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390:. These certainties greatly aided English export of wool, and thus both Henry VII's treasury and Flemish and Brabantine industry, whilst also providing freedoms to the Hollandic and Zeelandic fisheries. Further treaty promises of impartial justice for English merchants in Burgundian courts were poorly effected. The importance of the treaty for England, who still relied heavily on the wool trade through Antwerp, cannot be overstated and served as another major success for Henry in both his economic and foreign policy aims.
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and ejected
Flemish merchants from England. Though this would have been suicidal when Henry came to the throne in 1485 due to the reliance of Antwerp as a trade hub, a series of successful trade treaties during 1486 - including with France and Brittany that removed all Anglo-French trade restrictions
385:
was signed, with
Margaret's acceptance of the Tudor succession and the banishment of Warbeck being conditions of the treaty. Philip was also keen to secure English help against France, and so the treaty had very favourable conditions for English merchants. The treaty granted reciprocal trade
413:, refused to ratify the terms of the treaty (that would have seen her betrothed to the recently widowed Henry VII), and later signed a third treaty in 1507 that saw a near complete return to the terms of the Intercursus Magnus.
624:
By 1496 they were a chartered organization with a legal monopoly of the woolen cloth trade, and largely as a consequence of their political and international importance, Henry successfully negotiated the
409:, Henry's greatest enemy and pretender beside Warbeck. However, upon Philip's death in September 1506, having been released from England in February or March after a forced stay of 6 weeks, his sister,
364:
diversified
English trade routes and provided Henry the breathing room required to hold the English trade through Antwerp hostage in order to negotiate the removal of Burgundian support for Warbeck.
367:
This diversification of
English trade routes allowed Henry to maintain the embargo for 3 years, until 1496. Margaret's influence faded after the threat of the removal of her
323:
in the late 14th century, England began to dominate the
European cloth market, with trade reaching a first peak in 1447 when exports reached 60,000 cloths. The
336:
882:
887:
774:— the product of three years of research in the Florentine archives to improve the author's previous work, it was previously released in 1963 by
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355:, the company which enjoyed the monopoly of the Flemish wool trade and with whom he had a good relationship, to relocate from Antwerp to the
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It was a major and brave act of domestic and foreign policy, thus, for Henry VII to issue a trade embargo — reciprocated by Duke
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316:. She allowed him to remain at her court, gave him 2,000 mercenaries, and support for an eventual invasion of England.
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862:
857:
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304:. Warbeck was, therefore, the most significant threat during Henry's reign and the last remnants of the
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A "cloth" in medieval times was a single piece of woven fabric from a loom of a fixed size; an
English
470:, the great treaty which for many years was to regulate commercial intercourse between England and the
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754:
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and it became clear that the embargo was hurting both the
English and the Flemish economies, so the
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to get France to banish him, despite Henry's promise to help
Brittany in the war as demanded by the
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Perkin
Warbeck, who fled before the treaty was signed (as he had done in France before the
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to the
English crown. Warbeck had already forced Henry's hand in foreign policy during the
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240:, had been fought in several sporadic episodes, mainly between 1455 and 1485. In 1485, the
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The treaty remained in place until 1506, when Duke Philip and his wife,
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George Edmundson (1922). "II: Habsburg Rule in the Netherlands".
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335:. The cloth trade was important to Burgundy, as well as being
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English Medieval Industries: Craftsmen, Techniques, Products
331:, were one of England's major export markets, particularly
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privileges to English and Flemings and established fixed
308:. In 1493, Warbeck won the support of Edward IV's sister
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to invade England but, a year later, Warbeck landed in
420:) appeared in Scotland in September 1496. He persuaded
351:— as a result of Margaret's meddling. Henry forced the
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474:." De Roover 1966. He sources, on pages xxxix–xl, the
208:. Other signatories included the commercial powers of
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1496 commercial treaty between England and Burgundy
743:The rise and decline of the Medici Bank: 1397–1494
339:(accounting for 80% of English exports in 1485).
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581:"Intercursus magnus and intercursus malus"
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428:with a few thousand troops, fomenting the
556:. London: Hambledon Press. p. xxxi.
337:a major component of the English economy
272:, to unite the houses. In 1490, a young
883:Treaties involving the Hanseatic League
550:John Blair; Nigel Ramsay, eds. (2001).
888:Treaties of the Burgundian Netherlands
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407:Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk
810:John Franklin Midgley - Extract from
878:Treaties of the Republic of Florence
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585:Oxford Dictionary of British History
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873:Treaties of the Republic of Venice
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868:Treaties of the Holy Roman Empire
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741:Raymond Adrien de Roover (1966),
652:. The University press. pp.
464:was among the negotiators of the
362:Treaty of Medina del Campo (1489)
853:15th century in economic history
710:Henry VIII: The Mind of a Tyrant
488:and the home branch in Florence.
200:signed in February 1496 by King
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196:was a major and long-lasting
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712:: Perkin Warbeck (1474–99)"
81:Philip IV, Duke of Burgundy
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823:The Third War of the Roses
755:W. W. Norton & Company
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69:Henry VII, King of England
44:24 February 1496
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776:Harvard University Press
270:the Princes in the Tower
611:Encyclopædia Britannica
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314:Richard III of England
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115:Burgundian Netherlands
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682:Penn, Thomas (2012).
444:on 23 November 1499.
432:. He was captured at
349:Philip IV of Burgundy
206:Philip IV of Burgundy
893:Henry VII of England
422:James IV of Scotland
353:Merchant Adventurers
286:Princes in the Tower
238:House of Plantagenet
202:Henry VII of England
154:Republic of Florence
898:Philip I of Castile
863:Treaties of England
858:Commercial treaties
411:Margaret of Austria
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803:2011-05-22 at the
789:Magnus Intercursus
649:History of Holland
628:Intercursus Magnus
508:Magnus Intercursus
467:Intercursus Magnus
440:and hanged at the
382:Intercursus Magnus
192:Intercursus Magnus
141:Republic of Venice
103:Kingdom of England
24:Intercursus Magnus
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693:978-0-141-98660-9
563:978-1-85285-326-6
418:Treaty of Etaples
403:Malus Intercursus
395:Joanna of Castile
377:Palatine Burgundy
360:- as well as the
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260:and married
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793:Everything2
686:. Penguin.
684:Winter King
515:Everything2
482:Medici Bank
321:Black Death
254:Richard III
246:Henry Tudor
242:Lancastrian
218:Netherlands
56:Signatories
832:Categories
812:Midgleyana
662:B00085XL4Y
538:broadcloth
484:branch at
448:References
343:The Treaty
329:Burgundian
319:After the
228:Background
220:, and the
48:1496-02-24
716:Channel 4
618:3 October
462:Portinari
460:"In 1496
438:Hampshire
371:lands of
290:pretender
266:Edward IV
244:claimant
204:and Duke
801:Archived
763:63-11417
426:Cornwall
310:Margaret
214:Florence
751:Toronto
735:Sources
399:Castile
333:Antwerp
327:, then
282:Richard
274:Fleming
250:Yorkist
89:Parties
46: (
771:743184
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722:3 July
690:
667:3 July
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614:. 2006
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522:3 July
486:Bruges
442:Tyburn
388:duties
216:, the
210:Venice
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100:
41:Signed
654:16–17
369:dower
252:king
767:OCLC
759:LCCN
724:2012
688:ISBN
669:2012
658:ASIN
620:2006
592:2012
558:ISBN
524:2012
375:and
232:The
188:The
31:Type
791:on
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256:on
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714:.
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