1006:
It is a decree to deny saving grace within time. In such a state, an individual sinner would receive punishment for their sins. The decree does not necessitate them to sin (as choices the creature makes are contingent and belong to them) nor does it directly prevent them from saving faith and repentance. Reprobation is not an act of divine justice, but a decree that divine justice will be given to some createable and fallible persons who in time will be fallen. Election for Twisse, unlike that of the infralapsarians, is itself not an act of grace, but an election for some createable and fallible persons to receive grace leading to saving faith and repentance while fallen in time. Equally then, election thus was not an act of mercy, as it is with infralapsarians, but a determination that some will receive mercy in time. Election, reprobation, the Fall, mercy, and justice are coordinate elements within the one divine decree. Election and reprobation do not occasion the Fall, nor does the Fall occasion election and reprobation, but they are coordinate elements logically ordered for purpose of manifesting divine glory.
986:
those guilty of imputed and actual sin and the bestowal of eternal life. On the other hand, God's justice is shown in the permitting of those who are guilty of imputed and actual sin to continue on their chosen path and the bestowal of divine judgment for their unrepentant disobedience. As the manifestation of glory through mercy and justice is the final intention, given the dictum, it is the last set of elements to come to pass within history, or last in execution. What is not clear is how supralapsarians saw the means playing out to this final end.
236:
1043:
834:
1002:
separate the object decreed from how it is that it comes to pass (modus res) and, that the one divine decree had several elements each with its own integrity. The decree is unconditional and will be fulfilled accordingly, but fulfillment does not carry the same means in each object within the one decree: differing objects within the decree have differing modes of agency and thus differing modes of fulfillment.
1005:
Election and reprobation are within the decree intended for the final end, but the means through which this final end is brought about is not immediately present within the eternal decree itself. This is manifested within history. Reprobation is thus not an ordination to damnation nakedly considered.
122:
The difference between the two views are minute; supralapsarianism, by virtue of its belief that God creates the elect and reprobate, is a suggestion or provides an inference that at some level, God decreed sin to enter into the world without being the author of it. Infralapsarianism teaches that all
1001:
It may seem that Twisse was performing double-talk at this point as a supralapsarian, but Twisse himself maintained that "not one of our divines, that I know, doth maintaine that God did ever purpose to inflict damnation, but for sin." What needs to be made clear at this point is that Twisse did not
985:
Most supralapsarians would have held to the general claim that the result or final intention of the divine decree is the manifestation of God's glory particularly through the application of divine mercy upon some and divine justice upon others. God's mercy is shown to some in both the forgiveness of
989:
Infralapsarians regarded the Fall as an occasion for election and reprobation, choosing some out of a fallen mass and passing by others. In the supralapsarian view, Twisse maintained that the Fall did not occasion election or reprobation. But he also did not believe that the gulf between infra- and
990:
supralapsarians was that extensive, thus stating that the differences between the two were "meerely
Logicall." Although he did not believe that the Fall occasioned election and reprobation, he did not maintain that election and reprobation had no regard for the Fall whatsoever.
131:
of whom He would rescue from condemnation. The infralapsarianist view follows
Ephesians 1:4–6, "... even as He chose us in Him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and blameless before Him. In love He predestined us for adoption to Himself as sons through
939:
Before the foundation of the world, by sheer grace, according to the free good pleasure of his will, chose in Christ to salvation a definite number of particular people out of the entire human race which had fallen by its own fault from its original innocence into sin and
1029:
For he hath not wished, but ordained, and made it a positive law, that whosoever believeth shall be saved, and herehence it followeth that if all and every one, from the beginning of the World to the end, shall believe in Christ, all and every one of them shall be
967:
The difficulty in ascertaining an historical supralapsarian position is that while many supralapsarians may have held similar positions with regard to the ordering of the decree, the actual object and subject of predestination may differ among many. The example of
997:
repeatedly to the effect that "reprobation includeth the will of God of permitting sin, and of inferring damnation for sin." Concomitant to this, he claimed that "God neither damnes nor decrees to damne any man, but for sinne and finall perseverance therein".
975:
Regarding his doctrine of salvation, Twisse was explicitly and staunchly supralapsarian, although his views are hard to fit into the standard definition of supralapsarianism. He adhered to the classic supralapsarian dictum:
136:, according to the purpose of His will, to the praise of His glorious grace, with which He has blessed us in the Beloved" (ESV). That is, some are chosen to be elect (foreknowledge) but not created elect.
1022:
Twisse, concerning both how supralapsarians have been understood historically and just how consistent Twisse was in relating the decree to the object decreed, was a supralapsarian and a
143:
rejected both because he sees the entire system of God's plan of salvation as organic, with each part mutually dependent and determinative, rather than some parts "causing" others.
883:. A few later Calvinists, in particular those influenced by Beza's theology, embraced supralapsarianism. In England Beza's influence was felt at Cambridge, where
982:(that which is first in intention is last in execution...that which is last in execution is first in intention) and emphasized these repeatedly in his writings.
789:
927:
and Curt Daniel, no major
Reformed theologian and very few modern Calvinists are supralapsarian. The infralapsarianism view seems to be expressed in the
72:
Supralapsarianism and infralapsarianism assert that election and reprobation respectively preceded and succeeded the Fall logically, not temporally.
811:
862:
806:
466:
445:
1524:
309:
1488:
1422:
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1359:
1335:
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948:
and his eventual exoneration concerning his views on sin in the divine decree. Other supralapsarians at the Synod included
796:
681:
439:
855:
944:
However the Synod did not reject those who held to a supralapsarian position, as illustrated in the trial held against
666:
17:
979:
Quod primum est in intentione, ultimum est in executione...quod ultimum est in executione, primum est in intentione
115:
the decree of the Fall. The words can also be used in connection with other topics, e.g. supra- and infralapsarian
414:
336:
923:. Historically, it is estimated that less than 5% of all Calvinists have been Supralapsarian. Also according to
1644:
848:
676:
659:
556:
419:
372:
1048:
838:
516:
424:
1639:
646:
341:
326:
1517:
972:
may be interesting to many given some of his emphases, which may not be as unique to him historically.
766:
1388:
Diversity within the
Reformed Tradition: Supra- and Infralapsarianism in Calvin, Dort, and Westminster
1613:
1023:
884:
801:
314:
561:
362:
299:
42:
1564:
1533:
541:
476:
346:
1608:
1510:
688:
571:
486:
409:
227:
1618:
756:
741:
392:
382:
377:
128:
1239:
8:
716:
1313:
1305:
949:
945:
892:
771:
626:
611:
521:
491:
431:
219:
123:
men are sinful by nature (due to the Fall), are thereby condemned through our own sin (
62:
631:
1569:
1484:
1444:
1418:
1392:
1355:
1331:
1317:
1297:
1261:
957:
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536:
506:
387:
304:
30:
1289:
924:
616:
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471:
450:
404:
240:
49:. Several opposing positions have been proposed, all of which have names with the
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1478:
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1438:
1412:
1386:
1369:
1325:
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912:
880:
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726:
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586:
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397:
140:
50:
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907:
In the last century, the most recent proponents of supralapsarianism include
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827:
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576:
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481:
367:
271:
235:
133:
1280:
Bray, John (December 1972), "Theodore Beza's
Doctrine of Predestination",
899:
wrote two comprehensive books on supralapsarianism, one in Latin entitled
1554:
916:
698:
496:
276:
248:
116:
46:
38:
1309:
721:
606:
95:) is the view that God's decrees of election and reprobation logically
1594:
1350:
Cross, Frank; Livingston, Elizabeth, eds. (2005), "Sublapsarianism",
731:
501:
256:
124:
58:
1293:
1584:
1042:
833:
776:
111:) asserts that God's decrees of election and reprobation logically
139:
Many
Calvinists reject both lapsarian views for various reasons.
1502:
186:
Render the Fall certain (by which all deserve to be condemned)
1480:
1549:
1544:
1411:
Goudriaan, Aza; van
Lieburg, Fred, eds. (6 December 2010),
1574:
1323:
1137:
196:
Save some from condemnation and leave others condemned
41:
in relation to his decree to save some sinners through
875:
The first to articulate the supralapsarian view were
1410:
1149:
1038:
243:
in Geneva, featuring prominent
Reformed theologians
1464:
The Riches of God's Love Unto the
Vessells of Mercy
905:
The Riches of God's Love unto the Vessels of Mercy.
901:Vindiciae Gratiae, Potestatis, Et Providentiae Dei
1330:, Grand Rapids: Faith Alive Christian Resources,
935:, First Point of Doctrine, Article 7, it states:
1631:
903:and a shorter but lengthy English work entitled
812:North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council
1349:
1064:
1518:
1352:The Oxford Dictionary Of The Christian Church
856:
807:International Conference of Reformed Churches
1109:
1107:
977:
147:Lapsarian views on order of decrees of God
1525:
1511:
863:
849:
1476:
1414:Revisiting the Synod of Dordt (1618-1619)
1104:
1076:
1253:
1125:
1391:, Greenville: Reformed Academic Press,
1257:The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination
1241:Supralapsarianism and Infralapsarianism
14:
1632:
1460:
1436:
1367:
1288:(4), Cambridge University Press: 529,
1220:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1113:
310:Republication of the Covenant of Works
1506:
1477:van Driel, Edwin (1 September 2008),
1384:
1371:The History and Theology of Calvinism
1354:, New York: Oxford University Press,
1161:
960:, none of whom took exception to the
204:Provide salvation only for the elect
27:Aspect of Christian Reformed theology
1279:
1254:Boettner, Loraine (1932), "2.11.6",
1098:
797:World Communion of Reformed Churches
440:Institutes of the Christian Religion
1483:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1417:, Leiden: Brill, pp. 217–241,
1327:Ecumenical Creeds & Confessions
1260:, Philadelphia: Evangelical Press,
1237:
1087:
175:Create the elect and the reprobate
24:
1440:A Discovery of D. Jackson's Vanity
1324:Christian Reformed Church (1987),
25:
1656:
1532:
1150:Goudriaan & van Lieburg 2010
1041:
839:Reformed Christianity portal
832:
234:
1214:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1016:
415:Westminster Confession of Faith
1580:Logical order of God's decrees
1155:
1143:
1138:Christian Reformed Church 1987
1131:
1119:
1092:
1081:
1070:
1058:
322:Logical order of God's decrees
13:
1:
1231:
420:Westminster Shorter Catechism
165:Save some and condemn others
35:logical order of God's decree
1374:, Dallas: Scholarly Reprints
1049:Reformed Christianity portal
425:Westminster Larger Catechism
7:
1065:Cross & Livingston 2005
895:in the Netherlands. Later,
75:
45:and condemn others through
10:
1661:
210:
153:
1603:
1540:
1024:hypothetical universalist
802:World Reformed Fellowship
315:Baptist Covenant Theology
203:
185:
1461:Twisse, William (1653),
1437:Twisse, William (1631),
1009:
562:Friedrich Schleiermacher
99:the decree of the Fall.
57:(meaning fall), and the
891:held to it, as well as
300:Theology of John Calvin
1565:Christian views on sin
1032:
978:
942:
477:Johannes Oecolampadius
1645:Christian terminology
1368:Daniel, Curt (1993),
1027:
937:
487:Peter Martyr Vermigli
410:Westminster Standards
228:Reformed Christianity
1385:Fesko, John (2001),
757:New England theology
742:Mercersburg theology
667:Continental Reformed
393:Heidelberg Catechism
383:Three Forms of Unity
378:Helvetic Confessions
337:Regulative principle
178:Create human beings
127:), and that God had
467:List of theologians
446:Systematic theology
148:
1640:Calvinist theology
1152:, pp. 217–241
950:Franciscus Gomarus
946:Johannes Maccovius
893:Franciscus Gomarus
772:Princeton theology
612:H. Richard Niebuhr
522:Franciscus Gomarus
492:Heinrich Bullinger
432:Barmen Declaration
157:Infralapsarianism
154:Supralapsarianism
146:
1627:
1626:
1570:Imputation of sin
1490:978-0-19-536916-8
1424:978-90-04-18863-1
1398:978-1-884416-49-1
1361:978-0-19-280290-3
1337:978-0-930265-34-2
1267:978-0-87552-129-9
1238:Bavinck, Herman,
958:Gisbertus Voetius
873:
872:
642:Donald G. Bloesch
622:Cornelius Van Til
537:Samuel Rutherford
507:Zacharias Ursinus
388:Belgic Confession
305:Covenant theology
208:
207:
101:Infralapsarianism
81:Supralapsarianism
31:Reformed theology
18:Infralapsarianism
16:(Redirected from
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931:in 1618. In the
925:Loraine Boettner
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858:
851:
837:
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694:Reformed Baptist
617:Reinhold Niebuhr
557:Jonathan Edwards
547:Francis Turretin
472:Huldrych Zwingli
451:Metrical psalter
405:Scots Confession
241:Reformation Wall
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215:
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105:postlapsarianism
89:pre-lapsarianism
85:antelapsarianism
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1590:Total depravity
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1443:, p. 305,
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885:William Perkins
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632:Jürgen Moltmann
517:William Perkins
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995:Thomas Aquinas
970:William Twisse
962:Canons of Dort
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909:Abraham Kuyper
897:William Twisse
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647:Michael Horton
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627:T. F. Torrance
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602:Geerhardus Vos
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592:B. B. Warfield
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587:Herman Bavinck
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1187:, p. 305
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1140:, p. 124
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1126:Boettner 1932
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1101:, p. 529
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762:New Calvinism
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748:
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363:List of texts
356:
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348:
347:Scholasticism
345:
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332:Lord's Supper
330:
328:
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253:Theodore Beza
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245:William Farel
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137:
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129:foreknowledge
126:
120:
118:
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110:
106:
103:(also called
102:
98:
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90:
86:
83:(also called
82:
73:
70:
68:
67:-lapsarianism
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
1579:
1560:Original sin
1534:Hamartiology
1494:, retrieved
1479:
1468:, retrieved
1463:
1452:, retrieved
1439:
1428:, retrieved
1413:
1402:, retrieved
1387:
1376:, retrieved
1370:
1351:
1341:, retrieved
1326:
1285:
1281:
1271:, retrieved
1256:
1245:, retrieved
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1216:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1168:
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1145:
1133:
1121:
1116:, p. 95
1094:
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1060:
1028:
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988:
984:
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954:William Ames
943:
938:
921:Gordon Clark
904:
900:
889:William Ames
874:
824:Christianity
822:
672:Presbyterian
637:J. I. Packer
482:Martin Bucer
438:
368:Geneva Bible
321:
272:Christianity
138:
134:Jesus Christ
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54:
34:
33:studies the
29:
1614:Soteriology
1609:Apologetics
1221:Twisse 1653
1209:Twisse 1653
1197:Twisse 1653
1185:Twisse 1631
1173:Twisse 1653
1114:Daniel 1993
917:Arthur Pink
722:Amyraldians
677:South Korea
597:John Machen
497:John Calvin
463:Theologians
373:Confessions
277:Reformation
249:John Calvin
201:Decree to:
191:Decree to:
183:Decree to:
172:Decree to:
162:Decree to:
117:Christology
61:(a type of
47:reprobation
1634:Categories
1619:Demonology
1496:2012-12-07
1470:2012-12-07
1454:2012-12-07
1430:2012-12-07
1404:2012-12-07
1378:2012-12-07
1343:2012-12-07
1273:2012-12-07
1247:2012-12-07
1232:References
1162:Fesko 2001
747:Neonomians
717:Afrikaners
607:Karl Barth
572:John Nevin
266:Background
37:to ordain
1607:See also
1595:Peccatism
1318:246999063
1302:0009-6407
1099:Bray 1972
993:He cited
732:Huguenots
711:Movements
542:John Owen
502:John Knox
257:John Knox
125:free will
113:succeeded
59:word stem
1585:Theodicy
1555:The Fall
1449:56362991
1223:, i. 184
1128:, 2.11.6
777:Puritans
767:Pilgrims
699:Anglican
294:Theology
220:a series
218:Part of
97:preceded
76:Overview
43:election
1310:3163884
1211:, i. 14
1199:, i. 34
1088:Bavinck
327:Baptism
211:History
1487:
1447:
1421:
1395:
1358:
1334:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1264:
1175:, i. 4
1030:saved.
956:, and
255:, and
55:lapsus
1314:S2CID
1306:JSTOR
1010:Notes
940:ruin.
359:Texts
53:root
51:Latin
1550:Evil
1545:Adam
1485:ISBN
1445:OCLC
1419:ISBN
1393:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1332:ISBN
1298:ISSN
1262:ISBN
887:and
879:and
107:and
63:root
1575:Sin
1290:doi
119:.
91:or
1636::
1312:,
1304:,
1296:,
1286:41
1284:,
1106:^
1026:.
964:.
952:,
919:,
915:,
911:,
826:•
251:,
247:,
222:on
87:,
69:.
65:)
1526:e
1519:t
1512:v
1292::
864:e
857:t
850:v
20:)
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