3854:
1287:
3822:
1586:
3878:
1612:
2497:
3709:
1560:
2531:
1534:
3803:
3623:
1087:
2869:
6021:
3353:
3689:
4940:
2523:
884:
2789:
2804:
1230:
2023:
2317:
2921:), with roughly equal width lines used throughout the name. The font must be one of several based on ancient historical lettering styles found in metal, woodcarving, and so on. Ancient forms of ideographs are commonplace. A red perimeter must entirely surround the name, and there should be no other decoration on the underside (working surface) of the seal. The top and sides (handle) of the seal may be decorated in any fashion from completely undecorated to historical animal motifs, dates, names, and inscriptions.
3744:
3608:
1254:
3721:
1266:
2018:
2458:
1313:
2360:
1218:
2816:
54:
2355:
1978:
2636:
2396:
2391:
2239:
2831:
2139:
1948:
693:). The word 印 ("yìn" in Mandarin, "in" in Japanese and Korean, "ấn" and "in" in Vietnamese) specifically refers to the imprint created by the seal, as well as appearing in combination with other morphemes in words related to any printing, as in the word "印刷", "printing", pronounced "yìnshuā" in Mandarin, "insatsu" in Japanese. In the western world, Asian seals were traditionally known by traders as
2079:
1752:
2234:
1757:
2312:
2109:
2273:
1914:
1909:
1877:
1847:
1842:
1801:
1806:
2509:
lifting the seal vertically away from its imprint may rip or damage paper, the seal is usually lifted off one side at a time, as if bent off from the page. After this, the image may be blotted with a piece of paper to make it dry faster, although this may smudge it. Usually there needs to be a pile of soft felt or paper under the paper to be imprinted for a clear seal impression.
2577:, usually imprinted in such works in the order (from top to bottom) of name seal, leisure seal(s), then studio seal. Owners or collectors of paintings or books will often add their own studio seals to pieces they have collected. This practice is an act of appreciation towards the work. Some artworks have had not only seals but inscriptions of the owner on them; for example, the
3034:
2278:
2647:
3853:
3708:
1611:
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adhere to a handful of strongly observed customs. The size is the attribute most strongly governed by social custom. It is usually not more than 20 millimetres (0.79 in) in size. A man's is usually slightly larger than a woman's, and a junior employee's is always smaller than his bosses' and his
2608:
Once seals are used, as much paste as possible is wiped from the printing surface and off the edges with a suitable material. The seals are kept in a constant environment, especially seals made of sandalwood or black ox horn. Tall thin seals are best kept on their sides, to prevent them from wobbling
2553:
Seals are still used for official purposes in a number of contexts. When collecting parcels or registered post, the name seal serves as an identification, akin to a signature. In banks, traditionally the method of identification was also by a seal. Seals remain the customary form of identification on
2492:
Plant-based paste tends to dry more quickly than silk-based pastes because the plant extract does not hold onto the oil as tightly as silk. Depending on the paper used, plant pastes can dry in 10 to 15 minutes. The more absorbent the paper is, the faster it dries as the paper absorbs most of the oil.
2589:
by specialist seal carvers, or by the users themselves. Specialist carvers carve the user's name into the stone in one of the standard scripts and styles described above, usually for a fee. Some people carve their own seals using soapstone and fine knives, which are widely available; this is cheaper
2581:
had as many as 20 different seals for use with inscriptions on paintings he collected. Provided that it is tastefully done (for example, not obscuring the body of the painting, appropriate inscription, fine calligraphy, etc.), this practice does not devalue the painting but could possibly enhance it
2504:
The paste is kept covered after it has been used, in its original container (be it plastic or ceramic). It is kept in an environment away from direct sunlight and away from intense heat to prevent it from drying out. The paste for silk based pastes need to be stirred with a spatula every month or so
3024:
Banks always provide stamp pads or ink paste, and dry cleaning tissues. The banks also provide small plastic scrubbing surfaces similar to small patches of red artificial grass. These are attached to counters and used to scrub the accumulated ink paste from the working surface of customers' seals.
3009:
alongside a bank employee's seal. Rules for the size and design vary somewhat from bank to bank; generally, they contain a
Japanese person's full name. A Westerner may be permitted to use a full family name with or without an abbreviated given name, such as "Smith", "Bill Smith", "W Smith" or "Wm
1643:
Government bureaucrats would receive office seals that served as a status token of both their office and authority. These government office seals tended to be small enough in size that they could be carried by the official on their belts. Unlike imperial seals and other seals of high office which
1390:
The authority of the government was often tied to their possession of certain seals. For example, when the Later Jin khanate proclaimed the Qing Empire, they only did so after receiving the jade seal from the
Mongols. Likewise, the Northern Yuan before them claimed their legitimacy through their
2963:
are kept in secure places such as bank vaults. or hidden in a home. They are usually stored in thumb-sized rectangular boxes made of cardboard covered with embroidered green fabric outside and red silk or red velvet inside, held closed by a white plastic or deerhorn splinter tied to the lid and
1585:
2508:
When the seal is pressed onto the printing surface, the procedure differs according to plant or silk based paste. For silk based paste, the user applies pressure, often with a specially made soft, flat surface beneath the paper. For plant based paste, the user simply applies light pressure. As
2444:
Many types of private seal not categorised above are usually categorised under the umbrella term "leisure seals". The inscription on leisure seals is usually a short text which is either a quote from a famous writing or just some saying that the owner of the seal thought is important. Typical
2505:
to avoid the oil sinking down and drying out the paste as well as to prepare it for use. A good paste would produce a clear impression in one go; if the impression is not clear requiring further impressions then it indicates that the paste is either too dry or the cinnabar has been depleted.
2604:
Determining which side of the seal should face up may be done in a number of ways: if there is a carving on top, the front should face the user; if there is an inscription on the side, it should face to the left of the user; if there is a dot on the side, it should face away from the user.
2421:. Collector seals were chiefly used for the function of authenticating different pieces of art. Thus a collector seal identified to be of a famous art collector or connoisseur would become an integral part of an artwork itself and could substantially raise its monetary value on the Chinese
1701:
by people in their private lives. Artists would also sign their works and letters with their seals. Furthermore, Chinese literati are known to usually use a number of different pen names in their works, so trying to identify a person's name from a specific seal can be a tricky business.
1696:
There are many classes of personal seals. Private seals are naturally unregulated; therefore they show the largest variety in content, shape, size, material, and calligraphy of any type of seal. Seals with names, pen names, pseudonyms, etc on them were used as an early type of
2144:
Used in ancient times as a protective charm on letters to shield the recipient from wild beasts or demons; now used mainly as a well-wishing convention on letters to people who travel abroad as well as a protective charm for the letter to be delivered safely to the recipient.
164:
2932:
to a professional, paying upward of US$ 20 and more often closer to US$ 100, and using it for decades. People desirous of opening a new chapter in their lives—say, following a divorce, death of a spouse, a long streak of bad luck, or a change in career—will often have a new
3821:
3570:
still remains an official means of verification for binding legal agreement and identification. The government passed the 'Act on
Confirmation, etc. of Personal Signature (본인서명사실 확인 등에 관한 법률)' in 2012, which gives registered handwritten signatures the same legal effect as
1065:
Another type of seal that was used by the
Chinese Emperors was a seal to indicate that a certain text or official document was written in the Emperor’s own handwriting as opposed to written by someone ordered to do so by the Emperor. In the case of the Qing dynasty period
2977:
1523:). Government seals in the People's Republic of China today are usually circular in shape, and have a five-pointed star in the centre of the circle. The name of the governmental institution is arranged around the star in a semicircle – a form also adopted by some
1242:
2412:
In
Imperial China it was considered to be customary for collectors and connoisseurs of art to affix the print of their seals on the surface of a scroll of painting or calligraphy. Artists themselves often used their own seals on artworks, such as on works of
2617:
In Hong Kong, seals have fallen out of general use, as signatures are often required. In the past, seals were used by businesses on documents related to transactions. Seals have also been used in lieu of a signature for the city's illiterate population.
2566:. Today, personal identification is often by a hand signature accompanied by a seal imprint. Seals can serve as identification with signatures because they are more difficult to forge than a signature, and only the owner has access to his own seal.
3207:
can be any size, design, or shape. Irregular naturally occurring outlines and handles, as though a river stone were cut in two, are commonplace. The material may be anything, though in modern times soft stone is the most common and metal is rare.
3202:
are used by graphic artists to both decorate and sign their work. The practice goes back several hundred years. The signatures are frequently pen names or nicknames; the decorations are usually favorite slogans or other extremely short phrases. A
2916:
to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 cm), usually square or (rarely) rectangular but never round, irregular, or oval. It must contain the individual's full family and given name, without abbreviation. The lettering must be red with a white background
3565:
The legal system of registered seals was introduced by the
Japanese colonial government in 1914. While it was scheduled to be completely replaced by an electronic certification system in 2013 in order to counter fraud, as of 2021
3064:
is a moderately formal seal typically used for signing for postal deliveries, signing utility bill payments, signing internal company memos, confirming receipt of internal company mail, and other low-security everyday functions.
3601:(낙관, 落款). As seal-carving was also considered a form of art, many artists carved their own seals. Seals of Joseon-period calligraphist and natural historian Kim Jung-hee (aka Wandang or Chusa) are considered to be antiques.
1684:(nine-folded) script was the preferred type of calligraphy. During the Qing dynasty period, most government office seals were bilingual with the Chinese (Seal script) inscription on the right side of the seal and the
3948:
Seals in
Vietnam have different names based on their function, namely Bảo (寶), Tỷ (璽), Ấn (印), Chương (章), Kim bảo tỷ (金寶璽), Quan phòng (關防), Đồ ký (圖記), Kiềm ký (鈐記), Tín ký (信記), Ấn Ký (印記), Trưởng ký (長記), and Ký
1663:
period government regulations stipulated that the ink used to affix official seals had their colours determined based in the rank of the official in question, with various colours such as green, purple, yellow, Etc.
781:
Throughout
Chinese history, seals have played an important part and are known to have been used both by government authorities and private individuals for thousands of years. The earliest known examples of seals in
3877:
1667:
Throughout
Chinese history the calligraphy used for government office seals changed in radical ways. By the Han dynasty period the inscriptions of office seals tended to become thicker and more angular. From the
3802:
2758:
with the following exceptions. In size, they are comparatively large, measuring 2 to 4 inches (5.1 to 10.2 cm) across. Their handles are often ornately carved with friezes of mythical beasts or hand-carved
4525:
3688:
1496:
was a square bronze seal with side length of 9 centimetres. Its inscription reads "Seal of the
Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China". Notably, the seal uses the relatively modern
3175:
660:
Of Chinese origin, the process soon spread beyond China and across East and Southeast Asia. Various countries in these regions currently use a mixture of seals and hand signatures, and, increasingly,
1533:
4279:
3472:
is also accepted, many Koreans think it is more formal to use seals in public documents. In 2008, the Constitutional Court of South Korea upheld a Supreme court judgement that a signed handwritten
2538:
Many people in China possess a personal name seal. Artists, scholars, collectors and intellectuals may possess a full set of name seals, leisure seals, and studio seals. A well-made seal made from
921:(1644–1912), there were several dozen official imperial seals that were used by its Emperors. The inscriptions on these official imperial seals usually refer to either the Emperor receiving the
645:) can be applied on objects to establish personal identification. They are commonly applied on items such as personal documents, office paperwork, contracts, and art. They are used similarly to
6005:
3449:(어새, 御璽), are used in foreign communications with countries other than China, and for domestic uses. Seals were also used by government officials in documents. These types of seals were called
1592:
1493:
3122:
in popular Japanese names can be obtained from stationery stores for less than US$ 1, though ones made from inexpensive stone are also very popular. Inexpensive prefabricated seals are called
768:
and other public documents to show authenticity and authority. Even today, Japanese citizens' companies regularly use name seals for the signing of a contract and other important paperwork.
1473:
in Taiwan has continued to use traditional square seals of up to about 13 centimetres, known by a variety of names depending on the user's hierarchy. Part of the inaugural ceremony for the
3714:
Seal of Ilkhan Ghazan, reading "王府定國理民之寶" in archaic "nine-fold" Chinese script, meaning "Seal certifying the authority of his Royal Highness to establish a country and govern its people".
3468:
Seals are still commonly used in South Korea. Most Koreans have personal seals, and every government agency and commercial corporation has its own seals to use in public documents. While
1062:(制誥之寶, "Seal of Edict"), which was written in a type of seal script used by the Ming dynasty. The Qing dynasty would continue to perpetuate this myth to legitimise their rule over China.
909:
would gradually begin to become a designation exclusively reserved for the seals of the Emperors. During the Han dynasty, the Emperor of China only had 6 imperial seals, later during the
6020:
2445:
inscriptions on leisure seals include "Respect fate", "Attain wisdom", "Respect", "Use loyalty and humanity in your affairs", among many others. Chinese leisure seals are comparable to
4551:
4194:
1074:, had produced a large amount of texts which were affixed with the seal to indicate that they were his own writing. When the calligraphy of the Qianlong Emperor was carved into stone
2964:
passed through a fabric loop attached to the lower half of the box. Because of the superficial resemblance to coffins, they are often called "coffins" in Japanese by enthusiasts and
2425:. Thus in the course of several centuries, some Chinese paintings have become covered by a number of different seals of their different owners during the course of their existence.
3107:
are often round or oval, but square ones are not uncommon, and rectangular ones are not unheard-of; irregular shapes are not used. They can produce red lettering on a blank field (
3021:, plastic or metal, and carried in a variety of thumb-shape and -size cases resembling cloth purses or plastic pencil cases. They are usually hidden carefully in the owner's home.
1559:
3219:
are engraved on the end of a finger-length stick of stone, wood, bone, or ivory, with a diameter between 25 and 75 millimetres (0.98 and 2.95 in). Their carving is a form of
1447:
3166:
character carved in it. They are as often round or oval as they are square. They vary in size from 0.5-to-1.5-centimetre wide (0.20 to 0.59 in); women's tend to be small.
1919:
Same as the personal name seal, but characters are read in an anti-clockwise direction, rather than from the top-down, right-to-left. Sometimes used in writing (e.g. to sign a
3788:
The seal is used to a lesser extent in Vietnam by authorised organisations and businesses, and also traditional Vietnamese artists. It was more common in Vietnam prior to
3242:
chisel, two or three grades of sandpaper, slim marker pen (to draw the design on the stone), and one to three mottled, inexpensive, soft square green finger-size stones.
3305:
During 2020, the Japanese government has been attempting to discourage the use of seals, because the practice requires generation of paper documents that interfere with
3017:
offer no security, most people either have them custom-made by professionals or make their own by hand. They were traditionally made of wood or stone; more recently of
2984:
displayed in a savings passbook. Note the boundary limiting its size to 1.0 cm × 1.5 cm (0.39 in × 0.59 in) and extreme freedom in design.
2488:. Because the base is a plant one that has been pulverised, the texture is very loose due to the fact that it does not bind. The appearance is sponge like and not oily.
2322:
Used on books or paintings that are kept by the user. This includes appreciation seals used on paintings and books that the owner admires. Serves a similar function to
1286:
4522:
4374:
2940:
The material is usually a high quality hard stone or, far less frequently, deerhorn, soapstone, or jade. It is sometimes carved by machine. When carved by hand, an
5645:
4706:
3285:
Signatures are not used for most transactions, but in some cases, such as signing a cell phone contract, they may be used, sometimes in addition to a stamp from a
2481:
and silk strands. The silk strands bind the mixture together to form a very thick substance. It has a very oily appearance and tends to be a bright red in colour.
1394:
These seals typically bore the titles of the offices, rather than the names of the owners. Different seals could be used for different purposes: for example, the
1655:
Throughout history different regulations existed for these office seals that would prescribe what materials should be used (copper-alloys or gold) and how their
4195:
Kai-lung Ho (Lecturer, Tung Wah Group of Hospitals Community College - School of Humanities and General Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong) (2012).
4756:
5442:
5251:
4676:
4271:
4248:
3622:
3150:
Most Japanese also have a less formal seal used to sign personal letters or initial changes in documents; this is referred to by the broadly generic term
4245:"No royal seal left in Hue today. VietNamNet Bridge – It is a great regret that none of more than 100 seals of the Nguyen emperors are in Hue City today"
2449:
with a quote at the end of an e-mail or internet messages where the author append some sort of proverb or saying that they consider valuable at the end.
1019:
emerged, this new seal wasn't the original one produced during the Qin dynasty, but a later made seal created during the reign of Northern Yuan khagan
3638:
While Chinese-style seals are typically used in China, Japan, and Korea, they are occasionally used outside East Asia. For example, the rulers of the
5341:
1241:
4642:
860:
was conferred to its recipient. So when Tang, the first ruler of the Shang dynasty, overthrows the last tyrannical ruler of the (possibly mythical)
5346:
4226:
1352:(although hard wood or precious metal could also be used), and were originally square in shape. They were changed to a rectangular form during the
5490:
2590:
than paying a professional for expertise, craft and material. Results vary, but individuals can carve perfectly legitimate seals for themselves.
4612:
5381:
2627:
stated in 2016 that often Hong Kongers are asked to use the word "stamp" instead of chop in formal writing so non-Hong Kongers may understand.
813:(1046–256 BC) that there is an increase in the quantity of Chinese seals paired together with textual references to them. Until the end of the
5409:
4118:
3771:
2948:
is a flat-bladed pencil-sized chisel, usually round or octagonal in cross-section and sometimes wrapped in string to give a better grip. The
999:, "Seal in front of the Emperor") written in folded seal script and was found on the edicts of the Yuan emperors that have been preserved in
4543:
4341:
3996:
Hobson-Jobson (1903): A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words, Article «Chop»; The dictionary of trade products (1890). Article «Chhap».
5638:
5589:
2609:
and falling down. More important seals, such as authority and society seals, are encased or wrapped in a golden silk cloth for protection.
4581:
3238:. These include instructions, hiragana fonts written forward and in mirror-writing (as required on the working surface of a seal), a slim
4855:
4204:
3268:
2642:
seals made in Japan: a square seal for corporations (left), a seal for bank accounts (bottom right), and a general use seal (top right).
5965:
2778:
into the hollow, thus signing a document with both their name and the business's (or bureau's) name. These seals are usually stored in
2582:
by giving it further provenance, especially if it is a seal of a famous or celebrated individual who possessed the work at some point.
3147:
and lesser seals are usually stored in inexpensive plastic cases, sometimes with small supplies of red paste or a stamp pad included.
118:
1383:. This partly explains the Qing emperors' obsession with creating numerous imperial seals - for the emperors' official use alone the
3260:
may be obtained in a local municipal office (e.g., city hall). There, a person receives a "certificate of seal impression" known as
2465:
There are two types of seal paste (to make the impression) depending on what base material they are made of. The standard colour is
1425:
The most popular style of script for government seals in the imperial eras of China (from the Song dynasty to Qing dynasty) was the
90:
5612:
5196:
3234:
Almost every stationery store, discount store, large book store, and department store carries small do-it-yourself kits for making
2891:
is an officially registered seal. A registered seal is needed to conduct business and other important or legally binding events. A
2039:
Can contain the person's personal philosophy or literary inclination. These can be any shape, ranging from ovals to dragon-shaped.
71:
6128:
5631:
3975:
1566:
4747:
The Complete Oriental Painting Course: A structured, practical guide to painting skills and techniques of China and the Far East
3336:
requirements for 785 types of procedure, 96% of the total, including tax documents. Most business people favoured discontinuing
2782:-style boxes under high security except at official ceremonies, at which they are displayed on ornate stands or in their boxes.
2428:
The Emperors of China also had their own imperial seals to appraise and appreciate art. As such, many famous paintings from the
5424:
5361:
97:
4421:
4275:
3340:, but half considered that it would be difficult to do so. Politicians also opposed discontinuing their regional hand-carved
2952:
is held vertically in one hand, with the point projecting from the carver's fist on the side opposite the thumb. New, modern
2365:
Inscribed with a poem or proverb, used on paintings and suchlike. May be large or small, depending on length of inscription.
856:(a mythical bird) as he was sitting in a boat. In both of these origin legends, the gifting of the seal is a symbol that the
3586:
are used for everyday purposes, such as less-significant official transactions. Thus most Koreans have more than two seals.
3321:: officials found it took up to three days between a case of COVID-19 being discovered and it being reported to the public.
1253:
827:), regardless if they were used by government officials or in private use and regardless of any material used to make them.
1443:
1023:
during the early 17th century. The Mongols at the time knew that the Yuan dynasty emperors had a Chinese seal known at the
3332:
as a key priority. He aimed to establish a new digital agency to put the idea into practice. Ministries were urged to end
5091:
4813:
4364:
104:
5386:
4698:
3796:, when signatures became the usual practice, although usually seen as having less authority in a corporate environment.
2496:
2469:
red (or lighter or darker shades of red) but other colours can be used such as black, navy, etc. for specific purposes.
1160:; "white characters") seals imprint the background in red, leaving white characters, sometimes referred to as
5525:
4309:
3461:(국새, 國璽) and it is used in promulgation of constitution, designation of cabinet members and ambassadors, conference of
2803:
1474:
1265:
2530:
1027:
which they used to promote their legitimacy but weren't in possession of the real seal, so Ligdan Khan created a new "
5404:
5296:
4494:
4405:
4158:
137:
4753:
3597:
would use seals (generally leisure seals and studio seals) to identify their work. These types of seals were called
86:
5602:
5462:
5271:
5121:
5096:
917:(1368–1644) this number would further grow to there now being over a dozen imperial seals, and by the reign of the
4664:
4010:
3793:
3720:
3010:
Smith" in place of "William Smith". The lettering can be red or white, in any font, and with artistic decoration.
2928:
design are very stringent and each design is unique, so the vast majority of people entrust the creation of their
2436:
tend to have the imperial seals for art appraisal and appreciation of generations of subsequent emperors on them.
1086:
838:
of the supposed first seal in Chinese history was recorded, this myth states that the first seal was given to the
6203:
6146:
5482:
4848:
4818:
4672:
3812:
3783:
3767:
752:, have historically been used to identify individuals involved in government and trading from ancient times. The
3607:
3306:
2844:
For personal use, there are at least four kinds of seals. In order from most to least formal/official, they are
2788:
2597:
and tourist destinations in China. They often carve on-the-spot or translations of foreign names on inexpensive
6228:
5958:
5535:
5472:
5447:
5333:
5086:
4244:
3904:
3836:
3553:
3507:
1179:
478:
291:
179:
75:
4461:
968:
was resumed to the throne of the Tang dynasty in the year 705, he changed the name for imperial seals back to
5520:
5457:
5304:
5236:
5211:
5108:
4872:
4500:
3441:). This was used only in communications with China and for the coronation of kings. Others, generally called
2767:
is an example; weighing over 3.55 kg and measuring 9.09 cm it is used for official purposes by the
1489:
1171:
201:
4814:
A chop is necessary for approving decisions relating to the operations and management of a company in China.
4486:
Computer Science 2004. Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Australasian Computer Science Conference (ACSC2004)
4190:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4176:
3743:
3532:, is a seal which has been registered by a local office, attested by a "certificate of seal registration", (
2736:
6248:
6105:
5543:
5266:
5056:
3727:
3314:
2774:
Some seals have been carved with square tunnels from handle to underside, so that a person can slide their
1376:
3071:
are commonly stored in low-security, high-utility places such as office desk drawers and in the anteroom (
6233:
6213:
5434:
5231:
5181:
4634:
4173:
3183:
2868:
1124:; "red characters") seals imprint the Chinese characters in red ink, sometimes referred to as
1058:, but the imperial seal used by the Jurchens to stamp all their imperial documents bore the inscription
6238:
6000:
5607:
5597:
5505:
5500:
4841:
4779:
4483:
Liu, Vicky; Caelli, William; Foo, Ernest; Russell, Selwyn (August 7, 2004). Estivill-Castro, V. (ed.).
3914:
1540:
1364:
1291:
548:
4604:
3484:
for more value. State Seals were generally made of gold or high-quality jade. There are rare cases of
2401:
A person's stylised signature. Often small, sometimes with images, the design can be varied in style.
1422:'Seal(s) for the Qiánlóng emperor's inspection') used on select paintings in his collection.
6218:
6208:
6198:
5951:
5376:
5261:
5151:
1622:
1348:; 'treasure'), which corresponds to the great seals of Western countries. These were usually made of
1043:
965:
805:. However, how these ancient seals were used remains to be uncovered as it is only starting from the
509:
111:
3368:
in approximately 2nd century BC. The remaining oldest record of its usage in Korea is that kings of
3352:
1626:
1387:
in Beijing has a collection of 25 seals - in order to reduce the significance of the Heirloom Seal.
6243:
6047:
5654:
5281:
5116:
4369:
3735:
2623:
1618:
1455:
1153:
1117:
1070:
Emperor, who was known for his literary ambitions, including his ability to write in well-renowned
806:
602:
5226:
4110:
1229:
6223:
6042:
6010:
5894:
5314:
4770:
Masterpieces of Japanese Prints: Ukiyo-e from the Victoria and Albert Museum by Rupert Faulkner,
4331:
3453:(관인, 官印) and it was supervised by specialist officials. With the declaration of establishment of
3413:
3322:
2739:. Samurai were permitted exclusive use of red ink. Chinese style seals were also utilized by the
2187:
64:
5201:
3654:, used seals containing Chinese characters in their diplomatic letters, such as the letter from
3130:
2815:
2171:
Used to seal letters or packages, often after the sealing tag/strip has been stuck on the flap.
6110:
6052:
5821:
5704:
5673:
5573:
5467:
5319:
5216:
5161:
4771:
4573:
3750:
3310:
2708:
2493:
Also, plant pastes tend to smudge more easily than silk pastes due to the loose binding agent.
671:, sometimes of metals, wood, bamboo, plastic, or ivory, and are typically used with red ink or
42:
4458:"Visually sealed and digitally signed electronic documents : building on Asian tradition"
4196:
3828:
3282:
fraud is beginning to cause some concern that the present system will not be able to survive.
5995:
5414:
5276:
5221:
4966:
2547:
2316:
1672:
period the calligraphy had become more rounded and thinner than before, and later during the
1426:
1012:
846:
which had a chart on its back. According to another origin myth, the first seal was given to
814:
661:
38:
17:
2763:
inscriptions that might be quotes from literature, names and dates, or original poetry. The
1217:
6037:
5932:
5510:
5396:
5366:
5329:
5246:
4775:
3220:
2795:
2712:
2395:
2390:
1659:
should be shaped (some with a handle in the shape of a turtle, some of a camel). Until the
8:
6087:
6062:
6057:
5927:
5851:
5831:
5751:
5156:
3844:
3659:
3614:
3590:
3435:
to Korean kings, with the intent of keeping relations between two countries as brothers (
3005:
means "bank". A person's savings account passbook contains an original impression of the
2837:
2822:
2764:
2740:
2570:
2539:
2414:
1660:
1071:
376:
3976:"Nanjing Civic Bureau Signs Licensing Agreement With CIC China for Electronic Signature"
2830:
2484:
Plant: The red paste is made from finely pulverized cinnabar, mixed with castor oil and
2022:
5841:
5811:
5806:
5689:
5515:
5309:
5241:
5206:
5171:
4803:
3667:
3473:
3462:
3099:
always has the person's family name and usually does not have the person's given name (
1451:
883:
3983:
3864:
3174:
3057:
2884:
2681:
2664:
2522:
2017:
1031:" modelled on the seals used by the Ming dynasty as a symbol of political legitimacy.
1011:
and used it as a sign of their legitimacy and it would continue to be used during the
745:
730:
345:
5899:
5856:
5791:
5766:
5746:
5741:
5694:
5668:
5371:
5166:
4948:
4792:
4490:
4401:
4220:
3909:
3562:) a document required for most significant business transactions and civil services.
3454:
3318:
2944:("seal-engraving blade"), a mirror, and a small specialized wooden vice are used. An
1470:
1372:
1055:
922:
894:
857:
2359:
2283:
States aliases of the user, including artistic names, painting names and pen names.
5990:
5974:
5911:
5889:
5881:
5876:
5866:
5861:
5826:
5781:
5761:
5756:
5720:
5699:
5555:
5452:
5356:
5351:
5256:
5186:
5032:
5022:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4417:
3789:
3763:
3699:
3432:
3329:
3182:
spelling out "Mitsuko" (光子), a popular woman's name. Note the uniform line widths,
2768:
2578:
2574:
2418:
1977:
1882:
Used in letters, instead of writing well wishes by hand, the seal takes its place.
1463:
1399:
1395:
1325:
1135:
1099:
934:
753:
676:
523:
232:
5943:
2534:
An East Asian seal which used to belong to a Chinese merchant in the 1930s and 40s
5871:
5846:
5796:
5786:
5776:
5623:
5051:
5037:
4978:
4798:
4760:
4529:
4200:
3832:
3695:
3594:
3533:
3497:
3420:
3377:
3256:
used in a significant business transaction. Registration and certification of an
2446:
2354:
5549:
4828:
2244:
States the name of the studio or body. This includes society and company seals.
2190:
had, although probably in lesser forms. These are usually rectangular in shape.
5904:
5836:
5816:
5801:
5771:
5566:
5286:
5191:
5061:
4907:
4895:
3840:
3325:
2559:
2429:
1384:
1039:
902:
843:
839:
709:
702:
668:
2895:
is used when purchasing a vehicle, marrying, or purchasing land, for example.
2754:
specific to their bureau or company and follow the general rules outlined for
2138:
2078:
398:
6192:
5419:
5144:
5081:
5012:
4983:
3868:
3860:
3369:
3361:
1947:
1685:
1498:
1368:
984:
787:
783:
716:
650:
642:
31:
4808:
4523:
Japan wants to shred its paper habit. Could it finally leave the fax behind?
4197:"The Myth of the Seal Transmitting the State in the Yuan and Qing Dynasties"
3679:
1004:
6167:
6162:
5725:
5134:
5066:
5046:
4301:
3924:
3919:
3671:
3138:
2586:
2543:
2311:
1763:
1677:
1673:
1630:
1524:
1462:
contained a total of 93 jade and gold seals of which 2 seals were from the
1380:
1357:
1353:
1247:
Zhubaiwen Xiangjianyin, quarterly: 1 and 4 with Zhuwen; 2 and 3 with Baiwen
988:
918:
914:
910:
810:
335:
239:
37:"Inkan" redirects here. For the South American Inca/Inka civilisation, see
4154:
2238:
875:), he seizes the royal seal from him to symbolically establish his power.
6172:
5129:
5017:
4961:
4956:
4924:
4919:
4608:
4577:
4336:
3929:
3675:
3647:
2485:
2457:
2277:
1983:
Seal of a department of the Government, or the leader of the department.
1767:
1751:
1669:
1502:
1054:
and with this acquisition the Jurchens claimed to have also acquired the
1020:
861:
847:
835:
831:
261:
2272:
2233:
2108:
1913:
1908:
1876:
1756:
5579:
5176:
5139:
4973:
4006:
2478:
2422:
1846:
1841:
1812:
1800:
1771:
1450:, Director of the Huế Monuments Conservation Centre, at the end of the
1312:
1035:
960:). Her reasoning behind this change was that she thought that the word
634:
4272:"Bảo vật Quốc gia: Ấn ngọc Đại Nam thụ thiên vĩnh mệnh truyền quốc tỷ"
4152:
3476:
without a registered seal was invalid. Korean seals are made of wood,
1805:
6177:
5495:
5076:
4939:
4885:
4864:
3898:
3731:
3639:
3469:
2598:
2594:
2466:
2323:
1698:
1656:
1371:, and was seen as a legitimising device embodying or symbolising the
939:
852:
646:
284:
4457:
2724:
168:徐永裕印 Xú Yǒngyù yìn, rotating characters meaning "Seal of Xú Yǒngyù")
53:
6097:
4914:
4484:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4136:
3698:
using the classical Mongolian script, as found in a letter sent to
3424:
3163:
3155:
2639:
2474:
1067:
672:
313:
4823:
4699:"Vietnam's Stamp of Approval - Corporate/Commercial Law - Vietnam"
2635:
1953:
States the personal name and the place name where he/she is from.
1629:(1955–1963). Notice that its inscription is completely written in
1439:), a highly stylised script which is unreadable to the untrained.
6138:
5560:
5071:
5027:
4990:
3095:
senior co-workers', in keeping with office social hierarchy. The
2732:
2593:
As a novelty souvenir, seal carvers also ply tourist business at
2433:
1920:
1593:
Seal of the People's Government of the People's Republic of China
1494:
Seal of the People's Government of the People's Republic of China
1459:
1051:
761:
342:
4133:
3328:
had set the digitalization of the bureaucracy and ultimately of
1078:, the print of the seal was also copied onto the stone surface.
163:
6120:
6082:
4929:
4829:
HANKO (Daniel Semo, 20 July 2021) - 99% Invisible, Episode #451
3663:
3655:
3651:
3643:
3485:
3224:
2716:
2704:
2563:
2555:
1407:
1187:
1145:
1109:
802:
757:
684:
425:
4276:
BẢO TÀNG LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA (VIETNAM NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY)
3766:
banknotes since its first series, bearing the chairman of the
2898:
The size, shape, material, decoration, and lettering style of
2526:
Scheme of Chinese seal, seal paste, and technique to use them.
964:
sounded too much like death (si, 死) or rest (xi, 息). But when
6074:
6029:
5982:
4902:
4890:
4880:
4544:"Japanese fax fans rally to defence of much-maligned machine"
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4047:
3543:
3481:
3437:
3387:
3365:
3159:
3018:
1075:
1000:
889:
765:
571:
447:
350:
4833:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4027:
3231:
for standard Japanese names may be purchased prefabricated.
2703:
dating from AD 57, made of solid gold given to the ruler of
3477:
2976:
2902:
are closely regulated by law. For example, in Hiroshima, a
1349:
3033:
2696:
tends to refer to seals used on less important documents.
2084:
Has images with no words to express the user's character.
1852:
Used in imperial times by imperial consorts or officials.
1602:
Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Zhōngyāng Rénmín Zhèngfǔ zhī yìn
4024:
3589:
In traditional arts, as in China and Japan, an artist of
1328:, their families and officials used large seals known as
654:
318:
296:
271:
3278:
The increasing ease with which modern technology allows
2646:
1202:'red-white characters combined seal') seals use
4749:. Quarto Publishing plc. and Aurum Press: London, 1997.
4735:篆刻入門. Shanghai Book Publishings 上海書店印行: Shanghai, 1936.
1648:(璽); lower seals of rank and appointment were known as
1446:
created more than 100 imperial seals. According to Dr.
553:
946:, which was up until then used for imperial seals, to
607:
6006:
People's Government of the People's Republic of China
4334:[Seeking the historic craft of Seal Street].
4269:
3297:
alone is insufficient, and thus signatures are used.
244:
3557:
3516:) in Korea can be classified by their legal status.
3511:
2723:, as they were a symbol of the Emperor's authority.
1375:. The Heirloom Seal was passed down through several
483:
5973:
4482:
4263:
2968:boutiques. The paste is usually stored separately.
2747:came into general use throughout Japanese society.
2473:Silk: The red paste is made from finely pulverized
1367:, which was created by the first Emperor of China,
1316:The Seal of the Emperor of the Great Ming (大明皇帝之寶;
942:issued a decree that changed the usage of the word
925:or to the Emperor being "the successor of Heaven".
776:
78:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5653:
4157:. China Online Museum (WelCOMe to the real COM!).
3457:in 1948, its government created a new State Seal,
3252:A certificate of authenticity is required for any
2715:. At first, only the Emperor and his most trusted
4824:Seal culture still remains in electronic commerce
4635:"Act on Confirmation, etc. of Personal Signature"
4489:. Australian Computer Society. pp. 287–294.
4242:
3674:, a Mongol-ruled dynasty of China, especially by
2750:Government offices and corporations usually have
913:(618–907) this number had grown to 8, during the
801:) and were discovered at archaeological sites at
6190:
5347:Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia
3859:Hồ Chí Minh ấn (胡志明印), the personal seal of the
3115:). Borderlines around their edges are optional.
2956:range in price from less than US$ 1 to US$ 100.
403:
381:
5491:Association of East Asian Research Universities
4153:Yu Yibo (Curator, China Online Museum) (2021).
3670:. These seals were sent by the emperors of the
2650:Ready-made inkan with the name "Kawamura" (河村).
2182:Carry the name of the person's private studio (
1003:. During the reign of the second Yuan emperor,
528:
514:
3412:). The use of seals became popular during the
3356:Bronze Korean seal, dated between 935 and 1392
3266:
3195:
3128:
3055:
2994:
2882:
2679:
2662:
2654:In Japan, seals in general are referred to as
2512:
817:(476 BC–221 BC), all seals were only known as
743:
728:
576:
5959:
5639:
5443:China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting
4849:
4809:Art-Virtue.com History of Chinese seal making
3772:Board of Commissioners of Currency, Singapore
3628:The Seal of the Republic of Korea (1949–1962)
1518:
1398:had a number of informal appreciation seals (
1343:
1333:
1139:
1103:
951:
822:
206:
184:
4238:
4236:
4225:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3980:Communication Intelligence Corporation (CIC)
3547:
3537:
3501:
3407:
3401:
3391:
3381:
2699:The first evidence of writing in Japan is a
1379:, but had been lost by the beginning of the
991:the main imperial seal bore the inscription
452:
430:
4602:
4398:Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary
1417:
1197:
1090:The seal works of Wu Qiuyan in Yuan dynasty
1007:, the Mongols claimed to have acquired the
653:are common, Sinosphere seals are used with
5966:
5952:
5646:
5632:
4856:
4842:
4745:Wang Jia-nan; Cai Xiaoli and Young, Dawn;
3809:Đại Nam thụ thiên vĩnh mệnh truyền quốc tỷ
3245:In modern Japan, most people have several
1363:The most important of these seals was the
980:were alternated, depending on the period.
30:For a more general view of the topic, see
5342:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit
4270:TS. Nguyễn Đình Chiến (24 January 2018).
4233:
3082:s form is governed by fewer customs than
2735:began using them at some time during the
2601:, sometimes featuring Roman characters.
1276:
1271:Baiwen on right side, Zhuwen on left side
1259:Zhuwen on right side, Baiwen on left side
972:. In subsequent centuries both the terms
138:Learn how and when to remove this message
3351:
3173:
3141:are unacceptable for business purposes.
3032:
2975:
2867:
2645:
2634:
2529:
2521:
2495:
2456:
2407:
1311:
1285:
1085:
882:
4541:
4393:
4391:
4365:"Where does the word 'chop' come from?"
2500:Yinnihe (seal paste box), Ming dynasty.
1638:
1442:During its 143 years of existence, the
649:in the West. Unlike in the West, where
14:
6191:
5362:East Asian Bureau of Economic Research
4799:The Art of Chinese Chop (Seal Carving)
4679:from the original on 23 September 2022
4503:from the original on December 12, 2020
4329:
4243:VietNamNet Bridge (10 February 2016).
3313:. The delay has been most pressing in
2872:Man carving an ivory seal. Japan, 1915
1281:
764:had their personal seals pressed onto
5947:
5627:
4837:
4615:from the original on 14 December 2020
4424:from the original on 26 February 2017
4344:from the original on 31 December 2019
4121:from the original on 1 September 2021
3582:is used on important business, other
2743:. After modernization began in 1870,
4819:Introduction to Chinese Seal Carving
4444:Okinawa: History of an Island People
4388:
4207:from the original on 12 January 2020
4161:from the original on 18 October 2021
3757:
3465:and important diplomatic documents.
3431:(국인, 國印) which was conferred by the
3427:Korea, there were two types in use:
1356:, but reverted to square during the
667:Chinese seals are typically made of
76:adding citations to reliable sources
47:
4754:Chinese Chops: A Signature in Stone
4574:"One's Testament Needs Seal: Court"
4464:from the original on March 29, 2022
4455:
4362:
3813:National Seal of the Nguyễn Dynasty
3777:
3154:. They often display only a single
1015:period. During the a new so-called
24:
4645:from the original on 8 August 2020
4554:from the original on 6 August 2021
3633:
3001:is used specifically for banking;
2924:Throughout Japan, rules governing
2028:Seal of the realm or the monarch.
1475:President of the Republic of China
1081:
27:Stamp used in place of a signature
25:
6260:
4786:
4639:Statutes of the Republic of Korea
4605:"'Ingam' to Disappear in 5 Years"
4584:from the original on 15 June 2013
4542:McCurry, Justin (6 August 2021).
4532:Washington Post (17 October 2020)
4282:from the original on 16 July 2022
4251:from the original on 16 July 2022
3885:Hội đồng Nguyễn Phúc tộc Việt Nam
3762:The seal has been present in all
3491:
3300:
3223:. Foreign names may be carved in
2809:Royal Seal of the Ryūkyū Kingdom.
2630:
878:
6019:
5526:Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute
4938:
4804:History of Chinese Seal Carvings
4742:. Cico Books Ltd.: London, 2002.
4456:Liu, Yin-Miao (August 7, 2004).
4330:Cheung, Mao (26 November 2017).
4302:"图文:毛主席亲手定印文--新中国的"开国之玺"_新闻_腾讯网"
4199:. New History Journal (新史學雜誌) -
3903:The Eight Masters of Xiling and
3876:
3852:
3820:
3801:
3742:
3719:
3707:
3687:
3621:
3606:
3396:) which bore the inscription of
3227:, katakana, hiragana, or kanji.
2829:
2814:
2802:
2787:
2692:is the most comprehensive term;
2517:
2461:Chinese seal and red seal paste.
2439:
2394:
2389:
2358:
2353:
2315:
2310:
2276:
2271:
2237:
2232:
2137:
2119:Exceeding seal of the Yellow God
2114:Has lucky sayings and proverbs.
2107:
2077:
2021:
2016:
1976:
1946:
1912:
1907:
1875:
1845:
1840:
1804:
1799:
1755:
1750:
1610:
1584:
1558:
1532:
1444:government of the Nguyễn dynasty
1264:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1216:
777:Origin legends and early history
722:In Japan, seals, referred to as
162:
52:
5975:East Asian and Vietnamese seals
4709:from the original on 2021-08-07
4691:
4673:Monetary Authority of Singapore
4657:
4627:
4596:
4566:
4535:
4515:
4511:– via eprints.qut.edu.au.
4476:
4472:– via eprints.qut.edu.au.
4449:
4436:
4410:
4377:from the original on 2022-06-06
4356:
4323:
4312:from the original on 2018-11-19
4294:
4013:from the original on 2020-12-11
3794:abolition of the Nguyễn dynasty
3768:Monetary Authority of Singapore
3347:
2727:began using their own personal
1477:includes bestowing on them the
351:
319:
297:
272:
63:needs additional citations for
5655:Heraldic traditions by country
5473:EAFF E-1 Football Championship
5448:East Asian Football Federation
3999:
3990:
3968:
3942:
3905:Xiling Society of the Seal Art
3548:
3538:
3502:
3408:
3402:
3392:
3382:
3186:, and right-to-left direction.
2542:can cost between 400 and 4000
2379:
2340:
2297:
2258:
2219:
2177:
2158:
2127:
2097:
2067:
2004:
1994:
1966:
1936:
1895:
1865:
1828:
1787:
1738:
1601:
1596:
1575:
1570:
1549:
1544:
1519:
1435:
1412:
1344:
1334:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1192:
1183:
1175:
952:
823:
689:
608:
554:
484:
404:
245:
207:
185:
13:
1:
5521:Journal of East Asian Studies
5458:East Asian Judo Championships
5305:East Asia Climate Partnership
4863:
4665:"Circulation Currency: Notes"
3982:. 14 May 2001. Archived from
3956:
3615:Seal of the Republic of Korea
2569:Seals are also often used on
2452:
1567:Seal of the Republic of China
1501:rather than the more ancient
1479:Seal of the Republic of China
1046:claimed to have acquired the
865:
791:
6106:Imperial Seal of the Mongols
5544:Horses in East Asian warfare
5087:other ethnic groups in China
4603:Na Jeong-ju (29 July 2009).
3961:
3315:infectious disease reporting
3289:. For these transactions, a
3028:
2612:
2034:
1705:
887:Personal seal and monogram (
7:
6147:Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty
3892:
3784:Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty
3558:
3512:
2971:
2513:Usage across the Sinosphere
1710:Denotes the person's name.
1691:
1505:, and the seal is called a
1048:Seal Transmitting the State
1029:Seal Transmitting the State
1025:Seal Transmitting the State
1017:Seal Transmitting the State
1009:Seal Transmitting the State
10:
6265:
6001:Heirloom Seal of the Realm
5598:Needham Research Institute
5506:East Asia Image Collection
5501:East Asian Economic Review
4936:
4780:Victoria and Albert Museum
4724:
4340:(in Chinese (Hong Kong)).
3915:Heirloom Seal of the Realm
3781:
3700:the Roman Pope Innocent IV
3169:
2906:is expected to be roughly
2863:
2186:), which most literati in
1541:National Taiwan University
1365:Heirloom Seal of the Realm
1292:Heirloom Seal of the Realm
771:
701:, a term adapted from the
36:
29:
6155:
6137:
6119:
6096:
6073:
6028:
6017:
5981:
5920:
5734:
5713:
5682:
5661:
5588:
5534:
5481:
5433:
5395:
5377:Human rights in East Asia
5328:
5295:
5262:Sino-Xenic pronunciations
5107:
4947:
4871:
4247:. VietNam Breaking News.
4009:. Les Ateliers de Japon.
3835:on the right to both the
3307:electronic record-keeping
3293:is too official, while a
3267:
3196:
3129:
3056:
2995:
2883:
2680:
2663:
2374:
2335:
2292:
2253:
2214:
2183:
2153:
2122:
2092:
2062:
1999:
1989:
1961:
1931:
1890:
1860:
1823:
1782:
1733:
1688:inscription on its left.
1623:First Republic of Vietnam
1510:
1430:
1403:
1140:
1104:
744:
729:
680:
627:
601:
596:
592:
577:
570:
565:
547:
542:
538:
529:
522:
515:
508:
503:
477:
472:
468:
453:
446:
431:
424:
419:
397:
375:
370:
341:
334:
312:
290:
283:
267:
260:
238:
231:
226:
222:
200:
178:
173:
161:
157:
152:
87:"Seals in the Sinosphere"
6129:National seals of Taiwan
4370:South China Morning Post
4363:Lim, Lisa (2016-07-28).
3935:
3364:was first introduced to
2624:South China Morning Post
1958:Government/official seal
1391:national seals as well.
983:During the reign of the
807:Spring and Autumn period
356:tô͘-chiong / tô͘-chiang
180:Traditional Chinese
6043:National seals of Japan
6011:Xiling Seal Art Society
5463:East Asian martial arts
5410:Archaeological cultures
4420:. Fukuoka City Museum.
3646:khanate established by
3414:Three Kingdoms of Korea
3323:Japanese prime minister
3262:inkan tōroku shōmei-sho
2731:after 750 AD, and
1887:Rotating character seal
1193:zhūbáiwén xiāngjiàn yìn
903:China's Imperial Period
202:Simplified Chinese
6204:Authentication methods
6111:State seal of Mongolia
5762:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5590:Science and technology
5574:The Book of Five Rings
5468:East Asian Youth Games
4795:at China Online Museum
4772:Basil William Robinson
3751:state seal of Mongolia
3398:Seal of the King of Ye
3357:
3344:—a "symbol of Japan".
3330:Japan's entire society
3311:digital communications
3187:
3046:
2985:
2873:
2709:Emperor Guangwu of Han
2651:
2643:
2535:
2527:
2501:
2462:
1820:Subject concubine seal
1576:Zhōnghuá mīnguó zhī xǐ
1550:Guólì Táiwān Dàxué yìn
1469:The government of the
1413:Qiánlóng yùlǎn zhī bǎo
1321:
1318:Dàmíng huángdì zhī bǎo
1309:
1277:Government authorities
1168:Zhubaiwen Xiangjianyin
1154:Japanese pronunciation
1118:Japanese pronunciation
1091:
898:
382:
43:Incan (disambiguation)
6229:East Asian traditions
4873:Countries and regions
4752:Wren, Christopher S.
3782:Further information:
3355:
3177:
3036:
2979:
2871:
2649:
2638:
2548:United States dollars
2533:
2525:
2499:
2460:
2408:Art collectors' seals
1928:General/combined seal
1539:The official seal of
1456:Purple Forbidden City
1427:nine-fold seal script
1315:
1294:from Imperial China (
1289:
1089:
1013:Northern Yuan dynasty
886:
815:Warring States period
662:electronic signatures
360:ìn-chiong / ìn-chiang
39:Inca (disambiguation)
6038:King of Na gold seal
5613:Traditional medicine
5511:East Asia Law Review
5367:East Asian Community
5057:Indigenous Taiwanese
4418:"Gold Seal (Kin-in)"
3662:and the letter from
3559:ingam-jungmyeong-seo
3013:Since mass-produced
2796:King of Na gold seal
2713:King of Na gold seal
2540:semi-precious stones
1857:Simplified word seal
1639:Government officials
1633:without diacritics.
1034:During the reign of
930:The New Book of Tang
809:(771–476 BC) of the
479:Revised Romanization
72:improve this article
6249:Vietnamese heraldry
6088:Seal of South Korea
5038:Khalkha in Mongolia
4740:Chinese Calligraphy
3837:Traditional Chinese
3591:Chinese calligraphy
3372:used a royal seal (
3111:) or the opposite (
2838:Privy Seal of Japan
2823:State Seal of Japan
2765:Privy Seal of Japan
2571:Chinese calligraphy
2415:Chinese calligraphy
1661:Eastern Han dynasty
1282:National government
1180:traditional Chinese
715:, meaning stamp or
377:Vietnamese alphabet
6234:Identity documents
6214:Chinese inventions
5516:East Asian studies
5212:Hip-and-gable roof
5207:Chinese characters
4759:2017-11-28 at the
4528:2020-12-10 at the
3678:and his successor
3668:Pope Boniface VIII
3528:(실인, 實印), meaning
3358:
3188:
3184:archaic text style
3075:) of a residence.
3047:
2986:
2874:
2652:
2644:
2585:Seals are usually
2536:
2528:
2502:
2463:
2128:Huangshen Yuezhang
2089:Lucky sayings seal
1730:Personal name seal
1322:
1310:
1172:simplified Chinese
1092:
997:yü ch’ien chih pao
899:
510:Mongolian Cyrillic
6239:Japanese heraldry
6186:
6185:
5941:
5940:
5621:
5620:
5372:Four Asian Tigers
4767:10 February 1985.
4731:Kong Yunbai 孔雲白,
4580:. 31 March 2008.
4274:(in Vietnamese).
4007:"Name Seal(2018)"
3986:on 11 April 2005.
3867:appearing on his
3811:(大南受天永命傳國璽), the
3758:Singaporean usage
3680:Emperor Chengzong
3455:Republic of Korea
3319:COVID-19 pandemic
2575:Chinese paintings
2546:(about 60 to 600
2419:Chinese paintings
2405:
2404:
2210:Studio/study seal
2175:
2174:
2032:
2031:
1998:), Emperor seal (
1471:Republic of China
1420:
1373:Mandate of Heaven
1338:), later renamed
1200:
1056:mandate of heaven
1044:Later Jin dynasty
966:Emperor Zhongzong
923:Mandate of Heaven
895:Chongzhen Emperor
858:Mandate of Heaven
834:(202–220 AD), an
754:Japanese emperors
631:
630:
623:
622:
561:
560:
499:
498:
366:
365:
292:Yale Romanization
233:Standard Mandarin
148:
147:
140:
122:
16:(Redirected from
6256:
6219:Chinese seal art
6209:Chinese heraldry
6199:Seals (insignia)
6023:
5991:Babao seal paste
5968:
5961:
5954:
5945:
5944:
5895:Northern Ireland
5648:
5641:
5634:
5625:
5624:
5556:Miyamoto Musashi
5453:East Asian Games
5425:Former countries
5357:East Asia Summit
5187:Chinese knotting
4942:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4835:
4834:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4539:
4533:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4453:
4447:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4414:
4408:
4395:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4240:
4231:
4230:
4224:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4192:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4150:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4117:. January 2008.
4115:ChinaCulture.org
4107:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3972:
3950:
3946:
3883:The seal of the
3880:
3861:North Vietnamese
3856:
3833:transliterations
3827:The seal of the
3824:
3805:
3778:Vietnamese usage
3764:Singapore dollar
3746:
3723:
3711:
3691:
3625:
3610:
3561:
3551:
3550:
3541:
3540:
3515:
3505:
3504:
3496:Personal seals (
3488:or steel seals.
3433:Emperor of China
3411:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3395:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3221:calligraphic art
3201:
3199:
3198:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2833:
2818:
2806:
2791:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2621:Lisa Lim of the
2579:Qianlong Emperor
2447:Signature blocks
2398:
2393:
2381:
2376:
2362:
2357:
2342:
2337:
2319:
2314:
2299:
2294:
2280:
2275:
2260:
2255:
2241:
2236:
2221:
2216:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2160:
2155:
2141:
2129:
2124:
2111:
2099:
2094:
2081:
2074:(Image of deer)
2069:
2064:
2042:
2041:
2025:
2020:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1980:
1968:
1963:
1950:
1938:
1933:
1916:
1911:
1897:
1892:
1879:
1867:
1862:
1849:
1844:
1830:
1825:
1808:
1803:
1789:
1784:
1759:
1754:
1740:
1735:
1713:
1712:
1617:The seal of the
1614:
1603:
1598:
1588:
1577:
1572:
1562:
1551:
1546:
1536:
1522:
1521:
1512:
1437:
1432:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1405:
1396:Qianlong Emperor
1347:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1326:Chinese emperors
1306:
1301:
1297:
1268:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1177:
1143:
1142:
1107:
1106:
955:
954:
874:
870:
867:
826:
825:
800:
796:
793:
751:
749:
748:
736:
734:
733:
691:
682:
619:
618:
616:
612:
594:
593:
588:
587:
585:
581:
557:
556:
540:
539:
534:
533:
532:
524:Mongolian script
518:
517:
495:
494:
492:
488:
470:
469:
464:
463:
461:
457:
442:
441:
439:
435:
415:
414:
412:
408:
393:
390:
386:
362:
361:
359:
355:
330:
329:
327:
323:
308:
307:
305:
301:
279:
278:
276:
256:
255:
253:
249:
224:
223:
218:
217:
215:
211:
196:
195:
193:
189:
166:
150:
149:
143:
136:
132:
129:
123:
121:
80:
56:
48:
21:
6264:
6263:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6254:
6253:
6244:Korean heraldry
6189:
6188:
6187:
6182:
6151:
6133:
6115:
6092:
6069:
6048:Government Seal
6024:
6015:
5977:
5972:
5942:
5937:
5916:
5886:United Kingdom
5730:
5709:
5678:
5657:
5652:
5622:
5617:
5584:
5530:
5477:
5429:
5391:
5387:Stock exchanges
5324:
5291:
5103:
4943:
4934:
4867:
4862:
4789:
4784:
4765:New York Times.
4761:Wayback Machine
4727:
4722:
4721:
4712:
4710:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4682:
4680:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4648:
4646:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4618:
4616:
4601:
4597:
4587:
4585:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4557:
4555:
4540:
4536:
4530:Wayback Machine
4521:Denyer, Simon.
4520:
4516:
4506:
4504:
4497:
4481:
4477:
4467:
4465:
4454:
4450:
4441:
4437:
4427:
4425:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4396:
4389:
4380:
4378:
4361:
4357:
4347:
4345:
4328:
4324:
4315:
4313:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4285:
4283:
4268:
4264:
4254:
4252:
4241:
4234:
4218:
4217:
4210:
4208:
4201:Academia Sinica
4193:
4174:
4164:
4162:
4155:"Chinese Seals"
4151:
4134:
4124:
4122:
4111:"Chinese Seals"
4109:
4108:
4025:
4016:
4014:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3872:
3857:
3848:
3825:
3816:
3806:
3786:
3780:
3760:
3753:
3747:
3738:
3724:
3715:
3712:
3703:
3692:
3658:to French King
3636:
3634:Mongolian usage
3629:
3626:
3617:
3611:
3530:registered seal
3494:
3480:, or sometimes
3463:national orders
3419:In the case of
3350:
3303:
3264:
3211:Traditionally,
3193:
3172:
3126:
3053:
3031:
2992:
2974:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2880:
2866:
2840:
2834:
2825:
2819:
2810:
2807:
2798:
2792:
2677:
2660:
2633:
2615:
2520:
2515:
2455:
2442:
2410:
2372:
2371:
2349:
2348:
2333:
2332:
2306:
2305:
2290:
2289:
2267:
2266:
2251:
2250:
2228:
2227:
2212:
2211:
2180:
2151:
2120:
2090:
2060:
2037:
2012:
1959:
1929:
1903:
1888:
1858:
1836:
1821:
1795:
1780:
1779:Style name seal
1774:) of a person.
1746:
1731:
1708:
1694:
1641:
1634:
1615:
1606:
1597:中华人民共和国中央人民政府之印
1589:
1580:
1563:
1554:
1537:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1260:
1257:
1248:
1245:
1236:
1233:
1224:
1221:
1084:
1082:Engraving types
1060:Zhi gao zhi bao
993:Yu qian zhi bao
881:
872:
868:
798:
794:
779:
774:
741:
726:
614:
610:
583:
579:
555:Tamag'a / Tamga
530:
490:
486:
459:
455:
437:
433:
410:
406:
388:
384:
371:Vietnamese name
357:
353:
325:
321:
303:
299:
274:
251:
247:
213:
209:
191:
187:
169:
144:
133:
127:
124:
81:
79:
69:
57:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6262:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6224:East Asian art
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6143:
6141:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6125:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6113:
6108:
6102:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6085:
6079:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6040:
6034:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6018:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5987:
5985:
5979:
5978:
5971:
5970:
5963:
5956:
5948:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5924:
5922:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5738:
5736:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5723:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5665:
5663:
5659:
5658:
5651:
5650:
5643:
5636:
5628:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5594:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5570:
5567:The Art of War
5563:
5558:
5553:
5546:
5540:
5538:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5487:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5439:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5401:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5338:
5336:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5301:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5287:Chinese zodiac
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5192:Chinese dragon
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5152:Blepharoplasty
5149:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5124:
5119:
5113:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4976:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4959:
4953:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4877:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4861:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4788:
4787:External links
4785:
4783:
4782:
4768:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4703:www.mondaq.com
4690:
4669:www.mas.gov.sg
4656:
4626:
4595:
4565:
4534:
4514:
4495:
4475:
4448:
4442:Kerr, George.
4435:
4409:
4387:
4355:
4322:
4293:
4262:
4232:
4172:
4132:
4023:
3998:
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3693:
3686:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3620:
3618:
3612:
3605:
3493:
3492:Personal seals
3490:
3349:
3346:
3326:Yoshihide Suga
3302:
3301:Discouragement
3299:
3171:
3168:
3162:ideograph, or
3101:shita no namae
3037:Off-the-shelf
3030:
3027:
2980:A foreigner's
2973:
2970:
2865:
2862:
2842:
2841:
2835:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2786:
2741:Ryūkyū Kingdom
2632:
2631:Japanese usage
2629:
2614:
2611:
2560:mainland China
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2454:
2451:
2441:
2438:
2430:Forbidden City
2409:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2387:
2384:
2370:Signature Seal
2367:
2366:
2363:
2351:
2345:
2328:
2327:
2320:
2308:
2302:
2285:
2284:
2281:
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2246:
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2200:
2197:
2179:
2176:
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2169:
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2163:
2147:
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2142:
2135:
2132:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2105:
2102:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2014:
2009:
1988:Kingdom seal (
1985:
1984:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1905:
1900:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1854:
1853:
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1838:
1833:
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1816:
1809:
1797:
1792:
1776:
1775:
1760:
1748:
1743:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1707:
1704:
1693:
1690:
1678:Yuan dynasties
1644:were known as
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1616:
1609:
1607:
1590:
1583:
1581:
1564:
1557:
1555:
1538:
1531:
1452:Nguyễn dynasty
1448:Phan Thanh Hải
1385:Forbidden City
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1165:
1129:
1083:
1080:
1052:Chahar Mongols
880:
879:Imperial China
877:
873: 1600 BC
840:Yellow Emperor
799: 1046 BC
778:
775:
773:
770:
629:
628:
625:
624:
621:
620:
605:
599:
598:
597:Transcriptions
590:
589:
574:
568:
567:
563:
562:
559:
558:
551:
545:
544:
543:Transcriptions
536:
535:
526:
520:
519:
512:
506:
505:
504:Mongolian name
501:
500:
497:
496:
481:
475:
474:
473:Transcriptions
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465:
450:
444:
443:
428:
422:
421:
417:
416:
401:
395:
394:
379:
373:
372:
368:
367:
364:
363:
348:
339:
338:
332:
331:
316:
310:
309:
294:
288:
287:
285:Yue: Cantonese
281:
280:
269:
265:
264:
258:
257:
242:
236:
235:
229:
228:
227:Transcriptions
220:
219:
204:
198:
197:
182:
176:
175:
171:
170:
167:
159:
158:
155:
154:
146:
145:
60:
58:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6261:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6136:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6118:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6095:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6076:
6072:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6053:Imperial Seal
6051:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6022:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5996:Banknote seal
5994:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5969:
5964:
5962:
5957:
5955:
5950:
5949:
5946:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5913:
5910:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5822:Liechtenstein
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5733:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5705:United States
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5649:
5644:
5642:
5637:
5635:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
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5411:
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5400:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5122:Architecture
5120:
5118:
5117:Age reckoning
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4949:Ethnic groups
4946:
4941:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4859:
4854:
4852:
4847:
4845:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4793:Chinese Seals
4791:
4790:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4733:Zhuanke Rumen
4730:
4729:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4599:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4569:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4518:
4502:
4498:
4496:9781920682057
4492:
4488:
4487:
4479:
4463:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4439:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4407:
4406:4-7674-2015-6
4403:
4399:
4394:
4392:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4359:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4326:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4266:
4250:
4246:
4239:
4237:
4228:
4222:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4160:
4156:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4012:
4008:
4002:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3967:
3945:
3941:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3886:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3869:business card
3866:
3862:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3770:(MAS) or the
3769:
3765:
3752:
3745:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3717:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3624:
3619:
3616:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3555:
3545:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3514:
3509:
3499:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3415:
3399:
3389:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3354:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3192:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3139:Rubber stamps
3132:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3008:
3004:
2991:
2983:
2978:
2969:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2886:
2879:
2870:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2839:
2832:
2827:
2824:
2817:
2812:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2737:Feudal Period
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2676:
2675:
2666:
2659:
2658:
2648:
2641:
2637:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2619:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2532:
2524:
2518:Chinese usage
2510:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2477:, mixed with
2476:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2459:
2450:
2448:
2440:Leisure seals
2437:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2330:
2329:
2326:in the west.
2325:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2202:Example seal
2201:
2199:Example text
2198:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:ancient China
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2150:Sealing stamp
2149:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2059:Portrait seal
2058:
2057:
2053:
2051:Example seal
2050:
2048:Example text
2047:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2007:
1997:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1837:妾美櫻 (female)
1834:
1831:
1819:
1818:
1815:of a person.
1814:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1764:personal name
1761:
1758:
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1724:
1722:Example seal
1721:
1719:Example text
1718:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1703:
1700:
1689:
1687:
1686:Manchu script
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1658:
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1651:
1647:
1632:
1628:
1627:Ngô Đình Diệm
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1594:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1561:
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1535:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:company chops
1516:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1499:Song typeface
1495:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1483:Seal of Honor
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
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1440:
1438:
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1388:
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1370:
1369:Qin Shi Huang
1366:
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1327:
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979:
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971:
967:
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926:
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855:
854:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
828:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
789:
788:Shang dynasty
785:
784:ancient China
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
747:
740:
732:
725:
720:
718:
717:rubber stamps
714:
711:
707:
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591:
575:
573:
569:
566:Japanese name
564:
552:
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546:
541:
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521:
513:
511:
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502:
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92:
89: –
88:
84:
83:Find sources:
77:
73:
67:
66:
61:This article
59:
55:
50:
49:
44:
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33:
32:Seal (emblem)
19:
6168:Side carving
6163:Seal carving
5912:Vatican City
5674:South Africa
5572:
5565:
5550:Bansenshūkai
5548:
5315:Rainy season
5092:unrecognized
4776:Richard Lane
4764:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4711:. Retrieved
4702:
4693:
4681:. Retrieved
4668:
4659:
4647:. Retrieved
4638:
4629:
4617:. Retrieved
4598:
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4568:
4556:. Retrieved
4548:The Guardian
4547:
4537:
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4505:. Retrieved
4485:
4478:
4466:. Retrieved
4451:
4443:
4438:
4426:. Retrieved
4412:
4397:
4379:. Retrieved
4368:
4358:
4346:. Retrieved
4335:
4325:
4314:. Retrieved
4305:
4296:
4284:. Retrieved
4265:
4253:. Retrieved
4209:. Retrieved
4165:21 September
4163:. Retrieved
4125:21 September
4123:. Retrieved
4114:
4015:. Retrieved
4001:
3992:
3984:the original
3979:
3970:
3944:
3925:Side carving
3920:Knob carving
3884:
3815:(1846–1945).
3808:
3787:
3761:
3672:Yuan dynasty
3637:
3598:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3564:
3529:
3524:
3523:
3522:(인감, 印鑑) or
3518:
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3495:
3467:
3458:
3450:
3446:
3445:(어보, 御寶) or
3442:
3436:
3428:
3418:
3397:
3373:
3359:
3348:Korean usage
3341:
3337:
3333:
3304:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3284:
3279:
3277:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3246:
3244:
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3233:
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3216:
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3190:
3189:
3179:
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3104:
3100:
3096:
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3087:
3083:
3079:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3050:
3048:
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2779:
2775:
2773:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2728:
2725:Noble people
2720:
2700:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2673:
2672:
2656:
2655:
2653:
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2620:
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2607:
2603:
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2584:
2568:
2552:
2537:
2507:
2503:
2491:
2464:
2443:
2427:
2411:
2378:
2339:
2298:Shoucang Yin
2296:
2288:Storage seal
2257:
2220:Zhaiguan Yin
2218:
2181:
2157:
2126:
2096:
2068:Xiaoxing Yin
2066:
2038:
2003:
1993:
1965:
1935:
1923:of a book).
1894:
1864:
1827:
1786:
1739:Xingming Yin
1737:
1709:
1695:
1681:
1680:periods the
1666:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1631:Latin script
1600:
1574:
1548:
1514:
1506:
1503:seal scripts
1487:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1464:Nguyễn lords
1441:
1434:
1424:
1411:
1393:
1389:
1381:Ming dynasty
1362:
1358:Qing dynasty
1354:Song dynasty
1339:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1303:
1207:
1203:
1191:
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1161:
1157:
1152:;
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1108:;
1095:
1064:
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1024:
1016:
1008:
996:
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989:Yuan dynasty
982:
977:
973:
969:
961:
957:
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929:
927:
919:Qing dynasty
915:Ming dynasty
911:Tang dynasty
906:
900:
888:
851:
842:by a yellow
829:
818:
811:Zhou dynasty
786:date to the
780:
738:
723:
721:
712:
705:
698:
694:
688:
666:
659:
638:
632:
603:Romanization
336:Southern Min
324:tou4 zoeng1
268:Romanization
240:Hanyu Pinyin
174:Chinese name
134:
125:
115:
108:
101:
94:
82:
70:Please help
65:verification
62:
6173:Seal script
5933:New Zealand
5837:Netherlands
5405:Archaeology
5297:Environment
5162:Calligraphy
5006:in Sakhalin
4962:Han Chinese
4925:South Korea
4920:North Korea
4738:Qu Leilei,
4609:Korea Times
4578:Dong-A Ilbo
4428:1 September
4348:31 December
4337:Ta Kung Pao
4332:"追尋圖章街千古一絕"
3930:Seal script
3865:Hồ Chí Minh
3829:Viện cơ mật
3790:French rule
3676:Kublai Khan
3648:Hulagu Khan
3556::
3546::
3536::
3510::
3500::
3390::
3380::
3317:during the
3090:. However,
2331:Poetry seal
2178:Studio (齋印)
1973:宜州管下羈縻都黎縣印
1866:Shujian Yin
1835:臣小明 (male),
1829:Chenqie Yin
1768:family name
1670:Sui dynasty
1543:in Taiwan (
1454:period the
1235:Zhuwen seal
1223:Baiwen seal
1072:calligraphy
1021:Ligdan Khan
938:), Empress
905:, the term
897:(1611-1644)
869: 2070
862:Xia dynasty
848:Emperor Yao
836:origin myth
832:Han dynasty
830:During the
795: 1600
420:Korean name
328:jan3 zoeng1
320:jan3 gaam3
302:tòuh jēung
128:August 2009
6193:Categories
6063:State Seal
6058:Privy Seal
5580:Yi Sun-sin
5415:Bronze Age
5352:Capitalism
5277:Typography
5272:Television
5242:Philosophy
5227:Mādhyamaka
5222:Literature
5177:Sinosphere
5097:historical
4713:2021-08-07
4381:2022-06-06
4316:2007-03-01
4017:2018-04-02
3957:References
3863:president
3696:Güyük Khan
3105:Mitome-ins
3080:mitome-in'
2595:Chinatowns
2573:works and
2550:in 2021).
2479:castor oil
2453:Seal paste
2423:art market
2324:bookplates
2307:儀徵張錫組珍藏書画
2259:Biehao Yin
2249:Alias seal
2134:黃神越章天帝神之印
1943:大英伯明皇龍正之章
1896:Huiwen Yin
1813:style name
1811:State the
1788:Biaozi Yin
1772:given name
1762:State the
1657:seal knobs
1305:Chuánguóxǐ
1036:Hong Taiji
1005:Temür Khan
871: – c.
864:(presumed
797: – c.
697:or simply
695:chop marks
647:signatures
635:Sinosphere
387:ấn chương
98:newspapers
6178:Seal knob
5928:Australia
5496:CrossAsia
5483:Education
5237:Mythology
5217:Languages
5197:Festivals
5145:Taiwanese
5052:Ryukyuans
4967:subgroups
4886:Hong Kong
4865:East Asia
4619:6 October
4588:6 October
4507:August 7,
4468:August 7,
3962:Citations
3910:Cash seal
3899:Wu Qiuyan
3732:Bogd Khan
3660:Philip IV
3640:Ilkhanate
3595:paintings
3425:monarchic
3423:Seals in
3309:and slow
3295:mitome-in
3287:mitome-in
3178:A modern
3145:Mitome-in
3124:sanmonban
3120:mitome-in
3097:mitome-in
3092:mitome-in
3069:Mitome-in
3051:mitome-in
3043:sanmonban
3029:Mitome-in
2854:mitome-in
2711:, called
2613:Hong Kong
2599:soapstone
2486:moxa punk
2467:vermilion
2380:Huaya Yin
2035:Free (閑印)
1706:Name (名印)
1699:signature
1619:president
1513:), not a
1436:jiǔdiéwén
1377:dynasties
1050:from the
940:Wu Zetian
893:) of the
853:fenghuang
651:wax seals
383:ấn triện
306:yan jēung
298:yan gaam
6098:Mongolia
5900:Scotland
5872:Slovakia
5852:Portugal
5683:Americas
5603:Printing
5536:Military
5420:Iron Age
5334:Politics
5282:Yogācāra
5267:Surnames
5247:Religion
5157:Buddhism
5135:Japanese
5062:Tibetans
5033:in China
5023:Mongolic
5001:in Japan
4996:in China
4979:Japanese
4915:Mongolia
4896:Mainland
4757:Archived
4707:Archived
4677:Archived
4643:Archived
4613:Archived
4582:Archived
4558:6 August
4552:Archived
4526:Archived
4501:Archived
4462:Archived
4422:Archived
4375:Archived
4342:Archived
4310:Archived
4280:Archived
4249:Archived
4221:cite web
4211:12 April
4205:Archived
4159:Archived
4119:Archived
4011:Archived
3893:See also
3847:scripts.
3792:and the
3774:(BCCS).
3736:Mongolia
3702:in 1246.
3694:Seal of
3416:period.
3164:katakana
3156:hiragana
3118:Plastic
3088:ginkō-in
3015:ginkō-in
3007:ginkō-in
2990:ginkō-in
2982:ginkō-in
2972:Ginkō-in
2850:ginkō-in
2640:Titanium
2475:cinnabar
2347:買魚沽酒答春晴,
2341:Ciju Yin
2304:松雨彗齋圖書印,
2098:Jiyu Yin
1967:Guan Yin
1937:Zong Yin
1692:Personal
1481:and the
1466:period.
1210:together
1068:Qianlong
958:treasure
708:and the
673:cinnabar
549:SASM/GNC
314:Jyutping
254:yìnzhāng
250:túzhāng
246:yìnjiàn
6156:General
6139:Vietnam
5921:Oceania
5890:England
5857:Romania
5817:Ireland
5812:Iceland
5807:Hungary
5797:Germany
5792:Georgia
5782:Finland
5777:Denmark
5772:Czechia
5767:Croatia
5757:Belgium
5752:Belarus
5747:Austria
5742:Albania
5669:Nigeria
5561:Sun Tzu
5397:History
5330:Economy
5310:Monsoon
5252:Scripts
5202:Gardens
5172:Cuisine
5130:Chinese
5109:Culture
5072:Uyghurs
5028:Mongols
4991:Koreans
4725:Sources
4286:8 March
4255:8 March
3887:(2021).
3841:regular
3730:of the
3599:Nakkwan
3584:dojangs
3470:signing
3291:jitsuin
3269:印鑑登録証明書
3205:gago in
3191:Gagō-in
3180:gagō-in
3170:Gagō-in
3113:hakubun
3084:jitsuin
2961:jitsuin
2935:jitsuin
2930:jitsuin
2926:jitsuin
2911:⁄
2904:jitsuin
2900:jitsuin
2893:jitsuin
2878:jitsuin
2864:Jitsuin
2858:gagō-in
2846:jitsuin
2780:jitsuin
2769:Emperor
2761:hakubun
2756:jitsuin
2733:samurai
2717:vassals
2556:cheques
2434:Beijing
2159:Feng Ni
2011:大清帝國之璽,
1921:preface
1621:of the
1545:國立臺灣大學印
1400:Chinese
1158:hakubun
1136:Chinese
1100:Chinese
1040:Jurchen
995:(御前之寶,
935:Tangshu
901:During
772:History
762:samurai
758:shōguns
677:Chinese
675:paste (
633:In the
531:ᠲᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠ
489:dojang
399:Chữ Hán
352:ìn-kàm
343:Hokkien
112:scholar
6121:Taiwan
6083:Guksae
5882:Sweden
5867:Serbia
5862:Russia
5847:Poland
5842:Norway
5832:Monaco
5802:Greece
5787:France
5735:Europe
5700:Mexico
5695:Canada
5690:Brazil
5662:Africa
5608:Swords
5435:Sports
5167:Cinema
5140:Korean
5082:Zhuang
5013:Manchu
4984:Yamato
4930:Taiwan
4908:Ryukyu
4493:
4404:
4306:qq.com
3843:) and
3664:Ghazan
3656:Arghun
3652:Persia
3644:Mongol
3578:While
3552:;
3542:;
3534:Korean
3513:dojang
3506:;
3498:Korean
3486:bronze
3459:guksae
3451:gwanin
3406:;
3386:;
3378:Korean
3240:in tou
3225:rōmaji
3109:shubun
3073:genkan
2937:made.
2919:shubun
2856:, and
2705:Nakoku
2587:carved
2564:Taiwan
1995:Guo Xi
1682:jiudie
1625:under
1571:中華民國之璽
1492:, the
1410::
1408:pinyin
1404:乾隆御覽之寶
1402::
1208:baiwen
1204:zhuwen
1190::
1188:pinyin
1184:朱白文相間印
1182::
1176:朱白文相间印
1174::
1164:seals.
1150:báiwén
1146:pinyin
1132:Baiwen
1128:seals.
1122:shubun
1114:zhūwén
1110:pinyin
1096:Zhuwen
1076:steles
985:Mongol
844:dragon
803:Anyang
766:edicts
760:, and
690:zhūshā
687::
685:pinyin
679::
643:stamps
613:inshō
609:inkan
493:injang
485:ingam
426:Hangul
391:ấn tín
277:inzong
273:ingan
114:
107:
100:
93:
85:
6075:Korea
6030:Japan
5983:China
5905:Wales
5877:Spain
5827:Malta
5726:Japan
5721:China
5382:Ports
5320:Flora
5232:Music
5182:Dance
5067:Tujia
5047:Qiang
4903:Japan
4891:Macau
4881:China
4683:2 May
4649:3 May
3936:Notes
3845:Latin
3831:with
3580:ingam
3573:ingam
3568:ingam
3549:印鑑證明書
3544:Hanja
3539:인감증명서
3525:sirin
3519:Ingam
3482:ivory
3447:eosae
3438:Sadae
3429:Gugin
3421:State
3388:Hanja
3374:oksae
3370:Buyeo
3366:Korea
3342:hanko
3338:hanko
3334:hanko
3280:hanko
3258:inkan
3254:hanko
3247:inkan
3236:hanko
3229:Inkan
3217:hanko
3213:inkan
3160:kanji
3152:hanko
3039:Hanko
3019:ivory
3003:ginkō
2966:hanko
2776:inkan
2752:inkan
2745:hanko
2729:hanko
2721:hanko
2719:held
2701:hanko
2694:hanko
2690:Inkan
2674:hanko
2657:inkan
2350:問梅消息
2268:白雲峰主
2265:白石道人,
2196:Name
2104:日就富貴
2045:Name
2013:文帝行璽
2005:Di Xi
1904:徐永裕印
1902:李小狼印,
1872:如佩信印
1745:李小狼印,
1716:Name
1652:(印).
1490:China
1042:-led
1001:Tibet
987:-led
890:huaya
850:by a
739:hanko
724:inkan
710:Malay
706:chapa
703:Hindi
699:chops
669:stone
639:seals
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