748:, an enslaved man in his household, in 1706 and later from Timoni's report to the Royal Society. However, Mather had been previously unable to convince local physicians to attempt the procedure. Following this initial success, Boylston began performing inoculations throughout Boston, despite much controversy and at least one attempt upon his life. The effectiveness of the procedure was proven when, of the nearly three hundred people Boylston inoculated during the outbreak, only six died, whereas the mortality rate among those who contracted the disease naturally was one in six. Boylston traveled to London in 1724. There he published his results and was elected to the Royal Society in 1726.
666:
871:) into a scratch between the thumb and forefinger. This would generally be performed when an individual was in normal good health, and thus at peak resistance. The recipient would develop smallpox; however, due to being introduced through the skin rather than the lungs, and possibly because of the inoculated individual's preexisting state of good health, the small inoculum, and the single point of initial infection, the resulting case of smallpox was generally milder than the naturally occurring form, produced far less facial scarring, and had a far lower
517:
it is laid in as yeast in a piece of dough; it ferments, and diffuses through the whole mass of blood the qualities with which it is impregnated. The pustules of the child in whom the artificial small-pox has been thus inoculated are employed to communicate the same distemper to others. There is an almost perpetual circulation of it in
Circassia; and when unhappily the small-pox has quite left the country, the inhabitants of it are in as great trouble and perplexity as other nations when their harvest has fallen short...
884:
838:, weighed the risks and overruled this prohibition, conducting smallpox inoculation of all troops. He wrote, "Should the disorder infect the Army in the natural way and rage with its usual virulence, we have more to dread from it than from the sword of the enemy." This was the first mass inoculation of an army, and was successful, with only isolated infections occurring, and no regiments incapacitated by the disease.
57:
601:
can all be traced to propaganda tracts written in
Sanskrit and the Indian vernaculars by colonial officers, in the hope of convincing pious Indians to accept the newly discovered Jennerian procedure and abandon older variolation practices. A landmark anthropological study by Ralph Nicholas described
516:
The
Circassian women have, from time immemorial, communicated the small-pox to their children when not above six months old by making an incision in the arm, and by putting into this incision a pustule, taken carefully from the body of another child. This pustule produces the same effect in the arm
475:
potency is abundant it will give a 'take' with nine persons out of ten people – and finally it becomes completely inactive, and will not work at all. In situations where new scabs are rare and the requirement great, it is possible to mix new scabs with the more aged ones, but in this
459:
Method of storing the material. Wrap the scabs carefully in paper and put them into a small container bottle. Cork it tightly so that the activity is not dissipated. The container must not be exposed to sunlight or warmed beside a fire. It is best to carry it for some time on the person so that the
2034:
In
England in 1718 she wrote to various influential persons urging inoculation and sent essays to subject to magazines. She had both her children inoculated – one in Turkey and one in England. Despite opposition from religious and medical groups, inoculation caught on. It was the primary defense
862:
with 30% mortality. Infection via inhaled viral particles in droplets spread the infection more widely than the deliberate infection through a small skin wound. The smaller, localised infection is adequate to stimulate the immune system to produce specific immunity to the virus, while requiring
841:
Inoculation grew in popularity in Europe through the 18th century. Given the high prevalence and often severe consequences of smallpox in Europe in the 18th century (according to
Voltaire, there was a 60% incidence of first infection, a 20% mortality rate, and a 20% incidence of severe scarring),
632:
who would collect "a quantity of matter" from a person with the most sores from smallpox, then "cuts a small cross with a razor in the arm" of his subject and puts "a little of the matter" into the cut which was afterwards bound up with a bandage. Subsequent visitors who described this practice
586:
By the 18th century, variolation was widely practiced in India. Several historians have suggested that variolation may be older than the 18th century in India. Oliver Coult in 1731 wrote that it had been "first performed by
Dununtary a physician of Champanagar". However these reports have been
863:
more generations of the virus to reach levels of infection likely to kill the patient. The rising immunity terminates the infection. This ensures the less fatal form of the disease is the one caught, and gives the immune system the best start possible in combating it.
521:
Voltaire does not speculate on where the
Circassians derived their technique from, though he reports that the Chinese have practiced it "these hundred years". The Turkish practice was presented to the Royal Society in 1714 and 1716, when the physicians
574:
cause, which stirs up the first, and throws it into a state of fermentation, is multitudes of imperceptible animalculae floating in the atmosphere; that these are the cause of all epidemical diseases, but more particularly of the small pox.
823:, wrote a criticism of his countrymen for being opposed to inoculation and having so little regard for the welfare of their children, concluding that "had inoculation been practised in France it would have saved the lives of thousands."
160:", and "immunization" are often used interchangeably, there are important differences. Inoculation is the act of implanting a pathogen or microbe into a person or other recipient; vaccination is the act of implanting or giving someone a
866:
Inoculation in the East was historically performed by blowing smallpox crusts into the nostril. In
Britain, Europe and the American Colonies the preferred method was rubbing material from a smallpox pustule from a selected mild case
373:(957–1017), lost his eldest son to smallpox and sought a means to spare the rest of his family from the disease, so he summoned physicians, wise men, and magicians from all across the empire to convene at the capital in
403:(痘疹心法) of 1549, which states that some women unexpectedly menstruate during the procedure, yet his text did not give details on techniques of inoculation. Inoculation was first vividly described by Yu Chang in his book
907:. Jenner was the first to publish evidence that it was effective, and to provide advice on its production. His efforts led to smallpox inoculation falling into disuse, and eventually being banned in England in 1840.
1715:
579:
Holwell ascribes this account to his
Brahman informants. However, such a theory has not yet been discovered in any Sanskrit or vernacular treatise. Doctors who performed variolation were known as
706:, and was greatly impressed: she had lost a brother to smallpox and bore facial scars from the disease herself. When a smallpox epidemic threatened England in 1721, she called on her physician,
1943:
1000:"Guidance for Industry: Characterization and Qualification of Cell Substrates and Other Biological Materials Used in the Production of Viral Vaccines for Infectious Disease Indications | FDA"
566:. Holwell's extensive 1767 description included the following, that points to the connection between disease and "multitudes of imperceptible animalculae floating in the atmosphere":
334:
by deliberate introduction of material from smallpox pustules from one person into the skin of another. The usual route of transmission of smallpox was through the air, invading the
1490:
597:, making her the first person to take a vaccine in India. The widespread rumour since the nineteenth century that vaccination was documented in India before the discoveries of
431:(considered too dangerous); instead they used proxy material of a cotton plug inserted into the nose of a person who had already been inoculated and had only a few scabs, i.e.
1890:
1747:
1707:
427:(痘疹金鏡錄) of 1579. From these accounts, it is known that the Chinese banned the practice of using smallpox material from patients who actually had the full-blown disease of
949:
570:
They lay it down as a principle, that the immediate cause of the smallpox exists in the mortal part of every human and animal form; that the mediate (or second)
78:
722:
on six prisoners due to be hanged in exchange for their freedom, an experiment which was witnessed by a number of notable doctors. All survived, and in 1722
1331:
An
Account of the Manner of Inoculating for the Small Pox in the East Indies with ... Observations on the ... Mode of Treating that Disease in those Parts
2207:
2159:
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1935:
2008:
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in research and diagnostic laboratories, and also in commercial applications such as brewing, baking, oenology (wine making), and the production of
1264:
978:
1677:
679:
2405:
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The practice of inoculation slowly spread amongst the royal families of Europe, usually followed by more general adoption amongst the people.
2294:
2051:
1965:
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and vaccination to include the new protective procedures being developed. Immunization refers to the use of vaccines as well as the use of
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scabs dry naturally and slowly. The container should be marked clearly with the date on which the contents were taken from the patient.
200:= cow). Smallpox inoculation continued to be called variolation, whereas cowpox inoculation was called vaccination (from Jenner's term
657:
explained the inoculation procedure to Cotton Mather during the 18th century; he reported to have acquired the knowledge from Africa.
65:
2001:
type found elsewhere; however, blindness, infertility, and severe scarring were common. Figures from "The Search for Immunisation",
2025:
1459:
1894:
546:. The outside world was exposed to it later on, as evidenced by the French scholar Henri Marie Husson, who noted it in the journal
2837:
1737:
812:
231:. In nontechnical usage inoculation is now more or less synonymous with protective injections and other methods of immunization.
2626:
1368:
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In contrast, infection of the skin usually led to a milder, localized infection – but, crucially, still induced
3308:
3236:
1816:
1791:
1399:
1141:
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834:, witnessing the virulent spread of smallpox, and fearing the likelihood of mass transmission of the disease throughout the
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potency will be lost in approximately twenty days. The best material is that which had not been left too long, for when the
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941:
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1032:
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against death and serious debilitation by smallpox for the next 80 years until the discovery of vaccination by Jenner.
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1852:
1659:
1310:
1168:
1007:
695:
3325:
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2238:
1917:
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published the results of his experiments and thus introduced the far superior and safer method of inoculation with
110:
1654:
Waldstreicher, David. Runaway America: Benjamin Franklin, Slavery, and the American Revolution. Macmillan; p. 40,
2884:
2852:
2847:
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issued a proclamation in 1776 prohibiting Surgeons of the Army from performing inoculations. However, in 1777,
2942:
2552:
1639:
1611:
875:. As with survivors of the natural disease, the inoculated individual was subsequently immune to re-infection.
554:. However, the idea that inoculation originated in India has been also taken in account, as few of the ancient
435:. This was called "to implant the sprouts", an idea of transplanting the disease which fit their conception of
2740:
2450:
654:
117:. The term "inoculation" is also used more generally to refer to intentionally depositing microbes into any
707:
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potency within it, so it remains active even after being kept from thirty to forty days. But in summer the
2006:
842:
many parents felt that the benefits of inoculation outweighed the risks and so inoculated their children.
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562:
is documented in India from the eighteenth century, thanks to the 1767 account by the Irish-born surgeon
970:
361:
The earliest hints of the practice of inoculation for smallpox in China come during the 10th century. A
3357:
2862:
2304:
2287:
1966:"George Washington and the First Mass Military Inoculation (John W. Kluge Center, Library of Congress)"
1234:
723:
1285:
Chaumeton, F. P. (François Pierre); Mérat, F. V. (François Victor); Renauldin, Léopold Joseph (1812).
137:
beverages such as beer and wine. This article is primarily about the use of inoculation for producing
2912:
715:
691:
665:
634:
411:, published in 1643. Inoculation was reportedly not widely practiced in China until the reign of the
17:
754:
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to the virus. This first method for smallpox prevention, smallpox inoculation, is now also known as
2867:
2832:
2827:
2822:
1673:"An account of procuring Smallpox by incision or inoculation, as it is practised in Constantinople"
1216:"An account of procuring Smallpox by incision or inoculation, as it is practised in Constantinople"
916:
2202:
2047:
3313:
3246:
3227:
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2078:
1973:
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887:
A 1802 comparison of smallpox (left) and cowpox (right) inoculations 16 days after administration
745:
650:
370:
126:
70:
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Two forms of the disease of smallpox were recognised, now known to be due to two strains of the
687:. Smallpox inoculation was advocated as a proven method of curbing the severity of the disease.
3294:
3223:
2222:
718:'s physician. Sufficient interest arose that Maitland gained permission to test inoculation at
563:
258:
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Inoculation against smallpox seems to have been known to West Africans, more specifically the
164:
specifically; and immunization is the development of disease resistance that results from the
3289:
3123:
3118:
2574:
2520:
2430:
1708:"How Mary Wortley Montagu's bold experiment led to smallpox vaccine – 75 years before Jenner"
1672:
1215:
353:. Inoculation has ancient origins, and the technique was known in India, Africa, and China.
3172:
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2547:
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1865:
827:
8:
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2713:
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455:(1644–1912), which shows how the Chinese process had become refined up until that point:
366:
2765:
2510:
1421:
3128:
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2703:
2669:
2654:
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2515:
2500:
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2129:
2100:
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1875:
1594:
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1513:
1446:
1072:
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900:
489:
346:
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of the mouth, nose, or respiratory tract, before migrating throughout the body via the
114:
35:
1251:
1235:"The Myth of the Medical Breakthrough: Smallpox, Vaccination, and Jenner Reconsidered"
683:
published an account of a letter John Woodward had received from Emmanuel Timonius in
476:
case more of the powder should be blown into the nostril when the inoculation is done.
293:
271:
3367:
3251:
3218:
3051:
2892:
2782:
2676:
2537:
2362:
2325:
2215:
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2105:
1848:
1812:
1787:
1655:
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1586:
1543:
1451:
1433:
1360:
1329:
1306:
1256:
1164:
1137:
1105:
1077:
831:
646:
3197:
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710:, to inoculate her daughter. She invited friends to see her daughter, including Sir
3177:
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1598:
1570:
1533:
1525:
1441:
1246:
1067:
835:
733:
623:
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527:
412:
395:
The first clear and credible reference to smallpox inoculation in China comes from
339:
185:
31:
2718:
1395:
3182:
2980:
2787:
2745:
2636:
2616:
2586:
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2485:
2415:
2354:
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2012:
1921:
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and share ideas on how to cure patients of it until an allegedly divine man from
335:
325:
42:
3319:
3046:
2937:
2897:
2777:
2603:
2542:
1869:
872:
811:, considerable opposition arose to the introduction of inoculation, and it was
719:
699:
670:
493:
385:
1561:
Nicholas, Ralph (1981). "The Goddess Śītalā and Epidemic Smallpox in Bengal".
1489:(in English and Sanskrit) (2 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 121–54.
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minister, had heard a description of the African practice of inoculation from
3346:
3202:
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3152:
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2664:
2309:
2091:
1529:
1437:
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1028:
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from 1716 to 1718. She witnessed firsthand the Ottoman use of inoculation in
619:
615:
598:
485:
481:
241:
205:
189:
165:
118:
2564:
2188:
2169:
2150:
1997:
form of smallpox then found in Europe was 1–3% as opposed to 30–50% for the
593:
were introduced to India in 1802, when 3-year-old girl in Mumbai received a
3279:
2922:
2817:
2750:
2691:
2371:
2262:
2242:
2109:
1691:
1590:
1547:
1483:"`A Pious Fraud': The Indian Claims for Pre-Jennerian Smallpox Vaccination"
1455:
1081:
999:
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had a greatly reduced risk of death – 1–2% – compared to those contracting
452:
416:
392:(種痘心法) written in 1808 by Zhu Yiliang, centuries after the alleged events.
362:
138:
134:
1396:"Did you know that smallpox inoculation started in India before the West?"
1260:
740:, successfully inoculated two slaves and his own son. Mather, a prominent
614:
Early travellers to Ethiopia report that variolation was practiced by the
3066:
3056:
2917:
2723:
2611:
2579:
2505:
2367:
2250:
711:
590:
559:
440:
350:
321:
315:
253:
249:
177:
157:
129:
the microbe, or into food ingredients for making cultured foods such as
3192:
3167:
2857:
2807:
1915:
1582:
1185:
382:
378:
245:
221:
217:
122:
3241:
2812:
2685:
2254:
1936:"Gen. George Washington Ordered Smallpox Inoculations for All Troops"
883:
509:
436:
240:(in glass, i.e. not in a living body). These include the transfer of
213:
142:
2180:
A Recommendation of Inoculation According to Baron Dimsdale's Method
1574:
1303:
Oriental Medicine: An Illustrated Guide to the Asian Arts of Healing
1291:. Fisher - University of Toronto. Paris : C.L.F. Panckoucke ...
508:(1742), the Turks derived their use of inoculation from neighboring
3083:
3076:
3071:
3041:
2797:
2733:
2728:
904:
816:
703:
684:
555:
539:
505:
396:
331:
289:
277:
236:
228:
149:
1482:
1056:"[A brief history of vaccines & vaccination in India]"
2802:
2246:
1914:
Lettres Philosophiques. Voltaire. (English translation on-line
628:
603:
374:
225:
209:
161:
130:
102:
1871:
A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom
56:
3105:
3090:
2381:
896:
808:
741:
193:
1361:"The Indian queens who modelled for the world's first vaccine"
423:(痧痘集解) of 1727, which he alleges was based on Wang Zhangren's
3100:
2985:
2591:
2525:
1699:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1093:
1091:
971:"ACIP Appx 1: Glossary for Guidelines for Immunization | CDC"
732:
The practice is documented in America as early as 1721, when
637:
and Dr. Petit of the French scientific mission of 1839–1841.
153:
106:
276:
entered medical English through horticultural usage meaning
234:
Inoculation also has a specific meaning for procedures done
2400:
660:
1874:. Vol. 2. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p.
1118:
1088:
244:
into and from laboratory apparatus such as test tubes and
1786:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 153.
480:
Two reports on the Chinese practice were received by the
330:
Inoculation originated as a method for the prevention of
280:
a bud from one plant into another. It derives from Latin
152:
and to markedly reduce other infectious diseases such as
1422:"A brief history of vaccines & vaccination in India"
1284:
34:. For the communication and psychological theory, see
1053:
602:
the mid-twentieth century rituals of appeasement to
558:
medical texts described the process of inoculation.
1133:
Science and Civilisation in China, Part 6, Medicine
1101:
Science and Civilisation in China, Part 6, Medicine
176:Until the early 1800s inoculation referred only to
109:into a person or other organism. It is a method of
2128:
2126:
2071:
1784:Bad Medicine: Doctors Doing Harm Since Hippocrates
1616:An Introduction to the Medical History of Ethiopia
1485:. In G. J. Meulenbeld and Dominik Wujastyk (ed.).
1398:. HIST: History of Indian Science and Technology.
1301:Wujastyk, Dominik; (1995) "Medicine in India," in
1066:(4). Indian Journal of Medical Research: 491–511.
3258:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
2072:Wolfe, Robert M; Sharp, Lisa K (24 August 2002).
1964:Filsinger, Amy Lynn; Dwek, Raymond (2021-11-19).
1634:. Oxford University: Longman et al. p. 194.
1305:, 19–38, edited by Serindia Publications, London
30:For the metallurgical strengthening process, see
3344:
2023:
1390:
1233:Gross, Cary P.; Sepkowitz, Kent A. (July 1998).
2161:The New Method of Inoculating for the Small-Pox
1678:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
1344:
680:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
626:, who noted in 1831 that it was performed by a
196:inoculation or vaccine inoculation (from Latin
168:'s response to a vaccine or natural infection.
2157:
1831:
1232:
2223:
1963:
1413:
1163:(2nd ed.). Academic Press. p. 293.
606:, the Indian goddess of smallpox, in Bengal.
443:. Needham quotes an account from Zhang Yan's
419:(1368–1644), as written by Yu Tianchi in his
101:is the act of implanting a pathogen or other
41:"Inoculator" redirects here. For the EP, see
2176:
1800:
1239:International Journal of Infectious Diseases
548:
488:who received a report by an employee of the
388:states that this information comes from the
1156:
1136:. Cambridge University Press. p. 134.
1104:. Cambridge University Press. p. 154.
27:Method of inducing immunity against disease
2230:
2216:
1323:
1321:
1319:
899:virus, a mild infection that also induced
698:, served as the British ambassador to the
690:The practice was introduced to England by
530:independently sent letters from Istanbul.
2099:
2065:
1806:
1770:Princes and Peasants: Smallpox in History
1738:"How Islamic inventors changed the world"
1690:
1537:
1445:
1334:. London: T. Becket & P. A. de Hondt.
1250:
1071:
2135:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2131:The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in History
1705:
1670:
1627:
1618:(Trenton: Red Sea Press, 1999), pp. 26ff
1560:
1518:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
1511:
1480:
1419:
1183:
1047:
882:
664:
661:Introduction in Europe and North America
622:. The first European to report this was
342:, resulting in an often severe disease.
81:of all important aspects of the article.
2074:"Anti-vaccinationists past and present"
1730:
1327:
1316:
1129:
1097:
298:is unrelated, as it derives from Latin
14:
3345:
1882:
1781:
1750:from the original on 25 September 2015
1631:An Account of the Gold Coast of Africa
1420:Lahariya, Chandrakant (1 April 2014).
1371:from the original on 20 September 2020
1347:A history of Indian medical literature
1213:
1060:The Indian Journal of Medical Research
381:carried out inoculation. However, the
188:. The smallpox vaccine, introduced by
77:Please consider expanding the lead to
2211:
2028:. Founders of Science. Archived from
1888:
1864:
1493:from the original on 15 December 2019
208:proposed in 1861 to extend the terms
156:. Although the terms "inoculation", "
1933:
1847:, Harper & Row, New York, 1984.
1345:Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan (1999–2002).
1338:
1035:from the original on 12 October 2019
826:Likewise, in the United States, the
184:= smallpox), the predecessor to the
50:
1993:In fact, the mortality rate of the
1845:The Life and Times of Cotton Mather
1772:(University of Chicago Press, 1983)
1021:
24:
3285:Eradication of infectious diseases
3042:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
2120:
1426:Indian Journal of Medical Research
1288:Dictionaire des sciences médicales
550:Dictionaire des sciences médicales
492:stationed in China and another by
262:mold, and often certain bacteria.
25:
3379:
2875:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
2196:
1811:. London: Robinson. p. 179.
1718:from the original on 11 July 2022
1706:Ferguson, Donna (28 March 2021).
1487:Studies in Indian Medical History
1462:from the original on 15 July 2021
726:daughters received inoculations.
3264:Alternative vaccination schedule
2239:Artificial induction of immunity
1328:Holwell, John Zephaniah (1767).
538:Inoculation is mentioned in the
449:New book on smallpox inoculation
55:
2203:US National Library of Medicine
2054:from the original on 2019-05-02
2040:
2017:
1987:
1957:
1946:from the original on 2022-10-11
1927:
1908:
1891:"Edward Jenner and Vaccination"
1858:
1837:
1825:
1775:
1762:
1664:
1648:
1621:
1605:
1554:
1505:
1474:
1402:from the original on 2017-11-07
1383:
1353:
1295:
1278:
1267:from the original on 2023-02-02
1226:
1207:
1196:from the original on 2018-10-16
1157:Silverstein, Arthur M. (2009).
1010:from the original on 2022-10-06
981:from the original on 2022-04-23
952:from the original on 2022-04-23
878:
633:included the British traveller
256:is made by inoculating it with
145:. Inoculation has been used to
69:may be too short to adequately
3096:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
1512:Boylston, Arthur (July 2012).
1177:
1150:
1130:Needham, Joseph (2000-04-13).
1098:Needham, Joseph (2000-04-13).
1054:Chandrakant, Lahariya (2014).
992:
963:
934:
640:
484:in London in 1700; one by Dr.
171:
111:artificially inducing immunity
79:provide an accessible overview
13:
1:
2632:Group B streptococcal disease
2451:Vaccines for Children Program
1934:Aker, Janet A. (2021-08-16).
1252:10.1016/s1201-9712(98)90096-0
927:
655:Province of Massachusetts Bay
451:, written in 1741 during the
2164:. Philadelphia: Parry Hall.
1514:"The origins of inoculation"
1349:. Groningen: Egbert Forsten.
845:
649:. An enslaved African named
499:
463:In winter, the material has
265:
216:, which contains pre-formed
7:
2127:Hopkins, Donald R. (2002).
2050:. Nlm.nih.gov. 2003-10-18.
1809:A Brief History of Medicine
1671:Timonius, Emmanuel (1714).
910:
891:In 1798, British physician
609:
496:. But no action was taken.
10:
3384:
1832:Gross & Sepkowitz 1998
1481:Wujastyk, Dominik (2001).
1220:Philosophical Transactions
694:. Lady Montagu's husband,
647:Ga-Adangbe people of Accra
415:(r. 1567–1572) during the
326:Vaccination § History
319:
313:
309:
40:
29:
3303:
3272:
3211:
3143:
3034:
3006:
2973:
2647:
2478:
2471:
2390:
2318:
2270:
1746:. London. 11 March 2008.
1214:Timoni, Emmanuel (1714).
753:
692:Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
669:Mary Wortley Montagu, by
635:William Cornwallis Harris
587:called into question.
2627:Clostridioides difficile
2092:10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430
2086:(7361). London: 430–32.
1807:Strathern, Paul (2005).
1628:Meredith, Henry (1812).
1563:Journal of Asian Studies
1530:10.1258/jrsm.2012.12k044
917:Psychological resilience
533:
356:
204:= smallpox of the cow).
2885:Tick-borne encephalitis
2158:Rush, Benjamin (1792).
2079:British Medical Journal
2048:"Smallpox: Variolation"
1160:A History of Immunology
1031:. The Free Dictionary.
813:banned by the Parlement
3295:List of vaccine topics
2295:Mathematical modelling
2005:, BBC Radio 4 (2006).
1782:Wooton, David (2006).
1692:10.1098/rstl.1714.0010
1190:Letters on the English
888:
821:Lettres Philosophiques
696:Edward Wortley Montagu
674:
577:
564:John Zephaniah Holwell
549:
519:
478:
322:Vaccine § History
259:Penicillium roqueforti
3290:Vaccinate Your Family
2741:Japanese encephalitis
2177:Morgan, John (1776).
2024:David V. Cohn, Ph.D.
1866:White, Andrew Dickson
1367:. 19 September 2020.
886:
759:around Boston, 1721
668:
568:
514:
457:
320:Further information:
180:(from the Latin word
3173:John Franklin Enders
2032:on January 2, 2004.
1843:Silverman, Kenneth.
854:. Those contracting
828:Continental Congress
724:the Prince of Wales'
677:In January 1714 the
409:Notes on My Judgment
292:, 'bud'). (The term
192:in 1796, was called
2359:Virus-like particle
2283:Vaccine ingredients
2183:. Boston: J. Gill.
2026:"Lady Mary Montagu"
1768:Donald R. Hopkins,
946:archive.nytimes.com
736:, at the urging of
367:chancellor of China
115:infectious diseases
3363:Chinese inventions
3330:Never to phase III
3129:Hexavalent vaccine
2943:Epstein–Barr virus
2838:Oxford–AstraZeneca
2531:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
2011:2019-04-03 at the
1920:2018-10-16 at the
1685:(338–350): 72–82.
921:stress inoculation
889:
755:Natural experiment
675:
490:East India Company
425:Douzhen Jinjing Lu
36:Inoculation theory
3358:Smallpox vaccines
3340:
3339:
3252:Vaccines and SIDS
3139:
3138:
2913:Hepatitis A and B
2889:Varicella zoster
2351:Subunit/component
1818:978-1-84529-155-6
1793:978-0-19-921279-8
1612:Richard Pankhurst
1394:; Tiwari, Lalit.
1184:Voltaire (1742).
1143:978-0-521-63262-1
1111:978-0-521-63262-1
832:George Washington
805:
804:
544:Sact'eya Grantham
202:variolae vaccinae
96:
95:
16:(Redirected from
3375:
3231:MMR autism fraud
3178:Maurice Hilleman
3163:Hilary Koprowski
2476:
2475:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2192:
2173:
2154:
2134:
2114:
2113:
2103:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2021:
2015:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1972:. Archived from
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1931:
1925:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1893:. Archived from
1886:
1880:
1879:
1862:
1856:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1779:
1773:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1668:
1662:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1625:
1619:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1541:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1449:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1325:
1314:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1254:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1127:
1116:
1115:
1095:
1086:
1085:
1075:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
996:
990:
989:
987:
986:
967:
961:
960:
958:
957:
942:"Pox Britannica"
938:
836:Continental Army
751:
750:
734:Zabdiel Boylston
708:Charles Maitland
624:Nathaniel Pearce
595:smallpox vaccine
552:
528:Giacomo Pylarini
413:Longqing Emperor
340:lymphatic system
336:mucous membranes
186:smallpox vaccine
113:against various
91:
88:
82:
59:
51:
32:Grain refinement
21:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3320:Clinical trials
3299:
3268:
3207:
3183:Stanley Plotkin
3145:
3135:
3047:Cancer vaccines
3030:
3024:Schistosomiasis
3002:
2996:Trypanosomiasis
2969:
2933:Cytomegalovirus
2843:Pfizer–BioNTech
2643:
2467:
2416:Vaccine wastage
2386:
2314:
2266:
2236:
2199:
2143:
2123:
2121:Further reading
2118:
2117:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2022:
2018:
2013:Wayback Machine
1992:
1988:
1979:
1977:
1962:
1958:
1949:
1947:
1932:
1928:
1922:Wayback Machine
1913:
1909:
1900:
1898:
1887:
1883:
1863:
1859:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1780:
1776:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1743:The Independent
1736:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1704:
1700:
1669:
1665:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1626:
1622:
1610:
1606:
1575:10.2307/2055600
1559:
1555:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1418:
1414:
1405:
1403:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1359:
1358:
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1343:
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1326:
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1300:
1296:
1283:
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1227:
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1208:
1199:
1197:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1128:
1119:
1112:
1096:
1089:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1011:
998:
997:
993:
984:
982:
969:
968:
964:
955:
953:
940:
939:
935:
930:
919:(also known as
913:
881:
848:
758:
663:
643:
612:
536:
524:Emmanuel Timoni
502:
445:Zhongdou Xinshu
399:'s (1499–1582)
359:
328:
318:
312:
268:
252:. For example,
174:
92:
86:
83:
76:
64:This article's
60:
49:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3381:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3198:Katalin Karikó
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3012:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2953:Herpes simplex
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2853:Sinopharm BIBP
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2803:Bharat Biotech
2800:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2431:Vaccine injury
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2394:
2392:
2391:Administration
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2365:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2197:External links
2195:
2194:
2193:
2174:
2155:
2142:978-0226351681
2141:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2064:
2039:
2016:
1995:Varoiola Minor
1986:
1956:
1940:www.health.mil
1926:
1907:
1881:
1857:
1836:
1824:
1817:
1799:
1792:
1774:
1761:
1729:
1698:
1663:
1647:
1640:
1620:
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1553:
1504:
1473:
1432:(4): 491–511.
1412:
1382:
1352:
1337:
1315:
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1277:
1225:
1206:
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1169:
1149:
1142:
1117:
1110:
1087:
1046:
1020:
991:
977:. 2022-03-15.
962:
932:
931:
929:
926:
925:
924:
912:
909:
880:
877:
873:mortality rate
847:
844:
803:
802:
799:
796:
793:
789:
788:
785:
782:
779:
775:
774:
771:
768:
765:
761:
760:
757:in inoculation
720:Newgate Prison
700:Ottoman Empire
671:Charles Jervas
662:
659:
642:
639:
620:Tigray peoples
611:
608:
535:
532:
501:
498:
494:Clopton Havers
390:Zhongdou xinfa
386:Joseph Needham
358:
355:
314:Main article:
311:
308:
288:'eye' (and by
267:
264:
242:microorganisms
173:
170:
94:
93:
73:the key points
63:
61:
54:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3380:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3329:
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3323:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3203:Drew Weissman
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3188:H. Fred Clark
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:Louis Pasteur
3156:
3154:
3153:Edward Jenner
3151:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:DTwP-HepB-Hib
3122:
3120:
3119:DTaP-IPV-HepB
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:combination:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3008:Helminthiasis
3005:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2909:combination:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2612:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
2610:
2609:
2608:combination:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2521:Meningococcus
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2511:Leptospirosis
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2446:Vaccine court
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2401:GAVI Alliance
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2124:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2068:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1999:Variola Major
1996:
1990:
1976:on 2021-11-19
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1897:on 2001-07-08
1896:
1892:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1854:
1853:0-06-015231-1
1850:
1846:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1765:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1667:
1661:
1660:0-8090-8314-0
1657:
1651:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:(7): 309–13.
1523:
1519:
1515:
1508:
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1488:
1484:
1477:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:Agrawal, D.P.
1386:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1348:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1312:
1311:0-906026-36-9
1308:
1304:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1172:
1170:9780080919461
1166:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1092:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1009:
1005:
1001:
995:
980:
976:
972:
966:
951:
947:
943:
937:
933:
922:
918:
915:
914:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
893:Edward Jenner
885:
876:
874:
870:
869:Variola minor
864:
861:
860:Variola major
857:
856:Variola minor
853:
852:Variola virus
843:
839:
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
800:
797:
794:
791:
790:
786:
783:
780:
777:
776:
772:
769:
766:
763:
762:
756:
752:
749:
747:
743:
739:
738:Cotton Mather
735:
730:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
681:
672:
667:
658:
656:
652:
648:
638:
636:
631:
630:
625:
621:
617:
607:
605:
600:
599:Edward Jenner
596:
592:
588:
584:
582:
576:
573:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
551:
545:
541:
531:
529:
525:
518:
513:
511:
507:
504:According to
497:
495:
491:
487:
486:Martin Lister
483:
482:Royal Society
477:
474:
470:
466:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:Variola minor
430:
429:Variola major
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:Douzhen Xinfa
398:
393:
391:
387:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
354:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
327:
323:
317:
307:
305:
301:
297:
296:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:
263:
261:
260:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:
232:
230:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:Louis Pasteur
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:Edward Jenner
187:
183:
179:
169:
167:
166:immune system
163:
159:
155:
151:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:growth medium
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
90:
80:
74:
72:
67:
62:
58:
53:
52:
47:
45:
37:
33:
19:
3280:Epidemiology
3256:
3228:
3114:DTaP-IPV/Hib
2905:Yellow fever
2818:EpiVacCorona
2575:Tuberculosis
2548:Pneumococcal
2516:Lyme disease
2344:Heterologous
2258:
2243:Immunization
2179:
2160:
2130:
2083:
2077:
2067:
2056:. Retrieved
2042:
2033:
2030:the original
2019:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1978:. Retrieved
1974:the original
1969:
1959:
1948:. Retrieved
1939:
1929:
1910:
1899:. Retrieved
1895:the original
1884:
1870:
1860:
1844:
1839:
1834:, p. 56
1827:
1808:
1802:
1783:
1777:
1769:
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1741:
1732:
1720:. Retrieved
1712:the Guardian
1711:
1701:
1682:
1676:
1666:
1650:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1569:(1): 21–44.
1566:
1562:
1556:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1486:
1476:
1464:. Retrieved
1429:
1425:
1415:
1404:. Retrieved
1385:
1375:21 September
1373:. Retrieved
1364:
1355:
1346:
1340:
1330:
1302:
1297:
1287:
1280:
1269:. Retrieved
1245:(1): 54–60.
1242:
1238:
1228:
1219:
1209:
1198:. Retrieved
1189:
1179:
1159:
1152:
1132:
1100:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1037:. Retrieved
1023:
1012:. Retrieved
1003:
994:
983:. Retrieved
974:
965:
954:. Retrieved
945:
936:
920:
890:
879:Obsolescence
868:
865:
859:
855:
849:
840:
825:
820:
806:
801:"about 14%"
792:Unvariolated
773:% Mortality
731:
728:
689:
678:
676:
673:, after 1716
644:
627:
613:
591:Vaccinations
589:
585:
580:
578:
571:
569:
547:
543:
537:
520:
515:
503:
479:
472:
468:
464:
462:
458:
453:Qing dynasty
448:
444:
432:
428:
424:
421:Shadou Jijie
420:
417:Ming dynasty
408:
404:
400:
394:
389:
363:Song dynasty
360:
344:
329:
306:'harmful'.)
303:
299:
294:
285:
281:
272:
269:
257:
246:petri dishes
235:
233:
201:
197:
181:
175:
121:, as into a
98:
97:
84:
68:
66:lead section
43:
3316:from market
3212:Controversy
3146:researchers
3062:Hepatitis B
2948:Hepatitis C
2893:Chicken pox
2719:Hepatitis E
2714:Hepatitis B
2709:Hepatitis A
2660:Chikungunya
2637:Shigellosis
2491:Brucellosis
2377:Therapeutic
2331:Inactivated
2271:Development
2259:Inoculation
2251:Vaccination
2003:In Our Time
1970:www.loc.gov
1889:Harris DF.
1754:17 February
1186:"Letter XI"
1029:"Inoculate"
1004:www.fda.gov
975:www.cdc.gov
712:Hans Sloane
641:West Africa
560:Variolation
447:(種痘新書), or
441:germination
437:beansprouts
365:(960–1279)
351:variolation
316:Variolation
254:blue cheese
250:antibiotics
220:such as to
178:variolation
172:Terminology
158:vaccination
99:Inoculation
3353:Immunology
3347:Categories
3247:Thiomersal
3193:Paul Offit
3168:Jonas Salk
3144:Inventors/
3015:research:
2992:research:
2929:research:
2858:Skycovione
2848:Sanofi–GSK
2793:SARS-CoV-2
2704:Hantavirus
2670:rVSV-ZEBOV
2655:Adenovirus
2623:research:
2501:Diphtheria
2339:Attenuated
2058:2009-11-02
1980:2022-10-11
1950:2022-10-11
1901:2007-03-04
1855:, p. 339.
1641:0469096918
1406:2009-11-06
1271:2014-06-03
1200:2001-06-14
1014:2022-10-10
985:2022-04-23
956:2022-04-23
928:References
778:Variolated
407:(寓意草), or
383:sinologist
379:Mount Emei
222:diphtheria
218:antibodies
123:Petri dish
87:April 2020
44:Inoculator
3326:Phase III
3314:Withdrawn
3242:Pox party
3052:ALVAC-CEA
2974:Protozoan
2863:Sputnik V
2813:CoronaVac
2783:Rotavirus
2686:Pandemrix
2538:Pertussis
2479:Bacterial
2363:Synthetic
2326:Conjugate
2278:Adjuvants
2255:Infection
1497:3 January
1438:0971-5916
846:Mechanism
819:, in his
540:Ayurvedic
510:Circassia
500:Circassia
295:innocuous
273:inoculate
270:The term
266:Etymology
229:exotoxins
214:antitoxin
147:eradicate
143:infection
135:fermented
71:summarize
18:Inoculant
3368:Smallpox
3084:Prostvac
3077:Gardasil
3072:Cervarix
3019:Hookworm
2898:Shingles
2880:Smallpox
2798:Corbevax
2734:Gardasil
2729:Cervarix
2472:Vaccines
2426:Schedule
2397:Global:
2305:Timeline
2247:Vaccines
2189:62815748
2170:55833664
2151:49305765
2110:12193361
2052:Archived
2009:Archived
1944:Archived
1918:Archived
1868:(1896).
1748:Archived
1716:Archived
1591:11614704
1548:22843649
1491:Archived
1460:Archived
1456:24927336
1400:Archived
1369:Archived
1365:BBC News
1313:. p. 29.
1265:Archived
1194:Archived
1082:24927336
1039:12 April
1033:Archived
1008:Archived
979:Archived
950:Archived
911:See also
905:smallpox
901:immunity
817:Voltaire
746:Onesimus
704:Istanbul
685:Istanbul
651:Onesimus
610:Ethiopia
581:Tikadars
556:Sanskrit
506:Voltaire
405:Yuyi cao
397:Wan Quan
371:Wang Dan
347:immunity
332:smallpox
302:'not' +
290:metaphor
278:to graft
237:in vitro
150:smallpox
141:against
139:immunity
125:used to
3273:Related
3219:General
2981:Malaria
2868:Valneva
2833:Novavax
2828:Moderna
2823:Janssen
2808:CanSino
2788:Rubella
2746:Measles
2617:Td/Tdap
2587:Typhoid
2570:Tetanus
2565:Q fever
2496:Cholera
2486:Anthrax
2355:Peptide
2319:Classes
2300:Storage
2101:1123944
1722:11 July
1599:8709682
1583:2055600
1539:3407399
1447:4078488
1261:9831677
1073:4078488
798:c. 1000
795:c. 6000
787:c. 2%
781:c. 300
653:in the
629:debtera
375:Kaifeng
310:Origins
284:'in' +
226:tetanus
210:vaccine
182:variola
162:vaccine
131:yoghurt
127:culture
103:microbe
3309:WHO-EM
3229:Lancet
3106:TA-NIC
3091:NicVAX
2938:Dengue
2778:Rabies
2604:Typhus
2543:Plague
2421:Policy
2382:Toxoid
2310:Trials
2187:
2168:
2149:
2139:
2108:
2098:
1851:
1815:
1790:
1658:
1638:
1597:
1589:
1581:
1546:
1536:
1466:27 May
1454:
1444:
1436:
1389:E.g.,
1309:
1259:
1167:
1140:
1108:
1080:
1070:
897:cowpox
809:France
764:
742:Boston
714:, the
616:Amhara
604:Śītalā
572:acting
324:, and
304:nocuus
286:oculus
194:cowpox
3237:NCVIA
3101:TA-CD
3035:Other
2986:RTS,S
2766:Sabin
2761:Polio
2756:Mumps
2665:Ebola
2648:Viral
2597:ViCPS
2592:Ty21a
2526:MeNZB
2456:VAERS
2406:NITAG
2335:Live
1595:S2CID
1579:JSTOR
767:Total
583:.
542:text
534:India
357:China
198:vacca
154:polio
107:virus
2963:Zika
2923:MMRV
2771:Salk
2751:Mpox
2697:LAIV
2692:H5N1
2682:H1N1
2558:PPSV
2441:ACIP
2437:US:
2411:SAGE
2372:mRNA
2288:list
2185:OCLC
2166:OCLC
2147:OCLC
2137:ISBN
2106:PMID
1849:ISBN
1813:ISBN
1788:ISBN
1756:2012
1724:2022
1656:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1587:PMID
1544:PMID
1499:2014
1468:2023
1452:PMID
1434:ISSN
1377:2020
1307:ISBN
1257:PMID
1165:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1078:PMID
1041:2014
770:Died
716:King
618:and
526:and
473:yang
469:yang
465:yang
133:and
46:(EP)
3224:MMR
3067:HPV
3057:BCG
2958:HIV
2918:MMR
2724:HPV
2677:Flu
2580:BCG
2553:PCV
2506:Hib
2461:VSD
2368:DNA
2263:J07
2096:PMC
2088:doi
2084:325
1687:doi
1571:doi
1534:PMC
1526:doi
1522:105
1442:PMC
1430:139
1247:doi
1068:PMC
1064:139
903:to
807:In
439:in
300:in-
282:in-
224:or
105:or
3349::
3322::
2370:/
2361:/
2357:/
2353:/
2257:,
2253:,
2249:,
2245::
2241:/
2145:.
2104:.
2094:.
2082:.
2076:.
1968:.
1942:.
1938:.
1876:57
1740:.
1714:.
1710:.
1683:29
1681:.
1675:.
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1593:.
1585:.
1577:.
1567:41
1565:.
1542:.
1532:.
1520:.
1516:.
1458:.
1450:.
1440:.
1428:.
1424:.
1363:.
1318:^
1263:.
1255:.
1241:.
1237:.
1218:.
1192:.
1188:.
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1062:.
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1002:.
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1983:.
1953:.
1924:)
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1821:.
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867:(
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