on December 3, 2023 7974:Kaminer, Michael (January 12, 2017). 7821:The Essential Harold Cruse: A Reader, 7788: 7773: 7417: 7309: 7293: 7291: 7258: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7159: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7080: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7052: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7040: 6946: 6677:Antisemitism by country#United States 6243:and housing pioneer. As president of 5834:and former United Nations ambassador 5746: 4914:Southern Conference for Human Welfare 4576:championing the cause of the Negro." 4418:(1887–1940) was an early promoter of 4199:Black people continued to be enslaved 4159:in the colonies and some Jews became 826:Athletic associations and conferences 315:History of African-American education 16509: 15555:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 14319:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument 12783:Regional Council of Negro Leadership 12731:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 12677:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights 12154:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company 12079:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore 11940: 11924: 11836:– via Oxford University Press. 11591: 11498: 11169: 11091: 11062:Friedman, Jason K. (June 28, 2021). 10804: 10611: 10599: 10512: 10375: 10103: 9800: 9735: 9643: 9590: 9528:"Tensions in Black-Jewish Relations" 9511: 9482: 9426: 9347:II, Jamar A. Boyd (March 18, 2019). 9313:American Journal of Law and Equality 9303:Ajunwa, Ifeoma (September 1, 2021). 9267: 9236: 9184: 9104: 8998: 8953: 8904: 8892: 8864: 8820: 8795: 8665: 7626: 7446:The Continuing Causes of Segregation 6973: 6971: 6969: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6891: 6889: 6780: 6481:historic group of Jewish descendants 5897:, has made many antisemitic remarks. 5787:Antisemitism among African Americans 5658:called for the destruction of Israel 5248:adding citations to reliable sources 5219: 5209:The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual 4639:Jews in the history of American film 4531:Commercial and residential relations 4411:After World War I & World War II 749:Association for the Study of African 15909:African-American Vernacular English 12726:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 12662:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 12332:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address 11244:. Random House. September 2, 2014. 10624:Campanella, Thomas (July 9, 2017). 8947: 8918:African American Religious Cultures 8605:, Simon and Schuster, 1999, p. 354. 8466:National Historic Landmarks Program 8333: 8307: 7704: 7673: 7526:Sachar, Howard (November 2, 1993). 7361:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 7002: 6790: 6532: 6224:Moses took a favorable view on the 5916:In 1993, Nation of Islam spokesman 5259:"African American–Jewish relations" 4895:University of Alabama at Birmingham 4845:. Prominent Jewish leaders such as 4758:, and other Black musicians played 1563:Race and ethnicity in the US census 1064:African-American Vernacular English 633:National Conference of Black Mayors 13: 17977:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 17957:American Jewish Historical Society 15827:U.S. cities with large populations 15530:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 14170:African-American churches attacked 12736:Montgomery Improvement Association 12711:Georgia Council on Human Relations 12696:Council of Federated Organizations 12667:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 12425:16th Street Baptist Church bombing 12383:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot 12189:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom 12093:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents 11954: 11388:The Original Charter School Vision 11274:"Albert Shanker: Ruthless Neo-Con" 9346: 9224:(3). The Rabbinical Assembly. 1968 9005:Bahrampour, Tara (June 26, 2000). 8407: 7798:. University of California Press. 7482:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 7378:. Translated by Franklin Jonas: 8. 7288: 7235: 7224: 7200: 7168: 7121: 7037: 6348: 6280: 6181:In his Pulitzer-winning biography 6143:and anti-police brutality events. 5875: 4978:participated more frequently than 4804:. Prinz spoke just before King's " 4365:was a leader in the organization. 4205:; four million enslaved were only 766:National Black Chamber of Commerce 14: 20911: 20875:African American–Jewish relations 19000:Director of National Intelligence 14700:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 14696:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 14503:African American founding fathers 14242:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute 14115:Jews in the civil rights movement 11615:Jews and the American slave trade 10929:"Time 100 Persons Of The Century" 10265:Jews and the American Slave Trade 8692:Kaye/Kantrowitz, Melanie (2007). 7212:Gordis, Robert (April 23, 1967). 6984:The Gettysburg Historical Journal 6978:Labovitz, Hannah (May 31, 2021). 6966: 6933: 6886: 6732:Jews in the civil rights movement 6682:Antisemitism in the United States 6522:, which he deemed too "radical". 6423:Atlanta's largest daily newspaper 6231: 5711:: "The presence of Israel in the 5409: 4872: 4783:Jews in the civil rights movement 2063:Historical population comparisons 1470:Places by plurality of population 136:Civil rights movement (1954–1968) 126:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 79:Abolitionism in the United States 19156:Government Accountability Office 18141: 18128: 18127: 16462: 15580:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 14725:Nadir of American race relations 14436:Civil rights movement portal 14429: 14277:Freedom Riders National Monument 14019:The Kingdom of God Is Within You 12531:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches 12490:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests 12377:Second Emancipation Proclamation 11964:(Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO, 2005) pp 4–6. 11937:, Negro Universities Press, 1970 11903:Salzman, Jack and West, Cornel, 11577:. University of Missouri Press. 11397: 11381: 11366: 11360:The Strike That Changed New York 11326: 11311: 11288: 11265: 11232: 11219: 11194: 11163: 11144: 11119: 11074: 11055: 11031: 10939: 10921: 10896: 10871: 10845: 10771: 10737: 10705: 10643: 10567: 10541: 10486: 10430: 10419:The Hazards of Telling the Truth 10411: 10398: 10328: 10315: 10302: 10257: 10228: 10210: 10176: 10158: 10140: 10128: 10085: 10073: 10061: 10049: 10037: 10025: 10013: 10000: 9987: 9968: 9955: 9931: 9920: 9896: 9870: 9849: 9806: 9702: 9676: 9658:"Black Hitler, Sufi Abdul Hamid" 9630: 9621: 9596: 9545: 9457: 9444: 9432: 9366: 9340: 9296: 9203: 9190: 9165: 9148:Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention 9135: 9084: 9064: 9031: 8973: 8672:. Beacon Press. pp. 71–73. 8477: 8457:Salvatore, Susan Cianci (2007). 8246:0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-05-03. 7735:Baldwin, James (July 23, 2014). 7716:Baldwin, James (April 9, 1967). 6860:"The capture and sale of slaves" 6840:from the original on May 6, 2021 6749: 6651: 6637: 6623: 6609: 6267:purchasing or otherwise settling 5882:Nation of Islam and antisemitism 5830:In 1984, presidential candidate 5646:solidarity with the Palestinians 5540:are groups of people, mostly of 5224: 5018:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests 4781:This section is an excerpt from 4607: 4328:"anxieties about Black violence" 4229:, however, they were treated as 4201:, with most concentrated in the 4178:of the time, some Jews used the 2707:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2621:Historical population by country 1645: 167:Black Belt in the American South 14586:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 14576:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 14304:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum 14292:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial 12768:National Council of Negro Women 12706:Deacons for Defense and Justice 11710:. Cleveland: World Publishing. 9664:. September 10, 1937. p. 1 8982:Encyclopedia of World Religions 8938: 8910: 8870: 8826: 8801: 8771: 8730: 8686: 8659: 8650: 8608: 8595: 8569: 8545: 8519: 8489: 8450: 8379: 8345:The Journal of Southern History 8215:Labovitz, Hannah (2021-05-31). 8128: 8013: 7988: 7967: 7941: 7929: 7895: 7864: 7852: 7839: 7826: 7813: 7782: 7767: 7754: 7737:"Open Letter to the Born Again" 7728: 7601: 7573: 7548: 7532:. Vintage Books. Archived from 7473: 7382: 7367: 7349: 7340: 7328: 7315: 7153: 6902:. Georgetown University Press. 6834:"The transatlantic slave trade" 6497:American Federation of Teachers 6162: 5963:Protocols of the Elders of Zion 5603:Criticism of Zionism and Israel 5595:documented the movement in his 5235:needs additional citations for 4853:marched alongside figures like 4507:, and dynamite was found under 4240: 4103:transported across the Atlantic 771:National Council of Negro Women 20799:Separation of church and state 19015:National Reconnaissance Office 18958:President of the United States 18049:Relations with other religions 15575:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 14581:Civil right movement 1896–1954 12184:Mansfield school desegregation 11889:. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. 11801:. Cambridge University Press. 11667:. Cambridge University Press. 11636:. Princeton University Press. 11445: 10341:The William and Mary Quarterly 9975:Shipp, E. R. (June 29, 1984). 9662:The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle 8852:, Jewish Labor Committee, 2004 8223:. Retrieved February 28, 2024. 6852: 6826: 6813: 6337:Ten years later, the board of 6251:. In 1998 he was named one of 6217:, in then-predominantly-white 6196:to the builder who can remove 6114:called the book "the bible of 5819:The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle 5460:Fair Employment Practices Act, 5154:and—almost as an afterthought— 4760:Jewish and Jewish-themed songs 1568:Racism against Black Americans 1: 18036:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 15755:Cherokee freedmen controversy 14731:The Negro Motorist Green Book 14314:National Voting Rights Museum 14257:Civil Rights Movement Archive 14056:Lynching in the United States 13943:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize" 12398:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 12371:University of Chicago sit-ins 12138:Davis v. Prince Edward County 11661:Lindemann, Albert S. (1992). 11571:Franklin, Vincent P. (1998). 11170:Blau, Max (October 5, 2017). 11064:"Searching for Solomon Cohen" 10452:. Stanford University Press. 10236:The Michael Eric Dyson Reader 10192:The American Jewish Year Book 10183:Oppenheim, Samson D. (1918). 9813:Benjamin, Richard M. (1993). 9375:"Jews and Affirmative Action" 8615:Schneier, Rabbi Marc (1999). 8258:"Jews and Affirmative Action" 8021:"Jews & Jazz Music - BJE" 7936:The Michael Eric Dyson Reader 6737: 6504:Ocean Hill–Brownsville crisis 6493:United Federation of Teachers 6487:Ocean Hill–Brownsville crisis 5811:led boycotts against certain 5578:traditionally recognized Jews 5560:, but they get most of their 5499:United Federation of Teachers 4209:during and at the end of the 2278:Christianity and Judaism 776:National Pan-Hellenic Council 19161:Government Publishing Office 18629:Technological and industrial 17967:Leo Baeck Institute New York 17962:American Sephardi Federation 14309:National Civil Rights Museum 14165:March on Washington Movement 14150:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church 12619:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 11887:The Jews in Colonial America 11795:Norwood, Stephen H. (2013). 11297:"Albert Shanker: No flowers" 10152:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 10109:"Farrakhan's Grand Illusion" 9608:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 9469:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 9373:Schnur, Dan (July 6, 2023). 8321:. October 2, 1936. p. 6 8256:Schnur, Dan (July 6, 2023). 8232:Melnick, Jeff (2024-02-27). 7938:By Michael Eric Dyson; p. 91 7583:(2007). "Note on the Text". 7529:A History of Jews in America 6868:International Slavery Museum 6763: 6727:Racism in Jewish communities 6391:Black–Jewish relationships. 6122:Anti-Black racism among Jews 6072:As a source, Jeffries cited 6026:Racism in Jewish communities 5106:Questioning the "golden age" 4959:, which outlawed racial and 4847:Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel 4235:disenfranchised in the South 4157:long-established institution 4056:history of the United States 1578:School segregation in the US 1116:Black American Sign Language 1090:Languages and other dialects 7: 20633:Women's reproductive health 19599:Federally recognized tribes 19462:Public utilities commission 19366:Public Health Service Corps 19269:Code of Federal Regulations 19151:Congressional Budget Office 19005:Central Intelligence Agency 18911:Water supply and sanitation 18338:Declaration of Independence 16790:Constantinopolitan Karaites 15625:Black players in ice hockey 15560:National Urban League (NUL) 15386:American Society of Muslims 14624:Selma to Montgomery marches 14544:Brown v. Board of Education 13953:"This Little Light of Mine" 12701:Dallas County Voters League 12647:Atlanta Negro Voters League 12410:Letter from Birmingham Jail 12117:Brown v. Board of Education 11862:Pollack, Eunice G. (2022). 11848:Pollack, Eunice G. (2013). 11773:. Oxford University Press. 11767:Moore, R. Laurence (1987). 11131:The New York Public Library 10281:Davis, David Brion (1984), 9927:Letter from Louis Farrakhan 8329:– via Newspapers.com. 8197:. Beacon Press. pp. 71–73. 6667:African Americans in Israel 6602: 5738:do not follow that course. 5650:criticized Israel's actions 5365:Brown v. Board of Education 5336:Jews in the southern states 5007:Selma to Montgomery marches 4300:Congress of Racial Equality 3577: 3558: 3285:Latin America and Caribbean 1981: 405:African-American businesses 10: 20916: 20900:1960s in the United States 20895:1950s in the United States 20890:Movements for civil rights 19811:Red states and blue states 19716:City commission government 19711:Council–manager government 18018:National Library of Israel 16659:Zionism, race and genetics 15782:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 15540:Nashville Student Movement 14551:Children of the plantation 14287:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 14155:Holt Street Baptist Church 14125:16th Street Baptist Church 13109:Annie Bell Robinson Devine 12753:Nashville Student Movement 12683:An Appeal for Human Rights 11682:Kaufman, Jonathan (1995). 11632:Greenberg, Cheryl (2006). 10831:10.1525/jsah.2008.67.4.532 10668:10.1177/030631299029003005 10284:Slavery and Human Progress 10068:Norwood & Pollack 2020 10006:Chireau, Yvonne Patricia, 9902:Chireau, Yvonne Patricia, 8916:Finley, Stephen C., 2009, 8737:Clayborne, Carson (1992). 7760:King, Martin Luther, Jr., 6176:New York metropolitan area 6019: 5879: 5166:Hacker also quoted author 5077:, and one Black activist, 4989:Religious leaders such as 4780: 4773: 4668:expressions of the culture 4628: 4233:and found themselves soon 4192:Naturalization Act of 1790 4146:Charleston, South Carolina 4092: 3890:Jewish political movements 3587:Conversion to Judaism 943:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 618:Congressional Black Caucus 585:African Diaspora Religions 372:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 18: 20820: 20646: 20519: 20451: 20104: 20100: 20091: 20039: 19904: 19895: 19791: 19762: 19739: 19678: 19645: 19636: 19579: 19567:Comparison of governments 19542: 19505: 19482: 19398: 19378: 19309: 19247: 19169: 19092: 18950: 18941: 18937: 18928: 18650: 18641: 18586: 18546:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 18387:drafting and ratification 18360:Articles of Confederation 18273: 18207: 18198: 18116: 17972:Yeshiva University Museum 17952:Center for Jewish History 17942: 17807: 17679: 17553: 17447: 16978: 16597: 16539: 16521: 16452: 16419:Index of related articles 16297: 16212: 15936: 15869: 15807: 15707: 15668: 15600: 15593: 15508: 15428: 15420:Doctrine of Father Divine 15366: 15308: 14957: 14812: 14804:Women's suffrage movement 14757:Reconstruction Amendments 14564:Voting Rights Act of 1965 14483: 14425: 14327: 14229: 14043: 13976: 13918: 13897: 13784:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson 13754:Modjeska Monteith Simkins 12826: 12818:Women's Political Council 12813:Wednesdays in Mississippi 12808:United Auto Workers (UAW) 12793:Southern Regional Council 12763:Northern Student Movement 12672:Committee for Freedom Now 12632: 12579:Memphis sanitation strike 12545:Voting Rights Act of 1965 12467: 12288:Savannah Protest Movement 12250: 12108: 12069:Journey of Reconciliation 12061: 12048: 12007: 11490:Cannato, Vincent (2002). 11318:Harding, Vincent (1990). 10778:Riess, Steven A. (1991). 10656:Social Studies of Science 10427:; April 15, 2008, page D9 10056:Marable & Felber 2013 9745:Sabato, Larry J. (1998). 9688:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 8581:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 8083:U.S Department of Justice 8000:Routledge & CRC Press 7321:Melnick, Jeffrey (2000). 6912:– via Google Books. 6078:(1991), published by the 5440:United Automobile Workers 5113:Philosopher and activist 5087:Philadelphia, Mississippi 4965:Voting Rights Act of 1965 4542:In 1903, Black historian 4457:Federal Housing Authority 4280:American Jewish Committee 2293:Hinduism and Judaism 1450:US states and territories 751:American Life and History 473:Lift Every Voice and Sing 182:Treatment of the enslaved 20586:Prescription drug prices 19706:Mayor–council government 19696:Coterminous municipality 19686:Consolidated city-county 19452:Agriculture commissioner 19102:House of Representatives 19010:National Security Agency 18660:Contiguous United States 16564:Ancient Israel and Judah 16469:United States portal 15904:African-American English 15333:Inventors and scientists 15025:George Washington Carver 14629:Chicago Freedom Movement 12652:Atlanta Student Movement 12601:Civil Rights Act of 1968 12526:1964–1965 Scripto strike 12507:Civil Rights Act of 1964 12405:1963 Birmingham campaign 12298:Civil Rights Act of 1960 12222:Civil Rights Act of 1957 11229:. Retrieved May 28, 2008 11052:, pp. xiii, 123–27. 9993:Muhammad, Elijah, 1973, 8288:American Jewish Congress 7877:. Basic Books. pp. 7871:Goldberg, J. J. (1997). 6742: 6141:Movement for Black Lives 6128:Jewish anti-Black racism 5972:Holocaust trivialization 5858:City College of New York 5852:During the 1990s, Prof. 5660:. Some of them, such as 5399:, on December 31, 1973. 5203:In 1967, Black academic 4961:religious discrimination 4957:Civil Rights Act of 1964 4920:led the creation of the 4881:Gelders recovering in a 4843:American Jewish Congress 4579:Terrence L. Johnson and 4284:American Jewish Congress 4142:Providence, Rhode Island 4123:in the southern colonies 4109:. After arriving in the 4064:Civil Rights Act of 1964 2119:Temple in Jerusalem 1812:Bar and bat mitzvah 1652:United States portal 1059:African-American English 570:African-American Muslims 131:Jim Crow era (1896–1954) 20671:Criticism of government 20016:Social welfare programs 19609:State-recognized tribes 18594:Outline of U.S. history 18306:Continental Association 16940:North African Sephardim 16913:Jewish tribes of Arabia 16392:African-American firsts 15441:Back-to-Africa movement 15410:Black Hebrew Israelites 15190:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 14738:Partus sequitur ventrem 14204:Voter Education Project 13958:"We Shall Not Be Moved" 13619:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 13054:Josephine Dobbs Clement 12480:Chester school protests 12475:Twenty-fourth Amendment 12437:Detroit Walk to Freedom 12179:Tallahassee bus boycott 12100:Baton Rouge bus boycott 11752:Melnick, Jeffrey Paul, 11410:New York Amsterdam News 11358:Podair, Jerald (2004). 10481:Adams & Bracey 1999 10424:The Wall Street Journal 10310:Jews in Colonial Brazil 10252:Adams & Bracey 1999 9198:Adams & Bracey 1999 9173:Adams & Bracey 1999 8933:Adams & Bracey 1999 8878:Adams & Bracey 1999 8867:, pp. 10, 265–279. 8710:Adams & Bracey 1999 8141:American Jewish History 7836:, Routledge, pp. 95–108 7819:Cruse, Harold, (2002). 7610:The souls of black folk 7585:The Souls of Black Folk 7556:Adams & Bracey 1999 7494:10.1162/003355397555361 6692:Black Hebrew Israelites 6022:Jewish views on slavery 5979:George Lincoln Rockwell 5948:Nation of Islam leader 5695:wrote the following in 5538:Black Hebrew Israelites 5509:Black Hebrew Israelites 5404:Forsyth County, Georgia 5131:Melanie Kaye/Kantrowitz 5081:, were murdered by the 5040:in Brooklyn, New York. 4993:and ministers of Black 4748:Willie "The Lion" Smith 4557:(1924–1987) grew up in 2081:Twelve Tribes of Israel 1573:Reparations for slavery 661:Back-to-Africa movement 560:Black Hebrew Israelites 438:African-American beauty 20733:Environmental movement 20576:Health insurance costs 20471:Educational attainment 19996:Federal Reserve System 19954:Science and technology 19457:Insurance commissioner 18995:Intelligence Community 18690:minor outlying islands 18453:Civil rights movement 18043:Holocaust Encyclopedia 18013:Jewish Virtual Library 16360:Spingarn Medal winners 15849:States and territories 15620:Black NFL quarterbacks 15120:Martin Luther King Jr. 14652:Dred Scott v. Sandford 14591:Montgomery bus boycott 14417:Movement photographers 13659:Bernice Johnson Reagon 13379:Martin Luther King Sr. 13374:Martin Luther King Jr. 12944:William Holmes Borders 12716:Highlander Folk School 12606:Poor People's Campaign 12459:St. Augustine movement 12309:Gomillion v. Lightfoot 12232:Katz Drug Store sit-in 12203:Royal Ice Cream sit-in 12165:Montgomery bus boycott 11960:Levy, Richard S., ed. 11688:. Simon and Schuster. 11081:Pinsker, Leon (1903). 10408:, April 7, 1993, p. 26 10335:Klooster, Wim (2000). 9864:Anti-Defamation League 9532:Jewish Women's Archive 9450:Singh, Robert (1997), 9441:, pp. 13, 236–237 8960:Jewish Virtual Library 8944:Ben-Jochannan, p. 306. 8601:Branch, Taylor, 1999, 8291:. September 10, 2020. 7925:on September 27, 2007. 7236:Silver, Rabbi Samuel. 6953:Jewish Women's Archive 6596: 6583: 6376: 6291:Southern United States 6239:was a Jewish-American 6170:was a Jewish-American 6017: 5926:Anti-Defamation League 5898: 5870:Anti-Defamation League 5740: 5720:Martin Luther King Jr. 5668:, also criticized the 5625: 5591:The British filmmaker 5534: 5468:Martin Luther King Jr. 5447:Jewish Labor Committee 5430: 5177: 5164: 5103: 5062: 5022:St. Augustine, Florida 5003:Martin Luther King Jr. 4999:Abraham Joshua Heschel 4886: 4855:Martin Luther King Jr. 4839:Anti-Defamation League 4809: 4798:Martin Luther King Jr. 4713: 4662:, portrayed Blacks in 4626: 4605: 4595:Martin Luther King Jr. 4591: 4569: 4408: 4396:Baruch Charney Vladeck 4353:(the first chairman), 4308: 4288:Anti-Defamation League 4275: 4107:the Western Hemisphere 4099:European slave traders 1043:Dialects and languages 203:Second Great Migration 20559:Immigrant health care 20074:Transportation safety 20069:Transportation policy 20059:Public transportation 19129:President pro tempore 18985:Executive departments 18754:National Park Service 18409:Territorial evolution 17990:Encyclopaedia Judaica 17772:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 16957:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 16707:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 15670:Athletic associations 15605:Negro league baseball 15376:African-American Jews 15095:Ketanji Brown Jackson 15060:Henry Highland Garnet 14919:Negro National Anthem 14669:George Floyd protests 14634:Post–civil rights era 14252:Civil Rights Memorial 14140:Bethel Baptist Church 13789:Charles Kenzie Steele 13234:Audrey Faye Hendricks 13139:Myrlie Evers-Williams 13119:Patricia Stephens Due 13089:Abraham Lincoln Davis 13024:Colia Lafayette Clark 12778:Operation Breadbasket 12773:National Urban League 12520:Katzenbach v. McClung 12388:Atlanta's Berlin Wall 12041:Civil rights movement 11978:Phillips, William M. 11885:Reiss, Oscar (2004). 11562:Forman, Seth (2000). 11492:The Ungovernable City 11307:on February 18, 2008. 10744:Wiltse, Jeff (2009). 10391:July 4, 2010, at the 10165:Oppenheim, Samson D. 9593:, pp. 73–74, 77. 8666:West, Cornel (2001). 8135:Forman, Seth (1997). 7845:Melnick discussed in 7643:University of Chicago 7346:Woodward 1963, p. 435 6801:Gates, Henry Louis Jr 6672:African-American Jews 6587: 6578: 6547:Vista Equity Partners 6371: 6363:anti-Black sentiments 6241:real-estate developer 6215:Thomas Jefferson Pool 6108:Henry Louis Gates Jr. 6002:Henry Louis Gates Jr. 6000: 5918:Khalid Abdul Muhammad 5889: 5807:, the Black activist 5736:civil rights movement 5724: 5681:1948 Arab–Israeli War 5610: 5516: 5417: 5322:The vast majority of 5172: 5143: 5117:said , "There was no 5098: 5058: 4880: 4814:civil rights movement 4792: 4776:Civil rights movement 4770:Civil rights movement 4737:stereotype of Blacks. 4727:. Jeffries said that 4708: 4615: 4600: 4586: 4564: 4474:Civil Rights Movement 4468:Civil rights movement 4404: 4276: 4270: 4231:second-class citizens 4060:Civil Rights Movement 2827:São Tomé and Príncipe 2822:Republic of the Congo 2216:Second Temple Judaism 2087:Kingdom of Judah 2058:Modern historiography 1455:US metropolitan areas 1282:List of neighborhoods 896:Alabama Creole people 886:African-American Jews 818:Negro league baseball 781:National Urban League 733:Civic/economic groups 565:African-American Jews 455:African-American hair 317:, after the Civil War 146:Post–civil rights era 20728:Environmental issues 20393:Political ideologies 20292:Indigenous languages 19492:List of legislatures 19289:separation of powers 18990:Independent agencies 18916:World Heritage Sites 18551:September 11 attacks 18474:Spanish–American War 18414:Mexican–American War 18370:Confederation period 18301:Continental Congress 16569:Second Temple period 15877:Afro-Seminole Creole 15403:Azusa Street Revival 15275:Booker T. Washington 14799:Underground Railroad 14664:Free people of color 14518:Atlantic slave trade 14297:other King memorials 14272:Freedom Rides Museum 14209:1960s counterculture 14160:Edmund Pettus Bridge 13839:Walter Francis White 13744:Alexander D. Shimkin 12258:New Year's Day March 12227:Ministers' Manifesto 12074:Executive Order 9981 11925:Webb, Clive (2003). 11910:Salzman, Jack (Ed.) 11295:Buhle, Paul (1997). 10728:10.2139/ssrn.2934079 10626:"How Low Did He Go?" 10581:. September 28, 2022 9997:, BooksGuide, p. 133 9716:. October 12, 1934. 9326:10.1162/ajle_a_00002 9307:The Tyranny of Merit 9218:Conservative Judaism 7981:The Jewish Chronicle 7581:Edwards, Brent Hayes 6617:United States portal 6458:Conservative Judaism 6237:William Jaird Levitt 6206:Jackie Robinson Park 6043:Atlantic slave trade 5938:a "very great man." 5803:In 1935, during the 5757:institutional racism 5244:improve this article 5191:Black power movement 5184:Black power movement 5137:Political scientist 4918:Virginia Foster Durr 4706:Americans, alleged: 4635:Jewish women in jazz 4581:Jacques Berlinerblau 4221:and adult-males the 4213:in 1865. During the 4087:Atlantic slave trade 4071:Black Power movement 3929:World Agudath Israel 3070:United Arab Emirates 2157:Second Temple period 2147:Babylonian captivity 1612:Criminal stereotypes 1387:District of Columbia 1104:Afro-Seminole Creole 546:Non-Christian groups 141:Black power movement 105:during the Civil War 74:Atlantic slave trade 20571:Health care finance 20064:Rail transportation 19830:Imperial presidency 19552:State constitutions 19497:List of legislators 19447:Auditor/Comptroller 19420:Lieutenant governor 19146:Library of Congress 19037:Diplomatic Security 18680:Indian reservations 18343:American Revolution 18007:Jewish Encyclopedia 17752:Hekhalot literature 17563:Religious movements 17098:Judeo-Tripolitanian 16272:Trinidad and Tobago 15887:Black American Sign 15714:By African descent 15708:Ethnic subdivisions 15695:Southwestern (SWAC) 15610:Baseball color line 15525:Black Panther Party 15429:Political movements 15346:in computer science 15005:Carol Moseley Braun 14794:Tulsa race massacre 14787:Treatment of slaves 14619:March on Washington 14614:Birmingham movement 14035:Mary McLeod Bethune 13996:Sermon on the Mount 13963:"We Shall Overcome" 13544:William Lewis Moore 13324:Frank Minis Johnson 13299:Richie Jean Jackson 13254:Donald L. Hollowell 13059:Charles E. Cobb Jr. 12864:Gwendolyn Armstrong 12859:William G. Anderson 12839:Victoria Gray Adams 12803:The Freedom Singers 12657:Black Panther Party 12442:March on Washington 12355:Garner v. Louisiana 12316:Boynton v. Virginia 11596:, pp. 264–292. 11508:. New York: Knopf. 11204:(Salzman, Ed), 1992 10859:. November 13, 2023 10807:, pp. 512–514. 10711:Boeing, G. (2017). 10602:, pp. 318–319. 10417:Leo, John (2008), " 10308:Wiznitzer, Arnold, 10070:, pp. 157–158. 9995:The Fall of America 9866:. October 29, 2016. 9752:The Washington Post 9417:, pp. 206–207. 9077:The Times of Israel 8954:Ben Levy, Sholomo. 8907:, pp. 294–286. 8895:, pp. 272–283. 8782:, pp. 123–129. 8393:. UNC Press Books. 8319:The Kane Republican 7955:. December 22, 2014 7081:Ribak, Gil (2017). 6947:Rosenbaum, Judith. 6269:in his development 5983:American Nazi Party 5954:caricatures of Jews 5640:following the 1967 5456:United Farm Workers 5001:, who marched with 4984:Pittsburgh Platform 4910:Lucy Randolph Mason 4351:Joel Elias Spingarn 4131:American Revolution 2222:Hellenistic Judaism 1800:Land of Israel 1759:Principles of faith 1008:Sierra Leone Creole 969:Specific ancestries 854:Southwestern (SWAC) 377:Black History Month 208:New Great Migration 162:Agriculture history 20681:affirmative action 20654:Capital punishment 20613:Poverty and health 20608:Physician shortage 20581:Health care prices 20511:Standard of living 20194:standard of living 20001:Financial position 19628:Hawaiian home land 19616:Indian reservation 19589:Tribal sovereignty 19432:Secretary of state 19301:United States Code 19217:Territorial courts 19189:Associate Justices 19074:Inspector generals 18561:War in Afghanistan 18424:Reconstruction era 18291:Stamp Act Congress 18148:Judaism portal 18084:Jews and Halloween 18079:Jews and Christmas 17469:Rabbinic authority 17221:Judaeo-Piedmontese 16654:Xueta Christianity 16559:Origins of Judaism 16526:Outline of Judaism 16370:US representatives 16365:US cabinet members 16257:Dominican Republic 15844:Metropolitan areas 15685:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 15510:Civic and economic 15488:Self-determination 15309:Education, science 15230:Fred Shuttlesworth 15210:A. Philip Randolph 15115:Coretta Scott King 15040:Frederick Douglass 14867:Harlem Renaissance 14772:Separate but equal 14762:Reconstruction era 14750:Plessy v. Ferguson 14641:Cornerstone Speech 14555:Civil Rights Acts 14538:Black Lives Matter 14513:American Civil War 14352:Michael Eric Dyson 14237:In popular culture 14120:Fifth Circuit Four 14104:Loving v. Virginia 14097:Hernandez v. Texas 14076:Buchanan v. Warley 14068:Separate but equal 14062:Plessy v. Ferguson 14025:Frederick Douglass 13859:Robert F. Williams 13769:Kelly Miller Smith 13749:Fred Shuttlesworth 13674:Frederick D. Reese 13654:George Raymond Jr. 13644:A. Philip Randolph 13624:Fay Bellamy Powell 13539:Queen Mother Moore 13424:Z. Alexander Looby 13369:Coretta Scott King 13314:Barbara Rose Johns 13294:Jimmie Lee Jackson 13219:William E. Harbour 12999:Stokely Carmichael 12914:Randolph Blackwell 12584:King assassination 12573:Loving v. Virginia 12557:March Against Fear 12537:How Long, Not Long 12415:Children's Crusade 12366:Cambridge movement 12303:Ax Handle Saturday 12268:Greensboro sit-ins 12195:Give Us the Ballot 11975:. August 18, 2016. 11834:10.1093/mj/kjaa006 11759:Melnick, Jeffrey, 11602:Friedman, Murray, 11394:, August 30f, 2014 11392:The New York Times 11227:The New York Times 11157:The New York Times 10883:The New York Times 10555:. January 15, 2019 10529:. January 25, 2019 10291:on October 1, 2018 10254:, pp. 132–135 10082:, pp. 30, 35. 9981:The New York Times 9714:The New York Times 9570:10.1017/rep.2023.3 9499:. January 10, 2020 9284:. January 13, 2019 9012:The New York Times 8880:, pp. 597–599 8516:Dollinger, pp. 4–5 8315:"Abducted, Beaten" 7976:"Of Jews and jazz" 7778:, pp. 87–101. 7722:The New York Times 7363:. January 7, 2014. 7218:The New York Times 7025:on October 2, 2002 6819:Gomez, Michael A: 6527:The New York Times 6374:my heart quivered. 6132:affirmative action 6112:Harvard University 6018: 6006:Harvard University 5931:The New York Times 5899: 5847:Crown Heights riot 5753:affirmative action 5747:Affirmative action 5728:Middle East crisis 5626: 5535: 5472:A. Philip Randolph 5431: 5429:(second from left) 5063: 5038:Crown Heights riot 4887: 4862:affirmative action 4810: 4721:Empire State Plaza 4627: 4424:African redemption 4355:Arthur B. Spingarn 4079:affirmative action 3783:Jewish Koine Greek 3325:Dominican Republic 2606:Judaism by country 2285:Jews and Christmas 2140:Assyrian captivity 1017:Sexual orientation 891:Afro-Puerto Ricans 844:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 479:Self-determination 443:Black is beautiful 109:Reconstruction era 20862: 20861: 20856: 20855: 20816: 20815: 20812: 20811: 20782:National security 20491:Income inequality 20371:Statue of Liberty 20174:income inequality 20087: 20086: 20079:Trucking industry 19891: 19890: 19887: 19886: 19818:Foreign relations 19806:Electoral College 19787: 19786: 19575: 19574: 19527:District attorney 19374: 19373: 19201:Courts of appeals 18924: 18923: 18637: 18636: 18578:COVID-19 pandemic 18531:Feminist Movement 18377:American frontier 18296:Thirteen Colonies 18157: 18156: 18123:extinct languages 18024:YIVO Encyclopedia 17799:Hebrew literature 17767:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 17607:Reconstructionist 17285:Judaeo-Portuguese 16974: 16973: 16930:Eastern Sephardim 16574:Synagogal Judaism 16477: 16476: 16305:African Americans 16177:Dallas–Fort Worth 15772:Black Southerners 15703: 15702: 15155:Thurgood Marshall 15125:Bernard Lafayette 14720:Million Man March 14477:African Americans 14443: 14442: 14220:Eyes on the Prize 14135:A.G. Gaston Motel 14130:Kelly Ingram Park 14090:Sweatt v. Painter 13774:Mary Louise Smith 13734:Cleveland Sellers 13719:Michael Schwerner 13684:Gloria Richardson 13464:Thurgood Marshall 13384:Bernard Lafayette 13114:John Wesley Dobbs 12628: 12627: 12347:Birmingham attack 12327:Rock Hill sit-ins 12278:Sibley Commission 12273:Nashville sit-ins 12145:Gebhart v. Belton 12131:Briggs v. Elliott 12124:Bolling v. Sharpe 12085:Sweatt v. Painter 11982:(Greenwood, 1991) 11917:Shapiro, Edward, 11808:978-1-107-03601-7 11787:Nation of Islam, 11780:978-0-19-536399-9 11736:978-1-101-60294-2 11695:978-0-684-80096-7 11674:978-0-521-44761-4 11611:Friedman, Saul S. 11584:978-0-8262-6058-1 11547:978-0-8018-5065-3 11515:978-0-394-48076-3 11468:978-1-55849-235-6 11191:, pp. 14–15. 11176:POLITICO Magazine 10992:978-0-87436-885-7 10791:978-0-252-06216-2 10757:978-0-8078-8898-8 10500:. August 23, 2018 10459:978-0-8047-2753-2 10263:Examples include 10224:. August 5, 2013. 10094:, pp. 5, 16. 9405:, pp. 21–22. 9255:. January 9, 2019 9187:, pp. 73–74. 9158:978-0-670-02220-5 9100:. April 26, 2021. 9040:Nathaniel Deutsch 8768:, pp. 11–12. 8621:. Jewish Lights. 8400:978-1-4696-2083-1 7805:978-0-520-92105-4 7619:978-0-19-280678-9 7594:978-0-19-280678-9 7422:, pp. 40–53. 7164:, pp. 27–39. 7099:10.1093/mj/kjx028 6508:community control 6400:Yidishes Tageblat 6356:poyerim/muzhikes. 6343:Auto-Emancipation 6245:Levitt & Sons 6183:The Power Broker, 6116:new anti-Semitism 6098:Wellesley College 6084:David Brion Davis 6014:new anti-Semitism 5863:David Brion Davis 5427:Thurgood Marshall 5320: 5319: 5312: 5294: 5152:Michael Schwerner 5075:Michael Schwerner 4822:African Americans 4400:‘vayse’ privilegn 4361:. More recently, 4188:scientific racism 4165:conspiracy theory 4150:Savannah, Georgia 4083:antisemitic trope 4048:African Americans 4045: 4044: 3994: 3993: 3742: 3741: 3489:Reconstructionist 3433: 3432: 2585: 2584: 2392: 2391: 2229:Jewish–Roman wars 2177:Hasmonean dynasty 2093:Kingdom of Israel 1997: 1996: 1698: 1697: 1635: 1634: 1533: 1532: 1307:Dallas-Fort Worth 1124: 1123: 1034: 1033: 978:Americo-Liberians 861: 860: 799: 798: 724: 723: 593: 592: 537:Womanist theology 487: 486: 429:Symbols and ideas 215: 214: 94:Antebellum period 89:Revolutionary War 44:African Americans 20907: 20836: 20829: 20716:African American 20598:Health insurance 20486:Household income 20356:National symbols 20287:American English 20260:Federal holidays 20169:household income 20102: 20101: 20098: 20097: 19902: 19901: 19840:Anti-Americanism 19764:Special district 19691:Independent city 19660:County executive 19643: 19642: 19437:Attorney general 19396: 19395: 19385:Federal District 18968:Executive Office 18948: 18947: 18939: 18938: 18935: 18934: 18695:populated places 18675:federal enclaves 18670:federal district 18648: 18647: 18511:American Century 18494:Great Depression 18489:Roaring Twenties 18449:Women's suffrage 18328:Halifax Resolves 18321:Founding Fathers 18316:military history 18281:Pre-colonial era 18205: 18204: 18184: 18177: 18170: 18161: 18160: 18146: 18145: 18144: 18131: 18130: 17263:Judeo-Golpaygani 16864:Palestinian Jews 16839:Alexandrian Jews 16795:Crimean Karaites 16712:Unterlander Jews 16665: 16664: 16579:Rabbinic Judaism 16504: 16497: 16490: 16481: 16480: 16467: 16466: 16465: 16429:Lynching victims 15928:Louisiana Creole 15899:American English 15787:Louisiana Creole 15760:Choctaw freedmen 15598: 15597: 15135:Huddie Ledbetter 15075:Fannie Lou Hamer 15045:W. E. B. Du Bois 15035:Claudette Colvin 15030:Shirley Chisholm 14847:Family structure 14715:Military history 14597:Browder v. Gayle 14470: 14463: 14456: 14447: 14446: 14434: 14433: 14397:Charles M. Payne 14382:Steven F. Lawson 14372:David Halberstam 14342:Clayborne Carson 14083:Hocutt v. Wilson 14030:W. E. B. Du Bois 13879:Sammy Younge Jr. 13864:Q. V. Williamson 13829:Wyatt Tee Walker 13694:Bernice Robinson 13639:Lincoln Ragsdale 13629:Rodney N. Powell 13524:Douglas E. Moore 13399:Sanford R. Leigh 13334:J. Charles Jones 13209:Fannie Lou Hamer 13124:Joseph Ellwanger 13084:Jonathan Daniels 13074:Claudette Colvin 13064:Annie Lee Cooper 13049:Kathleen Cleaver 13044:Eldridge Cleaver 13019:Shirley Chisholm 12909:Gloria Blackwell 12500:workers' murders 12447:"I Have a Dream" 12342:Anniston bombing 12293:Greenville Eight 12208:Little Rock Nine 12171:Browder v. Gayle 12059: 12058: 12034: 12027: 12020: 12011: 12010: 11998: 11997: 11993:. June 22, 2009. 11949: 11930: 11900: 11881: 11879: 11877: 11868: 11858: 11856: 11837: 11812: 11784: 11740: 11719: 11699: 11678: 11647: 11628: 11597: 11588: 11567: 11551: 11534:(October 1995). 11527: 11495: 11475:Bauman, Mark K. 11472: 11460: 11439: 11438: 11427: 11414: 11413: 11401: 11395: 11385: 11379: 11378: 11370: 11364: 11363: 11355: 11349: 11348: 11346: 11344: 11330: 11324: 11323: 11315: 11309: 11308: 11303:. Archived from 11292: 11286: 11285: 11269: 11263: 11262: 11260: 11258: 11236: 11230: 11223: 11217: 11211: 11205: 11198: 11192: 11186: 11180: 11179: 11167: 11161: 11160: 11148: 11142: 11141: 11139: 11137: 11123: 11117: 11116: 11114: 11112: 11098: 11089: 11088: 11078: 11072: 11071: 11059: 11053: 11047: 11041: 11035: 11029: 11023: 11012: 11006: 10997: 10996: 10976: 10963: 10962: 10960: 10958: 10943: 10937: 10936: 10925: 10919: 10918: 10916: 10914: 10900: 10894: 10893: 10891: 10889: 10875: 10869: 10868: 10866: 10864: 10849: 10843: 10842: 10814: 10808: 10802: 10796: 10795: 10775: 10769: 10768: 10766: 10764: 10741: 10735: 10709: 10703: 10702: 10700: 10698: 10647: 10641: 10640: 10638: 10636: 10621: 10615: 10609: 10603: 10597: 10591: 10590: 10588: 10586: 10571: 10565: 10564: 10562: 10560: 10545: 10539: 10538: 10536: 10534: 10519: 10510: 10509: 10507: 10505: 10490: 10484: 10474: 10465: 10463: 10451: 10434: 10428: 10415: 10409: 10402: 10396: 10382: 10373: 10372: 10332: 10326: 10319: 10313: 10306: 10300: 10299: 10298: 10296: 10278: 10272: 10261: 10255: 10248: 10239: 10234:Dyson, Michael, 10232: 10226: 10225: 10214: 10208: 10207: 10189: 10180: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10162: 10156: 10155: 10144: 10138: 10132: 10126: 10125: 10123: 10121: 10114:The New Republic 10107:(May 11, 2016). 10101: 10095: 10089: 10083: 10077: 10071: 10065: 10059: 10053: 10047: 10041: 10035: 10029: 10023: 10017: 10011: 10004: 9998: 9991: 9985: 9984: 9972: 9966: 9959: 9953: 9947: 9941: 9935: 9929: 9924: 9918: 9913: 9907: 9900: 9894: 9893: 9891: 9889: 9884:. August 2, 2018 9874: 9868: 9867: 9861: 9853: 9847: 9846: 9810: 9804: 9798: 9792: 9786: 9780: 9779: 9777: 9775: 9742: 9733: 9732: 9730: 9728: 9706: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9695: 9690:. March 20, 2015 9680: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9669: 9654: 9641: 9634: 9628: 9625: 9619: 9618: 9616: 9614: 9600: 9594: 9588: 9582: 9581: 9549: 9543: 9542: 9540: 9538: 9524: 9509: 9508: 9506: 9504: 9489: 9480: 9479: 9477: 9475: 9461: 9455: 9448: 9442: 9436: 9430: 9424: 9418: 9412: 9406: 9396: 9390: 9389: 9387: 9385: 9370: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9344: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9333: 9328: 9300: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9289: 9274: 9265: 9264: 9262: 9260: 9245: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9229: 9215: 9207: 9201: 9194: 9188: 9182: 9176: 9169: 9163: 9162: 9143:Marable, Manning 9139: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9128: 9111: 9102: 9101: 9097:Associated Press 9088: 9082: 9081: 9068: 9062: 9061: 9049: 9035: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9024: 9019:on April 3, 2008 9015:. Archived from 9002: 8996: 8995: 8977: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8951: 8945: 8942: 8936: 8930: 8921: 8914: 8908: 8902: 8896: 8890: 8881: 8874: 8868: 8862: 8853: 8845: 8839: 8838: 8830: 8824: 8818: 8812: 8807:Bauman, Mark K. 8805: 8799: 8793: 8784: 8783: 8775: 8769: 8763: 8757: 8756: 8734: 8728: 8722: 8713: 8706: 8697: 8690: 8684: 8683: 8663: 8657: 8654: 8648: 8642: 8633: 8632: 8612: 8606: 8599: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8573: 8567: 8561: 8555: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8523: 8517: 8514: 8499: 8493: 8487: 8481: 8480: 8476: 8474: 8472: 8463: 8454: 8448: 8447: 8411: 8405: 8404: 8383: 8377: 8376: 8340: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8326: 8311: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8279: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8268: 8253: 8247: 8230: 8224: 8213: 8207: 8186: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8132: 8126: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8101: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8090: 8075: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8061: 8042: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8023:. March 30, 2020 8017: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8006: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7971: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7960: 7945: 7939: 7933: 7927: 7926: 7921:. Archived from 7915: 7906: 7899: 7893: 7892: 7868: 7862: 7856: 7850: 7843: 7837: 7830: 7824: 7817: 7811: 7809: 7786: 7780: 7779: 7771: 7765: 7758: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7732: 7726: 7725: 7713: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7682: 7671: 7670: 7630: 7624: 7623: 7605: 7599: 7598: 7577: 7571: 7565: 7559: 7552: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7541: 7536:on July 21, 2014 7523: 7514: 7513: 7477: 7471: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7423: 7415: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7353: 7347: 7344: 7338: 7332: 7326: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7295: 7286: 7280: 7274: 7268: 7262: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7233: 7222: 7221: 7209: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7179: 7166: 7165: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7132: 7119: 7118: 7078: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7021:. Archived from 7011: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6975: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6944: 6931: 6925: 6914: 6913: 6893: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6856: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6830: 6824: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6797: 6788: 6779:, pp. 1–3; 6774: 6757: 6753: 6722:Racism in Israel 6717:New antisemitism 6661: 6656: 6655: 6654: 6647: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6633: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6619: 6614: 6613: 6612: 6533:15 Days of Light 6339:Atlanta, Georgia 6331:The Jewish South 6311:Francis Salvador 6047:Leonard Jeffries 5907:Black separatist 5893:, leader of the 5854:Leonard Jeffries 5809:Sufi Abdul Hamid 5805:Great Depression 5761:unconscious bias 5670:Zionist movement 5619:publicly opposed 5519:Hebrew Israelite 5355:Rabbi Rothschild 5315: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5295: 5293: 5252: 5228: 5220: 5026:American history 4949:American culture 4938:W. E. B. Du Bois 4928:The "golden age" 4912:established the 4883:Clayton, Alabama 4866:higher education 4743:significant role 4725:Albany, New York 4717:Leonard Jeffries 4544:W. E. B. Du Bois 4370:Albert Lindemann 4342:Julius Rosenwald 4052:Jewish Americans 4037: 4030: 4023: 3886: 3885: 3767: 3588: 3582: 3563: 3527: 3526: 3474: 3421:New Zealand 3373: 3336:El Salvador 3326: 3258:Northern America 3250: 2844: 2600: 2599: 2511:Crimean Karaites 2407: 2406: 2385: 2383: 2304: 2302: 2294: 2288: 2279: 2267:Rabbinic Judaism 2248: 2242: 2236: 2224: 2212: 2178: 2171:Maccabean Revolt 2148: 2141: 2135: 2127: 2120: 2114: 2106: 2088: 2012: 2011: 1986: 1881: 1880: 1813: 1801: 1700: 1699: 1690: 1683: 1676: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1597:media depictions 1546: 1545: 1441:Population count 1137: 1136: 1071:Liberian English 1050:English dialects 1047: 1046: 1003:Samaná Americans 928:Creoles of color 874: 873: 812: 811: 756:Black conductors 737: 736: 606: 605: 580:Louisiana Voodoo 502: 501: 247:Family structure 230: 229: 177:Military history 172:Business history 103:military history 58: 57: 31: 30: 20915: 20914: 20910: 20909: 20908: 20906: 20905: 20904: 20865: 20864: 20863: 20858: 20857: 20852: 20839: 20832: 20825: 20808: 20794:Opioid epidemic 20711:Native American 20691:intersex rights 20642: 20638:Life expectancy 20628:Medical deserts 20618:Race and health 20515: 20501:Personal income 20447: 20351:National anthem 20184:personal income 20149:Economic issues 20083: 20035: 19883: 19783: 19772:School district 19758: 19741:Minor divisions 19735: 19674: 19632: 19571: 19557:Statutory codes 19538: 19501: 19478: 19388: 19383: 19370: 19305: 19262:civil liberties 19243: 19234:Other tribunals 19213:District courts 19165: 19124:current members 19107:current members 19088: 19022:Law enforcement 18920: 18633: 18582: 18573:Great Recession 18444:Progressive Era 18434:Native genocide 18365:Perpetual Union 18353:Treaty of Paris 18311:United Colonies 18269: 18194: 18188: 18158: 18153: 18142: 18140: 18112: 17938: 17803: 17675: 17549: 17443: 17258:Judeo-Borujerdi 17233:Judeo-Malayalam 17179:Judeo-Aragonese 17150:Lishanid Noshan 16982: 16970: 16702:Oberlander Jews 16663: 16593: 16535: 16517: 16508: 16478: 16473: 16463: 16461: 16448: 16414:Historic places 16407:US state firsts 16293: 16208: 15932: 15865: 15837:2010 majorities 15832:2000 majorities 15803: 15750:Black Seminoles 15699: 15690:Southern (SIAC) 15673: 15672:and conferences 15671: 15664: 15660:Serena Williams 15655:Jackie Robinson 15589: 15513: 15511: 15504: 15424: 15391:Nation of Islam 15362: 15310: 15304: 15245:Sojourner Truth 15235:Clarence Thomas 15200:Gabriel Prosser 15100:Michael Jackson 14975:Crispus Attucks 14965:Ralph Abernathy 14953: 14909:Musical theater 14808: 14674:Great Migration 14646:COVID-19 impact 14604:Sit-in movement 14479: 14474: 14444: 14439: 14428: 14421: 14402:Thomas E. Ricks 14392:Diane McWhorter 14377:Vincent Harding 14362:Adam Fairclough 14329: 14323: 14225: 14180:Freedom Schools 14039: 13972: 13920: 13914: 13905:Omaha, Nebraska 13893: 13809:Hartman Turnbow 13799:Dorothy Tillman 13759:Glenn E. Smiley 13739:Charles Sherrod 13699:Jo Ann Robinson 13574:Charles Neblett 13564:Elijah Muhammad 13529:Harriette Moore 13489:Floyd McKissick 13474:Franklin McCain 13409:Stanley Levison 13274:T. R. M. Howard 13224:Vincent Harding 13154:Walter Fauntroy 13039:Xernona Clayton 12989:John H. Calhoun 12974:Aurelia Browder 12964:Stanley Branche 12959:Raylawni Branch 12939:Joseph E. Boone 12924:Ezell Blair Jr. 12919:Unita Blackwell 12894:Harry Belafonte 12834:Ralph Abernathy 12822: 12758:Nation of Islam 12634: 12624: 12463: 12420:Birmingham riot 12361:Albany Movement 12283:Atlanta sit-ins 12263:Sit-in movement 12246: 12242:Biloxi wade-ins 12214:Cooper v. Aaron 12104: 12050: 12044: 12038: 12003: 11991:Southern Spaces 11957: 11955:Further reading 11952: 11897: 11875: 11873: 11866: 11854: 11809: 11781: 11737: 11704:Lomax, Louis E. 11696: 11685:Broken Alliance 11675: 11644: 11625: 11594:Franklin (1998) 11585: 11548: 11532:Diner, Hasia R. 11516: 11469: 11448: 11443: 11442: 11429: 11428: 11417: 11402: 11398: 11386: 11382: 11371: 11367: 11356: 11352: 11342: 11340: 11332: 11331: 11327: 11316: 11312: 11293: 11289: 11270: 11266: 11256: 11254: 11252: 11238: 11237: 11233: 11224: 11220: 11212: 11208: 11199: 11195: 11187: 11183: 11168: 11164: 11149: 11145: 11135: 11133: 11125: 11124: 11120: 11110: 11108: 11100: 11099: 11092: 11079: 11075: 11068:Moment Magazine 11060: 11056: 11048: 11044: 11036: 11032: 11024: 11015: 11007: 11000: 10993: 10977: 10966: 10956: 10954: 10944: 10940: 10935:. June 6, 1999. 10927: 10926: 10922: 10912: 10910: 10902: 10901: 10897: 10887: 10885: 10877: 10876: 10872: 10862: 10860: 10857:hellgatenyc.com 10851: 10850: 10846: 10815: 10811: 10803: 10799: 10792: 10776: 10772: 10762: 10760: 10758: 10742: 10738: 10710: 10706: 10696: 10694: 10648: 10644: 10634: 10632: 10622: 10618: 10614:, pp. 952. 10610: 10606: 10598: 10594: 10584: 10582: 10573: 10572: 10568: 10558: 10556: 10547: 10546: 10542: 10532: 10530: 10521: 10520: 10513: 10503: 10501: 10492: 10491: 10487: 10475: 10468: 10460: 10435: 10431: 10416: 10412: 10403: 10399: 10393:Wayback Machine 10383: 10376: 10353:10.2307/2674369 10333: 10329: 10320: 10316: 10307: 10303: 10294: 10292: 10279: 10275: 10262: 10258: 10249: 10242: 10233: 10229: 10222:Tablet Magazine 10216: 10215: 10211: 10187: 10181: 10177: 10169: 10163: 10159: 10146: 10145: 10141: 10133: 10129: 10119: 10117: 10102: 10098: 10090: 10086: 10078: 10074: 10066: 10062: 10054: 10050: 10042: 10038: 10030: 10026: 10018: 10014: 10005: 10001: 9992: 9988: 9983:. pp. A12. 9973: 9969: 9960: 9956: 9948: 9944: 9936: 9932: 9925: 9921: 9914: 9910: 9901: 9897: 9887: 9885: 9876: 9875: 9871: 9859: 9855: 9854: 9850: 9827:10.2307/2962577 9811: 9807: 9799: 9795: 9787: 9783: 9773: 9771: 9743: 9736: 9726: 9724: 9708: 9707: 9703: 9693: 9691: 9682: 9681: 9677: 9667: 9665: 9656: 9655: 9644: 9635: 9631: 9626: 9622: 9612: 9610: 9602: 9601: 9597: 9589: 9585: 9550: 9546: 9536: 9534: 9526: 9525: 9512: 9502: 9500: 9491: 9490: 9483: 9473: 9471: 9463: 9462: 9458: 9449: 9445: 9437: 9433: 9425: 9421: 9413: 9409: 9397: 9393: 9383: 9381: 9371: 9367: 9357: 9355: 9345: 9341: 9331: 9329: 9301: 9297: 9287: 9285: 9276: 9275: 9268: 9258: 9256: 9247: 9246: 9237: 9227: 9225: 9213: 9209: 9208: 9204: 9195: 9191: 9183: 9179: 9170: 9166: 9159: 9140: 9136: 9126: 9124: 9113: 9112: 9105: 9090: 9089: 9085: 9070: 9069: 9065: 9058: 9036: 9032: 9022: 9020: 9003: 8999: 8992: 8978: 8974: 8964: 8962: 8952: 8948: 8943: 8939: 8931: 8924: 8915: 8911: 8903: 8899: 8891: 8884: 8875: 8871: 8863: 8856: 8846: 8842: 8835:Franklin (1998) 8831: 8827: 8819: 8815: 8806: 8802: 8798:, p. xiii. 8794: 8787: 8780:Franklin (1998) 8776: 8772: 8764: 8760: 8753: 8735: 8731: 8723: 8716: 8707: 8700: 8691: 8687: 8680: 8664: 8660: 8655: 8651: 8643: 8636: 8629: 8613: 8609: 8600: 8596: 8586: 8584: 8583:. March 8, 1985 8575: 8574: 8570: 8562: 8558: 8550: 8546: 8536: 8534: 8525: 8524: 8520: 8515: 8502: 8494: 8490: 8478: 8470: 8468: 8461: 8455: 8451: 8412: 8408: 8401: 8387:Ferris, William 8384: 8380: 8357:10.2307/2207401 8341: 8334: 8324: 8322: 8313: 8312: 8308: 8298: 8296: 8281: 8280: 8276: 8266: 8264: 8254: 8250: 8231: 8227: 8214: 8210: 8204: 8187: 8180: 8170: 8168: 8133: 8129: 8119: 8117: 8102: 8098: 8088: 8086: 8077: 8076: 8069: 8059: 8057: 8044: 8043: 8036: 8026: 8024: 8019: 8018: 8014: 8004: 8002: 7994: 7993: 7989: 7972: 7968: 7958: 7956: 7947: 7946: 7942: 7934: 7930: 7917: 7916: 7909: 7900: 7896: 7889: 7869: 7865: 7857: 7853: 7844: 7840: 7831: 7827: 7818: 7814: 7806: 7787: 7783: 7776:Franklin (1998) 7772: 7768: 7759: 7755: 7745: 7743: 7733: 7729: 7714: 7705: 7695: 7693: 7692:. April 9, 2022 7684: 7683: 7674: 7651:10.2307/1562481 7631: 7627: 7620: 7606: 7602: 7595: 7578: 7574: 7566: 7562: 7553: 7549: 7539: 7537: 7524: 7517: 7478: 7474: 7450:Massey, Douglas 7443: 7439: 7435:, pp. 1–2. 7431: 7427: 7420:Franklin (1998) 7416: 7409: 7399: 7397: 7388: 7387: 7383: 7372: 7368: 7355: 7354: 7350: 7345: 7341: 7333: 7329: 7320: 7316: 7308: 7304: 7296: 7289: 7281: 7277: 7269: 7265: 7257: 7253: 7243: 7241: 7234: 7225: 7210: 7201: 7191: 7189: 7181: 7180: 7169: 7162:Franklin (1998) 7158: 7154: 7144: 7142: 7134: 7133: 7122: 7079: 7038: 7028: 7026: 7013: 7012: 7003: 6993: 6991: 6976: 6967: 6957: 6955: 6945: 6934: 6926: 6917: 6910: 6894: 6887: 6877: 6875: 6858: 6857: 6853: 6843: 6841: 6832: 6831: 6827: 6818: 6814: 6798: 6791: 6787:, pp. 1–2. 6783:, p. xii; 6775: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6760: 6754: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6657: 6652: 6650: 6643: 6638: 6636: 6629: 6624: 6622: 6615: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6559:Shmuley Boteach 6555:Robert F. Smith 6535: 6489: 6419:Maynard Jackson 6404:The Modern View 6367:Zvi Scharfstein 6351: 6349:Northern states 6283: 6281:Southern states 6234: 6210:Steven A. Reiss 6165: 6124: 6080:Nation of Islam 6028: 6020:Main articles: 5995: 5987:White supremacy 5968:neo-colonialism 5922:Louis Farrakhan 5911:Elijah Muhammad 5903:Nation of Islam 5895:Nation of Islam 5891:Louis Farrakhan 5884: 5878: 5876:Nation of Islam 5798:systemic racism 5789: 5749: 5709:people of color 5605: 5556:and mainstream 5511: 5412: 5316: 5305: 5299: 5296: 5253: 5251: 5241: 5229: 5218: 5186: 5108: 5053: 4930: 4899:Scottsboro Boys 4875: 4870: 4869: 4786: 4778: 4772: 4699:Black musicians 4680:George Gershwin 4641: 4622:The Jazz Singer 4610: 4553:Black novelist 4533: 4470: 4413: 4359:Henry Moskowitz 4262:Great Migration 4243: 4227:White supremacy 4121:, particularly 4095: 4041: 3996: 3995: 3883: 3873: 3872: 3863:Judeo-Malayalam 3843:Judaeo-Georgian 3763: 3754: 3744: 3743: 3644:Yiddish theatre 3586: 3524: 3514: 3513: 3472: 3445: 3435: 3434: 3371: 3324: 3248: 2842: 2626:Genetic studies 2597: 2587: 2586: 2404: 2394: 2393: 2381: 2380: 2300: 2299: 2292: 2282: 2277: 2259:and Middle Ages 2257:Rabbinic period 2244: 2238: 2231: 2219: 2190: 2176: 2146: 2139: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2109: 2104:in Judaism 2101: 2086: 2009: 1999: 1998: 1878: 1868: 1867: 1811: 1799: 1744: 1694: 1646: 1644: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1587: 1543: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1474: 1436: 1412:Omaha, Nebraska 1377:Historic places 1371: 1263: 1134: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1085: 1044: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1012: 964: 906:Black Seminoles 871: 870:Sub-communities 863: 862: 849:Southern (SIAC) 809: 801: 800: 795: 750: 734: 726: 725: 720: 637: 603: 595: 594: 589: 575:Nation of Islam 541: 518: 499: 489: 488: 483: 424: 391: 358: 330: 291: 267:Musical theater 227: 217: 216: 198:Great Migration 55: 27: 22:Blacks and Jews 17: 12: 11: 5: 20913: 20903: 20902: 20897: 20892: 20887: 20882: 20877: 20860: 20859: 20854: 20853: 20851: 20850: 20845: 20838: 20837: 20830: 20822: 20821: 20818: 20817: 20814: 20813: 20810: 20809: 20807: 20806: 20801: 20796: 20791: 20790: 20789: 20779: 20778: 20777: 20767: 20762: 20757: 20752: 20750:Mass shootings 20747: 20742: 20741: 20740: 20738:Climate change 20735: 20725: 20720: 20719: 20718: 20713: 20708: 20703: 20698: 20693: 20688: 20683: 20676:Discrimination 20673: 20668: 20667: 20666: 20656: 20650: 20648: 20644: 20643: 20641: 20640: 20635: 20630: 20625: 20620: 20615: 20610: 20605: 20600: 20595: 20590: 20589: 20588: 20583: 20578: 20568: 20567: 20566: 20561: 20556: 20551: 20546: 20541: 20531: 20525: 20523: 20517: 20516: 20514: 20513: 20508: 20503: 20498: 20493: 20488: 20483: 20478: 20473: 20468: 20466:American Dream 20463: 20457: 20455: 20449: 20448: 20446: 20445: 20440: 20435: 20433:Transportation 20430: 20425: 20420: 20415: 20410: 20405: 20400: 20395: 20390: 20385: 20380: 20379: 20378: 20373: 20368: 20366:Mount Rushmore 20363: 20353: 20348: 20343: 20338: 20337: 20336: 20331: 20326: 20321: 20316: 20306: 20301: 20300: 20299: 20294: 20289: 20279: 20274: 20269: 20264: 20263: 20262: 20252: 20247: 20246: 20245: 20235: 20230: 20225: 20224: 20223: 20218: 20208: 20207: 20206: 20201: 20196: 20191: 20186: 20181: 20176: 20171: 20166: 20161: 20156: 20146: 20141: 20136: 20131: 20126: 20121: 20116: 20110: 20108: 20095: 20089: 20088: 20085: 20084: 20082: 20081: 20076: 20071: 20066: 20061: 20056: 20051: 20045: 20043: 20037: 20036: 20034: 20033: 20028: 20023: 20018: 20013: 20008: 20003: 19998: 19993: 19988: 19986:Federal budget 19983: 19978: 19973: 19972: 19971: 19966: 19961: 19956: 19951: 19946: 19941: 19936: 19931: 19926: 19924:Communications 19921: 19916: 19905: 19899: 19893: 19892: 19889: 19888: 19885: 19884: 19882: 19881: 19876: 19875: 19874: 19869: 19864: 19854: 19853: 19852: 19847: 19845:exceptionalism 19842: 19832: 19827: 19826: 19825: 19823:foreign policy 19815: 19814: 19813: 19808: 19798: 19792: 19789: 19788: 19785: 19784: 19782: 19781: 19780: 19779: 19768: 19766: 19760: 19759: 19757: 19756: 19751: 19745: 19743: 19737: 19736: 19734: 19733: 19728: 19723: 19718: 19713: 19708: 19703: 19698: 19693: 19688: 19682: 19680: 19676: 19675: 19673: 19672: 19667: 19662: 19657: 19651: 19649: 19640: 19634: 19633: 19631: 19630: 19625: 19624: 19623: 19613: 19612: 19611: 19606: 19601: 19591: 19585: 19583: 19577: 19576: 19573: 19572: 19570: 19569: 19564: 19559: 19554: 19548: 19546: 19540: 19539: 19537: 19536: 19535: 19534: 19524: 19523: 19522: 19520:Chief justices 19515:Supreme courts 19511: 19509: 19503: 19502: 19500: 19499: 19494: 19488: 19486: 19480: 19479: 19477: 19476: 19475: 19474: 19464: 19459: 19454: 19449: 19444: 19439: 19434: 19429: 19428: 19427: 19417: 19416: 19415: 19404: 19402: 19393: 19376: 19375: 19372: 19371: 19369: 19368: 19363: 19358: 19357: 19356: 19354:National Guard 19351: 19346: 19341: 19336: 19331: 19326: 19315: 19313: 19307: 19306: 19304: 19303: 19298: 19297: 19296: 19291: 19286: 19281: 19271: 19266: 19265: 19264: 19257:Bill of Rights 19253: 19251: 19245: 19244: 19242: 19241: 19236: 19231: 19230: 19229: 19227:list of judges 19224: 19222:list of courts 19210: 19209: 19208: 19206:list of judges 19198: 19197: 19196: 19191: 19186: 19175: 19173: 19167: 19166: 19164: 19163: 19158: 19153: 19148: 19143: 19141:Capitol Police 19138: 19137: 19136: 19131: 19126: 19116: 19115: 19114: 19109: 19098: 19096: 19090: 19089: 19087: 19086: 19081: 19076: 19071: 19070: 19069: 19064: 19062:Secret Service 19059: 19054: 19049: 19044: 19039: 19034: 19029: 19019: 19018: 19017: 19012: 19007: 19002: 18992: 18987: 18982: 18977: 18975:Vice President 18972: 18971: 18970: 18965: 18954: 18952: 18945: 18932: 18926: 18925: 18922: 18921: 18919: 18918: 18913: 18908: 18903: 18902: 18901: 18896: 18891: 18886: 18881: 18876: 18871: 18866: 18855: 18854: 18853: 18848: 18843: 18838: 18833: 18828: 18823: 18818: 18813: 18808: 18803: 18798: 18793: 18788: 18783: 18778: 18773: 18763: 18762: 18761: 18759:National Parks 18751: 18750: 18749: 18744: 18739: 18734: 18729: 18719: 18714: 18712:Extreme points 18709: 18704: 18703: 18702: 18697: 18692: 18687: 18682: 18677: 18672: 18667: 18662: 18651: 18645: 18639: 18638: 18635: 18634: 18632: 18631: 18626: 18621: 18616: 18611: 18606: 18601: 18596: 18590: 18588: 18584: 18583: 18581: 18580: 18575: 18570: 18569: 18568: 18563: 18553: 18548: 18543: 18538: 18533: 18528: 18523: 18518: 18513: 18508: 18507: 18506: 18496: 18491: 18486: 18481: 18476: 18471: 18470: 18469: 18464: 18459: 18451: 18446: 18441: 18436: 18431: 18426: 18421: 18416: 18411: 18406: 18401: 18399:Federalist Era 18396: 18395: 18394: 18392:Bill of Rights 18389: 18379: 18374: 18373: 18372: 18367: 18357: 18356: 18355: 18350: 18340: 18335: 18333:Lee Resolution 18330: 18325: 18324: 18323: 18318: 18313: 18308: 18303: 18298: 18293: 18283: 18277: 18275: 18271: 18270: 18268: 18267: 18262: 18257: 18252: 18247: 18242: 18237: 18232: 18227: 18222: 18217: 18211: 18209: 18202: 18196: 18195: 18193: articles 18187: 18186: 18179: 18172: 18164: 18155: 18154: 18152: 18151: 18137: 18117: 18114: 18113: 18111: 18110: 18109: 18108: 18107: 18106: 18101: 18096: 18090:non-Christian 18088: 18087: 18086: 18081: 18076: 18071: 18066: 18061: 18046: 18039: 18032: 18027: 18020: 18015: 18010: 18003: 17998: 17993: 17986: 17981: 17980: 17979: 17974: 17969: 17964: 17959: 17948: 17946: 17940: 17939: 17937: 17936: 17931: 17930: 17929: 17924: 17914: 17909: 17904: 17899: 17894: 17893: 17892: 17882: 17881: 17880: 17875: 17865: 17860: 17859: 17858: 17848: 17847: 17846: 17836: 17831: 17830: 17829: 17824: 17813: 17811: 17805: 17804: 17802: 17801: 17796: 17791: 17789:Shulchan Aruch 17786: 17785: 17784: 17779: 17777:Sefer Yetzirah 17774: 17769: 17764: 17759: 17757:Pardes Rimonim 17754: 17747:Kabbalah texts 17744: 17743: 17742: 17737: 17732: 17727: 17717: 17716: 17715: 17710: 17705: 17691: 17685: 17683: 17677: 17676: 17674: 17673: 17668: 17663: 17658: 17653: 17648: 17643: 17638: 17637: 17636: 17631: 17626: 17625: 17624: 17614: 17609: 17604: 17599: 17594: 17593: 17592: 17587: 17586: 17585: 17580: 17559: 17557: 17551: 17550: 17548: 17547: 17542: 17540:Land of Israel 17537: 17536: 17535: 17525: 17520: 17515: 17514: 17513: 17503: 17498: 17493: 17492: 17491: 17481: 17476: 17471: 17466: 17465: 17464: 17453: 17451: 17445: 17444: 17442: 17441: 17436: 17435: 17434: 17433: 17432: 17427: 17426: 17425: 17418: 17416:Judeo-Alsatian 17408: 17407: 17406: 17399: 17394: 17389: 17369: 17364: 17359: 17354: 17349: 17344: 17343: 17342: 17337: 17327: 17322: 17317: 17312: 17307: 17302: 17297: 17292: 17287: 17282: 17281: 17280: 17275: 17270: 17268:Judeo-Hamedani 17265: 17260: 17255: 17245: 17243:Judaeo-Occitan 17240: 17235: 17230: 17225: 17224: 17223: 17213: 17208: 17203: 17202: 17201: 17196: 17191: 17184:Jewish English 17181: 17176: 17175: 17174: 17173: 17172: 17162: 17157: 17152: 17147: 17142: 17137: 17132: 17127: 17122: 17115:Judaeo-Aramaic 17112: 17111: 17110: 17105: 17103:Judeo-Tunisian 17100: 17095: 17093:Judeo-Moroccan 17090: 17089: 17088: 17086:Judeo-Baghdadi 17073: 17068: 17063: 17062: 17061: 17056: 17051: 17046: 17041: 17036: 17031: 17026: 17021: 17016: 17011: 17006: 17001: 16990: 16988: 16976: 16975: 16972: 16971: 16969: 16968: 16967: 16966: 16965: 16964: 16954: 16953: 16952: 16942: 16937: 16935:Livornese Jews 16932: 16922: 16917: 16916: 16915: 16905: 16904: 16903: 16902: 16901: 16896: 16891: 16886: 16876: 16871: 16866: 16861: 16856: 16851: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16826: 16825: 16824: 16814: 16809: 16804: 16799: 16798: 16797: 16792: 16782: 16777: 16776: 16775: 16765: 16760: 16755: 16754: 16753: 16748: 16738: 16737: 16736: 16731: 16721: 16720: 16719: 16714: 16709: 16704: 16699: 16694: 16689: 16684: 16682:Afrikaner-Jode 16673: 16671: 16662: 16661: 16656: 16651: 16650: 16649: 16639: 16634: 16629: 16624: 16619: 16614: 16609: 16603: 16601: 16595: 16594: 16592: 16591: 16586: 16581: 16576: 16571: 16566: 16561: 16556: 16551: 16545: 16543: 16537: 16536: 16534: 16533: 16528: 16522: 16519: 16518: 16507: 16506: 16499: 16492: 16484: 16475: 16474: 16472: 16471: 16459: 16453: 16450: 16449: 16447: 16446: 16441: 16436: 16431: 16426: 16421: 16416: 16411: 16410: 16409: 16404: 16399: 16389: 16388: 16387: 16382: 16380:Visual artists 16377: 16372: 16367: 16362: 16357: 16352: 16347: 16342: 16340:Mathematicians 16337: 16332: 16327: 16322: 16317: 16312: 16301: 16299: 16295: 16294: 16292: 16291: 16290: 16289: 16281: 16276: 16275: 16274: 16269: 16264: 16259: 16254: 16246: 16245: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16218: 16216: 16210: 16209: 16207: 16206: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16190: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16164: 16159: 16157:South Carolina 16154: 16149: 16148: 16147: 16139: 16134: 16129: 16127:North Carolina 16124: 16123: 16122: 16112: 16107: 16106: 16105: 16095: 16090: 16089: 16088: 16080: 16079: 16078: 16072:Massachusetts 16070: 16069: 16068: 16058: 16053: 16052: 16051: 16041: 16036: 16035: 16034: 16024: 16019: 16018: 16017: 16007: 16002: 16001: 16000: 15990: 15989: 15988: 15983: 15973: 15968: 15967: 15966: 15961: 15951: 15946: 15940: 15938: 15934: 15933: 15931: 15930: 15925: 15920: 15919: 15918: 15917: 15916: 15914:social context 15911: 15901: 15891: 15890: 15889: 15879: 15873: 15871: 15867: 15866: 15864: 15863: 15862: 15861: 15856: 15846: 15841: 15840: 15839: 15834: 15824: 15823: 15822: 15811: 15809: 15805: 15804: 15802: 15801: 15796: 15795: 15794: 15784: 15779: 15774: 15769: 15768: 15767: 15765:Creek Freedmen 15762: 15757: 15752: 15742: 15740:Alabama Creole 15737: 15736: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15720: 15711: 15709: 15705: 15704: 15701: 15700: 15698: 15697: 15692: 15687: 15682: 15680:Central (CIAA) 15676: 15674: 15669: 15666: 15665: 15663: 15662: 15657: 15652: 15647: 15642: 15637: 15632: 15627: 15622: 15617: 15612: 15607: 15601: 15595: 15591: 15590: 15588: 15587: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15516: 15514: 15509: 15506: 15505: 15503: 15502: 15497: 15496: 15495: 15485: 15480: 15475: 15473:Pan-Africanism 15470: 15465: 15460: 15455: 15454: 15453: 15443: 15438: 15432: 15430: 15426: 15425: 15423: 15422: 15417: 15415:Black theology 15412: 15407: 15406: 15405: 15395: 15394: 15393: 15388: 15378: 15372: 15370: 15364: 15363: 15361: 15360: 15359: 15358: 15356:in STEM fields 15353: 15348: 15340: 15335: 15330: 15325: 15320: 15314: 15312: 15311:and technology 15306: 15305: 15303: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15250:Harriet Tubman 15247: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15227: 15222: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15180:Michelle Obama 15177: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15110:Barbara Jordan 15107: 15105:Harriet Jacobs 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15047: 15042: 15037: 15032: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14997: 14995:Amelia Boynton 14992: 14987: 14982: 14977: 14972: 14967: 14961: 14959: 14958:Notable people 14955: 14954: 14952: 14951: 14946: 14941: 14936: 14931: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14911: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14894:LGBT community 14891: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14875: 14874: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14818: 14816: 14810: 14809: 14807: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14790: 14789: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14746: 14741: 14734: 14727: 14722: 14717: 14712: 14707: 14702: 14693: 14688: 14687: 14686: 14681: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14637: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14609:Freedom Riders 14606: 14601: 14593: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14572: 14571: 14566: 14561: 14553: 14548: 14540: 14535: 14533:Black genocide 14530: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14489: 14487: 14481: 14480: 14473: 14472: 14465: 14458: 14450: 14441: 14440: 14426: 14423: 14422: 14420: 14419: 14414: 14412:Akinyele Umoja 14409: 14404: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14379: 14374: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14333: 14331: 14325: 14324: 14322: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14300: 14299: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14233: 14231: 14227: 14226: 14224: 14223: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14200: 14199: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14162: 14157: 14152: 14147: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14100: 14093: 14086: 14079: 14072: 14071: 14070: 14058: 14053: 14047: 14045: 14041: 14040: 14038: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14015: 14014: 14013: 14008: 14001:Mahatma Gandhi 13998: 13993: 13992: 13991: 13980: 13978: 13974: 13973: 13971: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13930: 13924: 13922: 13916: 13915: 13913: 13912: 13910:South Carolina 13907: 13901: 13899: 13895: 13894: 13892: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13849:Hosea Williams 13846: 13841: 13836: 13834:Hollis Watkins 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13764:A. Maceo Smith 13761: 13756: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13714:Bernie Sanders 13711: 13706: 13704:Angela Russell 13701: 13696: 13691: 13689:David Richmond 13686: 13681: 13679:Walter Reuther 13676: 13671: 13666: 13664:Cordell Reagon 13661: 13656: 13651: 13649:George Raymond 13646: 13641: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13616: 13611: 13609:Charles Person 13606: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13581: 13579:Huey P. Newton 13576: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13534:Harry T. Moore 13531: 13526: 13521: 13519:Cecil B. Moore 13516: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13499:James Meredith 13496: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13421: 13416: 13411: 13406: 13401: 13396: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13351: 13346: 13341: 13336: 13331: 13329:Clarence Jones 13326: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13269:Zilphia Horton 13266: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13241: 13239:Lola Hendricks 13236: 13231: 13229:Dorothy Height 13226: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13199:Lawrence Guyot 13196: 13191: 13189:Jack Greenberg 13186: 13181: 13176: 13174:Andrew Goodman 13171: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13099:Joseph DeLaine 13096: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13069:Dorothy Cotton 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13014:J. L. Chestnut 13011: 13006: 13001: 12996: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12949:Amelia Boynton 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12869:Arnold Aronson 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12830: 12828: 12824: 12823: 12821: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12749: 12748: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12687: 12686: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12638: 12636: 12630: 12629: 12626: 12625: 12623: 12622: 12615: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12597: 12596: 12591: 12581: 12576: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12547: 12542: 12541: 12540: 12528: 12523: 12516: 12509: 12504: 12503: 12502: 12495:Freedom Summer 12492: 12487: 12485:Bloody Tuesday 12482: 12477: 12471: 12469: 12465: 12464: 12462: 12461: 12456: 12455: 12454: 12449: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12428: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12402: 12401: 12400: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12351: 12350: 12349: 12344: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12312: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12254: 12252: 12248: 12247: 12245: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12218: 12217: 12205: 12200: 12199: 12198: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12175: 12174: 12162: 12157: 12150: 12149: 12148: 12141: 12134: 12127: 12112: 12110: 12106: 12105: 12103: 12102: 12097: 12089: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12065: 12063: 12056: 12046: 12045: 12037: 12036: 12029: 12022: 12014: 12008: 12005: 12004: 11995: 11994: 11985:Webb, Clive. " 11983: 11976: 11967:Green, Emma. " 11965: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11950: 11938: 11931: 11922: 11915: 11908: 11901: 11895: 11882: 11859: 11845: 11838: 11828:(2): 137–168. 11813: 11807: 11792: 11785: 11779: 11764: 11757: 11750: 11741: 11735: 11720: 11700: 11694: 11679: 11673: 11658: 11651:Hacker, Andrew 11648: 11642: 11629: 11623: 11607: 11600: 11599: 11598: 11583: 11568: 11559: 11552: 11546: 11528: 11514: 11496: 11487: 11482:Berman, Paul, 11480: 11473: 11467: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11441: 11440: 11415: 11396: 11380: 11365: 11350: 11325: 11310: 11287: 11264: 11250: 11231: 11218: 11206: 11193: 11181: 11162: 11143: 11118: 11090: 11073: 11054: 11042: 11030: 11013: 11009:Greenberg 2006 10998: 10991: 10964: 10938: 10920: 10895: 10870: 10844: 10809: 10797: 10790: 10770: 10756: 10736: 10704: 10662:(3): 433–449. 10642: 10616: 10604: 10592: 10566: 10540: 10511: 10485: 10477:Hacker, Andrew 10466: 10458: 10429: 10410: 10397: 10374: 10347:(1): 217–219. 10327: 10314: 10301: 10273: 10256: 10240: 10227: 10209: 10175: 10157: 10139: 10137:, p. 245. 10127: 10096: 10084: 10072: 10060: 10058:, p. 492. 10048: 10036: 10034:, p. 198. 10024: 10022:, p. 172. 10012: 9999: 9986: 9967: 9954: 9942: 9930: 9919: 9908: 9895: 9869: 9848: 9805: 9793: 9781: 9734: 9701: 9675: 9642: 9629: 9620: 9595: 9583: 9564:(1): 105–123. 9544: 9510: 9481: 9456: 9443: 9439:Greenberg 2006 9431: 9429:, p. 286. 9419: 9415:Greenberg 2006 9407: 9391: 9379:Jewish Journal 9365: 9339: 9295: 9266: 9235: 9202: 9189: 9177: 9164: 9157: 9134: 9123:. June 4, 2016 9103: 9083: 9063: 9056: 9030: 8997: 8990: 8972: 8946: 8937: 8922: 8909: 8897: 8882: 8869: 8854: 8840: 8837:, p. 237. 8825: 8813: 8800: 8785: 8770: 8758: 8751: 8729: 8725:Greenberg 2006 8714: 8698: 8685: 8678: 8658: 8649: 8634: 8627: 8607: 8594: 8568: 8566:, p. 193. 8556: 8552:Greenberg 2006 8544: 8518: 8500: 8496:Greenberg 2006 8488: 8449: 8428:10.2307/271568 8422:(2): 137–150. 8406: 8399: 8378: 8351:(4): 521–544. 8332: 8306: 8274: 8262:Jewish Journal 8248: 8225: 8208: 8202: 8178: 8147:(2): 121–142. 8127: 8096: 8085:. May 24, 2023 8067: 8034: 8012: 7987: 7966: 7940: 7928: 7907: 7894: 7887: 7863: 7851: 7838: 7825: 7812: 7804: 7790:Rogin, Michael 7781: 7766: 7753: 7727: 7703: 7672: 7625: 7618: 7600: 7593: 7572: 7560: 7547: 7515: 7488:(3): 827–872. 7472: 7468:978-0674018211 7437: 7425: 7407: 7394:www.nli.org.il 7381: 7366: 7348: 7339: 7335:Lindemann 1992 7327: 7314: 7302: 7298:Lindemann 1992 7287: 7275: 7263: 7261:, p. 236. 7251: 7223: 7199: 7167: 7152: 7120: 7093:(3): 271–296. 7087:Modern Judaism 7036: 7001: 6965: 6932: 6928:Lindemann 1992 6915: 6908: 6885: 6851: 6825: 6812: 6789: 6777:Greenberg 2006 6768: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6663: 6662: 6648: 6634: 6631:Judaism portal 6620: 6604: 6601: 6534: 6531: 6488: 6485: 6479:rather than a 6350: 6347: 6282: 6279: 6275:Caucasian race 6233: 6232:William Levitt 6230: 6226:British Empire 6164: 6161: 6123: 6120: 6012:"the bible of 5994: 5991: 5981:, head of the 5877: 5874: 5788: 5785: 5748: 5745: 5632:took over the 5604: 5601: 5597:Weird Weekends 5542:Black American 5510: 5507: 5503:Albert Shanker 5435:labor movement 5411: 5410:Labor movement 5408: 5332:western states 5318: 5317: 5232: 5230: 5223: 5217: 5214: 5185: 5182: 5162:of the others. 5148:Andrew Goodman 5107: 5104: 5071:Andrew Goodman 5067:Freedom Summer 5060:Andrew Goodman 5052: 5049: 4929: 4926: 4891:Joseph Gelders 4874: 4873:Joseph Gelders 4871: 4851:Jack Greenberg 4806:I Have a Dream 4787: 4779: 4774:Main article: 4771: 4768: 4697:Evidence from 4692:Porgy and Bess 4609: 4606: 4593:Like Baldwin, 4535:Following the 4532: 4529: 4469: 4466: 4420:pan-Africanism 4412: 4409: 4363:Jack Greenberg 4357:, and founder 4324:Tulsa massacre 4251:Eastern Europe 4247:Ashkenazi Jews 4242: 4239: 4217:, they gained 4215:Reconstruction 4203:American South 4155:Slavery was a 4115:sold as slaves 4094: 4091: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4039: 4032: 4025: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4012: 4011: 4006: 3998: 3997: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3941: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3931: 3926: 3924:Territorialism 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3893: 3892: 3884: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3808:Judaeo-Spanish 3805: 3803:Judaeo-Iranian 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3769: 3768: 3755: 3750: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3719: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3666: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3633: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3618: 3610: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3583: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3532: 3531: 3525: 3520: 3519: 3516: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3469: 3468: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3446: 3441: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3431: 3430: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3400: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3288: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3253: 3252: 3249:United Kingdom 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3097: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2883: 2882: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2682:Bilad-el-Sudan 2679: 2674: 2666: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2638: 2637: 2635:Land of Israel 2631: 2630: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2598: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2564: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2495: 2494: 2493:Related groups 2490: 2489: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2420: 2405: 2400: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2350:Jewish atheism 2347: 2342: 2337: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301:Islamic–Jewish 2296: 2289: 2274: 2269: 2261: 2260: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2226: 2213: 2185: 2180: 2173: 2168: 2166:Yehud Medinata 2160: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2143: 2136: 2128: 2115: 2107: 2095: 2090: 2083: 2075: 2074: 2072:Ancient Israel 2068: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2028:Land of Israel 2025: 2017: 2016: 2010: 2005: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1983:Shulchan Aruch 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1939: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1916: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1888: 1887: 1879: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1808: 1803: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1761: 1756: 1749:God in Judaism 1745: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1720: 1719: 1709: 1708: 1696: 1695: 1693: 1692: 1685: 1678: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1589: 1588: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1558:Black genocide 1554: 1551: 1550: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1530: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1476: 1475: 1473: 1472: 1467: 1465:US communities 1462: 1457: 1452: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1437: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1422:South Carolina 1419: 1417:North Carolina 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1265: 1264: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1239:South Carolina 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1219:North Carolina 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1121: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1076:Samaná English 1073: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1031: 1029: 1028: 1026:LGBT community 1022: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 983:Creek Freedmen 980: 974: 971: 970: 966: 965: 963: 962: 957: 956: 955: 953:Carmel Indians 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 914: 913: 908: 898: 893: 888: 882: 879: 878: 872: 869: 868: 865: 864: 859: 858: 857: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 834:Central (CIAA) 828: 827: 823: 822: 821: 820: 810: 807: 806: 803: 802: 797: 796: 794: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 745: 742: 741: 735: 732: 731: 728: 727: 722: 721: 719: 718: 713: 708: 703: 701:Pan-Africanism 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 647: 644: 643: 639: 638: 636: 635: 630: 625: 620: 614: 611: 610: 604: 601: 600: 597: 596: 591: 590: 588: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 551: 548: 547: 543: 542: 540: 539: 534: 532:Black theology 528: 525: 524: 520: 519: 517: 516: 510: 507: 506: 500: 495: 494: 491: 490: 485: 484: 482: 481: 476: 469: 464: 463: 462: 452: 447: 446: 445: 434: 431: 430: 426: 425: 423: 422: 417: 412: 407: 401: 398: 397: 396:Economic class 393: 392: 390: 389: 384: 379: 374: 368: 365: 364: 360: 359: 357: 356: 351: 346: 340: 337: 336: 335:Academic study 332: 331: 329: 328: 323: 318: 312: 307: 301: 298: 297: 293: 292: 290: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 238: 235: 234: 228: 223: 222: 219: 218: 213: 212: 211: 210: 205: 200: 192: 191: 187: 186: 185: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 156: 155: 151: 150: 149: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 117: 116: 106: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 63: 62: 56: 51: 50: 47: 46: 40: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20912: 20901: 20898: 20896: 20893: 20891: 20888: 20886: 20883: 20881: 20878: 20876: 20873: 20872: 20870: 20849: 20846: 20844: 20841: 20840: 20835: 20831: 20828: 20824: 20823: 20819: 20805: 20802: 20800: 20797: 20795: 20792: 20788: 20785: 20784: 20783: 20780: 20776: 20773: 20772: 20771: 20768: 20766: 20763: 20761: 20758: 20756: 20753: 20751: 20748: 20746: 20743: 20739: 20736: 20734: 20731: 20730: 20729: 20726: 20724: 20723:Energy policy 20721: 20717: 20714: 20712: 20709: 20707: 20704: 20702: 20699: 20697: 20694: 20692: 20689: 20687: 20684: 20682: 20679: 20678: 20677: 20674: 20672: 20669: 20665: 20664:incarceration 20662: 20661: 20660: 20657: 20655: 20652: 20651: 20649: 20645: 20639: 20636: 20634: 20631: 20629: 20626: 20624: 20621: 20619: 20616: 20614: 20611: 20609: 20606: 20604: 20601: 20599: 20596: 20594: 20591: 20587: 20584: 20582: 20579: 20577: 20574: 20573: 20572: 20569: 20565: 20562: 20560: 20557: 20555: 20552: 20550: 20549:Prenatal care 20547: 20545: 20544:Birth control 20542: 20540: 20537: 20536: 20535: 20532: 20530: 20527: 20526: 20524: 20522: 20518: 20512: 20509: 20507: 20504: 20502: 20499: 20497: 20494: 20492: 20489: 20487: 20484: 20482: 20481:Homeownership 20479: 20477: 20474: 20472: 20469: 20467: 20464: 20462: 20459: 20458: 20456: 20454: 20450: 20444: 20441: 20439: 20436: 20434: 20431: 20429: 20426: 20424: 20421: 20419: 20416: 20414: 20411: 20409: 20406: 20404: 20401: 20399: 20396: 20394: 20391: 20389: 20386: 20384: 20381: 20377: 20374: 20372: 20369: 20367: 20364: 20362: 20359: 20358: 20357: 20354: 20352: 20349: 20347: 20344: 20342: 20339: 20335: 20332: 20330: 20327: 20325: 20322: 20320: 20317: 20315: 20312: 20311: 20310: 20307: 20305: 20302: 20298: 20295: 20293: 20290: 20288: 20285: 20284: 20283: 20280: 20278: 20275: 20273: 20270: 20268: 20265: 20261: 20258: 20257: 20256: 20253: 20251: 20248: 20244: 20241: 20240: 20239: 20236: 20234: 20231: 20229: 20226: 20222: 20219: 20217: 20214: 20213: 20212: 20209: 20205: 20204:working class 20202: 20200: 20197: 20195: 20192: 20190: 20187: 20185: 20182: 20180: 20177: 20175: 20172: 20170: 20167: 20165: 20164:homeownership 20162: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20151: 20150: 20147: 20145: 20142: 20140: 20137: 20135: 20132: 20130: 20127: 20125: 20122: 20120: 20117: 20115: 20112: 20111: 20109: 20107: 20103: 20099: 20096: 20094: 20090: 20080: 20077: 20075: 20072: 20070: 20067: 20065: 20062: 20060: 20057: 20055: 20052: 20050: 20047: 20046: 20044: 20042: 20038: 20032: 20029: 20027: 20024: 20022: 20019: 20017: 20014: 20012: 20009: 20007: 20004: 20002: 19999: 19997: 19994: 19992: 19989: 19987: 19984: 19982: 19979: 19977: 19974: 19970: 19967: 19965: 19962: 19960: 19957: 19955: 19952: 19950: 19947: 19945: 19944:Manufacturing 19942: 19940: 19937: 19935: 19932: 19930: 19927: 19925: 19922: 19920: 19917: 19915: 19912: 19911: 19910: 19907: 19906: 19903: 19900: 19898: 19894: 19880: 19877: 19873: 19872:Third parties 19870: 19868: 19865: 19863: 19860: 19859: 19858: 19855: 19851: 19848: 19846: 19843: 19841: 19838: 19837: 19836: 19833: 19831: 19828: 19824: 19821: 19820: 19819: 19816: 19812: 19809: 19807: 19804: 19803: 19802: 19799: 19797: 19794: 19793: 19790: 19778: 19775: 19774: 19773: 19770: 19769: 19767: 19765: 19761: 19755: 19752: 19750: 19747: 19746: 19744: 19742: 19738: 19732: 19729: 19727: 19724: 19722: 19719: 19717: 19714: 19712: 19709: 19707: 19704: 19702: 19699: 19697: 19694: 19692: 19689: 19687: 19684: 19683: 19681: 19677: 19671: 19668: 19666: 19663: 19661: 19658: 19656: 19653: 19652: 19650: 19648: 19644: 19641: 19639: 19635: 19629: 19626: 19622: 19619: 19618: 19617: 19614: 19610: 19607: 19605: 19602: 19600: 19597: 19596: 19595: 19592: 19590: 19587: 19586: 19584: 19582: 19578: 19568: 19565: 19563: 19560: 19558: 19555: 19553: 19550: 19549: 19547: 19545: 19541: 19533: 19530: 19529: 19528: 19525: 19521: 19518: 19517: 19516: 19513: 19512: 19510: 19508: 19504: 19498: 19495: 19493: 19490: 19489: 19487: 19485: 19481: 19473: 19470: 19469: 19468: 19465: 19463: 19460: 19458: 19455: 19453: 19450: 19448: 19445: 19443: 19440: 19438: 19435: 19433: 19430: 19426: 19423: 19422: 19421: 19418: 19414: 19411: 19410: 19409: 19406: 19405: 19403: 19401: 19397: 19394: 19392: 19386: 19381: 19377: 19367: 19364: 19362: 19359: 19355: 19352: 19350: 19347: 19345: 19342: 19340: 19337: 19335: 19332: 19330: 19327: 19325: 19322: 19321: 19320: 19317: 19316: 19314: 19312: 19308: 19302: 19299: 19295: 19292: 19290: 19287: 19285: 19282: 19280: 19277: 19276: 19275: 19272: 19270: 19267: 19263: 19260: 19259: 19258: 19255: 19254: 19252: 19250: 19246: 19240: 19239:U.S. attorney 19237: 19235: 19232: 19228: 19225: 19223: 19220: 19219: 19218: 19214: 19211: 19207: 19204: 19203: 19202: 19199: 19195: 19192: 19190: 19187: 19185: 19184:Chief Justice 19182: 19181: 19180: 19179:Supreme Court 19177: 19176: 19174: 19172: 19168: 19162: 19159: 19157: 19154: 19152: 19149: 19147: 19144: 19142: 19139: 19135: 19132: 19130: 19127: 19125: 19122: 19121: 19120: 19117: 19113: 19110: 19108: 19105: 19104: 19103: 19100: 19099: 19097: 19095: 19091: 19085: 19084:Public policy 19082: 19080: 19079:Civil service 19077: 19075: 19072: 19068: 19065: 19063: 19060: 19058: 19055: 19053: 19050: 19048: 19045: 19043: 19040: 19038: 19035: 19033: 19030: 19028: 19025: 19024: 19023: 19020: 19016: 19013: 19011: 19008: 19006: 19003: 19001: 18998: 18997: 18996: 18993: 18991: 18988: 18986: 18983: 18981: 18978: 18976: 18973: 18969: 18966: 18964: 18961: 18960: 18959: 18956: 18955: 18953: 18949: 18946: 18944: 18940: 18936: 18933: 18931: 18927: 18917: 18914: 18912: 18909: 18907: 18904: 18900: 18897: 18895: 18892: 18890: 18887: 18885: 18882: 18880: 18877: 18875: 18872: 18870: 18867: 18865: 18862: 18861: 18860: 18856: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18829: 18827: 18824: 18822: 18819: 18817: 18814: 18812: 18809: 18807: 18804: 18802: 18799: 18797: 18794: 18792: 18789: 18787: 18784: 18782: 18779: 18777: 18774: 18772: 18769: 18768: 18767: 18764: 18760: 18757: 18756: 18755: 18752: 18748: 18747:Sierra Nevada 18745: 18743: 18740: 18738: 18735: 18733: 18730: 18728: 18725: 18724: 18723: 18720: 18718: 18715: 18713: 18710: 18708: 18705: 18701: 18698: 18696: 18693: 18691: 18688: 18686: 18685:insular zones 18683: 18681: 18678: 18676: 18673: 18671: 18668: 18666: 18663: 18661: 18658: 18657: 18656: 18653: 18652: 18649: 18646: 18644: 18640: 18630: 18627: 18625: 18622: 18620: 18617: 18615: 18612: 18610: 18607: 18605: 18602: 18600: 18597: 18595: 18592: 18591: 18589: 18585: 18579: 18576: 18574: 18571: 18567: 18564: 18562: 18559: 18558: 18557: 18556:War on Terror 18554: 18552: 18549: 18547: 18544: 18542: 18539: 18537: 18536:LGBT Movement 18534: 18532: 18529: 18527: 18524: 18522: 18519: 18517: 18514: 18512: 18509: 18505: 18502: 18501: 18500: 18497: 18495: 18492: 18490: 18487: 18485: 18482: 18480: 18477: 18475: 18472: 18468: 18465: 18463: 18460: 18458: 18455: 18454: 18452: 18450: 18447: 18445: 18442: 18440: 18437: 18435: 18432: 18430: 18427: 18425: 18422: 18420: 18417: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18407: 18405: 18402: 18400: 18397: 18393: 18390: 18388: 18385: 18384: 18383: 18380: 18378: 18375: 18371: 18368: 18366: 18363: 18362: 18361: 18358: 18354: 18351: 18349: 18346: 18345: 18344: 18341: 18339: 18336: 18334: 18331: 18329: 18326: 18322: 18319: 18317: 18314: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18294: 18292: 18289: 18288: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18278: 18276: 18272: 18266: 18263: 18261: 18258: 18256: 18253: 18251: 18248: 18246: 18243: 18241: 18238: 18236: 18233: 18231: 18228: 18226: 18223: 18221: 18218: 18216: 18213: 18212: 18210: 18206: 18203: 18201: 18197: 18192: 18191:United States 18185: 18180: 18178: 18173: 18171: 18166: 18165: 18162: 18150: 18149: 18138: 18136: 18135: 18126: 18125: 18124: 18120: 18115: 18105: 18102: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18092: 18091: 18089: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18074:Protestantism 18072: 18070: 18067: 18065: 18062: 18060: 18057: 18056: 18055: 18052: 18051: 18050: 18047: 18045: 18044: 18040: 18038: 18037: 18033: 18031: 18028: 18026: 18025: 18021: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18008: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17991: 17987: 17985: 17982: 17978: 17975: 17973: 17970: 17968: 17965: 17963: 17960: 17958: 17955: 17954: 17953: 17950: 17949: 17947: 17945: 17941: 17935: 17932: 17928: 17925: 17923: 17920: 17919: 17918: 17915: 17913: 17910: 17908: 17905: 17903: 17900: 17898: 17895: 17891: 17888: 17887: 17886: 17883: 17879: 17876: 17874: 17871: 17870: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17861: 17857: 17854: 17853: 17852: 17849: 17845: 17842: 17841: 17840: 17837: 17835: 17832: 17828: 17825: 17823: 17820: 17819: 17818: 17815: 17814: 17812: 17810: 17806: 17800: 17797: 17795: 17792: 17790: 17787: 17783: 17780: 17778: 17775: 17773: 17770: 17768: 17765: 17763: 17762:Sefer HaBahir 17760: 17758: 17755: 17753: 17750: 17749: 17748: 17745: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17726: 17723: 17722: 17721: 17718: 17714: 17711: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17700: 17699: 17695: 17692: 17690: 17689:Sifrei Kodesh 17687: 17686: 17684: 17682: 17678: 17672: 17669: 17667: 17664: 17662: 17659: 17657: 17654: 17652: 17649: 17647: 17644: 17642: 17639: 17635: 17632: 17630: 17627: 17623: 17620: 17619: 17618: 17615: 17613: 17610: 17608: 17605: 17603: 17600: 17598: 17595: 17591: 17588: 17584: 17581: 17579: 17576: 17575: 17574: 17571: 17570: 17569: 17566: 17565: 17564: 17561: 17560: 17558: 17556: 17552: 17546: 17545:Who is a Jew? 17543: 17541: 17538: 17534: 17531: 17530: 17529: 17526: 17524: 17521: 17519: 17516: 17512: 17509: 17508: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17497: 17494: 17490: 17487: 17486: 17485: 17482: 17480: 17477: 17475: 17474:Chosen people 17472: 17470: 17467: 17463: 17460: 17459: 17458: 17455: 17454: 17452: 17450: 17446: 17440: 17437: 17431: 17430:Scots-Yiddish 17428: 17424: 17423: 17419: 17417: 17414: 17413: 17412: 17409: 17405: 17404: 17403:Klezmer-loshn 17400: 17398: 17395: 17393: 17390: 17388: 17385: 17384: 17383: 17380: 17379: 17378: 17375: 17374: 17373: 17370: 17368: 17365: 17363: 17360: 17358: 17355: 17353: 17350: 17348: 17345: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17333: 17332: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17318: 17316: 17313: 17311: 17308: 17306: 17303: 17301: 17298: 17296: 17293: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17283: 17279: 17276: 17274: 17273:Judeo-Shirazi 17271: 17269: 17266: 17264: 17261: 17259: 17256: 17254: 17251: 17250: 17249: 17248:Judeo-Persian 17246: 17244: 17241: 17239: 17238:Judeo-Marathi 17236: 17234: 17231: 17229: 17226: 17222: 17219: 17218: 17217: 17216:Judeo-Italian 17214: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17204: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17187: 17186: 17185: 17182: 17180: 17177: 17171: 17168: 17167: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17146: 17143: 17141: 17138: 17136: 17133: 17131: 17128: 17126: 17123: 17121: 17118: 17117: 17116: 17113: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17087: 17084: 17083: 17082: 17079: 17078: 17077: 17074: 17072: 17071:Judeo-Amazigh 17069: 17067: 17064: 17060: 17057: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17040: 17037: 17035: 17032: 17030: 17027: 17025: 17022: 17020: 17017: 17015: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17005: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16996: 16995: 16992: 16991: 16989: 16986: 16981: 16977: 16963: 16960: 16959: 16958: 16955: 16951: 16948: 16947: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16927: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16914: 16911: 16910: 16909: 16906: 16900: 16897: 16895: 16894:Hadhrami Jews 16892: 16890: 16887: 16885: 16882: 16881: 16880: 16877: 16875: 16872: 16870: 16867: 16865: 16862: 16860: 16859:Mountain Jews 16857: 16855: 16854:Egyptian Jews 16852: 16850: 16849:Bukharan Jews 16847: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16831: 16830: 16827: 16823: 16820: 16819: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16800: 16796: 16793: 16791: 16788: 16787: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16774: 16771: 16770: 16769: 16766: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16743: 16742: 16739: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16727: 16726: 16725: 16722: 16718: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16708: 16705: 16703: 16700: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16679: 16678: 16675: 16674: 16672: 16670: 16666: 16660: 16657: 16655: 16652: 16648: 16645: 16644: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16637:Lists of Jews 16635: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16604: 16602: 16600: 16596: 16590: 16587: 16585: 16582: 16580: 16577: 16575: 16572: 16570: 16567: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16546: 16544: 16542: 16538: 16532: 16529: 16527: 16524: 16523: 16520: 16516: 16512: 16505: 16500: 16498: 16493: 16491: 16486: 16485: 16482: 16470: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16454: 16451: 16445: 16442: 16440: 16439:Neighborhoods 16437: 16435: 16432: 16430: 16427: 16425: 16422: 16420: 16417: 16415: 16412: 16408: 16405: 16403: 16402:Sports firsts 16400: 16398: 16395: 16394: 16393: 16390: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16307: 16306: 16303: 16302: 16300: 16296: 16288: 16285: 16284: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16250: 16249: 16247: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16224: 16223: 16220: 16219: 16217: 16215: 16211: 16205: 16204:West Virginia 16202: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16175: 16173: 16170: 16169: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16160: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16146: 16143: 16142: 16141:Pennsylvania 16140: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16121: 16120:New York City 16118: 16117: 16116: 16113: 16111: 16108: 16104: 16101: 16100: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16087: 16084: 16083: 16081: 16077: 16074: 16073: 16071: 16067: 16064: 16063: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16050: 16047: 16046: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16033: 16030: 16029: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16020: 16016: 16013: 16012: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 15999: 15996: 15995: 15994: 15991: 15987: 15984: 15982: 15979: 15978: 15977: 15974: 15972: 15969: 15965: 15964:San Francisco 15962: 15960: 15957: 15956: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15945: 15942: 15941: 15939: 15937:By state/city 15935: 15929: 15926: 15924: 15921: 15915: 15912: 15910: 15907: 15906: 15905: 15902: 15900: 15897: 15896: 15895: 15892: 15888: 15885: 15884: 15883: 15882:American Sign 15880: 15878: 15875: 15874: 15872: 15868: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15851: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15829: 15828: 15825: 15821: 15818: 15817: 15816: 15815:Neighborhoods 15813: 15812: 15810: 15806: 15800: 15797: 15793: 15790: 15789: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15773: 15770: 15766: 15763: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15751: 15748: 15747: 15746: 15745:Black Indians 15743: 15741: 15738: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15715: 15713: 15712: 15710: 15706: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15688: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15677: 15675: 15667: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15643: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15628: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15602: 15599: 15596: 15592: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15517: 15515: 15507: 15501: 15498: 15494: 15491: 15490: 15489: 15486: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15452: 15449: 15448: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15434: 15433: 15431: 15427: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15408: 15404: 15401: 15400: 15399: 15396: 15392: 15389: 15387: 15384: 15383: 15382: 15379: 15377: 15374: 15373: 15371: 15369: 15365: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15343: 15341: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15331: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15323:Black schools 15321: 15319: 15318:Black studies 15316: 15315: 15313: 15307: 15301: 15300:Whitney Young 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15290:Oprah Winfrey 15288: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15260:Denmark Vesey 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15205:Joseph Rainey 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15160:Toni Morrison 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15145:Joseph Lowery 15143: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15090:Jesse Jackson 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15080:Kamala Harris 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15065:Marcus Garvey 15063: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15015:Blanche Bruce 15013: 15011: 15010:Edward Brooke 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 15000:James Bradley 14998: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14980:James Baldwin 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14962: 14960: 14956: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14924:Neighborhoods 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14873: 14870: 14869: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14819: 14817: 14815: 14811: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14788: 14785: 14784: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14777:Silent Parade 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14752: 14751: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14739: 14735: 14733: 14732: 14728: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14706: 14705:Jim Crow laws 14703: 14701: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14676: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14654: 14653: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14599: 14598: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14588: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14570: 14567: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14556: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14546: 14545: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14528:Black cowboys 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14490: 14488: 14486: 14482: 14478: 14471: 14466: 14464: 14459: 14457: 14452: 14451: 14448: 14438: 14437: 14432: 14424: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14407:Timothy Tyson 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14337:Taylor Branch 14335: 14334: 14332: 14326: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14298: 14295: 14294: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14234: 14232: 14228: 14222: 14221: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14197: 14193: 14192: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14185:Freedom songs 14183: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14105: 14101: 14099: 14098: 14094: 14092: 14091: 14087: 14085: 14084: 14080: 14078: 14077: 14073: 14069: 14066: 14065: 14064: 14063: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14051:Jim Crow laws 14049: 14048: 14046: 14042: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14020: 14016: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14003: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13990: 13987: 13986: 13985: 13982: 13981: 13979: 13975: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13948:"Oh, Freedom" 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13926: 13925: 13923: 13917: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13902: 13900: 13896: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13874:Whitney Young 13872: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13854:Kale Williams 13852: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13814:Albert Turner 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13804:A. P. Tureaud 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13709:Bayard Rustin 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13559:William Moyer 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13494:Joseph McNeil 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13479:Charles McDew 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13469:Benjamin Mays 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13454:Vivian Malone 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13429:Joseph Lowery 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13392: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13354:Clyde Kennard 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13344:Vernon Jordan 13342: 13340: 13339:Matthew Jones 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13304:T. J. Jemison 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13289:Jesse Jackson 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13179:Robert Graetz 13177: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13169:Golden Frinks 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13129:Charles Evers 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13079:Vernon Dahmer 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13034:Septima Clark 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12954:Bruce Boynton 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12879:James Baldwin 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12849:Mathew Ahmann 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12831: 12829: 12825: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12747: 12746:Youth Council 12744: 12743: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12685: 12684: 12680: 12679: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12639: 12637: 12631: 12621: 12620: 12616: 12614: 12613: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12586: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12574: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12552: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12538: 12534: 12533: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12521: 12517: 12515: 12514: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12501: 12498: 12497: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12472: 12470: 12466: 12460: 12457: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12444: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12407: 12406: 12403: 12399: 12396: 12395: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12378: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12356: 12352: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12339: 12338: 12337:Freedom Rides 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12317: 12313: 12311: 12310: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12255: 12253: 12249: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12216: 12215: 12211: 12210: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12196: 12192: 12191: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12173: 12172: 12168: 12167: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12155: 12151: 12147: 12146: 12142: 12140: 12139: 12135: 12133: 12132: 12128: 12126: 12125: 12121: 12120: 12119: 12118: 12114: 12113: 12111: 12107: 12101: 12098: 12095: 12094: 12090: 12087: 12086: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12066: 12064: 12062:Prior to 1954 12060: 12057: 12054: 12047: 12042: 12035: 12030: 12028: 12023: 12021: 12016: 12015: 12012: 12006: 11999: 11992: 11988: 11984: 11981: 11977: 11974: 11970: 11966: 11963: 11959: 11958: 11947: 11943: 11939: 11936: 11932: 11928: 11923: 11920: 11916: 11913: 11909: 11906: 11902: 11898: 11896:9780786417308 11892: 11888: 11883: 11872: 11865: 11860: 11853: 11852: 11846: 11843: 11839: 11835: 11831: 11827: 11823: 11819: 11814: 11810: 11804: 11800: 11799: 11793: 11790: 11786: 11782: 11776: 11772: 11771: 11765: 11762: 11758: 11755: 11751: 11748: 11745: 11742: 11738: 11732: 11728: 11727: 11721: 11717: 11713: 11709: 11705: 11701: 11697: 11691: 11687: 11686: 11680: 11676: 11670: 11666: 11665: 11659: 11656: 11652: 11649: 11645: 11643:9780691058658 11639: 11635: 11630: 11626: 11624:9781560003373 11620: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11605: 11601: 11595: 11590: 11589: 11586: 11580: 11576: 11575: 11569: 11565: 11560: 11557: 11553: 11549: 11543: 11540:. JHU Press. 11539: 11538: 11533: 11529: 11525: 11521: 11517: 11511: 11507: 11506: 11501: 11497: 11493: 11488: 11485: 11481: 11478: 11474: 11470: 11464: 11459: 11458: 11451: 11450: 11436: 11432: 11426: 11424: 11422: 11420: 11411: 11407: 11400: 11393: 11389: 11384: 11376: 11369: 11361: 11354: 11339: 11335: 11329: 11321: 11314: 11306: 11302: 11298: 11291: 11283: 11279: 11275: 11268: 11253: 11251:9780385536967 11247: 11243: 11242: 11235: 11228: 11222: 11216:, p. 15. 11215: 11210: 11203: 11197: 11190: 11185: 11177: 11173: 11166: 11158: 11154: 11147: 11132: 11128: 11122: 11107: 11103: 11097: 11095: 11086: 11085: 11077: 11069: 11065: 11058: 11051: 11050:Friedman 1998 11046: 11039: 11034: 11027: 11022: 11020: 11018: 11011:, p. 110 11010: 11005: 11003: 10994: 10988: 10984: 10983: 10975: 10973: 10971: 10969: 10953: 10949: 10942: 10934: 10930: 10924: 10909: 10905: 10899: 10884: 10880: 10874: 10858: 10854: 10848: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10820: 10813: 10806: 10801: 10793: 10787: 10783: 10782: 10774: 10759: 10753: 10749: 10748: 10740: 10733: 10729: 10725: 10722::2104.06179. 10721: 10717: 10714: 10708: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10657: 10653: 10646: 10631: 10630:Bloomberg.com 10627: 10620: 10613: 10608: 10601: 10596: 10580: 10576: 10570: 10554: 10550: 10544: 10528: 10524: 10518: 10516: 10499: 10495: 10489: 10482: 10478: 10473: 10471: 10461: 10455: 10450: 10449: 10443: 10442:Milner, Susan 10439: 10438:Kepel, Gilles 10433: 10426: 10425: 10420: 10414: 10407: 10401: 10394: 10390: 10387: 10384:Tony Martin, 10381: 10379: 10370: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10331: 10324: 10318: 10311: 10305: 10290: 10286: 10285: 10277: 10270: 10269:Friedman 1998 10266: 10260: 10253: 10247: 10245: 10237: 10231: 10223: 10219: 10213: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10186: 10179: 10168: 10161: 10153: 10149: 10143: 10136: 10131: 10116: 10115: 10110: 10106: 10100: 10093: 10088: 10081: 10076: 10069: 10064: 10057: 10052: 10045: 10040: 10033: 10028: 10021: 10016: 10009: 10003: 9996: 9990: 9982: 9978: 9971: 9964: 9958: 9951: 9946: 9939: 9934: 9928: 9923: 9917: 9912: 9905: 9899: 9883: 9879: 9873: 9865: 9858: 9852: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9816: 9809: 9803:, p. 75. 9802: 9797: 9790: 9785: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9757:Washington DC 9754: 9753: 9748: 9741: 9739: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9705: 9689: 9685: 9679: 9663: 9659: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9647: 9639: 9633: 9624: 9609: 9605: 9599: 9592: 9587: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9548: 9533: 9529: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9517: 9515: 9498: 9494: 9488: 9486: 9470: 9466: 9460: 9453: 9447: 9440: 9435: 9428: 9423: 9416: 9411: 9404: 9401:, p. 2; 9400: 9395: 9380: 9376: 9369: 9354: 9350: 9343: 9327: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9308: 9299: 9283: 9279: 9273: 9271: 9254: 9250: 9244: 9242: 9240: 9223: 9219: 9212: 9206: 9199: 9193: 9186: 9181: 9175:, p. 583 9174: 9168: 9160: 9154: 9150: 9149: 9144: 9138: 9122: 9121: 9116: 9110: 9108: 9099: 9098: 9093: 9087: 9079: 9078: 9073: 9067: 9059: 9057:0-19-511257-1 9053: 9048: 9047: 9041: 9034: 9018: 9014: 9013: 9008: 9001: 8993: 8991:1-60136-000-2 8987: 8983: 8976: 8961: 8957: 8950: 8941: 8935:, p. 84. 8934: 8929: 8927: 8919: 8913: 8906: 8901: 8894: 8889: 8887: 8879: 8873: 8866: 8861: 8859: 8851: 8850: 8844: 8836: 8829: 8823:, p. xi. 8822: 8817: 8810: 8804: 8797: 8792: 8790: 8781: 8774: 8767: 8762: 8754: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8733: 8726: 8721: 8719: 8711: 8705: 8703: 8695: 8689: 8681: 8679:9780807009185 8675: 8671: 8670: 8662: 8653: 8647:, p. 21. 8646: 8641: 8639: 8630: 8624: 8620: 8619: 8611: 8604: 8598: 8582: 8578: 8572: 8565: 8560: 8553: 8548: 8532: 8528: 8522: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8497: 8492: 8485: 8484:public domain 8467: 8460: 8453: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8410: 8402: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8382: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8339: 8337: 8320: 8316: 8310: 8294: 8290: 8289: 8284: 8278: 8263: 8259: 8252: 8245: 8241: 8240: 8235: 8229: 8222: 8218: 8212: 8205: 8203:9780807009185 8200: 8196: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8183: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8131: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8100: 8084: 8080: 8074: 8072: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8041: 8039: 8022: 8016: 8001: 7997: 7991: 7983: 7982: 7977: 7970: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7937: 7932: 7924: 7920: 7914: 7912: 7904: 7898: 7890: 7888:0-201-32798-8 7884: 7880: 7876: 7875: 7867: 7860: 7855: 7848: 7842: 7835: 7829: 7822: 7816: 7807: 7801: 7797: 7796: 7791: 7785: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7757: 7742: 7738: 7731: 7723: 7719: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7629: 7621: 7615: 7611: 7604: 7596: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7576: 7570:, p. 355 7569: 7564: 7558:, p. 571 7557: 7551: 7535: 7531: 7530: 7522: 7520: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7476: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7460: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7441: 7434: 7433:Friedman 1998 7429: 7421: 7414: 7412: 7395: 7391: 7385: 7377: 7370: 7362: 7358: 7352: 7343: 7337:, p. 254 7336: 7331: 7324: 7318: 7311: 7306: 7300:, p. 226 7299: 7294: 7292: 7284: 7279: 7273:, p. 14. 7272: 7271:Friedman 1998 7267: 7260: 7255: 7240:. Jewish Post 7239: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7219: 7215: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7188: 7184: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7163: 7156: 7141: 7137: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7010: 7008: 7006: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6954: 6950: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6930:, p. 225 6929: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6911: 6909:9781647121419 6905: 6901: 6900: 6892: 6890: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6855: 6839: 6835: 6829: 6822: 6816: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6796: 6794: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6773: 6769: 6752: 6748: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6697:Black Judaism 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6659:Israel portal 6649: 6646: 6645:Africa portal 6635: 6632: 6621: 6618: 6607: 6600: 6595: 6593: 6586: 6585:Wiesel added: 6582: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6563:Elisha Wiesel 6560: 6556: 6552: 6551:Carnegie Hall 6548: 6544: 6540: 6530: 6528: 6523: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6509: 6505: 6500: 6498: 6494: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6461: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6442:Law of Return 6439: 6435: 6431: 6430:Taylor Branch 6426: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6411: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6392: 6389: 6385: 6384:James Baldwin 6380: 6375: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6335: 6332: 6326: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6271:Levittown, NY 6268: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6255: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6229: 6227: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6172:urban planner 6169: 6160: 6156: 6153: 6152:Jews of color 6149: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6133: 6129: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6076: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6039: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6023: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5946: 5944: 5943:chosen people 5939: 5937: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5883: 5873: 5871: 5866: 5864: 5859: 5855: 5850: 5848: 5844: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5832:Jesse Jackson 5828: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5801: 5799: 5793: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5773: 5769: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5744: 5739: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5705:Andrew Hacker 5702: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5654:Yasser Arafat 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5623: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5609: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5593:Louis Theroux 5589: 5585: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5515: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5491: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5477: 5476:Bayard Rustin 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5452: 5448: 5443: 5441: 5436: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5407: 5405: 5400: 5398: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5366: 5361: 5360:Rosh Hashanah 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5342: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5328:American Jews 5325: 5314: 5311: 5303: 5300:November 2021 5292: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5261: – 5260: 5256: 5255:Find sources: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5233:This section 5231: 5227: 5222: 5221: 5213: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5199: 5196:In 1966, the 5194: 5192: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5169: 5168:Julius Lester 5163: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5142: 5140: 5139:Andrew Hacker 5135: 5132: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5111: 5102: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5057: 5048: 5046: 5045:desegregation 5041: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5030:Marc Schneier 5027: 5023: 5019: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4980:Orthodox Jews 4977: 4972: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4943: 4942:Warsaw Ghetto 4939: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4884: 4879: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4818:American Jews 4816:(1954–1968), 4815: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4794:Joachim Prinz 4791: 4784: 4777: 4767: 4765: 4762:. Meanwhile, 4761: 4757: 4753: 4752:Slim Gaillard 4749: 4744: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4707: 4703: 4700: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4688:Black culture 4685: 4681: 4677: 4676:Irving Berlin 4672: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4656: 4654: 4653:Michael Rogin 4650: 4646: 4645:film industry 4640: 4636: 4632: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4608:Entertainment 4604: 4599: 4596: 4590: 4585: 4582: 4577: 4574: 4573:Robert Gordis 4568: 4563: 4560: 4556: 4555:James Baldwin 4551: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4538: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4478:Jim Crow laws 4475: 4465: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4416:Marcus Garvey 4407: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4371: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4337: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4263: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4223:right to vote 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4038: 4033: 4031: 4026: 4024: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3876: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3848:Judeo-Aramaic 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3838:Judeo-Italian 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3818:Ghardaïa Sign 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3753: 3748: 3747: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3722: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3635: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3612: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3517: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3444: 3443:Denominations 3439: 3438: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3271:United States 3269: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3099: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3091: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2757:Guinea-Bissau 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2611:Lists of Jews 2609: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2590: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2397: 2386: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2370:The Holocaust 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2297: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2105: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2003: 2002: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1971:Mishneh Torah 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1871: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1731:Who is a Jew? 1729: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1672: 1671: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1628: 1627:Minstrel show 1625: 1623: 1622:Magical Negro 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1539: 1538: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1433: 1432:West Virginia 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1368: 1367:San Francisco 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1347:New York City 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1272: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1144: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1130: 1129: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1040: 1039: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1021: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 998:Nova Scotians 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 975: 973: 972: 968: 967: 961: 958: 954: 951: 950: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 912: 909: 907: 904: 903: 902: 901:Black Indians 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 883: 881: 880: 876: 875: 867: 866: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 839:HBCU (HBCUAC) 837: 835: 832: 831: 830: 829: 825: 824: 819: 816: 815: 814: 813: 805: 804: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 747: 746: 744: 743: 740:Organizations 739: 738: 730: 729: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 648: 646: 645: 641: 640: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 615: 613: 612: 609:Organizations 608: 607: 599: 598: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 552: 550: 549: 545: 544: 538: 535: 533: 530: 529: 527: 526: 522: 521: 515: 512: 511: 509: 508: 504: 503: 498: 493: 492: 480: 477: 474: 470: 468: 465: 461: 458: 457: 456: 453: 451: 448: 444: 441: 440: 439: 436: 435: 433: 432: 428: 427: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 402: 400: 399: 395: 394: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 369: 367: 366: 362: 361: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 341: 339: 338: 334: 333: 327: 324: 322: 319: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 302: 300: 299: 295: 294: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 277:Neighborhoods 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 239: 237: 236: 232: 231: 226: 221: 220: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 195: 194: 193: 189: 188: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 159: 158: 157: 153: 152: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 115: 112: 111: 110: 107: 104: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 66: 65: 64: 60: 59: 54: 49: 48: 45: 42: 41: 37: 33: 32: 29: 25: 23: 20765:Human rights 20745:Gun politics 20696:Islamophobia 20686:antisemitism 20554:Hospice care 20496:Middle class 20476:Homelessness 20453:Social class 20413:Social class 20277:Human rights 20267:Homelessness 20179:middle class 20144:Demographics 20119:Architecture 20026:Unemployment 20006:Labor unions 19754:Town meeting 19731:City council 19726:City manager 19467:State police 19329:Marine Corps 19319:Armed Forces 19294:civil rights 19274:Constitution 18846:Southwestern 18841:Southeastern 18831:Northwestern 18826:Northeastern 18791:Mid-Atlantic 18781:Great Plains 18499:World War II 18382:Constitution 18286:Colonial era 18265:2008–present 18139: 18132: 18118: 18041: 18034: 18022: 18005: 17988: 17822:perspectives 17656:Samaritanism 17617:Neo-Hasidism 17597:Conservative 17511:Names of God 17420: 17401: 17211:Judaeo-Greek 17206:Judeo-Gascon 17145:Lishán Didán 17140:Lishana Deni 17108:Judeo-Yemeni 17076:Judeo-Arabic 16950:Meshuchrarim 16869:Persian Jews 16802:Kurdish Jews 16780:Kaifeng Jews 16729:Beta Abraham 16692:Galitzianers 16647:Antisemitism 16622:Israeli Jews 16607:Assimilation 16355:Sportspeople 16325:Billionaires 16242:Sierra Leone 16145:Philadelphia 15981:Jacksonville 15808:Demographics 15640:Jack Johnson 15630:Muhammad Ali 15463:Conservatism 15398:Black church 15295:Andrew Young 15280:Ida B. Wells 15270:David Walker 15265:C. T. Vivian 15220:Paul Robeson 15215:Hiram Revels 15195:Colin Powell 15175:Barack Obama 15130:James Lawson 15085:Jimi Hendrix 15055:James Farmer 15050:Medgar Evers 15020:Ralph Bunche 14970:Maya Angelou 14944:Middle class 14822:Afrofuturism 14748: 14736: 14729: 14650: 14595: 14542: 14508:Afrocentrism 14498:Abolitionism 14427: 14367:David Garrow 14347:John Dittmer 14218: 14145:Brown Chapel 14102: 14095: 14088: 14081: 14074: 14060: 14017: 13869:Andrew Young 13824:A. T. Walden 13819:C. T. Vivian 13779:Maxine Smith 13614:Homer Plessy 13594:James Orange 13549:Irene Morgan 13504:William Ming 13484:Ralph McGill 13419:Viola Liuzzo 13404:Jim Letherer 13389:James Lawson 13319:Vernon Johns 13309:Esau Jenkins 13264:Myles Horton 13214:Fred Hampton 13204:Prathia Hall 13194:Dick Gregory 13164:Marie Foster 13159:James Forman 13149:James Farmer 13134:Medgar Evers 13094:Angela Davis 13029:Ramsey Clark 13009:James Chaney 13004:Johnnie Carr 12984:Ralph Bunche 12979:H. Rap Brown 12969:Ruby Bridges 12929:Joanne Bland 12904:Claude Black 12884:Marion Barry 12854:Muhammad Ali 12681: 12617: 12610: 12571: 12549: 12518: 12511: 12353: 12314: 12307: 12237:Kissing Case 12212: 12169: 12152: 12143: 12136: 12129: 12122: 12115: 12091: 12083: 11990: 11979: 11973:The Atlantic 11972: 11961: 11946:Race Matters 11945: 11942:West, Cornel 11934: 11926: 11918: 11911: 11904: 11886: 11874:. Retrieved 11870: 11850: 11841: 11825: 11821: 11797: 11788: 11769: 11760: 11753: 11746: 11744:Martin, Tony 11725: 11707: 11684: 11663: 11654: 11633: 11614: 11603: 11573: 11563: 11555: 11536: 11503: 11500:Caro, Robert 11491: 11483: 11476: 11456: 11434: 11409: 11399: 11391: 11383: 11374: 11368: 11359: 11353: 11343:February 24, 11341:. Retrieved 11337: 11328: 11319: 11313: 11305:the original 11301:New Politics 11290: 11281: 11278:New Politics 11277: 11267: 11255:. Retrieved 11240: 11234: 11226: 11221: 11209: 11201: 11196: 11184: 11175: 11165: 11156: 11146: 11136:February 28, 11134:. 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Retrieved 10112: 10099: 10092:Pollack 2022 10087: 10080:Pollack 2013 10075: 10063: 10051: 10046:, p. 4. 10044:Pollack 2013 10039: 10027: 10015: 10007: 10002: 9994: 9989: 9980: 9970: 9962: 9957: 9952:, p. 1. 9950:Kaufman 1995 9945: 9937: 9933: 9922: 9911: 9903: 9898: 9886:. Retrieved 9881: 9872: 9863: 9851: 9821:(2): 91–96. 9818: 9808: 9796: 9791:, p. 3. 9789:Kaufman 1995 9784: 9772:. Retrieved 9750: 9727:February 29, 9725:. Retrieved 9713: 9704: 9694:February 29, 9692:. Retrieved 9687: 9678: 9668:February 29, 9666:. Retrieved 9661: 9637: 9632: 9623: 9611:. Retrieved 9607: 9598: 9586: 9561: 9557: 9547: 9537:February 29, 9535:. Retrieved 9531: 9501:. Retrieved 9496: 9472:. Retrieved 9468: 9459: 9451: 9446: 9434: 9422: 9410: 9399:Kaufman 1995 9394: 9384:February 28, 9382:. Retrieved 9378: 9368: 9358:February 28, 9356:. Retrieved 9352: 9342: 9332:February 28, 9330:. Retrieved 9316: 9312: 9306: 9298: 9286:. Retrieved 9281: 9257:. Retrieved 9252: 9226:. 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Retrieved 8015: 8005:November 16, 8003:. Retrieved 7999: 7990: 7979: 7969: 7957:. Retrieved 7952: 7943: 7935: 7931: 7923:the original 7902: 7897: 7873: 7866: 7858: 7854: 7849:, p. 14 7841: 7833: 7828: 7820: 7815: 7794: 7784: 7769: 7761: 7756: 7744:. Retrieved 7740: 7730: 7721: 7696:February 28, 7694:. Retrieved 7690:Literary Hub 7689: 7638: 7634: 7628: 7609: 7603: 7584: 7575: 7568:Cannato 2002 7563: 7550: 7538:. Retrieved 7534:the original 7528: 7485: 7481: 7475: 7457: 7454:Nancy Denton 7440: 7428: 7400:February 28, 7398:. Retrieved 7393: 7384: 7375: 7369: 7360: 7351: 7342: 7330: 7322: 7317: 7312:, p. 3. 7305: 7285:, p. 2. 7283:Kaufman 1995 7278: 7266: 7254: 7244:February 28, 7242:. Retrieved 7217: 7192:February 28, 7190:. Retrieved 7186: 7155: 7145:February 28, 7143:. Retrieved 7139: 7090: 7086: 7029:February 17, 7027:. Retrieved 7023:the original 6994:February 28, 6992:. Retrieved 6987: 6983: 6958:February 28, 6956:. Retrieved 6952: 6898: 6876:. Retrieved 6854: 6842:. Retrieved 6828: 6820: 6815: 6807: 6804: 6772: 6751: 6597: 6588: 6584: 6579: 6575: 6536: 6524: 6519: 6512: 6502:In the 1968 6501: 6490: 6462: 6437: 6427: 6412: 6408: 6403: 6399: 6396:Yidishe Velt 6395: 6393: 6381: 6377: 6372: 6359: 6355: 6352: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6327: 6323: 6319:Haym Salomon 6303: 6284: 6264: 6253: 6235: 6223: 6202: 6191: 6182: 6180: 6168:Robert Moses 6166: 6163:Robert Moses 6157: 6145: 6137:Angela Davis 6125: 6106: 6101: 6092: 6088: 6073: 6071: 6051:Rhode Island 6040: 6033: 6029: 6009: 5976: 5961: 5947: 5940: 5936:Adolf Hitler 5929: 5915: 5900: 5867: 5851: 5840: 5836:Andrew Young 5829: 5825: 5817: 5802: 5800:as a cause. 5794: 5790: 5777: 5774: 5770: 5750: 5741: 5725: 5718: 5703: 5698:Race Matters 5696: 5690: 5674: 5662:Muhammad Ali 5627: 5616:Muhammad Ali 5590: 5586: 5582: 5570:Conservative 5558:Christianity 5536: 5492: 5483:Herbert Hill 5480: 5459: 5444: 5432: 5419:Herbert Hill 5401: 5397:heart attack 5393: 5389: 5384:civil rights 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5345: 5326:activism by 5324:civil rights 5321: 5306: 5297: 5287: 5280: 5273: 5266: 5254: 5242:Please help 5237:verification 5234: 5208: 5205:Harold Cruse 5202: 5195: 5187: 5178: 5173: 5165: 5160:three fifths 5156:James Chaney 5144: 5136: 5128: 5123:Black people 5118: 5112: 5109: 5099: 5095: 5083:Ku Klux Klan 5079:James Chaney 5064: 5042: 5033: 5015: 4988: 4973: 4969: 4946: 4934:World War II 4931: 4906:Ku Klux Klan 4903: 4888: 4811: 4800:at the 1963 4763: 4756:Cab Calloway 4740: 4729:Russian Jews 4714: 4709: 4704: 4696: 4691: 4684:Harold Cruse 4673: 4657: 4642: 4631:Jews in jazz 4620: 4601: 4592: 4587: 4578: 4570: 4565: 4552: 4548:slave-barons 4541: 4534: 4501:Jacksonville 4486: 4482:Ku Klux Klan 4471: 4453:World War II 4450: 4443: 4426:and led the 4414: 4405: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4383:, a Jew, in 4374: 4367: 4340: 4332: 4320: 4309: 4296:Urban League 4277: 4271: 4266: 4259: 4244: 4241:20th century 4196: 4173: 4161:slaveholders 4154: 4135: 4113:, they were 4096: 4068: 4046: 3987:Post-Zionism 3858:Judeo-Berber 3853:Judeo-Arabic 3813:Judeo-Gascon 3560:Pidyon haben 3479:Conservative 3025:Saudi Arabia 2843:South Africa 2832:Sierra Leone 2654:Israeli Jews 2568:Mosaic Arabs 2521:Kaifeng Jews 2382:Arab–Israeli 2355:Emancipation 2234:Great Revolt 2043:Anti-Judaism 2038:Antisemitism 2033:Name "Judea" 1828:Baal teshuva 1525:Sierra Leone 1357:Philadelphia 1327:Jacksonville 923:Brass Ankles 676:Conservatism 651:Afrocentrism 623:Joint Center 514:Black church 505:Institutions 420:Billionaires 410:Middle class 363:Celebrations 326:Fraternities 28: 21: 20770:Immigration 20701:LGBT rights 20603:Food safety 20438:Video games 20031:Wall Street 20011:Public debt 19914:Agriculture 19850:nationalism 19562:Uniform act 19484:Legislative 19391:Territorial 19349:Coast Guard 19344:Space Force 19094:Legislative 18889:Red (South) 18879:Mississippi 18801:New England 18737:Appalachian 18707:Earthquakes 18604:Discoveries 18599:Demographic 18541:Vietnam War 18484:World War I 18479:Imperialism 18429:Indian Wars 18404:War of 1812 18064:Catholicism 17646:Hellenistic 17484:Eschatology 17422:Lachoudisch 17347:Lotegorisch 17325:Lachoudisch 17315:Koiné Greek 17228:Judeo-Latin 17165:Palestinian 17059:Palestinian 16908:Mustaʿravim 16834:Afghan Jews 16822:Berber Jews 16746:Bene Israel 16734:Falash Mura 16724:Beta Israel 16642:Persecution 16584:Middle Ages 16375:US senators 16345:Republicans 16330:Journalists 16187:San Antonio 16152:Puerto Rico 16093:Mississippi 15986:Tallahassee 15959:Los Angeles 15650:Jesse Owens 15635:Arthur Ashe 15493:Nationalism 15483:Raised fist 15446:Black power 15351:in medicine 15285:Roy Wilkins 15240:Emmett Till 15225:Al Sharpton 14990:Julian Bond 14985:James Bevel 14949:Upper class 14939:Stereotypes 14832:Black mecca 14744:Plantations 14523:Black Codes 14387:Doug McAdam 14357:Chuck Fager 13984:Nonviolence 13889:James Zwerg 13884:Bob Zellner 13844:Roy Wilkins 13794:Hank Thomas 13729:Pete Seeger 13724:Bobby Seale 13589:Jack O'Dell 13584:Edgar Nixon 13514:Amzie Moore 13509:Jack Minnis 13449:Mae Mallory 13434:Clara Luper 13394:Bernard Lee 13284:Cecil Ivory 13279:Ruby Hurley 13249:Oliver Hill 13244:Aaron Henry 13144:Chuck Fager 13104:Dave Dennis 12994:Guy Carawan 12934:Julian Bond 12899:James Bevel 12889:Daisy Bates 12160:Emmett Till 12043:(1954–1968) 11876:January 21, 11729:. Penguin. 11446:Works cited 11338:jacobin.com 11214:Forman 2000 11189:Forman 2000 10763:January 10, 10553:The Forward 10527:The Forward 10498:The Forward 10464:, pp. 68–69 9613:January 31, 9497:The Forward 9474:January 31, 9403:Forman 2000 9282:The Forward 9253:The Forward 9196:Hacker; in 9023:January 19, 8766:Forman 2000 8708:Hacker, in 8645:Forman 2000 8564:Forman 2000 8554:, p. 4 8537:February 7, 8498:, p. 2 7953:The Forward 7905:, Fall 1992 7847:Forman 2000 7645:: 323–337. 7396:(in Hebrew) 7376:The Forward 6878:October 14, 6785:Forman 2000 6543:Al Sharpton 6415:Sam Massell 6388:Whites fled 6315:Judah Touro 6307:Aaron Lopez 6285:Before the 6219:East Harlem 6186:Robert Caro 6094:Tony Martin 5841:In 1991 in 5713:Middle East 5693:Cornel West 5642:Six-Day War 5115:Cornel West 5005:during the 4976:Reform Jews 4953:antisemitic 4812:During the 4764:Jewish Jazz 4489:hate crimes 4462:segregation 4445:Negro World 4436:World War I 4336:Hasia Diner 4312:early 1900s 4219:citizenship 4127:manumission 4119:plantations 3982:Revisionist 3972:Neo-Zionism 3579:Zeved habat 3372:Puerto Rico 3198:Netherlands 3030:South Korea 3015:Philippines 2895:Afghanistan 2762:Ivory Coast 2536:Crypto-Jews 2501:Bnei Anusim 2480:Bene Israel 2445:Beta Israel 2402:Communities 2309:Middle Ages 2048:Persecution 1823:Bereavement 1593:Stereotypes 1520:Nova Scotia 1402:Mississippi 1362:San Antonio 1342:Los Angeles 1277:Black mecca 1204:Mississippi 1111:Negro Dutch 933:Dominickers 877:Multiethnic 786:TransAfrica 696:Nationalism 666:Black power 450:Black pride 415:Upper class 114:Politicians 20869:Categories 20804:Xenophobia 20593:Disability 20534:Healthcare 20443:Visual art 20388:Philosophy 20334:television 20324:newspapers 20314:journalism 20304:Literature 20216:attainment 19867:Republican 19862:Democratic 19835:Ideologies 19796:Corruption 19361:NOAA Corps 19284:preemption 19279:federalism 18894:Rio Grande 18796:Midwestern 18776:West Coast 18771:East Coast 18614:Inventions 18526:Space Race 18521:Korean War 18504:home front 18439:Gilded Age 18059:Anabaptism 18001:Jew (word) 17868:Leadership 17681:Literature 17666:Secularism 17612:Humanistic 17479:Conversion 17449:Philosophy 17290:Judeo-Urdu 17054:Babylonian 16899:Saada Jews 16884:Adeni Jews 16677:Ashkenazim 16632:Samaritans 16599:Population 16554:Israelites 16320:Astronauts 16110:New Jersey 15954:California 15458:Capitalism 15255:Nat Turner 15185:Rosa Parks 15170:Diane Nash 15140:John Lewis 14929:Newspapers 14899:Literature 14884:Juneteenth 14837:Businesses 14691:Exodusters 14659:Free Negro 14330:historians 14011:Satyagraha 13977:Influences 13669:James Reeb 13604:James Peck 13599:Rosa Parks 13569:Diane Nash 13439:Danny Lyon 13414:John Lewis 13359:A. D. King 13259:James Hood 12874:Ella Baker 12844:Zev Aelony 11038:Reiss 2004 11026:Reiss 2004 10952:HistoryNet 10913:August 16, 10105:Heer, Jeet 10032:Moore 1987 10020:Lomax 1963 9353:Sojourners 8752:0807612790 8628:1580232736 8587:August 27, 8110:Penn Today 7741:The Nation 7310:Diner 1995 7259:Diner 1995 6738:References 6539:Eric Adams 6295:Judaic law 6148:Black Jews 6034:Historian 5958:Alex Haley 5880:See also: 5550:Israelites 5270:newspapers 5180:another." 5129:Historian 5119:golden age 4885:, hospital 4715:Professor 4629:See also: 4513:Birmingham 4509:synagogues 4302:, and the 4286:, and the 4184:historical 4176:Christians 4174:Like many 4081:, and the 3967:Maximalism 3919:Secularism 3899:Autonomism 3716:Literature 3509:Humanistic 3113:Azerbaijan 3075:Uzbekistan 3050:Tajikistan 2970:Kyrgyzstan 2955:Kazakhstan 2802:Mozambique 2777:Madagascar 2697:Cape Verde 2649:New Yishuv 2644:Old Yishuv 2595:Population 2573:Subbotniks 2531:Samaritans 2470:Romanyotim 2413:Ashkenazim 2360:Old Yishuv 2340:Sabbateans 2327:Modern era 2319:Golden Age 2246:Bar Kokhba 1966:Beit Yosef 1833:Philosophy 1159:California 1133:Population 706:Patriotism 691:Liberalism 671:Capitalism 642:Ideologies 523:Theologies 382:Juneteenth 354:Literature 282:Newspapers 190:Migrations 121:Juneteenth 20787:Terrorism 20564:Rationing 20461:Affluence 20408:Sexuality 20376:Uncle Sam 20282:Languages 20211:Education 20154:affluence 20114:Americana 20041:Transport 19939:Insurance 19929:Companies 19909:By sector 19801:Elections 19442:Treasurer 19400:Executive 19339:Air Force 19311:Uniformed 19134:President 18951:Executive 18722:Mountains 18655:Territory 18643:Geography 18467:1954–1968 18462:1896–1954 18457:1865–1896 18419:Civil War 18260:1991–2008 18255:1980–1991 18250:1964–1980 18245:1945–1964 18240:1917–1945 18235:1865–1917 18230:1849–1865 18225:1815–1849 18220:1789–1815 18215:1776–1789 18208:By period 18121:indicate 18069:Mormonism 18054:Christian 17934:Symbolism 17922:Synagogue 17902:Mythology 17863:Education 17834:Astronomy 17817:Astrology 17634:relations 17439:Zarphatic 17387:Galitzish 17189:Yeshivish 17066:Catalanic 17029:Samaritan 17004:Ashkenazi 16985:Diasporic 16980:Languages 16925:Sephardim 16920:Romaniote 16807:Krymchaks 16741:Desi Jews 16617:Buddhists 16434:Monuments 16310:Activists 16162:Tennessee 16082:Michigan 16066:Baltimore 16056:Louisiana 16049:Lexington 16032:Davenport 15971:Cleveland 15870:Languages 15799:Melungeon 15777:Blaxicans 15645:Joe Louis 15500:Socialism 15436:Anarchism 15165:Bob Moses 15150:Malcolm X 15070:Fred Gray 14934:Soul food 14872:New Negro 14857:Folktales 14767:Redlining 13989:Padayatra 13938:"Kumbaya" 13898:By region 13554:Bob Moses 13459:Bob Mants 13444:Malcolm X 13364:C.B. King 13184:Fred Gray 12827:Activists 12468:1964–1968 12251:1960–1963 12109:1954–1959 10839:0037-9808 10805:Caro 1974 10692:143679977 10676:0306-3127 10612:Caro 1974 10600:Caro 1974 10361:0043-5597 10321:Raphael, 10198:: 31–74. 9835:1077-3711 9801:West 1993 9769:0190-8286 9722:0362-4331 9591:West 1993 9578:2056-6085 9427:Hill 1998 9319:: 39–45. 9185:West 1993 8905:Hill 1998 8893:Hill 1998 8865:Hill 1998 8821:Webb 2003 8796:Webb 2003 8436:0885-6818 8365:0022-4642 8153:0164-0178 7667:144242546 7107:0276-1114 6864:Liverpool 6781:Webb 2003 6764:Footnotes 6553:Chairman 6446:born Jews 6299:subhumans 6287:Civil War 6100:included 6067:Amsterdam 6059:Caribbean 6036:Eli Faber 5950:Malcolm X 5666:Malcolm X 5634:West Bank 5562:doctrines 5351:synagogue 5091:martyrdom 4808:" speech. 4664:Blackface 4660:Al Jolson 4617:Al Jolson 4537:Civil War 4517:Charlotte 4497:Nashville 4381:Leo Frank 4211:Civil War 4207:liberated 3977:Religious 3833:Zarphatic 3823:Bukharian 3793:Judeo-Tat 3778:Yeshivish 3752:Languages 3707:Sephardic 3697:Israelite 3687:Ethiopian 3677:Ashkenazi 3616:Religious 3406:Australia 3388:Venezuela 3294:Argentina 3276:Greenland 3188:Lithuania 3040:Sri Lanka 3035:Singapore 2960:Kurdistan 2925:Indonesia 2915:Hong Kong 2868:Abayudaya 2792:Mauritius 2526:Igbo Jews 2516:Krymchaks 2435:Sephardim 2303:relations 2197:Sadducees 2193:Pharisees 2183:Sanhedrin 2098:Jerusalem 1858:Synagogue 1726:Etymology 1617:Hollywood 1607:Blackface 1542:Prejudice 1460:US cities 1337:Lexington 1312:Davenport 1292:Baltimore 1268:US cities 1244:Tennessee 1194:Louisiana 1140:US states 948:Melungeon 918:Blaxicans 716:Socialism 681:Garveyism 656:Anarchism 460:Good hair 287:Soul food 257:Folktales 20843:Category 20539:Abortion 20403:Religion 20361:Columbia 20319:internet 20255:Holidays 20250:Folklore 20221:literacy 20159:eviction 20049:Aviation 20021:Taxation 19976:Currency 19969:by state 19879:Scandals 19749:Township 19507:Judicial 19408:Governor 19171:Judicial 19057:Marshals 18930:Politics 18884:Missouri 18874:Columbia 18869:Colorado 18864:Arkansas 18857:Longest 18836:Southern 18821:Northern 18665:counties 18619:Military 18609:Economic 18587:By topic 18566:Iraq War 18516:Cold War 18274:By event 18134:Category 18104:Hinduism 18094:Buddhism 17996:Genetics 17912:Politics 17885:Marriage 17844:Holidays 17839:Calendar 17720:Rabbinic 17696:/Hebrew 17641:Haymanot 17568:Orthodox 17555:Branches 17528:Kabbalah 17523:Haskalah 17501:Holiness 17377:dialects 17357:Shassagh 17320:Krymchak 17300:Kayliñña 17194:Yinglish 17170:Galilean 17160:Talmudic 17155:Biblical 17130:Betanure 17049:Biblical 17044:Mishnaic 17039:Medieval 17024:Tiberian 17019:Yemenite 17009:Sephardi 16945:Paradesi 16889:Ḥabbanim 16879:Teimanim 16844:Baghdadi 16817:Maghrebi 16785:Karaites 16763:Gruzínim 16751:Kochinim 16669:Diaspora 16627:Karaites 16612:Atheists 16549:Timeline 16457:Category 16248:America 16214:Diaspora 16199:Virginia 16132:Oklahoma 16115:New York 16098:Nebraska 16061:Maryland 16044:Kentucky 16010:Illinois 15949:Arkansas 15854:Illinois 15792:of color 15478:Populism 15451:Movement 15368:Religion 14710:Lynching 14493:Timeline 13919:Movement 13349:Tom Kahn 12633:Activist 12053:timeline 11944:(1993). 11706:(1963). 11613:(1998). 11502:(1974). 11284:(1): 45. 11106:In geveb 10718:: 1–13. 10635:July 25, 10585:March 4, 10559:March 5, 10533:March 5, 10504:March 5, 10444:(1997). 10389:Archived 10204:23600990 10120:June 26, 9965:, p. 484 9888:March 6, 9774:July 12, 9503:March 6, 9288:March 5, 9259:March 5, 9228:July 12, 9145:(2011). 9042:(eds.). 8389:(2014). 8293:Archived 8191:(2001). 8165:Archived 8161:23885481 8114:Archived 8089:July 12, 8054:Archived 7959:March 5, 7792:(1996). 7540:March 1, 7510:28330583 7187:In geveb 7140:In geveb 7115:48559551 6872:Archived 6838:Archived 6803:(2009). 6603:See also 6567:Hanukkah 6549:CEO and 6450:Orthodox 6438:en masse 6256:Magazine 6249:suburbia 5843:Brooklyn 5685:Zionists 5599:series. 5566:Orthodox 5546:Americas 5527:Passover 4841:and the 4731:and the 4649:Broadway 4521:Gastonia 4377:lynching 4138:Sephardi 4111:Americas 4004:Category 3962:Kahanism 3909:Feminism 3881:Politics 3765:Biblical 3735:American 3682:Bukharan 3672:American 3572:Shidduch 3548:Clothing 3504:Haymanot 3450:Orthodox 3378:Suriname 3361:Paraguay 3314:Colombia 3213:Portugal 3123:Bulgaria 3060:Thailand 3010:Pakistan 2990:Mongolia 2985:Malaysia 2905:Cambodia 2879:Zimbabwe 2854:Tanzania 2732:Eswatini 2722:Ethiopia 2712:Djibouti 2692:Cameroon 2687:Botswana 2616:Diaspora 2578:Noahides 2551:Marranos 2475:Cochinim 2460:Bukharim 2450:Gruzinim 2440:Teimanim 2430:Mizrahim 2418:Galician 2384:conflict 2345:Hasidism 2335:Haskalah 2240:Diaspora 2111:timeline 2023:Timeline 1936:Rabbinic 1843:Kabbalah 1818:Marriage 1794:Tzedakah 1784:Holidays 1742:Religion 1705:a series 1703:Part of 1657:Category 1480:Diaspora 1407:Missouri 1332:Kentucky 1259:Virginia 1229:Oklahoma 1214:New York 1209:Nebraska 1199:Maryland 1174:Illinois 1154:Arkansas 993:Merikins 938:Freedmen 911:Mascogos 711:Populism 602:Politics 497:Religion 467:Stepping 233:Lifeways 69:Timeline 36:a series 34:Part of 20827:Outline 20775:illegal 20760:Smoking 20623:Obesity 20506:Poverty 20428:Theater 20418:Society 20272:Housing 20233:Fashion 20189:poverty 20134:Cuisine 20106:Culture 20093:Society 20054:Driving 19981:Exports 19959:Tourism 19919:Banking 19897:Economy 19857:Parties 19701:Charter 19665:Sheriff 19112:Speaker 18980:Cabinet 18943:Federal 18851:Western 18816:Eastern 18811:Central 18806:Pacific 18766:Regions 18717:Islands 18200:History 18119:Italics 17944:Studies 17890:Divorce 17856:Kashrut 17851:Cuisine 17809:Culture 17740:Midrash 17735:Tosefta 17725:Mishnah 17713:Ketuvim 17708:Nevi'im 17671:Schisms 17661:Science 17651:Karaite 17622:Renewal 17583:Litvaks 17578:Hasidic 17533:Sefirot 17518:Halakha 17489:Messiah 17462:Mitzvah 17457:Beliefs 17411:Western 17397:Poylish 17392:Litvish 17382:Eastern 17372:Yiddish 17367:Shuadit 17352:Qwareña 17340:Tetuani 17335:Haketia 17310:Knaanic 17305:Kivruli 17253:Bukhori 17199:Heblish 17135:Hulaulá 17125:Barzani 17081:Yahudic 17014:Mizrahi 16874:Urfalim 16829:Mizrahi 16773:Neofiti 16768:Italkim 16697:Lita'im 16589:Zionism 16541:History 16515:Judaism 16385:Writers 16350:Singers 16335:Jurists 16283:Europe 16237:Liberia 16182:Houston 16086:Detroit 16022:Indiana 16015:Chicago 15998:Atlanta 15993:Georgia 15976:Florida 15944:Alabama 15894:English 15468:Leftism 15338:Museums 14889:Kwanzaa 14814:Culture 14782:Slavery 14485:History 14044:Related 13634:Al Raby 12589:funeral 12452:Big Six 11921:, 2006. 11791:, 1991. 11763:, 2000. 11756:, 2001. 11716:1071204 11606:, 1995. 11558:, 2005. 11486:, 1995. 11479:, 1997. 11435:JNS.org 10369:2674369 10295:June 9, 10238:, p. 91 9843:2962577 9127:May 22, 9120:Haaretz 8373:2207401 7903:Dissent 7879:288–289 7810:, p. 68 7659:1562481 7502:2951257 6836:. 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