338:
177:, however, infrared heating was not commonly used until World War II. During World War II infrared heating became more widely used and recognized. The main applications were in the metal finishing fields, particularly in the curing and drying of paints and lacquers on military equipment. Banks of lamp bulbs were used very successfully; though by today's standards the power intensities were very low, the technique offered much faster drying times than the fuel convection ovens of the time. After World War II the adoption of infrared heating techniques continued but on a much slower basis. In the mid 1950s the motor vehicle industry began to show interest in the capabilities of infrared for paint curing and a number of production line infrared tunnels came into use.
450:
436:
emitters based on carbon fibre technology. More efficient designs use carbon crystals, a combination of carbon fibre, integrated with nanotechnology, transforming carbon into nanometer form. Because the heating elements are at a relatively low temperature, far-infrared heaters do not give emissions and smell from dust, dirt, formaldehyde, toxic fumes from paint-coating, etc. This has made this type of space heating very popular among people with severe allergies and
573:
704:
552:
25:
325:
67:
282:. These constitute only the higher and more expensive range of the market of infrared sauna. Instead of using carbon, quartz or high watt ceramic emitters, which emit near and medium infrared radiation, heat and light, far infrared emitters use low watt ceramic plates that remain cold, while still emitting far infrared radiation.
490:
Quartz infrared heating elements emit medium wave infrared energy and are particularly effective in systems where rapid heater response is required. Tubular infrared lamps in quartz bulbs produce infrared radiation in wavelengths of 1.5–8 μm. The enclosed filament operates at around 2,500 K
426:
Ceramic infrared heating elements are used in a diverse range of industrial processes where long wave infrared radiation is required. Their useful wavelength range is 2–10 μm. They are often used in the area of animal/pet healthcare too. The ceramic infrared heaters (emitters) are manufactured
639:
In addition to the dangers of touching the hot bulb or element, high-intensity short-wave infrared radiation may cause indirect thermal burns when the skin is exposed for too long or the heater is positioned too close to the subject. Individuals exposed to large amounts of infrared radiation (like
502:
Quartz heat lamps are used in food processing, chemical processing, paint drying, and thawing of frozen materials. They can also be used for comfort heating in cold areas, in incubators, and in other applications for heating, drying, and baking. During development of space re-entry vehicles, banks
218:
When light is undesirable or not necessary in a heater, ceramic infrared radiant heaters are the preferred choice. Containing 8 meters (26 ft) of coiled alloy resistance wire, they emit a uniform heat across the entire surface of the heater and the ceramic is 90% absorbent of the radiation. As
630:
The efficiency of an infrared heater is a rating of the total energy consumed by the heater compared to the amount of infrared energy generated. While there will always be some amount of convective heat generated through the process, any introduction of air motion across the heater will reduce its
435:
This heating technology is used in some expensive infrared saunas. It is also found in energy efficient space heaters. They are usually fairly big flat panels that are placed on walls, ceilings or integrated in floors. These heaters emit long wave infrared radiation using low watt density ceramic
403:
because plastic sockets can melt or burn when exposed to the large amount of waste heat produced by the lamps, especially when operated in the "base up" position. The shroud or hood of the lamp is generally metal. There may be a wire guard over the front of the shroud, to prevent touching the hot
169:. This instrument was made from three pieces. The first was a prism to catch the sunlight and direct and disperse the colors down onto a table, the second was a small panel of cardboard with a slit wide enough for only a single color to pass through it and finally, three mercury-in-glass
257:) and when arranged in a field reach high power densities of some hundreds of kW/m. Their peak wavelength is well below the absorption spectrum for water, making them unsuitable for many drying applications. They are well suited for heating of silica where a deep penetration is needed.
623:. The combustion product gases heat the emitter tube. As the tube heats, radiant energy from the tube strikes floors and other objects in the area, warming them. This form of heating maintains warmth even when a large volume of cold air is suddenly introduced, such as in maintenance
230:
tube that reflects the infrared radiation and directs it towards the product to be heated. Consequently, the infrared radiation impinging on the product is virtually doubled. Gold is used because of its oxidation resistance and very high infrared reflectivity of approximately 95%.
563:
of up to 1,500 °C (2,730 °F) (medium wave) and 2,600 °C (4,710 °F) (short wave). They reach operating temperature within seconds. Peak wavelength emissions of approximately 1.6 μm (medium wave infrared) and 1 μm (short wave infrared).
440:
in Europe. Because far infrared technology does not heat the air of the room directly, it is important to maximize the exposure of available surfaces which then re-emit the warmth to provide an even all round ambient warmth. This is known as radiant heating.
503:
of quartz infrared lamps were used to test heat shield materials at power densities as high as 28 kW/sq ft (300 kW/m). In 2000, General
Electric launched the first quartz waterproof lamp alongside British infrared heating manufacturer Tansun.
671:
For practical applications, the efficiency of the infrared heater depends on matching the emitted wavelength and the absorption spectrum of the material to be heated. For example, the absorption spectrum for water has its peak at around
631:
infrared conversion efficiency. With new untarnished reflectors, radiant tubes have a downward radiant efficiency of about 60%. (The other 40% comprises unrecoverable upwards radiant and convective losses, and flue losses.)
668:, which may be no loss at all for some designs where all of the electrical energy is desired in the heated space, or may be considered a loss, in situations where only the radiative heat transfer is desired or productive.
537:
released at operational temperatures is transmitted through the thin quartz tube but some of that energy is absorbed by the silica quartz glass tube causing the temperature of the tube wall to increase, this causes the
82:
is a heating appliance containing a high-temperature emitter that transfers energy to a cooler object through electromagnetic radiation. Depending on the temperature of the emitter, the wavelength of the peak of the
684:. On the other hand, some metals absorb only in the short-wave range and show a strong reflectivity in the medium and far infrared. This makes a careful selection of the right infrared heater type important for
542:
to radiate far infrared rays. Quartz glass heating elements were originally designed for lighting applications, but when a lamp is at full power less than 5% of the emitted energy is in the visible spectrum.
676:. This means that emission from medium-wave or carbon infrared heaters is much better absorbed by water and water-based coatings than NIR or short-wave infrared radiation. The same is true for many
483:). This leads to a much longer life of halogen lamps than other incandescent lamps. Due to the high pressure and temperature halogen lamps produce, they are relatively small and made out of
2553:
372:
Heat lamps are commonly used in shower and bathrooms to warm bathers and in food-preparation areas of restaurants to keep food warm before serving. They are also commonly used for
495:, these lamps produce about 100 watts per inch (4 W/mm) and can be combined to radiate 500 watts per square foot (5,400 W/m). To achieve even higher power densities,
260:
Medium-wave (MWIR) and carbon infrared heaters operate at filament temperatures of around 1,000 °C (1,830 °F). They reach maximum power densities of up to 60
1054:
Schmidt, F. "Modelling of
Infrared Heating of Thermoplastic Sheet Used in Thermoforming Process." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 143-144 (2003): 225-31. Print.
879:
46:
2503:
2533:
656:
Electrically heated infrared heaters radiate up to 86% of their input as radiant energy. Nearly all the electrical energy input is converted into infrared
215:). While carbon filaments are more fickle to produce, they heat up much more quickly than a comparable medium-wave heater based on a FeCrAl filament.
376:. Lights used for poultry are often called brooding lamps. Aside from young birds, other types of animals which can benefit from heat lamps include
816:
Technology
Guidebook for Electric Infrared Process Heating, Cincinnati: Infrared Equipment Association,1993. Battelle Columbus Division, Electric
427:
with three basic emitter faces: trough (concave), flat, and bulb or Edison screw element for normal installation via an E27 ceramic lamp holder.
94:
to 1 mm. No contact or medium between the emitter and cool object is needed for the energy transfer. Infrared heaters can be operated in
2548:
317:. This wire was then coiled into a spiral and wrapped around a ceramic body. When heated to high temperatures it forms a protective layer of
695:
range. Most plastics and many other materials absorb infrared best in this range, which makes the ceramic heater most suited for this task.
219:
absorption and emission are based on the same physical causes in each body, ceramic is ideally suited as a material for infrared heaters.
1132:
369:. Many heat lamps include a red filter to minimize the amount of visible light emitted. Heat lamps often include an internal reflector.
2041:
1290:
337:
33:
981:
691:
Ceramic elements operate in the temperature of 300 to 700 °C (570 to 1,290 °F) producing infrared wavelengths in the 2 to
239:
Infrared heaters are commonly used in infrared modules (or emitter banks) combining several heaters to achieve larger heated areas.
2543:
2475:
499:
were used. Quartz infrared lamps are used in highly polished reflectors to direct radiation in a uniform and concentrated pattern.
491:(2,230 °C; 4,040 °F), producing more shorter-wavelength radiation than open wire-coil sources. Developed in the 1950s at
1045:
Heat-dissipating Light
Fixture for Use with Tungsten-halogen Lamps. Allen R. Groh, assignee. Patent 4780799. 25 Oct. 1988. Print.
798:
White, Jack R. Herschel and the Puzzle of
Infrared. Tech. 3rd ed. Vol. 100. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Research Port. Web. 16 Apr. 2013.
2348:
1194:
1181:
991:
2508:
2470:
1144:
887:
418:
Heat lamps can be used as a medical treatment to provide dry heat when other treatments are ineffective or impractical.
2331:
2373:
2086:
1622:
1351:
1096:
842:
518:, or a thin coil of iron-chromium-aluminum alloy. The atmospheric air is removed and filled with inert gases such as
660:
in the filament and directed onto the target by reflectors. Some heat energy is removed from the heating element by
1442:
2523:
2337:
1717:
908:
932:
487:
because it has a higher melting point than standard glass. Common uses for halogen lamps are table top heaters.
1281:
415:
heat lamps are commonly packaged in the "R40" (5" reflector lamp) form factor with an intermediate screw base.
2485:
2429:
2424:
2001:
1529:
837:
Primer of Lamps and
Lightning; Willard Allphin, P.E.; Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, third edition 1973;
437:
956:
2046:
1597:
1518:
1477:
685:
173:. Through his experiment Herschel found that red light had the highest degree of temperature change in the
807:
Arnquist, W. "Survey of Early
Infrared Developments." Proceedings of the IRE 47.9 (1959): 1420-430. Print.
249:
Near infrared (NIR) or short-wave infrared heaters operate at high filament temperatures above 1,800
2389:
2191:
1702:
1637:
1555:
1467:
1331:
2538:
2419:
2126:
1891:
1735:
1064:
665:
286:
1008:
2591:
2450:
2414:
2216:
1846:
1801:
1729:
1581:
1524:
1176:, American Society of. Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 2008, Electronic
1174:
2008 ASHRAE Handbook – Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning
Systems and Equipment (I-P Edition)
2638:
2460:
2156:
1756:
1535:
1426:
1411:
861:
189:
wire, which is coiled to provide more surface area. Low temperature alternatives for tungsten are
2633:
2558:
2480:
2409:
2353:
2285:
2181:
2096:
2006:
1971:
1447:
657:
640:
glass blowers and arc welders) over an extended period of time may develop depigmentation of the
358:
38:
2623:
2585:
2465:
2176:
1607:
624:
731:
Non-contact, thereby not disturbing the product as conductive or convective heating methods do
607:
Radiant tube gas-fired heaters used for industrial and commercial building space heating burn
515:
2643:
2321:
2280:
1996:
1667:
1487:
1259:
1218:
560:
2445:
2435:
2379:
2316:
2211:
1791:
1740:
1306:
1109:
362:
8:
2311:
2301:
2275:
2061:
1723:
1632:
1602:
1502:
1472:
1366:
1326:
722:
539:
479:
855:
2574:
2518:
2455:
2232:
2111:
2106:
1896:
1707:
1692:
1274:
458:
84:
1024:
715:
Extremely high temperatures, limited largely by the maximum temperature of the emitter
2146:
2101:
1856:
1851:
1781:
1677:
1513:
1316:
1177:
1092:
1028:
987:
838:
661:
123:; these emitters are also named "bright" because still some visible light is emitted;
321:
which protects the wire from burning and corrosion, and causes the element to glow.
2664:
2613:
2368:
2363:
1946:
1652:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1457:
1020:
492:
373:
154:
2608:
2580:
2222:
2136:
2131:
2076:
2066:
1986:
1926:
1841:
1826:
1647:
1642:
1617:
1612:
1482:
1406:
298:
211:
411:, but red and blue bulbs are sold for use in brood lamps and reptile lamps. 250
2358:
2255:
2031:
2011:
1976:
1911:
1831:
1672:
1662:
1571:
1421:
1391:
1346:
1341:
1247:
Industrial
Heating, Principles, Techniques, Materials, Applications, and Design
1152:
780:
641:
581:
534:
449:
366:
318:
301:
first appeared in the 1920s. These elements consist of wire made from chromel.
279:
174:
2658:
2440:
2291:
2186:
2151:
1921:
1916:
1871:
1866:
1712:
1687:
1682:
1657:
1627:
1497:
1396:
1376:
1356:
1267:
1032:
762:
750:
645:
2618:
2296:
2196:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2091:
2026:
1906:
1876:
1816:
1811:
1786:
1697:
1576:
1492:
1416:
1401:
1386:
745:
703:
620:
585:
507:
496:
484:
346:
275:
265:
170:
162:
185:
The most common filament material used for electrical infrared heaters is
2628:
2270:
2227:
2201:
2141:
2121:
2116:
1991:
1951:
1936:
1881:
1806:
1776:
1771:
1587:
1452:
1371:
770:
Warming suckling animals or captive animals in zoos or veterinary clinics
728:
Focused heated area relative to conductive and convective heating methods
608:
361:
that is used for the principal purpose of creating heat. The spectrum of
285:
The relationship between temperature and peak wavelength is expressed by
269:
166:
825:
588:
heat. They need to be accurately specified for the spaces to be heated.
2384:
2306:
2237:
2206:
2081:
2051:
1981:
1931:
1901:
1886:
1861:
1766:
1566:
1462:
1381:
1321:
342:
278:
emitters (FIR) are typically used in the so-called low-temperature far
254:
243:
151:
119:
102:
1195:"What is Infared Heating? Types, Comparisons, and Advantages | Tansun"
572:
2343:
2021:
2016:
1966:
1941:
1796:
1592:
711:
IR heaters can satisfy a variety of heating requirements, including:
462:
381:
354:
206:
112:
90:
272:) (medium-wave) and 150 kW/m (14 kW/sq ft) (carbon).
2326:
2260:
1761:
1561:
1361:
1336:
1311:
677:
519:
408:
389:
314:
310:
261:
202:
198:
186:
158:
1089:
Revolution in lamps: a chronicle of 50 years of progress (2nd ed.)
559:
Quartz tungsten infrared heaters emit medium wave energy reaching
1836:
1508:
612:
584:
heating element capable of producing long, medium and short wave
527:
470:
466:
400:
377:
302:
250:
551:
66:
24:
2513:
2265:
2071:
1821:
511:
474:
393:
385:
306:
227:
190:
95:
1289:
2528:
1961:
616:
523:
615:
to heat a steel emitter tube. Gas passing through a control
324:
2036:
1956:
412:
223:
194:
1219:"36 Mind Blowing Facts about Infrared Radiation (IR Rays)"
1133:
Investigation of
Reflective Materials for the Solar Cooker
735:
Thus, IR heaters are applied for many purposes including:
680:
like PVC or polyethylene. Their peak absorption is around
1110:"History of Tansun | Infrared Space Heater Manufacturer"
526:
then sealed. In quartz halogen lamps, a small amount of
407:
Ordinary household white incandescent bulbs can also be
596:
There are two basic types of infrared radiant heaters.
530:
gas is added to prolong the heater's operational life.
165:
to measure the magnitude of radiant power at different
983:
Thermal Energy: Sources, Recovery, and Applications
328:
Soviet infrared heater with open wire element. 1963
137:Far infrared or dark emitters for everything above
1007:Wilson, Cathal; McGranaghan, Gerard (2014-03-01).
514:with an electrically resistant element, usually a
1006:
101:One classification of infrared heaters is by the
2656:
477:); this lengthens the life of the filament (see
421:
718:Fast response time, on the order of 1–2 seconds
365:emitted by the lamp is shifted to produce more
242:Infrared heaters are usually classified by the
109:Short wave or near infrared for the range from
627:. They cannot however, combat a cold draught.
506:Most common designs consist of either a satin
1275:
1249:. Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, Fl.: 2005.
399:The sockets used for heat lamps are usually
222:Industrial infrared heaters sometimes use a
1256:. 3rd Ed. Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia.
2042:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
1291:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
1282:
1268:
1065:"Quartz Heating and How it Works | Tansun"
880:"Where Should I Place My Infrared Heater?"
857:Gonorrhea and Impotency: Modern Treatment
2476:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
877:
702:
571:
550:
448:
336:
323:
161:in 1800. He made an instrument called a
65:
49:of all important aspects of the article.
16:Device designed to create radiative heat
2657:
853:
126:Medium infrared for the range between
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
2349:Programmable communicating thermostat
1263:
847:
721:Temperature gradients, especially on
292:
2471:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
1252:Siegel, Robert and Howell, John R.:
979:
957:"Advantages of Infrared Heat Panels"
444:
70:A household infrared electric heater
18:
826:Next Generation Transparent Furnace
648:, so exposure should be moderated.
13:
2332:Minimum efficiency reporting value
1239:
1151:. 22 December 1995. Archived from
546:
157:is credited with the discovery of
14:
2676:
2374:Standard temperature and pressure
2087:Packaged terminal air conditioner
1623:Passive daytime radiative cooling
1352:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
634:
465:combined with a small amount of
1443:Absorption-compression heat pump
1091:, The Fairmont Press, Inc. 2001
755:Plastic heating prior to forming
619:flows through a cup burner or a
567:
23:
2338:Normal temperature and pressure
1718:Vapor-compression refrigeration
1254:Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer
1211:
1187:
1167:
1137:
1126:
1102:
1081:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1009:"Infrared heating comes of age"
1000:
973:
949:
698:
461:filled with highly pressurized
430:
37:may be too short to adequately
980:Shah, Yatish T. (2018-01-12).
925:
901:
871:
831:
819:
810:
801:
792:
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
2486:Testing, adjusting, balancing
2430:Building information modeling
2425:Building services engineering
2002:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
1530:Demand controlled ventilation
1478:Building insulation materials
1025:10.1016/S0034-3617(14)70109-2
909:"Infrared Underfloor Heating"
878:Williams, Dawn (2017-11-02).
854:Hirsch, Edwin Walter (1922).
786:
651:
438:multiple chemical sensitivity
422:Ceramic infrared heat systems
332:
2047:High-pressure cut-off switch
1598:Ice storage air conditioning
1519:Dedicated outdoor air system
591:
105:bands of infrared emission.
7:
2390:Thermostatic radiator valve
2192:Thermostatic radiator valve
1703:Underfloor air distribution
1638:Radiant heating and cooling
1556:Energy recovery ventilation
1468:Automobile air conditioning
1332:Domestic energy consumption
1149:www.goaskalice.columbia.edu
913:Eco World Northeast Limited
860:. The Solar press. p.
774:
707:Infrared heater for cooking
478:
180:
10:
2681:
2539:Institute of Refrigeration
2420:Architectural technologist
1892:Electrostatic precipitator
600:Luminous or high intensity
480:Halogen lamp#Halogen cycle
145:
2601:
2592:Volatile organic compound
2567:
2494:
2451:Environmental engineering
2415:Architectural engineering
2398:
2246:
2217:Ultra-low particulate air
1802:Automatic balancing valve
1749:
1730:Variable refrigerant flow
1582:Heat recovery ventilation
1525:Deep water source cooling
1435:
1297:
1087:Raymond Kane, Heinz Sell
2639:Template:Home automation
2461:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2157:Solar-assisted heat pump
1757:Air conditioner inverter
1536:Displacement ventilation
1427:Vapour pressure of water
1412:Thermal destratification
688:in the heating process.
508:milky-white quartz glass
392:, and the young of some
313:and it is also known as
234:
2634:World Refrigeration Day
2481:Refrigerant reclamation
2410:Architectural acoustics
2354:Programmable thermostat
2286:Clean air delivery rate
2182:Thermal expansion valve
2097:Pressurisation ductwork
2007:Ground source heat pump
1448:Absorption refrigerator
1245:Deshmukh, Yeshvant V.:
359:incandescent light bulb
287:Wien's displacement law
2624:Glossary of HVAC terms
2586:Sick building syndrome
2466:Mechanical engineering
2177:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1608:Mixed-mode ventilation
1223:InfraRed Light Therapy
828:, Dr. Stephen C. Bates
708:
577:
561:operating temperatures
556:
454:
350:
329:
71:
2644:Template:Solar energy
2322:Intelligent buildings
2281:Carbon dioxide sensor
1668:Room air distribution
1488:Central solar heating
1145:"Infrared heat lamps"
706:
580:Carbon heaters use a
575:
554:
452:
404:surface of the bulb.
340:
327:
69:
2446:Duct leakage testing
2436:Deep energy retrofit
2380:Thermographic camera
2317:Infrared thermometer
1792:Air source heat pump
1741:Water heat recycling
1307:Air changes per hour
933:"Infrared Panels NZ"
725:with high heat input
603:Radiant tube heaters
533:The majority of the
453:Clear quartz element
363:black-body radiation
341:Electrical infrared
155:Sir William Herschel
2312:HVAC control system
2302:Home energy monitor
2276:Building automation
2062:Inverter compressor
1724:Variable air volume
1633:Passive ventilation
1603:Kitchen ventilation
1503:Constant air volume
1473:Autonomous building
1184:, table 2 page 15.3
1155:on 20 February 2006
1013:Reinforced Plastics
644:and opacity of the
576:Carbon Fiber Heater
540:silicon-oxygen bond
2575:Indoor air quality
2519:ASTM International
2456:Hydronic balancing
2233:Wood-burning stove
2112:Radiator reflector
1897:Evaporative cooler
1708:Underfloor heating
1693:Thermal insulation
937:Infrared Panels NZ
761:Glass & metal
742:Curing of coatings
709:
578:
557:
459:incandescent lamps
457:Halogen lamps are
455:
409:used as heat lamps
351:
330:
293:Metal wire element
85:infrared radiation
72:
2652:
2651:
2568:Health and safety
2147:Scroll compressor
2102:Process duct work
1857:Convection heater
1852:Condensing boiler
1782:Air-mixing plenum
1678:Solar combisystem
1514:Cross ventilation
1317:Building envelope
1182:978-1-60119-795-5
993:978-1-315-30593-6
751:Plastic shrinking
686:energy efficiency
445:Quartz heat lamps
64:
63:
2672:
2614:Building science
2369:Smart thermostat
2364:Room temperature
1947:Fireplace insert
1653:Radon mitigation
1551:Electric heating
1546:District heating
1541:District cooling
1458:Air conditioning
1284:
1277:
1270:
1261:
1260:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1191:
1185:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1141:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1106:
1100:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1004:
998:
997:
977:
971:
970:
968:
967:
953:
947:
946:
944:
943:
929:
923:
922:
920:
919:
905:
899:
898:
896:
895:
886:. Archived from
875:
869:
868:
851:
845:
835:
829:
823:
817:
814:
808:
805:
799:
796:
694:
683:
675:
493:General Electric
482:
374:animal husbandry
299:heating elements
140:
133:
129:
122:
115:
93:
59:
56:
50:
27:
19:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2609:ASHRAE Handbook
2597:
2581:Passive smoking
2563:
2496:
2490:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2248:
2242:
2223:Whole-house fan
2137:Run-around coil
2132:Reversing valve
2077:Mechanical room
2067:Kerosene heater
2057:Infrared heater
1987:Gasoline heater
1927:Fan filter unit
1842:Condensate pump
1827:Centrifugal fan
1745:
1648:Radiant heating
1643:Radiant cooling
1618:Passive cooling
1613:Microgeneration
1483:Central heating
1431:
1407:Thermal comfort
1299:
1293:
1288:
1242:
1240:Further reading
1237:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1203:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1127:
1118:
1116:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1086:
1082:
1073:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1005:
1001:
994:
978:
974:
965:
963:
955:
954:
950:
941:
939:
931:
930:
926:
917:
915:
907:
906:
902:
893:
891:
876:
872:
852:
848:
836:
832:
824:
820:
815:
811:
806:
802:
797:
793:
789:
777:
758:Plastic welding
739:Heating systems
701:
692:
681:
673:
654:
637:
594:
570:
549:
547:Quartz tungsten
447:
433:
424:
335:
295:
280:infrared saunas
237:
226:coating on the
209:and brand name
193:, or alloys of
183:
150:German-British
148:
138:
131:
127:
117:
110:
98:or atmosphere.
88:
76:infrared heater
60:
54:
51:
44:
32:This article's
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2678:
2668:
2667:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2578:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2359:Psychrometrics
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2256:Air flow meter
2252:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2032:Heating system
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2012:Heat exchanger
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1977:Gas compressor
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1912:Expansion tank
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1832:Ceramic heater
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1673:Solar air heat
1670:
1665:
1663:Renewable heat
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1574:
1572:Forced-air gas
1569:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1422:Thermodynamics
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1392:Psychrometrics
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1347:Gas compressor
1344:
1342:Fluid dynamics
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1210:
1199:www.tansun.com
1186:
1166:
1136:
1125:
1114:www.tansun.com
1101:
1080:
1069:www.tansun.com
1056:
1047:
1038:
999:
992:
972:
961:www.tansun.com
948:
924:
900:
870:
846:
830:
818:
809:
800:
790:
788:
785:
784:
783:
781:Ceramic heater
776:
773:
772:
771:
768:
765:
759:
756:
753:
748:
743:
740:
733:
732:
729:
726:
719:
716:
700:
697:
653:
650:
636:
635:Health effects
633:
605:
604:
601:
593:
590:
569:
566:
548:
545:
535:radiant energy
510:tube or clear
446:
443:
432:
429:
423:
420:
367:infrared light
334:
331:
319:chromium oxide
294:
291:
236:
233:
182:
179:
175:light spectrum
147:
144:
143:
142:
135:
124:
62:
61:
55:September 2023
41:the key points
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2677:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:organizations
2493:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2441:Duct cleaning
2439:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2292:Control valve
2290:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:Turning vanes
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:Thermal wheel
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2152:Solar chimney
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:Fan coil unit
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1867:Cooling tower
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1713:Vapor barrier
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1688:Solar heating
1686:
1684:
1683:Solar cooling
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:Refrigeration
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1628:Passive house
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1498:Chilled water
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1397:Sensible heat
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1377:Noise control
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1357:Heat transfer
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1129:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1098:
1097:0-88173-378-4
1094:
1090:
1084:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
995:
989:
986:. CRC Press.
985:
984:
976:
962:
958:
952:
938:
934:
928:
914:
910:
904:
890:on 2020-10-31
889:
885:
884:Advice Centre
881:
874:
867:
863:
859:
858:
850:
844:
843:0-201-00170-5
840:
834:
827:
822:
813:
804:
795:
791:
782:
779:
778:
769:
766:
764:
763:heat treating
760:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
746:Space heaters
744:
741:
738:
737:
736:
730:
727:
724:
723:material webs
720:
717:
714:
713:
712:
705:
696:
689:
687:
679:
669:
667:
663:
659:
649:
647:
646:aqueous humor
643:
632:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
602:
599:
598:
597:
589:
587:
583:
574:
568:Carbon heater
565:
562:
555:Quartz heater
553:
544:
541:
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:tungsten wire
513:
509:
504:
500:
498:
497:halogen lamps
494:
488:
486:
481:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
451:
442:
439:
428:
419:
416:
414:
410:
405:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
348:
344:
339:
326:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
305:is made from
304:
300:
290:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
271:
268:(5.6 kW/
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
247:
245:
240:
232:
229:
225:
220:
216:
214:
213:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:
136:
125:
121:
114:
108:
107:
106:
104:
99:
97:
92:
86:
81:
77:
68:
58:
48:
42:
40:
35:
30:
26:
21:
20:
2619:Fireproofing
2403:and services
2399:Professions,
2297:Gas detector
2197:Trickle vent
2172:Smoke damper
2167:Smoke canopy
2162:Space heater
2092:Plenum space
2056:
2027:Heating film
1907:Exhaust hood
1877:Dehumidifier
1817:Blast damper
1812:Barrier pipe
1787:Air purifier
1698:Thermosiphon
1577:Free cooling
1493:Chilled beam
1417:Thermal mass
1402:Stack effect
1387:Particulates
1367:Infiltration
1298:Fundamental
1253:
1246:
1227:. Retrieved
1225:. 2017-06-25
1222:
1213:
1202:. Retrieved
1198:
1189:
1173:
1169:
1157:. Retrieved
1153:the original
1148:
1139:
1128:
1117:. Retrieved
1113:
1104:
1088:
1083:
1072:. Retrieved
1068:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1019:(2): 43–47.
1016:
1012:
1002:
982:
975:
964:. Retrieved
960:
951:
940:. Retrieved
936:
927:
916:. Retrieved
912:
903:
892:. Retrieved
888:the original
883:
873:
865:
856:
849:
833:
821:
812:
803:
794:
734:
710:
699:Applications
690:
670:
658:radiant heat
655:
638:
629:
606:
595:
586:far infrared
582:carbon fiber
579:
558:
532:
505:
501:
489:
485:quartz glass
456:
434:
431:Far-infrared
425:
417:
406:
398:
371:
352:
296:
284:
276:Far infrared
274:
259:
253:(3,270
248:
241:
238:
221:
217:
210:
184:
171:thermometers
163:spectrometer
149:
100:
87:ranges from
79:
75:
73:
52:
36:
34:lead section
2629:Warm Spaces
2271:Blower door
2249:and control
2247:Measurement
2228:Windcatcher
2202:Trombe wall
2142:Sail switch
2122:Refrigerant
2117:Recuperator
1992:Grease duct
1952:Freeze stat
1937:Fire damper
1807:Back boiler
1777:Air ionizer
1772:Air handler
1736:Ventilation
1588:Hybrid heat
1453:Air barrier
1372:Latent heat
682:3.5 μm
609:natural gas
347:hair salons
297:Metal wire
246:they emit:
167:wavelengths
128:1.4 μm
2385:Thermostat
2307:Humidistat
2238:Zone valve
2207:TurboSwing
2082:Oil heater
2052:Humidifier
1982:Gas heater
1932:Fan heater
1902:Evaporator
1887:Economizer
1862:Compressor
1767:Air filter
1750:Components
1567:Forced-air
1463:Antifreeze
1436:Technology
1382:Outgassing
1322:Convection
1229:2021-01-24
1204:2024-05-08
1159:11 January
1119:2024-05-08
1074:2024-05-08
966:2024-05-08
942:2022-09-18
918:2022-09-18
894:2022-09-18
866:Heat lamp.
787:References
693:10 μm
666:convection
662:conduction
652:Efficiency
382:amphibians
349:, c. 2010s
343:hair dryer
333:Heat lamps
270:sq ft
244:wavelength
152:astronomer
103:wavelength
2495:Industry
2344:OpenTherm
2022:Heat pump
2017:Heat pipe
1967:Fume hood
1942:Fireplace
1847:Condenser
1797:Attic fan
1593:Hydronics
1099:chapter 3
1033:0034-3617
674:3 μm
592:Gas-fired
463:inert gas
390:arachnids
355:heat lamp
207:trademark
139:3 μm
132:3 μm
118:1.4
111:750
89:750
80:heat lamp
39:summarize
2659:Category
2602:See also
2327:LonWorks
2261:Aquastat
2127:Register
2107:Radiator
1762:Air door
1562:Firestop
1362:Humidity
1337:Enthalpy
1327:Dilution
1312:Bake-out
1300:concepts
775:See also
678:plastics
520:nitrogen
378:reptiles
315:nichrome
203:aluminum
199:chromium
187:tungsten
181:Elements
159:infrared
2665:Heating
2401:trades,
1972:Furnace
1837:Chiller
1509:Coolant
767:Cooking
625:garages
621:venturi
613:propane
528:halogen
471:bromine
467:halogen
401:ceramic
394:mammals
386:insects
303:Chromel
212:Kanthal
146:History
2554:SMACNA
2514:ASHRAE
2334:(MERV)
2288:(CADR)
2266:BACnet
2219:(ULPA)
2072:Louver
1997:Grille
1872:Damper
1822:Boiler
1720:(VCRS)
1521:(DOAS)
1180:
1095:
1031:
990:
841:
512:quartz
475:iodine
357:is an
311:chrome
307:nickel
228:quartz
201:, and
191:carbon
96:vacuum
2594:(VOC)
2588:(SBS)
2577:(IAQ)
2534:CIBSE
2529:BSRIA
2432:(BIM)
2376:(STP)
2340:(NTP)
1962:Freon
1732:(VRF)
1726:(VAV)
1584:(HRV)
1558:(ERV)
1532:(DCV)
1505:(CAV)
617:valve
524:argon
469:gas (
235:Types
2549:LEED
2509:AMCA
2504:AHRI
2037:HEPA
1957:Flue
1882:Duct
1178:ISBN
1161:2022
1093:ISBN
1029:ISSN
988:ISBN
839:ISBN
642:iris
522:and
413:watt
345:for
309:and
224:gold
195:iron
130:and
2559:UMC
2544:IIR
2524:BRE
1917:Fan
1021:doi
664:or
611:or
473:or
116:to
78:or
74:An
2661::
1221:.
1197:.
1147:.
1112:.
1067:.
1027:.
1017:58
1015:.
1011:.
959:.
935:.
911:.
882:.
864:.
862:96
396:.
388:,
384:,
380:,
353:A
289:.
262:kW
255:°F
251:°C
197:,
120:μm
113:nm
91:nm
1283:e
1276:t
1269:v
1232:.
1207:.
1163:.
1122:.
1077:.
1035:.
1023::
996:.
969:.
945:.
921:.
897:.
266:m
264:/
205:(
141:.
134:;
57:)
53:(
43:.
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