12361:"These little balusters are of considerable interest, as their sculptured statues are much superior in artistic design and execution to those of the railing pillars. They are further remarkable in having Arian letters engraved on their bases or capitals, a peculiarity which points unmistakably to the employment of Western artists, and which fully accounts for the superiority of their execution. The letters found are p, s, a, and b, of which the first three occur twice. Now, if the same sculptors had been employed on the railings, we might confidently expect to find the same alphabetical letters used as private marks. But the fact is just the reverse, for the whole of the 27 marks found on any portions of the railing are Indian letters. The only conclusion that I can come to from these facts is that the foreign artists who were employed on the sculptures of the gateways were certainly not engaged on any part of the railing. I conclude, therefore, that the Raja of
3638:
14408:
10673:, (Brepols 2005) discusses an inscription dedicated to Euthydemus, "Greatest of all kings" and his son Demetrius, who is not called king but "Victorious" (Kallinikos). This is taken to indicate that Demetrius was his father's general during the first conquests. It is uncertain whether the Kabul valley or Arachosia were conquered first, and whether the latter province was taken from the Seleucids after their defeat by the Romans in 190 BC. Peculiar enough, more coins of Euthydemus I than of Demetrius I have been found in the mentioned provinces. The calendar of the "Yonas" is proven by an inscription giving a triple synchronism to have begun in 186/5 BC; what event is commemorated is itself uncertain. Richard Salomon "The Indo-Greek era of 186/5 B.C. in a Buddhist reliquary inscription", in
6466:
3763:
6937:
4162:
5163:
1033:
4493:
5806:
49:
5355:
6138:
1421:
5842:
6196:
395:
7201:
6922:
13918:"It is noteworthy that the dress of the Gandharan Bodhisattva statues has no resemblance whatever to that of the Kushan royal portrait statues, which has many affiliations with Parthian costume. The finery of the Gandhara images must be modeled on the dress of local native nobility, princes of Indian or Indo-Greek race, who had no blood connection with the Scythian rulers. It is also evident that the facial types are unrelated to the features of the Kushans as we know them from their coins and fragmentary portrait statues.", Benjamin Rowland JR, foreword to "The Dyasntic art of the Kushan", John Rosenfield, 1967.
11030:
Buddhism in the Pali book the
Milindapanha. Early Life – Menander (not to be confused with the more famous Greek dramatist of the same name) was born somewhere in the fertile area to the south of the Paropaisadae or present Hindu Kush Mountains of Afghanistan. The only reference to this location is in the semilegendary Milindapanha (first or second century A.D.), which says that he was born in a village called Kalasi near Alasanda, some two hundred yojanas (about eighteen miles) from the town of Sagala (probably Sialkot in the Punjab). The Alasanda refers to the Alexandria in Afghanistan and not the one in Egypt.
8288:
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5830:
5818:
4477:
7609:
3618:
4670:
14071:"Since the merchants of Alexandria are already sailing with fleets by way of the Nile and of the Persian Gulf as far as India, these regions also have become far better known to us of today than to our predecessors. At any rate, when Gallus was prefect of Egypt, I accompanied him and ascended the Nile as far as Syene and the frontiers of Ethiopia, and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from Myos Hormos for India, whereas formerly, under the Ptolemies, only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise."
7121:
5508:
4444:
4432:
5896:
8252:
8235:
2841:
8579:
8189:
8993:. Should this far-reaching suggestion be well founded, it would not only throw light on the good relations between the Seleucid and Maurya dynasties, but would mean that the Maurya dynasty was descended from, or anyhow connected with, Seleucus... when the Mauryan line became extinct, he (Demetrius) may well have regarded himself, if not as the next heir, at any rate as the heir nearest at hand". Also: "The Seleucid and Maurya lines were connected by the marriage of Seleucus' daughter (or niece) either to Chandragupta or his son Bindusara"
8104:
4509:
8626:
8461:
4269:
4462:
3335:
388:
67:
4539:
13387:, apparently a Mauryan king, "loved the Greeks": "Iambulus, having found his way to a certain village, was then brought by the natives into the presence of the king of Palibothra, a city which was distant a journey of many days from the sea. And since the king loved the Greeks ("Philhellenos") and devoted to learning he considered Iambulus worthy of cordial welcome; and at length, upon receiving a permission of safe-conduct, he passed over first of all into Persia and later arrived safe in Greece" Diodorus ii,60.
6418:
8039:
8417:
7272:
9204:
p. 393). "We have to look for the beginnings of
Gandharan Buddhist art in the residual Indo-Greek tradition, and in the early Buddhist stone sculpture to the South (Bharhut etc...)" (Boardman, 1993, p. 124). "Depending on how the dates are worked out, the spread of Gandhari Buddhism to the north may have been stimulated by Menander's royal patronage, as may the development and spread of the Gandharan sculpture, which seems to have accompanied it" McEvilley, 2002, "The shape of ancient thought", p. 378.
4293:
2610:
2151:
1938:
6907:
11302:: "Beyond is Arachosia. And the Parthians call this White India; there are the city of Biyt and the city of Pharsana and the city of Chorochoad and the city of Demetrias; then Alexandropolis, the metropolis of Arachosia; it is Greek, and by it flows the river Arachotus. As far as this place the land is under the rule of the Parthians." "Parthians stations", 1st century BC. Mentioned in Bopearachchi, "Monnaies Greco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques", p. 52. Original text in paragraph 19 of
6763:
5887:
8344:
6497:
3088:
10749:, p. 7; see also Senior, Indo-Scythian coins, p. xii. No undisputed coins of Demetrius I himself use this title, but it is employed on one of the pedigree coins issued by Agathocles, which bear on the reverse the classical profile of Demetrius crowned by the elephant scalp, with the legend DEMETRIOS ANIKETOS, and on the reverse Herakles crowning himself, with the legend "Of king Agathocles" (Boppearachchi, "Monnaies", p. 179 and Pl 8). Tarn, The Greeks in Bactria and India, Chap IV.
10376:, and especially to the Chaldean "magi" of Babylon......The "Chaldeans" were the guardians of the sacred science: the astrological knowledge and the divination mixed with religion and magic. They were considered the last representatives of the Babylonian sages......In Classical Antiquity, the name "Chaldeans" primarily stood for the priests of the Babylonian temples. In Hellenistic times, the term "Chaldeos" was synonymous with the words "mathematician" and "astrologer"......The
9863:"The treaty between the two kings was settled with a marriage agreement by which a daughter of Seleucus Nicator entered the house of Chandragupta. Since she hardly had become the wife of any lesser person than the Indian emperor himself or his son and heir Bindusāra, the fascinating possibility arises that Aśoka, the greatest of the Mauryan emperors, may in fact, have been half or at least a quarter Greek." Vassiliades, 2016, p. 21, quoting Woodcock, "The Greeks in India", p. 17
733:
5794:
8589:
8325:
4575:
8679:
8515:
8384:
2445:
5928:
5923:
5637:
5632:
5531:
5526:
8562:
8505:
8199:
7911:
4014:
12140:"P.Bernard thinks that these emissions were destined to commercial exchanges with Bactria, then controlled by the Yuezhi, and were post-Greek coins remained faithful to Greco-Bactrian coinage. In a slightly different perspective (...) G. Le Rider considers that these emission were used to pay tribute to the nomads of the north, who were thus incentivized not to pursue their forays in the direction of the Indo-Greek realm", Bopearachchi, "Monnaies", p. 76.
8316:
8271:
6103:
3076:
7038:
5371:
11705:"Soldier heads. During the Mauryan period, the military activity was more evidenced in the public life. Possibly, foreign soldiers frequently visited India and attracted Indian modellers with their ethnic features and uncommon uniform. From Mathura in Uttar Pradesh and Basarh in Bihar, some terracotta heads have been reported, which represent soldiers. Artistically, the Basarh terracotta soldier-heads are better, executed than those from Mathura." in
8758:
8700:
8444:
4119:
1796:
6952:
3015:
8997:, Taxila, p20. This thesis originally appeared in "The Cambridge Shorter History of India": "If the usual oriental practice was followed and if we regard Chandragupta as the victor, then it would mean that a daughter or other female relative of Seleucus was given to the Indian ruler or to one of his sons, so that Ashoka may have had Greek blood in his veins." The Cambridge Shorter History of India, J. Allan, H. H. Dodwell, T. Wolseley Haig, p33.
14215:"Evidence of the conquest of Saurastra during the reign of Chandragupta II is to be seen in his rare silver coins which are more directly imitated from those of the Western Satraps... they retain some traces of the old inscriptions in Greek characters, while on the reverse, they substitute the Gupta type (a peacock) for the chaitya with crescent and star." in Rapson "A catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. The Andhras etc...", p. cli
8138:
8599:
8434:
8375:
8121:
3966:
5148:
4131:
11235:"The statement of Plutarch that when Menander died "the cities celebrated (...) agreeing that they should divide ashes equally and go away and should erect monuments to him in all their cities", is significant and reminds one of the story of the Buddha", Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 123, "This is unmistakably Buddhist and recalls the similar situation at the time of the Buddha's passing away", Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 269.
8216:
8488:
2132:
7085:
7758:
9976:"Within Ashoka's domain Greeks may have had special privileges, perhaps ones established by the terms of the Seleucid alliance. Rock Edict Thirteen indicates the existence of a Greek principality in the northwest of Ashoka's empire—perhaps Kandahar, or Alexandria-of-the-Arachosians—which was not ruled by him and for which he troubled to send Buddhist missionaries and published at least some of his edicts in Greek", McEvilley, p. 368
8783:
4412:
7463:
3541:
8807:
8669:
1554:
10970:"There is certainly some truth in Apollodorus and Strabo when they attribute to Menander the advances made by the Greeks of Bactria beyond the Hypanis and even as far as the Ganges and Palibothra (...) That the Yavanas advanced even beyond in the east, to the Ganges-Jamuna valley, about the middle of the second century BC is supported by the cumulative evidence provided by Indian sources", Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" p. 267.
8471:
5614:
11340:, 2000, p. 65: "In line with the above discussion, therefore, we may infer that such an event (the incursions to Pataliputra) took place, after the reign of Shalishuka Maurya (c.200 BC) and before that of Pushyamitra Shunga (187 BC). This would accordingly place the Yavana incursions during the reign of the Indo-Greek kings Euthydemus (c. 230–190 BC) or Demetrios (c. 205–190 as co-regent, and 190–171 BC as supreme ruler".
7813:
6438:
3951:
8525:
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5243:
8552:
2714:
964:, being the most well known amongst the Indo-Greek kings, is often referred to simply as "Menander," despite the fact that there was indeed another Indo-Greek King known as Menander II. Menander I's capital was at Sagala in the Punjab (present-day Sialkot). Following the death of Menander, most of his empire splintered and Indo-Greek influence was considerably reduced. Many new kingdoms and republics east of the
1293:
8172:
8710:
8334:
8155:
6529:
1690:
8616:
8737:
8542:
13580:"De l'Indus à l'Oxus: archéologie de l'Asie Centrale", Pierfrancesco Callieri, p212: "The diffusion, from the second century BC, of Hellenistic influences in the architecture of Swat is also attested by the archaeological searches at the sanctuary of Butkara I, which saw its stupa "monumentalized" at that exact time by basal elements and decorative alcoves derived from Hellenistic architecture".
5642:
5938:
5933:
5647:
5541:
5536:
10537:'s diplomatic missions before the history was written (Justin 43.5.11), Senior's date in the following quotation is too early: "The Western sources for accounts of Bactrian and Indo-Greek history are: Polybius, a Greek born c.200 BC; Strabo, a Roman who drew on the lost history of Apollodoros of Artemita (c. 130–87 BC), and Justin, who drew on Trogus, a post 87 BC writer", Senior,
8365:
8407:
3135:"After having conquered Saketa, the country of the Panchala and the Mathuras, the Yavanas, wicked and valiant, will reach Kusumadhvaja ("The town of the flower-standard", Pataliputra). The thick mud-fortifications at Pataliputra being reached, all the provinces will be in disorder, without doubt. Ultimately, a great battle will follow, with tree-like engines (siege engines)."
10025:"The Mahavamsa tells that "the celebrated Greek teacher Mahadharmaraksita in the second century BC led a delegation of 30,000 monks from Alexandria-of-the-Caucasus (Alexandra-of-the-Yonas, or of-the-Greeks, the Ceylonese text actually says) to the opening of the great Ruanvalli Stupa at Anuradhapura"", McEvilley, p. 370, quoting Woodcock, "The Greeks in India", p. 55
11669:"Iranian Heads From Mathura, some terracotta male-heads were recovered, which portray the Iranian people with whom the Indians came into closer contact during the fourth and third centuries B.C. Agrawala calls them the representatives of Iranian people because their facial features present foreign ethnic affinities."
7069:) and artistic proficiency of the Indo-Greek world would suggest a rich sculptural tradition as well, but traditionally very few sculptural remains have been attributed to them. On the contrary, most Gandharan Hellenistic works of art are usually attributed to the direct successors of the Indo-Greeks in India in the 1st century AD, such as the nomadic
12365:, the donor of the gateways, must have sent his own party of workmen to make them, while the smaller gifts of pillars and rails were executed by the local artists." in The stūpa of Bharhut: a Buddhist monument ornamented with numerous sculptures illustrative of Buddhist legend and history in the third century B. C, by Alexander Cunningham
13874:) at the Indus-mouth. It has been proposed that one of the embassies from Indian kings to Roman emperors may have brought back a master sculptorto oversee work in the emerging Mahayana Buddhist sensibility (in which the Buddha came to be seen as a kind of deity), and that "bands of foreign workmen from the eastern centres of the
12253:"The railing of Sanchi Stupa No.2, which represents the oldest extensive stupa decoration in existence, (and) dates from about the second century B.C.E" Constituting Communities: Theravada Buddhism and the Religious Cultures of South and Southeast Asia, John Clifford Holt, Jacob N. Kinnard, Jonathan S. Walters, SUNY Press, 2012
10277:"The things which China received from the Graeco-Iranian world-the pomegranate and other "Chang-Kien" plants, the heavy equipment of the cataphract, the traces of Greeks influence on Han art (such as) the famous white bronze mirror of the Han period with Graeco-Bactrian designs (...) in the Victoria and Albert Museum" (Tarn,
14083:"It is curious that on his copper Zoilos used a Bow and quiver as a type. A quiver was a badge used by the Parthians (Scythians) and had been used previously by Diodotos, who we know had made a treaty with them. Did Zoilos use Scythian mercenaries in his quest against Menander perhaps?" Senior, Indo-Scythian coins, p. xxvii
13414:"We can now, I think, see what the Greek 'conquest' meant and how the Greeks were able to traverse such extraordinary distances. To parts of India, perhaps to large parts, they came, not as conquerors, but as friends or 'saviours'; to the Buddhist world in particular they appeared to be its champions" (Tarn, p. 180)
3475:
8935:"When the Greeks of Bactria and India lost their kingdom they were not all killed, nor did they return to Greece. They merged with the people of the area and worked for the new masters; contributing considerably to the culture and civilization in southern and central Asia." Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 278
5571:, particularly in the west of the country, were artistically hewn between the 1st century BC and the 2nd century AD. Numerous donors provided the funds for the building of these caves and left donatory inscriptions, including laity, members of the clergy, government officials. Foreigners, mostly self-declared
7255:, and an important monetary economy. The Indo-Greek did strike bilingual coins both in the Greek "round" standard and in the Indian "square" standard, suggesting that monetary circulation extended to all parts of society. The adoption of Indo-Greek monetary conventions by neighbouring kingdoms, such as the
10958:
Menander, also spelled
Minedra or Menadra, Pali Milinda (flourished 160 BCE?–135 BCE?), the greatest of the Indo-Greek kings and the one best known to Western and Indian classical authors. He is believed to have been a patron of the Buddhist religion and the subject of an important Buddhist work, the
10257:
On the image of the Greek kneeling warrior: "A bronze figurine of a kneeling warrior, not Greek work, but wearing a version of the Greek
Phrygian helmet.. From a burial, said to be of the 4th century BC, just north of the Tien Shan range". Ürümqi Xinjiang Museum. (Boardman "The diffusion of Classical
9188:
1) "It is necessary to considerably push back the start of
Gandharan art, to the first half of the first century BC, or even, very probably, to the preceding century.(...) The origins of Gandharan art... go back to the Greek presence. (...) Gandharan iconography was already fully formed before, or at
6806:
script on the obverse of their coins. The corresponding legend in Greek is "Dikaios" ("The Just"), a rather usual attribute on Greek coins. The expression "Follower of the Dharma" would of course resonate strongly with Indian subjects, used to this expression being employed by pious kings, especially
6731:
But when one
Menander, who had reigned graciously over the Bactrians, died afterwards in the camp, the cities indeed by common consent celebrated his funerals; but coming to a contest about his relics, they were difficultly at last brought to this agreement, that his ashes being distributed, everyone
3029:
who is considered to have been the most successful of the Indo-Greek kings, and who expanded the kingdom to its greatest extent by means of his various conquests. The finds of his coins are the most numerous and occur across the greatest geographical area, more than any of the other Indo-Greek kings.
1743:
Soon after, relieved by the death of
Diodotus, Arsaces made peace and concluded an alliance with his son, also by the name of Diodotus; some time later he fought against Seleucos who came to punish the rebels, and he prevailed: the Parthians celebrated this day as the one that marked the beginning of
11878:. Also "The text of the Yuga Purana, as we have shown, gives an explicit clue to the period and nature of the invasion of Pataliputra in which the Indo-Greeks took part, for it says that the Pancalas and the Mathuras were the other powers who attacked Saketa and destroyed Pataliputra", Narain, p. 112
10267:
Notice of the
British Museum on the Zhou vase (2005, attached image): "Red earthenware bowl, decorated with a slip and inlaid with glass paste. Eastern Zhou period, 4th–3rd century BC. This bowl was probably intended to copy a more precious and possibly foreign vessel in bronze or even silver. Glass
9203:
4) On the Indo-Greeks and Greco-Buddhist art: "It was about this time (100 BC) that something took place which is without parallel in
Hellenistic history: Greeks of themselves placed their artistic skill at the service of a foreign religion, and created for it a new form of expression in art" (Tarn,
7116:
in the Punjab. Also, Foucher, Tarn, and more recently, Boardman, Bussagli and McEvilley have taken the view that some of the most purely
Hellenistic works of northwestern India and Afghanistan, may actually be wrongly attributed to later centuries, and instead belong to a period one or two centuries
5298:
inscription attests that they adopted the Buddhist faith, as do the depictions of deities forming the vitarka mudra on their coins. Greek communities, far from being exterminated, probably persisted under Indo-Scythian rule. There is a possibility that a fusion, rather than a confrontation, occurred
1611:
of Bactria (and probably the surrounding provinces) seceded from the Seleucid Empire around 250 BC. The preserved ancient sources (see below) are somewhat contradictory and the exact date of Bactrian independence has not been settled. Somewhat simplified, there is a high chronology (c. 255 BC) and a
10661:
The first conquests of Demetrius have usually been held to be during his father's lifetime; the difference has been over the actual date. Tarn and Narain agreed on having them begin around 180; Bopearachchi moved this back to 200, and has been followed by much of the more recent literature, but see
8954:
G.K. Jenkins, using overstrikes and monograms, showed that, contrary to what Narai would write two years later, Apollodotus II and Hippostratus were posterior, by far, to Maues. (...) He reveals an overstike if Azes I over Hippostratus. (...) Apollodotus and Hippostratus are thus posterior to Maues
7942:
There is an important evolution of coin shape (round to square) and material (from gold to silver to brass) across the territories and the periods, and from Greek type to Indian type over a period of nearly 3 centuries. Also, the quality of coinage illustration decreases down to the 1st century AD.
5293:
Although the Indo-Scythians clearly ruled militarily and politically, they remained surprisingly respectful of Greek and Indian cultures. Their coins were minted in Greek mints, continued using proper Greek and Kharoshthi legends, and incorporated depictions of Greek deities, particularly Zeus. The
3664:
from the 4th to the 2nd century BCE, which are either described simply as "foreigners" or Persian or Iranian because of their foreign features. These figurines might reflect the increased contacts of Indians with foreigners during this period. Several of these seem to represent foreign soldiers who
4240:
which have been found in Bactria. The later kings probably struck these coins as some kind of payment to the Scythian or Yuezhi tribes who now ruled there, though if as tribute or payment for mercenaries remains unknown. For some decades after the Bactrian invasion, relationships seem to have been
13589:
Tarn, p. 391: "Somewhere I have met with the zhole-hearted statement that every Greek in India ended by becoming a Buddhist (...) Heliodorus the ambassador was a Bhagavatta, a worshiper of Vshnu-Krishna as the supreme deity (...) Theodorus the meridrarch, who established some relics of the Buddha
11934:
Megasthenes informs us that this city stretched in the inhabited quarters to an extreme length on each side of eighty stadia, and that its breadth was fifteen stadia, and that a ditch encompassed it all round, which was six hundred feet in breadth and thirty cubits in depth, and that the wall was
9493:
It is unclear whether the Hellenistic street plan found by Sir John Marshall's excavations dates from the Indo-Greeks or from the Kushans, who would have encountered it in Bactria; Tarn (1951, pp. 137, 179) ascribes the initial move of Taxila to the hill of Sirkap to Demetrius I, but sees this as
7290:
hoard in northern Afghanistan, which have yielded quantities of Indo-Greek coins in the Hellenistic standard (Greek weights, Greek language), although none of the kings represented in the hoard are known to have ruled so far north. Conversely, none of these coins have ever been found south of the
11199:"As Bopearachchi has shown, Menander was able to regroup and take back the territory that Eucratides I had conquered, perhaps after Eucratides had died (1991, pp. 84–6). Bopearachchi demonstrates that the transition in Menander's coin designs were in response to changes introduced by Eucratides".
3921:
But while this inscription may be interpreted as an indication that Demetrius I was the king who made conquests in Punjab, it is still true that he never issued any Indian-standard coins, only numerous coins with elephant symbolism, and the restoration of his name in Kharosthi on the Hathigumpha
3891:
during the 1st century BCE. Although, the name of the king has been omitted and undeciphered. The remaining syllables has been disputed. It has been argued by Tarn to be referencing the ruler Demetrius. However this interpretation is disputed by other historians like Narain, which point out the
1237:
The details of the marriage agreement are not known, but since the extensive sources available on Seleucus never mention an Indian princess, it is thought that the marital alliance went the other way, with Chandragupta himself or his son Bindusara marrying a Seleucid princess, in accordance with
3283:
There are however no historical recordings of events in the Indo-Greek kingdom after Menander's death around 130 BC, since the Indo-Greeks had now become very isolated from the rest of the Graeco-Roman world. The later history of the Indo-Greek states, which lasted to around the shift BC/AD, is
11029:
MENANDER Born: c. 210 B.C.; probably Kalasi, Afghanistan Died: c. 135 B.C.; probably in northwest India Areas of Achievement: Government and religion Contribution: Menander extended the Greco-Bactrian domains in India more than any other ruler. He became a legendary figure as a great patron of
3988:
Menander is considered to have been probably the most successful Indo-Greek king, and the conqueror of the largest territory. The finds of his coins are the most numerous and the most widespread of all the Indo-Greek kings. Menander is also remembered in Buddhist literature, where he is called
9901:
to Seleucus: "And Theophrastus says that some contrivances are of wondrous efficacy in such matters as to make people more amorous. And Phylarchus confirms him, by reference to some of the presents which Sandrakottus, the king of the Indians, sent to Seleucus; which were to act like charms in
9192:
2) "The beginnings of the Gandhara school have been dated everywhere from the first century B.C. (which was M.Foucher's view) to the Kushan period and even after it" (Tarn, p. 394). Foucher's views can be found in "La vieille route de l'Inde, de Bactres a Taxila", pp340–341). The view is also
7828:
It is unclear how much longer the Greeks managed to maintain a distinct presence in the Indian sub-continent. The legacy of the Indo-Greeks was felt however for several centuries, from the usage of the Greek language and calendrical methods, to the influences on the numismatics of the Indian
9125:
the king of the Indians; received more elephants, until he had a hundred and fifty altogether; and having once more provisioned his troops, set out again personally with his army: leaving Androsthenes of Cyzicus the duty of taking home the treasure which this king had agreed to hand over to
7155:, Boardman explains that both figures "might at first (and even second) glance, pass as, say, from Asia Minor or Syria of the first or second century BC (...) these are essentially Greek figures, executed by artists fully conversant with far more than the externals of the Classical style".
9762:
2. Sanskrit original: "asti tava Shaka-Yavana-Kirata-Kamboja-Parasika-Bahlika parbhutibhih Chankyamatipragrahittaishcha Chandergupta Parvateshvara balairudidhibhiriva parchalitsalilaih samantaad uprudham Kusumpurama". From the French translation, in "Le Ministre et la marque de l'anneau",
2998:(from c. 180/175 BC) to make himself independent as the first proper Indo-Greek king (who did not rule from Bactria). Large numbers of his coins have been found in India, and he seems to have reigned in Gandhara as well as western Punjab. Apollodotus I was succeeded by or ruled alongside
12507:"The scene shows musicians playing a variety of instruments, some of them quite extraordinary such as the Greek double flute and wind instruments with dragon head from West Asia" in The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia, Himanshu Prabha Ray, Cambridge University Press, 2003
11954:"The text of the Yuga Purana, as we have shown, gives an explicit clue to the period and nature of the invasion of Pataliputra in which the Indo-Greeks took part, for it says that the Pancalas and the Mathuras were the other powers who attacked Saketa and destroyed Pataliputra", Narain,
9985:"Thirteen, the longest and most important of the edicts, contains the claim, seemingly outlandish at first glance, that Ashoka had sent missions to the lands of the Greek monarchs—not only those of Asia, such as the Seleucids, but those back in the Mediterranean also", McEvilley, p. 368
9650:"Most of the people east of the Ravi already noticed as within Menander's empire -Audumbaras, Trigartas, Kunindas, Yaudheyas, Arjunayanas- began to coins in the first century BC, which means that they had become independent kingdoms or republics.", Tarn, The Greeks in Bactria and India
3160:
to have routed a demoralized Indo-Greek army back to Mathura. It is not known which Indo-Greek was leading the army at the time, however it is presumed to be Menander I or perhaps even a later ruler. Then during his twelfth year in power, Kharavela is recorded to have battled the
1842:
around 206 BC. Classical accounts also relate that Euthydemus negotiated peace with Antiochus III by suggesting that he deserved credit for overthrowing the original rebel Diodotus, and that he was protecting Central Asia from nomadic invasions thanks to his defensive efforts:
13839:"The survival into the 1st century AD of a Greek administration and presumably some elements of Greek culture in the Punjab has now to be taken into account in any discussion of the role of Greek influence in the development of Gandharan sculpture", The Crossroads of Asia, p14
9528:
in the Punjab, "in the country of the Yonakas (Greeks)"." McEvilley, p. 377. However, "Even if Sagala proves to be a city, it does not seem to be Menander's capital for the Milindapanha states that Menander came down to Sagala to meet Nagasena, just as the Ganges flows to the
2352:
Greco-Bactrians probably received these Buddhist emissaries (At least Maharakkhita, lit. "The Great Saved One", who was "sent to the country of the Yona") and somehow tolerated the Buddhist faith, although little proof remains. In the 2nd century AD, the Christian dogmatist
6329:, around 80 BC, Kharosthi letters started to be used as mintmarks on coins in combination with Greek monograms and mintmarks, suggesting the participation of local technicians to the minting process. Incidentally, these bilingual coins of the Indo-Greeks were the key in the
9346:
Three phases must be distinguished, (a) The Greek rulers of Bactria (the Oxus region) expand their power to the south, conquer Afghanistan and considerable parts of north-western India, and establish an Indo-Greek kingdom in the Panjab where they rule as 'kings of India';
13423:
Tarn p. 175. Also: "The people to be 'saved' were in fact usually Buddhists, and the common enmity of Greek and Buddhists to the Sunga king threw them into each other's arms", Tarn p. 175. "Menander was coming to save them from the oppression of the Sunga kings", Tarn p.
10959:
Milinda-panha ("The Questions of Milinda"). Menander was born in the Caucasus, but the Greek biographer Plutarch calls him a king of Bactria, and the Greek geographer and historian Strabo includes him among the Bactrian Greeks "who conquered more tribes than Alexander ."
4158:. These rulers may have been relatives of either the Eucratid or the Euthydemid dynasties. The names of later kings were often new (members of Hellenistic dynasties usually inherited family names) but old reverses and titles were frequently repeated by the later rulers.
9473:
The existence of Greek kingdoms in Central Asia and northwestern India after Alexander's conquests had been known for a long time from a few fragmentary texts from Greek and Latin classical sources and from allusions in contemporary Chinese chronicles and later Indian
8944:
Justin refers to an incident in which Eucratides with a small force of 300 was besieged for four months by "Demetrius, king of the Indians" with a large army of 60,000. The numbers are obviously an exaggeration. Eucratides managed to break out and went on to conquer
2804:; he struck no Indian coins, so either his conquests did not penetrate that far into India or he died before he could consolidate them. On his coins, Demetrius I always carries the elephant-helmet worn by Alexander, which seems to be a token of his Indian conquests.
10933:"Numismats and historians are unanimous in considering that Menander was one of the greatest, if not the greatest, and the most famous of the Indo-Greek kings. The coins to the name of Menander are incomparably more abundant than those of any other Indo-Greek king"
3181:"Then in the eighth year, (Kharavela) with a large army having sacked Goradhagiri causes pressure on Rajagaha (Rajagriha). On account of the loud report of this act of valour, the Yavana (Greek) King Dimi retreated to Mathura having extricated his demoralized army."
12498:"The Greeks evidently introduced the himation and the chiton seen in the terracottas from Taxila and the short kilt worn by the soldier on the Sanchi relief." in Foreign influence on Indian culture: from c. 600 B.C. to 320 A.D., Manjari Ukil Originals, 2006, p. 162
11993:
appointed his grandson Vasumitra to guard his sacrificial horse, which wandered on the right bank of the Sindhu river and was seized by Yavana cavalrymen—the later being thereafter defeated by Vasumitra. The "Sindhu" referred to in this context may refer the river
2056:)", Zhang Qian reported, "I saw bamboo canes from Qiong and cloth made in the province of Shu (territories of southwestern China). When I asked the people how they had gotten such articles, they replied, "Our merchants go buy them in the markets of Shendu (India)."
3194:
The important Bactrian king Eucratides seems to have attacked the Indo-Greek kingdom during the mid 2nd century BC. A Demetrius, called "King of the Indians", seems to have confronted Eucratides in a four-month siege, reported by Justin, but he ultimately lost.
12842:"Most of the people east of the Ravi already noticed as within Menander's empire—Audumbaras, Trigartas, Kunindas, Yaudheyas, Arjunayanas—began to coins in the first century BC, which means that they had become independent kingdoms or republics.", Tarn, p. 324.
6243:
Buddhism flourished under the Indo-Greek kings, and their rule, especially that of Menander, has been remembered as benevolent. It has been suggested, although direct evidence is lacking, that their invasion of India was intended to show their support for the
4660:
between the architraves of the gateway, but none on the railings which all had Indian markings, summarizing that the gateways, which are artistically more refined, must have been made by artists from the North, whereas the railings were made by local artists.
7938:
and sequencing of their rule is still a matter of scholarly inquiry, with adjustments regular being made with new analysis and coin finds (overstrikes of one king over another's coins being the most critical element in establishing chronological sequences).
9035:. And Phylarchus confirms him, by reference to some of the presents which Sandrakottus, the king of the Indians, sent to Seleucus; which were to act like charms in producing a wonderful degree of affection, while some, on the contrary, were to banish love"
8968:
used a bow and quiver as a type. A quiver was a badge used by the Parthians (Scythians) and had been used previously by Diodotos, who we know had made a treaty with them. Did Zoilos use Scythian mercenaries in his quest against Menander perhaps?" Senior,
11000:
Demetrius died in 166 B.C., and Apollodotus, who was a near relation of the King died in 161 B.C. After his death, Menander carved out a kingdom in the Punjab. Thus from 161 B.C. onward Menander was the ruler of Punjab till his death in 145 B.C. or 130
9000:
Description of the 302 BC marital alliance in: "The Indians occupy in part some of the countries situated along the Indus, which formerly belonged to the Persians: Alexander deprived the Ariani of them, and established there settlements of his own. But
2646:
about the shape of Eurasia. Most of these are purely geographical claims, but he does mention that Eratosthenes' sources say that some of the Greek kings conquered further than Alexander; Strabo does not believe them on this, nor does he believe that
12833:"We get two Greeks of the Parthian period, the first half of the first century AD, who used the Indian form of their names, King Theodamas on his signet-ring found in Bajaur, and Thedorus son of Theoros on two silver bowls from Taxila." Tarn, p. 389.
10406:"General Pushyamitra, who is at the origin of the Shunga dynasty. He was supported by the Brahmins and even became the symbol of the Brahmanical turnover against the Buddhism of the Mauryas. The capital was then transferred to Pataliputra (today's
7345:
was going through northern India. Zhang Qian explains that he found Chinese products in the Bactrian markets, and that they were transiting through northwestern India, which he incidentally describes as a civilization similar to that of Bactria:
2321:
When the thera (elder) Moggaliputta, the illuminator of the religion of the Conqueror (Ashoka), had brought the (third) council to an end… he sent forth theras, one here and one there: …and to Aparantaka (the "Western countries" corresponding to
1847:...for if he did not yield to this demand, neither of them would be safe: seeing that great hordes of Nomads were close at hand, who were a danger to both; and that if they admitted them into the country, it would certainly be utterly barbarised.
3669:, is also known, and dated to the 1st century BCE, now in the Mathura Museum. One of the terracotta statuettes, usually nicknamed the "Persian nobleman" and dated to the 2nd century BCE, can be seen wearing a coat, scarf, trousers and a turban.
7401:
Maritime relations across the Indian Ocean started in the 3rd century BC, and further developed during the time of the Indo-Greeks together with their territorial expansion along the western coast of India. The first contacts started when the
13602:– appear extensively on the Indo-Greek coinage of the Western kings. This Zeus-Mithra is also the one represented seated (with the gloriole around the head, and a small protrusion on the top of the head representing the cap) on many coins of
13830:, the Indo-Scythian Kanishka had no direct influence on that of Indo-Greek Art; and besides, we have now the certain proofs that during his reign this art was already stereotyped, of not decadent" Hellenism in Ancient India, Banerjee, p147
12860:
The Kunindas must have been included in the Greek empire, not only because of their geographical position, but because they started coining at the time which saw the end of Greek rule and the establishment of their independence", Tarn, p.
1616:
issued very few coins in Bactria, as Diodotos would have become independent there early in Antiochus' reign. On the other hand, the low chronology, from the mid-240s BC, has the advantage of connecting the secession of Diodotus I with the
7943:
Coinage evolution is an important point of Indo-Greek history, and actually one of the most important since most of these kings are only known by their coins, and their chronology is mainly established by the evolution of the coin types.
9579:"A vast hoard of coins, with a mixture of Greek profiles and Indian symbols, along with interesting sculptures and some monumental remains from Taxila, Sirkap and Sirsukh, point to a rich fusion of Indian and Hellenistic influences",
3198:
It is uncertain who this Demetrius was, and when the siege happened. Some scholars believe that it was Demetrius I."(Demetrius I) was probably the Demetrius who besieged Eucratides for four months", D.W. Mac Dowall, pp. 201–202,
6753:
suggesting a period of additional constructions during the reign of Menander. It is thought that Menander was the builder of the second oldest layer of the Butkara stupa, following its initial construction during the Mauryan Empire.
6718:
also presents Menander as an example of benevolent rule, and explains that upon his death, the honour of sharing his remains was claimed by the various cities under his rule, and they were enshrined in "monuments" (μνημεία, probably
5986:, who had ruled over the area where these inscriptions were made, c. AD 130. This victory is known from the fact that Gautamiputra Satakarni restruck many of Nahapana's coins, and that he is claimed to have defeated a confederacy of
3030:
Coins stamped with Menander's likeness can be found as far away as Eastern Punjab over 600 miles distant. Menander seems to have begun a second wave of conquests, and it seems likely that the easternmost conquests were made by him.
13940:"No doubt the Greeks of Bactria and India presided over a flourishing economy. This is clearly indicated by their coinage and the monetary exchange they had established with other currencies." Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 275.
1062:. When Greek villages rebelled under the Persian yoke, they were sometimes ethnically cleansed, by relocation to the far side of the empire. Thus there came to be many Greek communities in the Indian parts of the Persian empire.
7513:, suggesting strong interactions (and apparently an alliance) with nomadic peoples, either the Yuezhi or the Scythians. The recurve bow becomes a standard feature of Indo-Greek horsemen by 90 BC, as seen on some of the coins of
13049:
9931:
refer to a state department run and maintained specifically for the purpose of looking after foreigners, who were mostly Yavanas and Persians, testifies to the impact created by these contacts.", Narain, "The Indo-Greeks", p.
9239:
name=Indo-Greek: 30em">Tarn, William Woodthorpe (1966), "Alexandria of the Caucasus and Kapisa", The Greeks in Bactria and India, Cambridge University Press, pp. 460–462, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511707353.019, ISBN 978051170735
7884:. Mahayana Buddhism has been described as "the form of Buddhism which (regardless of how Hinduized its later forms became) seems to have originated in the Greco-Buddhist communities of India, through a conflation of the Greek
12911:"Around 10 AD, with the joint rule of Straton II and his son Straton in the area of Sagala, the last Greek kingdom succumbed to the attacks of Rajuvula, the Indo-Scythian satrap of Mathura.", Bopearachchi, "Monnaies", p. 125
12527:
A reference to a Yona in the Sanchi inscriptions is also of immense value.(...) One of the inscriptions announces the gift of a Setapathia Yona, "Setapathiyasa Yonasa danam" i.e the gift of a Yona, inhabitant of Setapatha.
12477:
Sculptures showing Greeks or the Greek type of human figures are not lacking in ancient India. Apart from the proverbial Gandhara, Sanchi and Mathura have also yielded many sculptures that betray a close observation of the
2979:, but Greek deities remained prevalent. Indian animals however, such as the elephant, the bull or the lion, possibly with religious overtones, were used extensively in their Indian-standard square coinage. Buddhist wheels (
12901:
The Sanskrit inscription reads "Yavanarajyasya sodasuttare varsasate 100 10 6". R.Salomon, "The Indo-Greek era of 186/5 B.C. in a Buddhist reliquary inscription", in "Afghanistan, ancien carrefour entre l'est et l'ouest",
6302:. The title was also inscribed in Pali as ("Tratarasa") on the reverse of their coins. Menander and Apollodotus may indeed have been saviours to the Greek populations residing in India, and to some of the Indians as well.
13810:"The extraordinary realism of their portraiture. The portraits of Demetrius, Antimachus and of Eucratides are among the most remarkable that have come down to us from antiquity" Hellenism in Ancient India, Banerjee, p134
923:, as seen on their coins, and blended Greek and Indian ideas, as seen in the archaeological remains. The diffusion of Indo-Greek culture had consequences which are still felt today, particularly through the influence of
5282:, possibly a general in the service of the Indo-Greeks, ruled for a few years in northwestern India before the Indo-Greeks again took control. He seems to have been married to an Indo-Greek princess named Machene. King
5605:
in 120 AD, although they seem to have adopted Buddhist names. In total, the Yavanas account for nearly half of the known dedicatory inscriptions on the pillars of the Great Chaitya. To this day, Nasik is known as the
3583:). The extent of Indo-Greek rule in Mathura has been disputed, but it is also known that no remains of Sunga rule have been found in Mathura, and their territorial control is only proved as far as the central city of
6683:
And afterwards, taking delight in the wisdom of the Elder, he (Menander) handed over his kingdom to his son, and abandoning the household life for the house-less state, grew great in insight, and himself attained to
3461:
Narain however dismisses the account of the Periplus as "just a sailor's story", and holds that coin finds are not necessarily indicators of occupation. Coin hoards further suggest that in Central India, the area of
2108:) are large countries, full of rare things, with a population living in fixed abodes and given to occupations somewhat identical with those of the Chinese people, and placing great value on the rich produce of China
13866:"Others, dating the work to the first two centuries A.D., after the waning of Greek autonomy on the Northwest, connect it instead with the Roman Imperial trade, which was just then getting a foothold at sites like
13490:"These Indo-Greeks were called Yavanas in ancient Indian literature" p. 9 + note 1 "The term had a precise meaning until well into the Christian era, when gradually its original meaning was lost and, like the word
3637:
48:
11865:, foreigner from the Graeco-Roman world." in Early Sculptural Art in the Indian Coastlands: A Study in Cultural Transmission and Syncretism (300 BCE-CE 500), by Sunil Gupta, D K Printworld (P) Limited, 2008, p. 85
4352:. This would indicate that relations between the Indo-Greeks and the Sungas had improved by that time, that people traveled between the two realms, and also that the Indo-Greeks readily followed Indian religions.
3792:
describes events in the form of a prophecy, which may have been historical, relates the attack of the Indo-Greeks on the capital Pataliputra, a magnificent fortified city with 570 towers and 64 gates according to
12948:
Mc Evilley "The shape of ancient thought", p385 ("The Yavanajataka is the earliest surviving Sanskrit text in astrology, and constitute the basis of all later Indian developments in horoscopy", himself quoting
4381:), are dated to 115 BC, while the more extensive pillar carvings are dated to 80 BC. These reliefs have been described as "the oldest extensive stupa decoration in existence". They are considered the origin of
2884:
struck the first bilingual coins with Indian inscriptions found as far east as Taxila so in their time (c. 185–170 BC) the Bactrian kingdom seems to have included Gandhara. These first bilingual coins used the
13521:"Of the Sanskrit Yavana, there are other forms and derivatives, viz. Yona, Yonaka, Javana, Yavana, Jonon or Jononka, Ya-ba-na etc... Yona is a normal Prakrit form from Yavana", Narain "The Indo-Greeks", p. 228
10055:"A number of foreign artisans, such as the Persians or even the Greeks, worked alongside the local craftsmen, and some of their skills were copied with avidity" Burjor Avari, "India, The ancient past", p. 118
12851:"The coinage of the former (the Audumbaras) to whom their trade was of importance, starts somewhere in the first century BC; they occasionally imitate the types of Demetrius and Apollodotus I", Tarn, p. 325.
10669:(Boston, 2006) "Demetrius" §10, which places the invasion "probably in 184". D.H. MacDowall, "The Role of Demetrius in Arachosia and the Kabul Valley", published in the volume: O. Bopearachchi, Landes (ed),
7139:, an area which "might indeed be the cradle of incipient Buddhist sculpture in Indo-Greek style". Referring to one of the Buddha triads in Hadda, in which the Buddha is sided by very Classical depictions of
14033:"The Mausoleum of China's First Emperor Partners with the BBC and National Geographic Channel to Reveal Groundbreaking Evidence That China Was in Contact with the West During the Reign of the First Emperor"
13512:"The term Yavana may well have been first applied by the Indians to the Greeks of various cities of Asia Minor who were settled in the areas contiguous to north-west India" Narain "The Indo-Greeks", p. 227
4376:
script. This seems to imply that these foreign workers were responsible for some of the earliest motifs and figures that can be found on the railings of the stupa. These early reliefs at Sanchi, (those of
1215:
The Indians occupy in part some of the countries situated along the Indus, which formerly belonged to the Persians: Alexander deprived the Ariani of them, and established there settlements of his own. But
1199:, Greek: Ἐπιγαμία), meaning either a dynastic marriage or an agreement for intermarriage between Indians and Greeks. Accordingly, Seleucus ceded his eastern territories to Chandragupta, possibly as far as
12074:"Menander, the probable conqueror of Pataliputra, seems to have been a Buddhist, and his name belongs in the list of important royal patrons of Buddhism along with Ashoka and Kanishka", McEvilley, p. 375.
3203:. This analysis goes against Bopearachchi, who has suggested that Demetrius I died long before Eucratides came to power.</ref> In any case, Eucratides seems to have occupied territory as far as the
13405:"Obviously, for the Greeks who survived in India and suffered from the oppression of the Shunga (for whom they were aliens and heretics), Demetrios must have appeared as a saviour" Mario Bussagli, p. 101
4690:
3892:
discrepancies in chronology and the fact Demetrius didn't venture past Punjab. Instead most historians now theorize it to be the Indo-Greek ruler Menander I, or perhaps a later Yavana king from Mathura.
11256:
Rudradaman (...) who by force destroyed the Yaudheyas who were loath to submit, rendered proud as they were by having manifested their' title of' heroes among all Kshatriyas. — Junagadh rock inscription
10541:, p. x; the extent to which Strabo is citing Apollodorus is disputed, beyond the three places he names Apollodorus (and he may have those through Eratosthenes). Polybius speaks of Bactria, not of India.
7212:
Uncertainties in dating make it unclear whether these works of art actually depict Greeks of the period of Indo-Greek rule up to the 1st century BC, or remaining Greek communities under the rule of the
3131:, however this text was written as a forthcoming prophecy of an impending conflict. It is not known if the expedition was carried out, or if the Yavanas (Indo-Greeks) were successful in this campaign.
6749:
was "monumentalized" by the addition of Hellenistic architectural decorations during Indo-Greek rule in the 2nd century BC. A coin of Menander I was found in the second oldest stratum (GSt 2) of the
7158:
Alternatively, it has been suggested that these works of art may have been executed by itinerant Greek artists during the time of maritime contacts with the West from the 1st to the 3rd century AD.
7593:
Now one day Milinda the king proceeded forth out of the city to pass in review the innumerable host of his mighty army in its fourfold array (of elephants, cavalry, bowmen, and soldiers on foot).
7481:
The coins of the Indo-Greeks provide rich clues on their uniforms and weapons. Typical Hellenistic uniforms are depicted, with helmets being either round in the Greco-Bactrian style, or the flat
12015:"The name Dimita is almost certainly an adaptation of "Demetrios", and the inscription thus indicates a Yavana presence in Magadha, probably around the middle of the 1st century BC." Mitchener,
7358:. When I asked the people how they had gotten such articles, they replied: "Our merchants go buy them in the markets of Shendu (northwestern India). Shendu, they told me, lies several thousand
12986:* Inscription no.7: "(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Sihadhaya from Dhenukataka" in Problems of Ancient Indian History: New Perspectives and Perceptions, Shankar Goyal - 2001, p. 104
2773:
There is an inscription from his father's reign already officially hailing Demetrius as victorious. He also has one of the few absolute dates in Indo-Greek history: after his father held off
5398:
Republic mention military victories on their coins ("Victory of the Arjunayanas", "Victory of the Yaudheyas"). These entities would remain independent until being conquered by the Saka King
5109:, after that the territories fragmented again between smaller Indo-Greek kings. Throughout the 1st century BC, the Indo-Greeks progressively lost ground to the Indians in the east, and the
14206:"The use of the Greek months by the Sakas and later rulers points to the conclusion that they employed a system of dating started by their predecessors." Narain, "Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 190
13672:"It is not unlikely that "Dikaios", which is translated Dhramaika in the Kharosthi legend, may be connected with his adoption of the Buddhist faith." Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 124
7334:
was able to produce cupro-nickel at that time, and as the alloy ratios are exclusively similar, it has been suggested that the metal was the result of exchanges between China and Bactria.
1527:
the king of the Indians; received more elephants, until he had a hundred and fifty altogether; and having once more provisioned his troops, set out again personally with his army: leaving
13185:
Nasik cave inscription No 1. "( Of him) the Kshatriya, who flaming like the god of love, subdued the Sakas, Yavavas and Palhavas" in Parsis of ancient India by Hodivala, Shapurji Kavasji
11874:"But the real story of the Indo-Greek invasion becomes clear only on the analysis of the material contained in the historical section of the Gargi Samhita, the Yuga Purana" Narain, p110,
11323:"When Strabo mentions that "Those who after Alexander advanced beyond the Hypanis to the Ganges and Polibothra (Pataliputra)" this can only refer to the conquests of Menander.", Senior,
13623:
The Contribution of the Emperor Asoka Maurya to the Development of the Humanitarian Ideal in Warfare 30-04-1995 Article, International Review of the Red Cross, No. 305, by Gerald Draper
10088:"Antiochos III, after having made peace with Euthydemus I after the aborted siege of Bactra, renewed with Sophagasenus the alliance concluded by his ancestor Seleucos I", Bopearachchi,
787:
10046:"The finest of the pillars were executed by Greek or Perso-Greek sculptors; others by local craftsmen, with or without foreign supervision" Marshall, "The Buddhist art of Gandhara", p4
2626:
Some narrative history has survived for most of the Hellenistic world, at least of the kings and the wars; this is lacking for India. The main Greco-Roman source on the Indo-Greeks is
13878:" were brought to India" (Mc Evilley "The shape of ancient thought", quoting Benjamin Rowland "The art and architecture of India" p. 121 and A. C. Soper "The Roman Style in Gandhara"
14143:
11998:: but such an extension of Shunga power seems unlikely, and it is more probable that it denotes one of two rivers in central Indiaeither the Sindhu river which is a tributary of the
11939:
11908:"..further weight to the likelihood that this account of a Yavana incursion to Saketa and Pataliputra-in alliance with the Pancalas and the Mathuras—is indeed historical" Mitchener,
2579:(sacrifice). (...) They kept Ashoka under their control and annihilated all the Buddhists. It is said there were 4 million Buddhists and all of them were killed by uncommon weapons".
17716:
17711:
12065:"Numismats and historians all consider that Menander was one of the greatest, if not the greatest, and the most illustrious of the Indo-Greek kings", Bopearachchi, "Monnaies", p. 76
9967:"It is also in Kandahar that were found the fragments of a Greek translation of Edicts XII and XIII, as well as the Aramean translation of another edict of Ashoka", Bussagli, p. 89
6936:
6248:
with which they may have had a long history of marital alliances, exchange of presents, demonstrations of friendship, exchange of ambassadors and religious missions. The historian
12416:"There is evidence of Hellensitic sculptors being in touch with Sanchi and Bharhut" in The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development, Yuvraj Krishan, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1996,
12241:
Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, by Julia Shaw, Left Coast Press, 2013
11223:"Plutarch, who talks of the burial of Menander's relics under monuments or stupas, had obviously read or heard some Buddhist account of the Greek king's death", McEvilley, p. 377.
3327:) in eastern India. Senior considers that these conquests can only refer to Menander: Against this, John Mitchener considers that the Greeks probably raided the Indian capital of
1357:
court. Presents continued to be exchanged between the two rulers. The intensity of these contacts is testified by the existence of a dedicated Mauryan state department for Greek (
7065:) are directly attributed to them. The coinage of the Indo-Greeks however is generally considered some of the most artistically brilliant of Antiquity. The Hellenistic heritage (
13780:
Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia, Andrea L. Stanton, Edward Ramsamy, Peter J. Seybolt, Carolyn M. Elliott, SAGE Publications, 2012 p. 28
13048:
The Greek-Indians of Western India: A Study of the Yavana and Yonaka Buddhist Cave Temple Inscriptions, 'The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies', NS 1 (1999-2000)
6255:
The Greek expansion into Indian territory may have been intended to protect Greek populations in India, and to protect the Buddhist faith from the religious persecutions of the
5290:, who established an Indo-Scythian dynasty in 48/47 BC. Various coins seem to suggest that some sort of alliance may have taken place between the Indo-Greeks and the Scythians.
2221:, set in stone, some of them written in Greek, he sent Buddhist emissaries to the Greek lands in Asia and as far as the Mediterranean. The edicts name each of the rulers of the
12277:
Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Left Coast Press, 2013
7169:, beyond the omnipresence of Greek style and stylistic elements which might be simply considered an enduring artistic tradition, offers numerous depictions of people in Greek
4689:
rule circa 50–1 BC, one frieze can be observed which shows devotees in Greek attire making a dedication to the Great Stupa of Sanchi. The official notice at Sanchi describes "
2822:, which Alexander had assumed; the later Indo-Greek kings Lysias, Philoxenus, and Artemidorus also took it. Finally, Demetrius may have been the founder of a newly discovered
1651:"The extremely prosperous Bactrian empire of the thousand cities" Justin, XLI,1), was to further grow in power and engage into territorial expansion to the east and the west:
12892:"Later, in the first century a ruler of the Kunindas, Amogabhuti, issued a silver coinage "which would compete in the market with the later Indo-Greek silver"", Tarn, p. 325.
2975:
wheel. These first attempts at incorporating Indian culture were only partly preserved by later kings: they all continued to struck bilingual coins, sometimes in addition to
2808:
believes that Demetrius received the title of "King of India" following his victories south of the Hindu Kush. He was also given, though perhaps only posthumously, the title
6599:
to spread Buddhism and the 'Law of Piety' throughout his dominion. In one of his edicts, Ashoka claims to have converted his Greek population along with others to Buddhism.
3233:
Following the death of Menander his empire was greatly reduced due to the emergence of new kingdoms and republics within India. The most eminent entities to reform were the
13346:
9911:
7729:, king of the Indians. He made numerous sorties, and managed to vanquish 60,000 enemies with 300 soldiers, and thus liberated after four months, he put India under his rule
4443:
7696:
The royal city of the Calingae (Kalinga) is called Parthalis. Over their king 60,000 foot-soldiers, 1,000 horsemen, 700 elephants keep watch and ward in "procinct of war."
5878:, on the central flat surface of the lotus over the entrance: it mentions the erection of the hall-front (façade) for the Buddhist Samgha, by a Yavana donor named Chanda:
942:, founder of the Indo-Greek kingdom, was therefore of Greek ethnicity at least by his father. A marriage treaty was arranged for the same Demetrius with a daughter of the
9407:
They are referred to as 'Indo-Greeks' and there were about forty such kings and rulers who controlled large areas of northwestern India and Afghanistan. Their history ...
12768:"Kujula Kadphises, founder of the Kushan Empire, succeeded there (in the Paropamisadae) to the nomads who minted imitations of Hermaeus" Bopearachchi, "Monnaies", p. 117
1781:"And they also held Sogdiana, situated above Bactriana towards the east between the Oxus River, which forms the boundary between the Bactrians and the Sogdians, and the
12156:
2006:
were in copper-nickel alloy). The practice of exporting Chinese metals, in particular iron, for trade is attested around that period. Kings Euthydemus, Euthydemus II,
334:
320:
295:
281:
12319:
Popular Controversies in World History: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions : Investigating History's Intriguing Questions, Steven L. Danver, ABC-CLIO, 2010
9994:"When Ashoka was converted to Buddhism, his first thought was to despatch missionaries to his friends, the Greek monarchs of Egypt, Syria, and Macedonia", Rawlinson,
11797:"Because the Ionians were either the first or the most dominant group among the Greeks with whom people in the east came in contact, the Persians called all of them
6062:
Buddhist complex in southern India again mention the involvement of the Yavanas with Buddhism: an inscription in a monastery (Site No.38) describes its residents as
3665:
visited India during the Mauryan period and influenced modellers in Mathura with their peculiar ethnic features and uniforms. A helmeted head of a soldier, probably
2080:
of the level of sophistication of the urban civilizations of Ferghana, Bactria and Parthia, who became interested in developing commercial relationships with them:
15005:
5410:
Rudradaman (...) who by force destroyed the Yaudheyas who were loath to submit, rendered proud as they were by having manifested their' title of' heroes among all
4657:
3127:
in northern India. However, the nature of this expedition is a matter of controversy. The only recorded primary account regarding this campaign was written in the
3041:, where the Yavnarajya inscription was recorded. However, it is not known if this was a contiguous empire, or ruled through key city centers or polis. Soon after,
12870:"Further evidence of the commercial success of the Greek drachms is seen in the fact that they influenced the coinage of the Audumbaras and the Kunindas", Narain
13357:
9958:"The second Kandahar edict (the purely Greek one) of Ashoka is a part of the "corpus" known as the "Fourteen-Rock-Edicts"" Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 452
6607:, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in
3148:
However the claim that the Yavanas held Pataliputra is not supported by numismatic or historical accounts, and is even contradicted by some inscriptions. King
6274:
bear the mention "Saviour king" (ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ), a title with high value in the Greek world which indicated an important deflective victory. For instance,
4492:
2777:
for two years, 208–6 BC, the peace treaty included the offer of a marriage between Demetrius and Antiochus' daughter. Coins of Demetrius I have been found in
2365:
Thus philosophy, a thing of the highest utility, flourished in antiquity among the barbarians, shedding its light over the nations. And afterwards it came to
14032:
11349:
According to Tarn, the word used for "advance" (Proelonthes) can only mean a military expedition. The word generally means "going forward"; according to the
7632:
that during the 8th year of his reign he led a large army in the direction of a Yavana King, and that he forced their demoralized army to retreat to Mathura.
7221:
in the 1st and 2nd century AD. Benjamin Rowland thinks that the Indo-Greeks, rather than the Indo-Scythians or the Kushans, may have been the models for the
5178:
Around eight "western" Indo-Greek kings are known; most of them are distinguished by their issues of Attic coins for circulation in the neighbouring region.
3245:. These republics began to mint new coins mentioning military victories, that were reminiscent of Indo-Greek type coins. Along with numismatic evidence, the
1476:, and more generally to the blossoming of Mauryan art. Some Greeks (Yavanas) may have played an administrative role in the territories ruled by Ashoka: the
13794:"A "Blessing" Hand Gesture in Images of Deities and Kings in the Arts of Bactria and Gandhāra (2nd Century B.C.E.–1st Century C.E.): The Sign of the Horns"
7564:-Then you set to work, I suppose, to have moats dug, and ramparts thrown up, and watch towers erected, and strongholds built, and stores of food collected?
7112:
has been reaffirmed recently as the dating of the rule of Indo-Greek kings has been extended to the first decades of the 1st century AD, with the reign of
9326:
The invasion of India by a Greco-Bactrian army in ... led to the creation of an Indo-Greek kingdom in northwestern India (present-day India and Pakistan).
9117:, went to India in 209 BC, he is said to have renewed his friendship with the Indian king there and received presents from him: "He crossed the Caucasus (
4209:) who had invaded Greco-Bactria. This bow can be contrasted to the traditional Hellenistic long bow depicted on the coins of the eastern Indo-Greek queen
4079:) who had invaded Greco-Bactria. This bow can be contrasted to the traditional Hellenistic long bow depicted on the coins of the eastern Indo-Greek queen
14197:"Though the Indo-Greek monarchies seem to have ended in the first century BC, the Greek presence in India and Bactria remained strong", McEvilley, p. 379
12543:
10384:
with the ancient Chaldeans, obtaining a prestige coming from the East and legitimizing their existence as bearers and successors of an ancient tradition.
9087:; and that Antiochus wrote to him in answer, "The dry figs and the sweet wine we will send you; but it is not lawful for a sophist to be sold in Greece"
12028:"The Hathigumpha inscription seems to have nothing to do with the history of the Indo-Greeks; certainly it has nothing to do with Demetrius I", Narain,
10016:"One of the most famous of these emissaries, Dharmaraksita, who was said to have converted thousands, was a Greek (Mhv.XII.5 and 34)", McEvilley, p. 370
2785:; the latter would be the first entry of the Greeks into India, as they defined it. There is also literary evidence for a campaign eastward against the
15209:
13313:
13301:
13289:
12392:
Didactic Narration: Jataka Iconography in Dunhuang with a Catalogue of Jataka Representations in China, Alexander Peter Bell, LIT Verlag Münster, 2000
12265:
Didactic Narration: Jataka Iconography in Dunhuang with a Catalogue of Jataka Representations in China, Alexander Peter Bell, LIT Verlag Münster, 2000
9617:
3871:"The Yavanas (Greeks) will command, the Kings will disappear. (But ultimately) the Yavanas, intoxicated with fighting, will not stay in Madhadesa (the
10632:
in the Punjab, which he seemed to have called Euthydemia, after his father ("the city of Sagala, also called Euthydemia" (Ptolemy, Geographia, VII 1))
5212:
After the death of Hermaeus, the Yuezhi or Saka nomads became the new rulers of the Paropamisadae, and minted vast quantities of posthumous issues of
2694:; the identification of places and peoples behind transcriptions into Chinese is difficult, and several alternate interpretations have been proposed.
1105:. After 321 BC Eudemus toppled Taxiles, until he left India in 316 BC. To the south, another general also ruled over the Greek colonies of the Indus:
17185:
13086:
The Roman Empire and the Indian Ocean: The Ancient World Economy and the Kingdoms of Africa, Arabia and India, Raoul McLaughlin, Pen and Sword, 2014
12806:
10145:
J. D. Lerner, The Impact of Seleucid Decline on the Eastern Iranian Plateau: the Foundations of Arsacid Parthia and Graeco-Bactria, (Stuttgart 1999)
7930:
Today 36 Indo-Greek kings are known. Several of them are also recorded in Western and Indian historical sources, but the majority are known through
7568:-Or you had yourself trained in the management of war elephants, and in horsemanship, and in the use of the war chariot, and in archery and fencing?
14894:
11473:"A distinctive series of Indo-Greek coins has been found at several places in central India: including at Dewas, some 22 miles to the east of
4431:
9897:
Classical sources have recorded that following their treaty, Chandragupta and Seleucus exchanged presents, such as when Chandragupta sent various
8985:
Discussion on the dynastic alliance in Tarn, pp. 152–153: "It has been recently suggested that Ashoka was grandson of the Seleucid princess, whom
5228:, ruled around 20 BC, and minted in Greek and in the same style as the western Indo-Greek kings, probably depending on Greek mints and chelators.
3595:(coin issuers who did not name themselves "kings" on their coins) in Mathura sometime between 150 BC to 20 BC. Additionally, coins belonging to a
1368:
On these occasions, Greek populations apparently remained in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent under Mauryan rule. Chandragupta's grandson
10575:
For a list of classical testimonia, see Tarn's Index II; but this covers India, Bactria, and several sources for the Hellenistic East as a whole.
9949:
regions of terra-cotta pieces of distinctive Hellenistic or with definite Hellenistic motifs and designs", Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 363
6131:
4649:
have been found on several elements of the Bharhut remains, indicating that some of the builders at least came from the north, particularly from
3817:). Then, once Puspapura (another name of Pataliputra) has been reached and its celebrated mud-walls cast down, all the realm will be in disorder.
10318:
9702:
10103:
6134:
which has gained wide acceptance, that it is dated in the Yavana era beginning in 186 BC, and gives a date for the Buddha statue of c. AD 143.
16183:
13396:"Diodorus testifies to the great love of the king of Palibothra, apparently a Mauryan king, for the Greeks" Narain, "The Indo-Greeks", p. 362.
11975:
3351:, and also any parts beyond the Hypanis of which an account has been added by those who, after Alexander, advanced beyond the Hypanis, to the
17442:
9524:
McEvilley supports Tarn on both points, citing Woodcock: "Menander was a Bactrian Greek king of the Euthydemid dynasty. His capital (was) at
6819:. The seven kings using "Dharmakasa", i.e. "Follower of the Dharma", are late Indo-Greek kings, from around 150 BC, right after the reign of
5667:. One of the inscriptions mentions the donation of a tank by the Yavana named Irila, while the other mentions the gift of a refectory to the
5483:
Fleeing the Sakas in the west, the Indo-Greeks continued to rule a territory in the eastern Punjab. The kingdom of the last Indo-Greek kings
794:
12790:"The Indo-Scythian conquerors, who, also they adopted the Greek types, minted money with their own names". Bopearachchci, "Monnaies", p. 121
11826:, when gradually its original meaning was lost and, like the word Mleccha, it degenerated into a general term for a foreigner" Narain, p. 18
11068:
6384:
explains that in the lands of the Yavanas and Kambojas, in contrast with the numerous Indian castes, there were only two classes of people,
4790:
16249:
14998:
14147:
13655:
Strong, John S. (1989). The Legend of King Aśoka : a study and translation of the Aśokāvadāna. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
11936:
11935:
crowned with 570 towers and had four-and-sixty gates." Arr. Ind. 10. "Of Pataliputra and the Manners of the Indians.", quoting Megasthenes
9495:
9443:
Since parts of their territories comprised northwestern India, these later rulers of Greek origin are generally referred to as Indo-Greeks.
7383:, dating back to the 3rd century BCE, also suggest Greek influence in the artworks found there, including in the manufacture of the famous
7286:, may have been used to pay some form of tribute to the Yuezhi tribes north of the Hindu-Kush. This is indicated by the coins finds of the
1998:
also suggest that some technology exchanges may have occurred on these occasions: the Greco-Bactrians were the first in the world to issue
703:
12750:"During the century that followed Menander more than twenty rulers are known to have struck coins", Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 270
10708:"We think that the conquests of these regions south of the Hindu Kush brought to Demetrius I the title of "King of India" given to him by
6126:
has an inscription mentioning "the year 318". The era in question is not specified, but it is now thought, following the discovery of the
5310:
The last known mention of an Indo-Greek ruler is suggested by an inscription on a signet ring of the 1st century AD in the name of a king
2014:
made these coin issues around 170 BC and it has alternatively been suggested that a nickeliferous copper ore was the source from mines at
1720:
cut off the Greco-Bactrians from direct contact with the Greek world. Overland trade continued at a reduced rate, while sea trade between
1655:
The Greeks who caused Bactria to revolt grew so powerful on account of the fertility of the country that they became masters, not only of
15033:
14958:
Text of Prof. Nicholas Sims-Williams (University of London) mentioning the arrival of the Kushans and the replacement of Greek Language.
14161:
13762:
The Crossroads of Asia, Elizabeth Errington, Ancient India and Iran Trust, Fitzwilliam Museum, Ancient India and Iran Trust, 1992, p. 16
13335:
11477:. These therefore add further definite support to the likelihood of an Indo-Greek presence in Malwa" Mitchener, "The Yuga Purana", p. 64
11358:
10199:
10174:
10163:
9792:
6921:
6183:, is inscribed from the year 384, also probably in the Yavana era, which is thought to be AD 209. Only the pedestal is preserved in the
1452:
The Greeks in India even seem to have played an active role in the propagation of Buddhism, as some of the emissaries of Ashoka such as
1058:
conquered the area, but along with his successors also conquered much of the Greek world, which at the time included all of the western
15048:
1769:, overthrew Diodotus II around 230 BC and started his own dynasty. Euthydemus's control extended to Sogdiana, going beyond the city of
13168:
Upinder Singh (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India.
10007:"In Rock Edict Two Ashoka even claims to have established hospitals for men and beasts in the Hellenistic kingdoms", McEvilley, p. 368
7946:
The system used here is adapted from Osmund Bopearachchi, supplemented by the views of R C Senior and occasionally other authorities.
6906:
4796:
11687:"Mathura has also yielded a special class of terracotta heads in which the facial features present foreign ethnic affinities."
10311:
4103:
The extent of Indo-Greek rule is still uncertain and disputed. Probable members of the dynasty of Menander include the ruling queen
2198:, a dynastic alliance or the recognition of intermarriage between Greeks and Indians were established (described as an agreement on
2002:(75/25 ratio) coins, an alloy technology only known by the Chinese at the time under the name "White copper" (some weapons from the
14848:
Second edition, with addenda and corrigenda, (1951). Reissued, with updating preface by Frank Lee Holt (1985), Ares Press, Chicago
14776:
14407:
5086:
14957:
12086:
Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare, Saikat K Bose, Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, 2015, p. 226
10695:"It would be impossible to explain otherwise why in all his portraits Demetrios is crowned with an elephant scalp", Bopearachchi,
9841:. Original Sanskrit of the first two verses: "Chandragupta Sutah Paursadhipateh Sutam. Suluvasya Tathodwahya Yavani Baudhtatapar".
6896:. As centuries passed, the exact shapes taken by the hand becomes less clear. This blessing gesture was also often adopted by the
2994:
Several Bactrian kings followed after Demetrius' death, and it seems likely that the civil wars between them made it possible for
1633:), defected and proclaimed himself king; all the other people of the Orient followed his example and seceded from the Macedonians.
17676:
15450:
15408:
14991:
14354:
History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250
11861:. The aggressive stance of the figure and its western dress (short kilt and boots) indicates that the sculpture may be that of a
11268:"By about 130 BC nomadic people from the Jaxartes region had overrun the northern boundary of Bactria itself", McEvilley, p. 372.
5419:
5162:
3246:
2651:
and Demetrius son of Euthydemus conquered more tribes than Alexander There is half a story about Menander in one of the books of
1477:
14806:
13976:
Fussman, JA 1993, p. 127 and Bopearachchi, "Graeco-Bactrian issues of the later Indo-Greek kings", Num. Chron. 1990, pp. 79–104)
13751:
Foreign Impact on Indian Life and Culture (c. 326 B.C. to C. 300 A.D.) Satyendra Nath Naskar, Abhinav Publications, 1996, p. 69
10520:. Justin, who will be discussed shortly, provides a summary of the histories of Hellenistic Macedonia, Egypt, Asia, and Parthia.
6951:
5916:, according to the inscription on the central flat surface of the lotus (right). Detail of the "Ya-va-na-sa" inscription in old
17721:
15202:
14708:
reprinted by Oxford, 1962, 1967, 1980; reissued (2003), "revised and supplemented", by B. R. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
14286:
O. Bopearachchi, "Monnaies gréco-bactriennes et indo-grecques, Catalogue raisonné", Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 1991, p. 453
9639:
8034:
2317:
sources, some of Ashoka's emissaries were Greek Buddhist monks, indicating close religious exchanges between the two cultures:
1861:
Following the departure of the Seleucid army, the Bactrian kingdom seems to have expanded. In the west, areas in north-eastern
1070:
14962:
6560:...), the Indo-Greeks were involved with local faiths, particularly with Buddhism, but also with Hinduism and Zoroastrianism.
5805:
5201:
took over his areas from neighbouring Bactria. When Hermaeus is depicted on his coins riding a horse, he is equipped with the
3599:
have also been excavated in Mathura. Whether these dynasties ruled independently or as satraps to larger kingdoms is unknown.
1612:
low chronology (c. 246 BC) for Diodotos' secession. The high chronology has the advantage of explaining why the Seleucid king
14930:
14911:
14869:
14825:
14764:
14745:
14726:
14685:
14666:
14632:
14610:
14591:
14568:
14537:
14514:
14491:
14448:
14426:
14399:
14377:
14343:
14320:
14127:
13466:
13173:
12676:
12649:
12623:
12186:
10609:
10482:
9550:
9466:
9436:
9400:
9370:
9319:
9200:
confirm that "Gandharan art descended directly from Hellenized Bactrian art" (Chaibi Nustamandy, "Crossroads of Asia", 1992).
7387:. It is also suggested that Greek artists may have come to China at that time to train local artisans in making sculptures.
6187:, the statue itself, with folds of clothing having more relief than those of the Loriyan Tangai Buddha, having disappeared.
3579:)". The "Yavanarajya" probably refers to the rule of the Indo-Greeks in Mathura as late as around 70–60 BC (year 116 of the
2616:(180–160 BC), the first king who ruled in the subcontinent only, and therefore the founder of the proper Indo-Greek kingdom.
66:
17696:
10293:
6889:, circa 100 BC, kings and divinities are regularly show on coins making blessing gestures, which often seem similar to the
863:
The term "Indo-Greek Kingdom" loosely describes a number of various Hellenistic states, ruling from regional capitals like
7880:
The Indo-Greeks may also have had some influence on the religious plane as well, especially in relation to the developing
6536:, a large part of which occurred during the Indo-Greek period, through the addition of Hellenistic architectural elements.
5699:
Dharmadeva, a northerner from Dattamittri", in the 2nd century AD. The city of "Dattamittri" is thought to be the city of
5390:
The Indo-Greek kingdoms lost most of their eastern territories in the 1st century BC following the death of Menander. The
4476:
15166:
11887:"For any scholar engaged in the study of the presence of the Indo-Greeks or Indo-Scythians before the Christian Era, the
9049:
claims he introduced herbal medicine in the territories of the Greeks, for the welfare of humans and animals (Edict No2).
8886:
7450:. By the time Indo-Greek rule was ending, up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from Myos Hormos to India (Strabo
7028:
4197:, illustrating interaction with horse-mounted people originating from the steppes, possibly either the Scythians (future
4067:, illustrating interaction with horse-mounted people originating from the steppes, possibly either the Scythians (future
3437:, coming from this country, bearing inscriptions in Greek letters, and the devices of those who reigned after Alexander,
2752:
realm. The true intents of the Greek kings in occupying India are unknown, but it is thought that the elimination of the
1296:
13101:
Religions and Trade: Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West, BRILL, 2013
9888:
son Bindusara; and Dyonisius, whom Ptolemy Philadelphus sent to the court of Ashoka, Bindusara's son", McEvilley, p. 367
7251:
The abundance of their coins would tend to suggest large mining operations, particularly in the mountainous area of the
6587:
would then establish the largest empire in the Indian Subcontinent through an aggressive expansion. Ashoka converted to
5286:(65–55 BC) seems to have been one of the most successful subsequent Indo-Greek kings until he lost to the Indo-Scythian
4185:(130–120 BC), successor of Menander in the western part of the Indian territories, combined the club of Herakles with a
4055:(130–120 BC), successor of Menander in the western part of the Indian territories, combined the club of Herakles with a
999:, although pockets of Greek populations probably remained for several centuries longer under the subsequent rule of the
15053:
5769:. By him, inspired by true religion, this cave has been caused to be excavated in mount Tiranhu, and inside the cave a
2361:
among the Bactrians ("Bactrians" meaning "Oriental Greeks" in that period), and even their influence on Greek thought:
2021:
The presence of Chinese people in the Indian subcontinent from ancient times is also suggested by the accounts of the "
1376:, set in stone, some of them written in Greek, that Greek populations within his realm also had converted to Buddhism:
12974:
World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India, Volume 1 ʻAlī Jāvīd, Tabassum Javeed, Algora Publishing, 2008
10268:
was little used in China. Its popularity at the end of the Eastern Zhou period was probably due to foreign influence."
6465:
3699:
is thought to be a transliteration of "Ionians" and is known to have designated Hellenistic Greeks (starting with the
2419:
are also in the number, and the other barbarian philosophers. And of these there are two classes, some of them called
1838:), before Antiochus finally decided to recognize the new ruler, and to offer one of his daughters to Euthydemus's son
15195:
14853:
14361:
14246:
13771:
Mentioned throughout "Monnaies Greco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques", Osmund Bopearachchi, Bibliothèque Nationale, 1991
13660:
13542:
13265:
13221:
13030:
12470:
12440:
11857:"The taut posture and location at the entrance of the cave (Rani Gumpha) suggests that the male figure is a guard or
11735:
11651:
11619:
11519:
11132:
11022:
10902:
10875:
10834:
9768:
9674:
5841:
4706:
3173:
and treasures that had been plundered from Kalinga and taken to Pataliputra. Based on the chronology and date during
2599:
743:
12612:
Coatsworth, John; Cole, Juan; Hanagan, Michael P.; Perdue, Peter C.; Tilly, Charles; Tilly, Louise (16 March 2015).
10952:
7061:
In general, the art of the Indo-Greeks is poorly documented, and few works of art (apart from their coins and a few
4161:
3762:
3372:
The seriousness of the attack is in some doubt: Menander may merely have joined a raid led by Indian Kings down the
16242:
14978:
14972:
13732:"King Menander, who built the penultimate layer of the Butkara stupa in the first century BCE, was an Indo-Greek."
12777:"Maues himself issued joint coins with Machene, (...) probably a daughter of one of the Indo-Greek houses" Senior,
12334:
Buddhist Art & Antiquities of Himachal Pradesh, Up to 8th Century A.D., Omacanda Hāṇḍā, Indus Publishing, 1994
7710:
gives another hint of the size of Indo-Greek armies, which, in the case of the conflict between the Greco-Bactrian
7242:
4453:
2902:
2835:
2217:
Buddhism, directing his efforts towards the Indian and the Hellenistic worlds from around 250 BC. According to the
696:
11534:"Coin-moulds of the Indo-Greeks have also been recovered from Ghuram and Naurangabad." Punjab History Conference,
5468:", which corresponds to circa 70 BC. In the 1st century BC, however, they lost the area of Mathura, either to the
17701:
17691:
12304:
Faces of Power: Alexander's Image and Hellenistic Politics, Andrew Stewart, University of California Press, 1993
11493:
History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE, Sonya Rhie Quintanilla, BRILL, 2007, pp. 8–10
9754:
and Chandragupta: Shakas, Yavanas, Kiratas, Kambojas, Parasikas, Bahlikas and others, assembled on the advice of
9075:
says, "There's really nothing nicer than dried figs"), that even Amitrochates, the king of the Indians, wrote to
8901:
7282:
It would also seem that some of the coins emitted by the Indo-Greek kings, particularly those in the monolingual
6485:
6263:
founded by Demetrius combines Greek and Indian influences without signs of segregation between the two cultures.
3319:
as important Indo-Greek kings. It is theorized that Greek advances temporarily went as far as the Shunga capital
1405:
In his edicts, Ashoka mentions that he had sent Buddhist emissaries to Greek rulers as far as the Mediterranean (
2674:
represents "Demetrius" or is an Indian prince with that name. There was also a Chinese expedition to Bactria by
1101:
in 321 BC, and the remaining Greek troops in these satrapies were left under the command of Alexander's general
17706:
17366:
17258:
16047:
15400:
15014:
13458:
Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages
10809:"The only thing that seems reasonably sure is that Taxila was part of the domain of Agathocles", Bopearachchi,
10785:
9032:
7560:-(Nagasena) Has it ever happened to you, O king, that rival kings rose up against you as enemies and opponents?
7396:
5121:
in the West. About 20 Indo-Greek kings are known during this period, down to the last known Indo-Greek rulers,
4005:
Alkidemos ("Protector of the people") on the reverse, which was adopted by most of his successors in the East.
3775:
3396:
3230:
Alkidemos ("Protector of the people") on the reverse, which was adopted by most of his successors in the East.
2683:
2527:
were in competition during this time, with the Shungas preferring the former to the latter, historians such as
17447:
11788:
History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE, Sonya Rhie Quintanilla, BRILL, 2007, p. 170
11070:
A framework for Gandharan chronology based on relic inscriptions, in "Problems of Chronology in Gandharan Art"
10758:"It now seems most likely that Demetrios was the founder of the newly discovered Greek Era of 186/5", Senior,
9884:"Three Greek ambassadors are known by name: Megasthenes, ambassador to Chandragupta; Deimachus, ambassador to
7856:
call this White India; there are the city of Biyt and the city of Pharsana and the city of Chorochoad and the
7658:
The name of the Yavana king is not clear, but it contains three letters, and the middle letter can be read as
7081:
In general, Gandharan sculpture cannot be dated exactly, leaving the exact chronology open to interpretation.
6667:
as his capital due to the Buddhist presence there. Menander I, is stated to have converted to Buddhism in the
5464:, from a village near Mathura, records the dedication of a well "in the one hundred and sixteenth year of the
3347:
Of the eastern parts of India, then, there have become known to us all those parts which lie this side of the
1148:
work Parisishtaparvan talk of Chandragupta's alliance with the Himalayan king Parvatka, often identified with
17507:
17493:
17361:
17346:
16501:
14642:
14620:
14295:
History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE – 100 CE, Sonya Rhie Quintanilla, BRILL, 2007, p. 9
14175:
12883:"The wealthy Audumbaras (...) some of their coins after Greek rule ended imitated Greek types", Tarn, p. 239.
12803:
11750:"The figure of a Persian youth (35.2556) wearing coat, scarf, trousers and turban is a rare item."
11416:
Strabo on the extent of the conquests of the Greco-Bactrians/Indo-Greeks: "They took possession, not only of
7541:
3588:
2213:
converted to the Buddhist faith and became a great proselytizer in the line of the traditional Pali canon of
1988:
flowers, geometric lines, and glass inlays, suggestive of Hellenistic influences, can be found on some early
748:
13927:"Those tiny territories of the Indo-Greek kings must have been lively and commercially flourishing places",
12290:
5817:
4001:
whose relics were enshrined in a manner reminiscent of the Buddha. He also introduced a new coin type, with
2901:
bull) and symbols, some of them Buddhist such as the tree-in-railing. These symbols can also be seen in the
1152:, and according to these accounts, this alliance gave Chandragupta a composite and powerful army made up of
1032:
17651:
17356:
17341:
17316:
17293:
17273:
15903:
15517:
15340:
14878:
14525:
13646:
Lahiri, Bela (1974). Indigenous states of northern India, circa 200 B.C. to 320 A.D. University of Calcutta
12489:
These "Greek-looking foreigners" are also described in Susan Huntington, "The art of ancient India", p. 100
11921:"The advance of the Greek to Pataliputra is recorded from the Indian side in the Yuga-purana", Tarn, p. 145
11390:"Menander became the ruler of a kingdom extending along the coast of western India, including the whole of
6401:
6127:
4360:
Also around the same period, circa 115 BC, decorative reliefs were introduced for the first time at nearby
1338:, as Woodcock and other scholars have suggested, "may in fact have been half or at least a quarter Greek."
780:
7608:
7233:
Very little is known about the economy of the Indo-Greeks, although it seems to have been rather vibrant.
3226:
whose relics were enshrined in a manner reminiscent of a Buddha. He also introduced a new coin type, with
17686:
17555:
17540:
17351:
17336:
17321:
17306:
17263:
17235:
16446:
16235:
15038:
14530:
The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan
14058:
13566:
The coins of the Greek and Scythic kings of Bactria and India in the British Museum, p. 50 and Pl. XII-7
10395:
7621:
6984:
6639:... Pushyamitra equipped a fourfold army, and intending to destroy the Buddhist religion, he went to the
6428:
6325:), a tremendous concession to another culture never before made in the Hellenic world. From the reign of
6305:
Also, most of the coins of the Greek kings in India were bilingual, written in Greek on the front and in
5354:
4296:
4277:
3153:
1709:
995:
The Indo-Greeks ultimately disappeared as a political entity around 10 AD following the invasions of the
689:
16022:
11084:
The coins of the Greek and Scythic kings of Bactria and India in the British Museum, p.50 and Pl. XII-7
9850:"A minor rock edict, recently discovered at Kandahar, was inscribed in two scripts, Greek and Aramaic",
6137:
3429:
further explains ancient Indo-Greek rule and continued circulation of Indo-Greek coinage in the region:
2283:
Some of the Greek populations that had remained in northwestern India apparently converted to Buddhism:
2206:, resided at the Mauryan court. Subsequently, each Mauryan emperor had a Greek ambassador at his court.
1326:, however, followed Jainism until the end of his life. He got in his court for marriage the daughter of
17371:
17326:
17301:
17278:
17248:
17069:
11727:
Material Life of Northern India: Based on an Archaeological Study, 3rd Century B.C. to 1st Century B.C.
11643:
Material Life of Northern India: Based on an Archaeological Study, 3rd Century B.C. to 1st Century B.C.
8881:
7653:
Hathigumpha inscription, lines 7–8, probably in the 1st century BCE. Original text is in Brahmi script.
7054:
5829:
4606:
circa 100 BC. The warrior has the flowing head band of a Greek king, a northern tunic with Hellenistic
3214:
Menander is also remembered in Buddhist literature, where he is called Milinda. He is described in the
2893:. They also went as far as incorporating Indian deities, variously interpreted as Hindu deities or the
2374:
2105:
1588:
1445:
1420:
876:
732:
82:
17:
14072:
9009:
in consequence of a marriage contract, and received in return five hundred elephants." The ambassador
4508:
4364:, 6 km away from Vidisha, by craftsmen from the northwest. These craftsmen left mason's marks in
2670:. Names in these sources are consistently Indianized, and there is some dispute whether, for example,
968:
began to mint new coinage depicting military victories. The most prominent entities to form were the
17283:
17268:
17171:
17128:
16954:
16707:
16351:
15322:
14225:
10741:). Tarn, p. 132, argues that Alexander did not assume as a title, but was only hailed by it, but see
9250:
Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.".
8456:
7752:
7263:
to the south, would also suggest that Indo-Greek coins were used extensively for cross-border trade.
6632:
6195:
3930:
is a reconstruction, and it may be noted that the name of another Indo-Greek king, Amyntas, is spelt
3308:. He describes Greek cities there, one of them called Demetrias, probably in honour of the conqueror
1047:
Greeks first began to settle the Northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent during the time of the
767:
531:
394:
14774:
Salomon, Richard (January–March 1982). "The "Avaca" Inscription and the Origin of the Vikrama Era".
13503:"All Greeks in India were however known as Yavanas", Burjor Avari, "India, the ancient past", p. 130
11583:
Published in "L'Indo-Grec Menandre ou Paul Demieville revisite," Journal Asiatique 281 (1993) p. 113
11559:
Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India, Volume 1, Manohar Sajnani, Gyan Publishing House, 2001
11441:
11054:
10431:
E. Lamotte: History of Indian Buddhism, Institut Orientaliste, Louvain-la-Neuve 1988 (1958), p. 109.
10224:
10188:
9031:
to Seleucus: "And Theophrastus says that some contrivances are of wondrous efficacy in such matters
7200:
6655:, and proclaimed that he would give a ... reward to whoever brought him the head of a Buddhist monk.
5559:("Saying of the Greeks"), an astrological treatise and India's earliest Sanskrit work in horoscopy.
5205:
and bow-case of the steppes and RC Senior believes him to be of partly nomad origin. The later king
2721:(reigned c. 200–180 BC), wearing an elephant scalp, symbol of his conquests of areas in what is now
1908:, leading to the first known contacts between China and the West around 220 BC. The Greek historian
17726:
17598:
17530:
17516:
17511:
17502:
17488:
17474:
17464:
17331:
17253:
17181:
17166:
17133:
17123:
16999:
16712:
15985:
15723:
15639:
15483:
15436:
15346:
15218:
10461:
9838:
9713:
Chandragupta Maurya and His Times, Radhakumud Mookerji, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1966, pp. 26-27
8574:
8068:
7897:
6927:
5773:
and cisterns. This cave made for the sake of his father and mother has been, in order to honor all
5449:
also started to mint their own coins, usually in a style highly reminiscent of Indo-Greek coinage.
4112:
4044:
was probably killed during the invasion and the Greco-Bactrian kingdom proper ceased to exist. The
3280:
also probably played a role in the downfall of the Bactrian kingdom, and supplanted the Scythians.
3276:
was probably killed during the invasion and the Greco-Bactrian kingdom proper ceased to exist. The
2222:
1540:
591:
11930:"The greatest city in India is that which is called Palimbothra, in the dominions of the Prasians
7797:, which was to prosper for several centuries. In the south, the Greeks were under the rule of the
7644:). On account of the loud report of this act of valour, the Yavana (Greek) King Dimi retreated to
6712:
of Ksemendra, mentions in the form of a prophecy that Menander will build a stupa in Pataliputra.
3904:). On account of the loud report of this act of valour, the Yavana (Greek) King Dimi retreated to
3056:, quoted by Strabo, the Indo-Greek territory for a while included the Indian coastal provinces of
3021:(155–130 BC) is one of the few Indo-Greek kings mentioned in both Graeco-Roman and Indian sources.
2705:, a term which is derived from "Ionians", and which at that time most likely means "Indo-Greeks".
2535:
argue that Buddhist accounts of persecution of Buddhists by Shungas are largely exaggerated. Some
2048:
visited Bactria in 126 BC, and reported the presence of Chinese products in the Bactrian markets:
17578:
17545:
17498:
17484:
17376:
17243:
17190:
17156:
17148:
17097:
17092:
16778:
16602:
16481:
16415:
16323:
16290:
16185:
Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"
16043:
14835:
14583:
14466:
13781:
12320:
12289:
An Indian Statuette From Pompeii, Mirella Levi D'Ancona, in Artibus Asiae, Vol. 13, No. 3 (1950)
11971:
11571:
The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, James C. Harle, Yale University Press, 1994
11398:. His territory also included Mathura, the Punjab, Gandhara and the Kabul Valley", Bussagli p101)
11303:
10865:
10742:
10709:
10132:
8388:
7629:
7093:
6469:
5568:
5469:
5461:
4461:
3913:
3884:
3779:
3673:
3592:
3572:
3479:
3186:
3157:
3053:
2737:
2698:
2242:
2077:
1827:
1664:
1528:
1504:
985:
897:
in the south of the Indo-Greek sphere of influence may also have been a royal seat at one time.
14523:
14093:
13368:
13198:
13066:
11593:
Ancient Indian History and Civilization, Sailendra Nath Sen, New Age International, 1999, p. 169
10947:
10686:"Demetrius occupied a large part of the Indus delta, Saurashtra and Kutch", Burjor Avari, p. 130
10246:
10235:
10213:
9605:
9294:
7620:
The armed forces of the Indo-Greeks engaged in battles with other Indian kingdoms. The ruler of
7299:
5745:
Cave No.17 has one inscription, mentioning the gift of the cave by Indragnidatta the son of the
3867:
According to the Yuga Purana, the Yavanas thereafter will retreat following internal conflicts:
2908:
1826:
around 210 BC. Although he commanded 10,000 horsemen, Euthydemus initially lost a battle on the
17681:
17613:
17479:
17311:
17200:
17195:
17161:
17118:
17087:
16959:
16884:
16821:
16798:
16717:
16702:
16692:
16687:
16672:
16612:
16607:
16592:
16461:
16366:
16356:
16318:
15125:
9903:
9724:
Chandragupta Maurya and His Times, Radhakumud Mookerji, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1966, p. 27
9566:
9252:
9149:
9080:
9036:
8836:
8466:
8150:
8095:
7675:
7032:
6287:
6015:
5975:
5453:
5382:, here on a joint coin (25 BC-10 AD), were the last Indo-Greek king in eastern territories of
3840:
3810:
3331:
during the time of Demetrius, though Mitchener's analysis is not based on numismatic evidence.
3309:
3207:, between ca. 170 BC and 150 BC. His advances were ultimately reclaimed by the Indo-Greek king
3177:, it is postulated that Menander was the one leading the Indo-Greeks during Kharavela's reign.
3064:. With archaeological methods, the Indo-Greek territory can however only be confirmed from the
3046:
2733:
2718:
2687:
2516:
2254:
2175:
1950:
1839:
1736:
1671:(also called Zariaspa, through which flows a river bearing the same name and emptying into the
1580:
1570:
1350:
1106:
1098:
1082:
939:
913:
905:
535:
405:
286:
183:
143:
55:
14647:
Taxila. An illustrated account of archaeological excavations carried out at Taxila (3 volumes)
13988:
13681:"It is probable that the wheel on some coins of Menander is connected with Buddhism", Narain,
13532:
13456:
13211:
13087:
13020:
12694:"Integrating Linguistic, Archaeological and Genetic Perspectives Unfold the Origin of Ugrians"
12666:
12613:
12508:
12430:
12405:
12349:
The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity, John Boardman, Princeton University Press, p. 115
12305:
12254:
12225:
12202:
12101:
12087:
11641:
11592:
11548:
11097:
10599:
10065:
9664:
9360:
3813:, the Yavanas, valiant in battle, will reach Kusumadhvaja ("The town of the flower-standard",
1830:
and had to retreat. He then successfully resisted a three-year siege in the fortified city of
1124:
in Indian sources) may then have participated, together with other groups, in the uprising of
17639:
17634:
17618:
17588:
17454:
17220:
17176:
17113:
16909:
16899:
16846:
16841:
16697:
16677:
16667:
16662:
16647:
16637:
16597:
16476:
16471:
16451:
16441:
16425:
16420:
16285:
15805:
15689:
15660:
15560:
15135:
14273:, ONS179 Supplement (2004), whereas the comments (down to the time of Hippostratos) are from
14117:
13752:
13721:
13255:
13102:
12991:
12975:
12963:
12639:
12576:
12393:
12335:
12278:
12266:
12242:
12176:
11725:
11572:
11560:
10853:
10824:
10641:
10077:
9902:
producing a wonderful degree of affection, while some, on the contrary, were to banish love"
9828:
9827:
Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992, p. 83
9736:
9725:
9714:
9456:
9428:
9390:
9309:
8876:
8287:
8247:
8184:
7790:
7726:
7715:
7415:
7327:
6338:
6322:
6158:"In year 318, the day 27 of Prausthapada, gift of Buddhaghosa, the companion of Samghavarma"
5999:
4669:
4237:
3277:
2881:
2845:
2691:
2621:
2567:, Kanyakubja, performed sacrifice on the top of a mountain named Arbuda. By the influence of
2354:
2124:
A number of Chinese envoys were then sent to Central Asia, triggering the development of the
2007:
2003:
449:
415:
14296:
12417:
11509:
11494:
11113:. It is unique in its description of the invasion and retirement of the Yavanas in Magadha."
10775:
7120:
5507:
3617:
17671:
17624:
17603:
17406:
17225:
17077:
16652:
16632:
16549:
16539:
16506:
16456:
16361:
16333:
16313:
16275:
14678:
The Yuga Purana: critically edited, with an English translation and a detailed introduction
14625:
The Buddhist art of Gandhara: the story of the early school, its birth, growth, and decline
13590:"for the purpose of the security of many people", was undoubtedly Buddhist". Images of the
12988:* Inscription no.4: "(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Dhammadhya from Dhenukataka"
12615:
Global Connections: Volume 1, To 1500: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History
10664:
10111:
8911:
7845:
7362:
southeast of Bactria. The people cultivate land, and live much like the people of Bactria".
7246:
7124:
6802:
Several Indo-Greek kings use the title "Dharmikasa", i.e. "Follower of the Dharma", in the
6154:
sa 1 1 1 100 10 4 4 Prothavadasa di 20 4 1 1 1 Budhagosa danamu(khe) Saghorumasa sadaviyasa
6006:(Indo-Greeks), in the inscription of his mother Queen Gotami Balasiri at Cave No. 3 of the
5295:
4222:
4092:
3530:
3296:, where Greek populations had been living since before the acquisition of the territory by
2916:
2697:
Other evidence of the broader and longer influence of Indo-Greeks is possibly suggested by
2246:
2167:
1732:
889:
757:
13238:
12100:
On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World, Doris Srinivasan, BRILL, 2007, p. 101
11105:
is important primarily as a historical document. It is a matter-of-fact chronicle of the
10987:
10440:
Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas by Romila Thapar, Oxford University Press,1960 p. 200
10076:
The Idea of Ancient India: Essays on Religion, Politics, and Archaeology by Upinder Singh
7520:
Generally, Indo-Greek kings are often represented riding horses, as early as the reign of
3879:), there will be a terrible and ferocious war." (Gargi-Samhita, Yuga Purana chapter, No7).
3715:"), but may have sometimes referred to other foreigners as well after the 1st century AD.
3591:. Archeological excavations of cast die-struck coins have also revealed the presence of a
1085:; he turned south when his troops refused to go further east. The Indian satrapies of the
8:
17573:
17525:
17520:
17411:
17215:
17108:
17102:
16964:
16682:
16617:
16559:
16486:
16466:
16430:
16376:
16371:
16280:
16068:
16006:
15458:
15253:
15028:
14313:
India: The ancient past. A history of the Indian sub-continent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200
13534:
India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from C. 7000 BCE to CE 1200
12821:
12201:
Ancient Indian History and Civilization, Sailendra Nath Sen, New Age International, 1999
12152:
11547:
History and Historians in Ancient India, Dilip Kumar Ganguly, Abhinav Publications, 1984
10452:
Encyclopaedia of Indian Traditions and Cultural Heritage, Anmol Publications, 2009, p. 18
10308:
9885:
8990:
8483:
8251:
7782:
7762:
7170:
6568:
6455:
5793:
5733:
4709:. The musical instruments are also quite characteristic, such as the double flute called
4135:
3727:
3643:"Persian Nobleman clad in coat dupatta trouser and turban", Mathura, c. 2nd century BCE.
3297:
2191:
2183:
2163:
1323:
1259:
1192:
1125:
1066:
1059:
1036:
545:
13186:
13007:
12728:
12693:
12045:
10852:
Iconography of Balarāma, Nilakanth Purushottam Joshi, Abhinav Publications, 1979, p. 22
10126:
8234:
4225:
seems to claim on his coins that he is the son of Maues, although this is now disputed.
4095:
seems to claim on his coins that he is the son of Maues, although this is now disputed.
2609:
1254:") princess, daughter of Seleucus, before accurately detailing early Mauryan genealogy:
17593:
17024:
16587:
16577:
16544:
16381:
16300:
16258:
15817:
15644:
15588:
15544:
14952:
14888:
14793:
14332:
13130:
12456:
12172:
11990:
11535:
11453:
11291:
11173:
9907:
9269:
9040:
8986:
8861:
8664:
8578:
8188:
7837:
7798:
7682:, this identification results in "chronological impossibilities". The Greek ambassador
7431:
7193:, "kantaros" Greek drinking cups), in situations which can range from festive (such as
7162:
7132:
7109:
7097:
7042:
6620:
6576:
6318:
6271:
5991:
5895:
5054:
4948:
4040:, started to invade Bactria from the north. Around 130 BC the last Greco-Bactrian king
3712:
3392:
3272:, started to invade Bactria from the north. Around 130 BC the last Greco-Bactrian king
3166:
2840:
2627:
2471:
2463:
2238:
2159:
1893:
1770:
1613:
1600:
1263:
924:
828:
623:
124:
14839:
13003:
12921:
12600:
12588:
12555:
9288:
9083:
who tells this story) to buy and send him some sweet wine, and some dried figs, and a
7725:
led many wars with great courage, and, while weakened by them, was put under siege by
7442: II.3.4) to have made a successful voyage to India and returned with a cargo of
6168:
This would make it one of the earliest known representations of the Buddha, after the
5610:
capital of India, using grapes that were probably originally imported by the Greeks.
2923:
The Hinduist coinage of Agathocles is few but spectacular. Six Indian-standard silver
2491:, mention that Pushyamitra was hostile towards Buddhists and allegedly persecuted the
2295:
and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in
1961:
Several statuettes and representations of Greek soldiers have been found north of the
1937:
1388:
and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in
980:. The Yaudheyas and Arjunayanas both are said to have won "victory by the sword". The
17629:
17608:
17563:
17210:
17138:
16984:
16622:
16582:
16397:
16343:
16328:
16056:
16052:
16010:
15999:
15977:
15945:
15931:
15616:
14926:
14907:
14865:
14849:
14821:
14760:
14741:
14722:
14681:
14662:
14628:
14606:
14587:
14564:
14533:
14510:
14487:
14470:
14444:
14422:
14395:
14373:
14357:
14339:
14316:
14242:
14169:
14123:
14006:
13656:
13538:
13494:, it degenerated into a general term for a foreigner" p. 18, Narain "The Indo-Greeks"
13462:
13261:
13217:
13169:
13026:
12733:
12715:
12672:
12645:
12619:
12572:
12466:
12436:
12182:
11731:
11647:
11615:
11606:"Helmeted head of a soldier, probably Indo-Greek, 1st century bc, Mathura Museum" in
11515:
11165:
11138:
11128:
11018:
10991:
10898:
10871:
10830:
10781:
10605:
10478:
10359:
9764:
9670:
9546:
9462:
9432:
9421:
9396:
9366:
9315:
9076:
8871:
8537:
8103:
7881:
7707:
7679:
7359:
7046:
6968:
6840:
6762:
6424:
5708:
5668:
4397:
4378:
4345:
4312:
4273:
4263:
4255:
3755:
3305:
3169:. Kharavela is then stated to have sacked the capital Pataliputra, and reclaimed the
2972:
2679:
2155:
1721:
1639:
1473:
1457:
1224:
in consequence of a marriage contract, and received in return five hundred elephants.
1102:
1051:
894:
573:
14879:東京国立博物館 (Tokyo Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan); 兵庫県立美術館 (Hyogo Kenritsu Bijutsukan) (2003).
14271:
The Indo-Greek and Indo-Scythian king sequences in the second and first centuries BC
13324:
12800:
11985:"Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian coins in the Smithsonian institution",
11835:"Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian coins in the Smithsonian institution",
10864:
Stanton, Andrea L.; Ramsamy, Edward; Seybolt, Peter J.; Elliott, Carolyn M. (2012).
10642:
A Journey Through India's Past Chandra Mauli Mani, Northern Book Centre, 2005, p. 39
10419:
Pushyamitra is described as a "senapati" (Commander-in-chief) of Brihadratha in the
10342:
9189:
least at the very beginning of our era" Mario Bussagli "L'art du Gandhara", p331–332
8955:
and anterior to Azes I, whose era we now starts in 57 BC." Bopearachchi, p. 126-127.
8625:
8460:
6595:, abandoning further conquests in favor of humanitarian reforms. Ashoka erected the
3937:
Therefore, Menander remains the likeliest candidate for any advance east of Punjab.
2770:
to have converted to Buddhism, also possibly received the help of Indian Buddhists.
1785:
River. And the Iaxartes forms also the boundary between the Sogdians and the nomads.
1531:
the duty of taking home the treasure which this king had agreed to hand over to him.
17386:
17205:
16856:
16740:
16642:
16435:
16410:
15941:
15926:
15922:
15875:
15871:
15831:
15797:
15793:
15612:
14785:
14654:
13633:
12723:
12705:
12221:
10381:
9503:
9261:
9167:
9002:
8906:
8320:
7545:
7174:
7011:, the God of Gods". Historically, it is the first known inscription related to the
6816:
6787:
6596:
6208:
5719:
5688:
5438:
5221:
5023:
4871:
4697:
of the type commonly seen on Greek coins. The clothing too is Greek, complete with
4268:
4236:) coins for circulation in their own territories, several of them also struck rare
3875:); there will be undoubtedly a civil war among them, arising in their own country (
3861:
3771:
3700:
3684:
3545:
3529:), belonging to as many as 14 different Indo-Greek kings, as well as coin molds in
3521:
Slightly northwest of Mathura, numerous Indo-Greek coins were found in the city of
3083:
containing Buddhist relics was dedicated "in the reign of the Great King Menander".
2585:
2555:
2549:
2305:
2275:
2218:
1985:
1878:
1693:
1647:
The new kingdom, highly urbanized and considered one of the richest of the Orient (
1618:
1414:
1406:
1397:
1373:
1327:
1247:
1243:
1217:
1055:
14659:
The Shape of Ancient Thought. Comparative studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies
14239:
The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies
10777:
Alexander the Great and Bactria: The Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia
6145:
Buddha statue, with Year 384 inscription, probably of the Yavana era, i.e. AD 209.
6118:
Buddha statues with dated inscriptions, are now thought to have been dated in the
5671:
by the Yavana named Cita. On this second inscription, the Buddhist symbols of the
4142:
Other kings emerged, usually in the western part of the Indo-Greek realm, such as
3334:
3037:
as his capital. Menander subsequently made an expedition across northern India to
1667:
says: and more tribes were subdued by them than by Alexander... Their cities were
387:
17082:
17039:
16974:
16934:
16750:
16627:
16569:
16534:
16526:
16405:
16179:
16060:
16018:
16014:
15981:
15953:
15949:
15895:
15801:
15733:
15695:
15501:
14983:
13827:
13114:
12810:
12520:
12460:
11943:
11892:
11753:
11708:
11690:
11672:
11609:
11295:
10981:
10892:
10315:
10297:
9751:
9540:
9339:
9092:
8851:
8705:
8510:
8416:
8402:
8064:
8052:
8038:
7873:
7853:
7836:
The Greeks may also have maintained a presence in their cities until quite late.
7555:
to king Menander, provides a rare glimpse of the military methods of the period:
7525:
7384:
7256:
6912:
6580:
6541:
6381:
6035:
5598:
5492:
5403:
5118:
5034:
5012:
4538:
4499:
4155:
3316:
3254:
2924:
2635:
2631:
2528:
2378:
2250:
2195:
2187:
2171:
1977:
1942:
1717:
1604:
1500:
1472:, XII). It is also thought that Greeks contributed to the sculptural work of the
1410:
1274:. Thus, he mixed the Buddhists and the Yavanas. He ruled for 60 years. From him,
1208:
1195:. The confrontation ended with a peace treaty, and "an intermarriage agreement" (
1149:
1090:
1012:
950:. The ethnicity of later Indo-Greek rulers is sometimes less clear. For example,
943:
909:
901:
641:
559:
503:
211:
14699:
14506:
14463:
Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian coins in the Smithsonian Institution
11770:
10729:, Vol. 79. (1948), pp. 254–267, p. 262; for Artemidorus, see K. Walton Dobbins "
10290:
9418:
9229:. University of Chicl.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182.
7271:
6417:
5303:
seems to present himself as "son of Maues" ( but this is now disputed), and the
3510:
during the period between 185 BCE and 85 BCE, and especially during the rule of
17459:
17029:
16969:
16657:
16267:
15915:
15788:
15685:
15286:
15161:
15074:
13591:
13567:
13147:
13022:
The World of Wine and Food: A Guide to Varieties, Tastes, History, and Pairings
12157:
Emergence of Viṣṇu and Śiva Images in India: Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence
11432:
as a whole; and, more than that, they extended their empire even as far as the
11110:
11085:
8896:
8866:
8856:
8846:
8674:
8500:
7967:
7923:
7806:
7770:
7740:
7342:
7283:
7214:
7182:
7074:
7070:
6897:
6724:
6572:
6521:
6407:
6326:
6245:
6184:
6169:
6123:
6059:
5979:
5750:
5664:
5651:
5237:
5167:
4926:
4913:
4825:
4618:, a Guardian of the entrance of the Stupa. The warrior has been described as a
4595:
4543:
4533:
4292:
4241:
peaceful between the Indo-Greeks and these relatively hellenised nomad tribes.
4198:
4068:
4029:
3975:
3872:
3848:
which is thought to describe an encounter between a Greek cavalry squadron and
3644:
3628:
3495:
3438:
3261:
3174:
3112:
3080:
2741:
2675:
2544:
2408:
2143:
1889:
1808:
1800:
1626:
1519:
He (Antiochus) crossed the Caucasus (the Caucasus Indicus or Paropamisus: mod.
1385:
1300:
1271:
1169:
1040:
1008:
920:
831:
762:
627:
555:
327:
313:
147:
101:
97:
15335:
12366:
9174:
claims to have sent Buddhist emissaries to the Hellenistic west around 250 BC.
7718:, he numbers at 60,000 (although they allegedly lost to 300 Greco-Bactrians):
7189:, hairstyle), holding contraptions which are characteristic of Greek culture (
6364:". In the Harivamsa the "Yavana" Indo-Greeks are qualified, together with the
4550:, with the flowing head band of a Greek king, northern tunic with Hellenistic
2150:
17665:
17427:
17416:
16914:
16904:
16861:
16826:
16554:
16064:
15867:
15827:
15728:
15711:
15664:
15649:
15635:
15608:
15604:
15564:
15549:
15538:
15490:
15140:
14556:
13734:
12950:
12719:
12168:
12003:
11823:
11169:
11142:
10534:
10533:
on "Trogus" and Yardley/Develin, p. 2; since Trogus' father was in charge of
10035:
9759:
9735:
History Of The Chamar Dynasty, Raj Kumar, Gyan Publishing House, 2008, p. 51
9110:
8994:
8891:
8647:
8343:
8311:
8266:
8230:
8167:
8014:
7861:
7821:
7802:
7794:
7786:
7671:
7667:
7581:
7537:
7521:
7514:
7486:
7474:
7380:
7319:
7275:
7062:
7050:
6996:
6893:
6862:
6750:
6746:
6732:
should carry away an equal share, and they should all erect monuments to him.
6693:
6668:
6628:
6533:
6481:
6451:
6334:
6256:
5917:
5905:
5863:
5766:
5700:
5520:
5477:
5473:
5335:
5304:
5275:
5263:
5217:
5182:
5155:
5130:
5102:
4957:
4935:
4891:
4836:
4752:, a place where other dedications by Yavanas are known, in cave No.17 of the
4563:
4284:
in India. Heliodurus was one of the earliest recorded Indo-Greek converts to
4229:
3990:
3887:
indicates the presence of the Indo-Greeks led by a ruler listed as "ta" from
3845:
3835:
3681:
3677:
3596:
3564:
3284:
reconstructed almost entirely from archaeological and numismatical analyses.
3242:
3215:
3162:
3120:
3069:
3014:
2999:
2995:
2886:
2849:
2774:
2753:
2659:
2613:
2532:
2479:
2475:
2457:
2370:
2335:
2135:
1870:
1823:
1592:
1453:
1429:
1354:
1137:
1129:
1086:
1000:
996:
981:
955:
947:
459:
439:
300:
14967:
14474:
11464:"the account of the Periplus is just a sailor's story", Narain (pp. 118–119)
9593:
9071:: "But dried figs were so very much sought after by all men (for really, as
7953:
Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kings, their coins, territories and chronology
7007:. In the dedication, the Indo-Greek ambassador explains he is a devotee of "
6496:
4748:
of Setapatha"), Setapatha being an uncertain city, possibly a location near
4249:
3916:, line 8, probably in the 1st century BC. Original text is in Brahmi script.
3722:
3680:
during the 1st century BC. In any case Mathura was under the control of the
3087:
2194:
around 322 BC. However, contacts were kept with his Greek neighbours in the
927:. The ethnicity of the Indo-Greek may also have been hybrid to some degree.
17469:
17432:
17396:
17049:
17034:
16949:
16889:
16851:
16831:
16816:
16491:
15783:
15656:
15556:
15426:
15364:
15329:
15311:
15303:
15247:
15187:
15104:
15089:
15043:
14458:
14436:
14414:
14387:
13875:
13611:
13599:
13442:
12737:
11986:
11836:
10995:
10934:
10377:
9810:
9122:
9114:
9072:
9006:
8753:
8695:
8588:
8439:
8324:
8283:
8211:
8133:
7998:
7957:
7915:
7830:
7778:
7640:) with a large army having sacked Goradhagiri causes pressure on Rajagaha (
7315:
7303:
6836:
6795:
6702:
6651:, killed the monks there, and departed. ... After some time, he arrived in
6473:
6330:
6228:
6087:
6071:
5886:
5556:
5548:
Some Greek nuclei may have continued to survive until the 2nd century AD.
5431:
5427:
5399:
5283:
5247:
5206:
5045:
4718:
4642:
4181:
Immediately after the fall of Bactria, the bronze coins of Indo-Greek king
4051:
Immediately after the fall of Bactria, the bronze coins of Indo-Greek king
3978:
3971:
3900:) with a large army having sacked Goradhagiri causes pressure on Rajagaha (
3373:
3339:
3324:
3250:
3092:
3042:
3033:
Thus from 165 BCE until his death in 130 BCE, Menander I ruled Punjab with
3003:
2980:
2976:
2805:
2782:
2766:
2643:
2487:
2416:
2018:. Copper-nickel would not be used again in coinage until the 19th century.
1999:
1819:
1804:
1754:
1524:
1512:
1433:
1278:
was born and ruled for the same number of years as his father. His son was
1221:
1204:
1141:
1016:
935:
928:
872:
661:
637:
521:
469:
429:
12710:
12571:
The Idea of Ancient India: Essays on Religion, Politics, and Archaeology,
12056:
P.L.Gupta: Kushâna Coins and History, D.K.Printworld, 1994, p. 184, note 5
11989:, p16. Also: "Kalidasa recounts in his Mālavikāgnimitra (5.15.14–24) that
11970:
The Sungas, Kanvas, Republican Kingdoms and Monarchies, Mahameghavahanas,
9701::"To the colonies settled in India, Python, the son of Agenor, was sent."
8678:
8514:
8383:
7844:
described an "Alexandropolis, the metropolis of Arachosia", thought to be
5927:
5922:
5636:
5631:
5530:
5525:
4693:". The men are depicted with short curly hair, often held together with a
4574:
3474:
1873:. These territories possibly are identical with the Bactrian satrapies of
908:
invaded India from Bactria in about 200 BC. The Greeks to the east of the
17009:
17004:
16944:
16929:
16866:
16811:
16788:
16783:
16758:
16496:
16204:
The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century
15972:
15965:
15848:
15822:
15630:
15600:
15261:
15171:
15099:
14714:
14695:
14356:, pp. 99–129. Harmatta, János, ed., 1994. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
13607:
13384:
12383:"The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity, John Boardman, 1993, p. 112
11995:
11211:"(In the Milindapanha) Menander is declared an arhat", McEvilley, p. 378.
11102:
10513:
9924:
9898:
9747:
9141:
9056:
9028:
9010:
8594:
8584:
8561:
8504:
8429:
8370:
8329:
8198:
8116:
8019:
7869:
7841:
7688:
7683:
7502:
7498:
7419:
7411:
7355:
7260:
7222:
7136:
7000:
6992:
6882:
6866:
6844:
6771:
6767:
6644:
6640:
6616:
6592:
6291:
6252:
even wrote that the king of Pataliputra had "great love for the Greeks".
6236:
6224:
6216:
6051:
6047:
6007:
5594:
5589:
are mentioned as donors for six structural pillars in the Great Buddhist
5552:
5512:
5359:
5322:, in modern Pakistan. No coins of him are known, but the signet bears in
5300:
5299:
between the Greeks and the Indo-Scythians: in a recently published coin,
5202:
5098:
5065:
4805:
4757:
4753:
4633:
area are known to have been involved in the construction of the Buddhist
4599:
4337:
4329:
4308:
4281:
4210:
4190:
4151:
4147:
4123:
4104:
4080:
4060:
3857:
3853:
3814:
3794:
3788:
3661:
3655:
3553:
3503:
3486:, mentions its carving on "The last day of year 116 of Yavana hegemony" (
3356:
3328:
3320:
3238:
3204:
3140:
3128:
3124:
2988:
2948:
2852:
and several deities from India, which have been variously interpreted as
2722:
2444:
2434:
Clement of Alexandria, "The Stromata, or Miscellanies" Book I, Chapter XV
2292:
2203:
2041:
2033:
2027:
1995:
1989:
1981:
1901:
1728:
1676:
1511:
valley, where he received war elephants and presents from the local king
1362:
1342:
1316:
1177:
1133:
973:
951:
835:
599:
595:
517:
493:
352:
14947:
13257:
The Idea of Ancient India: Essays on Religion, Politics, and Archaeology
12937:
Greek Culture in Afghanistan and India: Old Evidence and New Discoveries
11891:
is an important source material" Dilip Coomer Ghose, General Secretary,
11177:
10867:
Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia
10396:
Clement of Alexandria "The Stromata, or Miscellanies" Book I, Chapter XV
8315:
8270:
7910:
7812:
7008:
6635:, likely in attempt to further remove the legacy of the Mauryan Empire.
5679:(reversed) are positioned on both sides of the first word "Yavana(sa)".
4349:
4013:
1599:). After Alexander's death in 323 BC, Bactria came under the control of
17568:
17535:
17401:
17059:
16919:
16806:
16773:
16735:
16727:
16034:
15844:
15176:
15109:
14603:
The vision of the Buddha: Buddhism, the path to spiritual enlightenment
14224:"Parthians stations", 1st century AD. Original text in paragraph 19 of
13867:
11602:
11600:
11420:, but also, on the rest of the coast, of what is called the kingdom of
11045:, but also, on the rest of the coast, of what is called the kingdom of
10731:
The Commerce of Kapisene and Gandhāra after the Fall of Indo-Greek Rule
10730:
9273:
9197:
9193:
supported by Sir John Marshall ("The Buddhist art of Gandhara", pp5–6).
9118:
8841:
8798:
8778:
8757:
8699:
8443:
8339:
8306:
8099:
8081:
7973:
7935:
7931:
7893:
7885:
7865:
7809:
claim to be descendants of the Indo-Greeks; although this is disputed.
7722:
7711:
7350:"When I was in Bactria", Zhang Qian reported, "I saw bamboo canes from
7338:
7252:
7186:
7066:
7037:
6988:
6820:
6779:
6701:
The wheel he represented on some of his coins was most likely Buddhist
6648:
6513:
6501:
6443:
6377:
6295:
6267:
6211:") on Indo-Greek coinage: from the Classical motif of Nike handing the
6180:
6142:
6119:
6107:
6102:
6039:
6019:
5971:
5754:
5488:
5465:
5457:
5442:
5411:
5391:
5379:
5370:
5323:
5242:
5225:
5186:
5126:
4999:
4686:
4623:
4619:
4547:
4365:
4325:
3956:
3666:
3624:
3580:
3511:
3491:
3448:
3407:, but also, on the rest of the coast, of what is called the kingdom of
3348:
3301:
3208:
3104:
3075:
3026:
3018:
2984:
2928:
2912:
2890:
2823:
2761:
2749:
2667:
2648:
2540:
2266:
2139:
2045:
1697:
1584:
1558:
1520:
1184:
1074:
977:
965:
961:
675:
479:
196:
110:
27:
Hellenistic-era Greek kingdom in northwestern South Asia (200 BC–10 AD)
14797:
14007:"Western contact with China began long before Marco Polo, experts say"
10722:
8598:
8433:
8374:
8137:
8120:
7341:, who visited Bactria around 128 BC, suggests that intense trade with
6454:. After his conversion, he became noted for being a leading patron of
6172:(1st century AD), and at about the same time as the Buddhist coins of
4736:
is known from three inscriptions made by self-declared Yavana donors:
4118:
3072:, so Greek presence outside was probably short-lived or non-existent.
1941:
Possible statuette of a Greek soldier, wearing a version of the Greek
1795:
916:
and the Indo-Greek Kingdoms in the North Western Indian Subcontinent.
17437:
17421:
17054:
17044:
17019:
16989:
16894:
16836:
16768:
16763:
16516:
16511:
16386:
16308:
16227:
15777:
15156:
15094:
14881:
Alexander the Great: East-West cultural contacts from Greece to Japan
14481:
13793:
13290:
Problems of Chronology in Gandharan Art, Juhyung Rhi, pp. 35–51, 2017
11858:
11421:
11391:
11299:
11046:
10727:
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
10373:
9515:"Menander had his capital in Sagala" Bopearachchi, "Monnaies", p. 83.
9088:
9052:
8802:
8774:
8732:
8621:
8547:
8487:
8470:
8215:
8194:
8004:
7637:
7625:
7423:
7403:
7367:
7323:
7307:
7194:
7144:
7113:
7012:
6852:
6848:
6803:
6310:
6275:
6091:
5704:
5484:
5375:
5311:
5147:
5122:
4646:
4615:
4611:
4587:
4583:
4555:
4417:
4233:
4130:
4115:, though it is uncertain whether they ruled directly after Menander.
4048:
also probably played a role in the downfall of the Bactrian kingdom.
4041:
4017:
3897:
3849:
3718:
3522:
3502:
From numismatic, literary and epigraphic evidence, it seems that the
3408:
3391:), conquests also attested by coins dating from the Indo-Greek ruler
3293:
3273:
3170:
3149:
2877:
2829:
2797:
2778:
2666:
and Indianized names that may be related to Indo-Greek kings such as
2572:
2396:
2344:
2214:
2125:
2068:
2011:
1962:
1946:
1485:
1469:
1468:", i.e., Ionian) Buddhist monks, active in Buddhist proselytism (the
1437:
1425:
1346:
1275:
1200:
671:
651:
613:
577:
419:
13990:
Science and civilisation in China: Chemistry and chemical technology
13722:
Handbuch der Orientalistik, Kurt A. Behrendt, BRILL, 2004, p. 49 sig
12990:
Description in Hellenism in Ancient India by Gauranga Nath Banerjee
12936:
12167:
11597:
9265:
8782:
7757:
7674:
read the name of the Yavana king as "Dimita", and identify him with
7127:
engraved in the northwest of India (2nd century BCE-2nd century CE).
7084:
6671:, which records the dialogue between Menander and the Buddhist monk
5953:
5307:
show Indo-Greeks and Indo-Scythians reveling in a Buddhist context.
5154:(90–70 BC) was the last Indo-Greek king in the Western territories (
3965:
3099:ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ "Of Saviour King Menander" around wheel.
2338:... and the thera Maharakkhita he sent into the country of the Yona.
2131:
1027:
17014:
16939:
16924:
15855:
15738:
15596:
15422:
15414:
15368:
15359:
15084:
14789:
13823:
13603:
13380:
11425:
11417:
11156:
Sahu, N. K. (1959). "Bahasatimita of the Hathigumpha Inscription".
11109:
empire, down to the breakdown of the Sungas and the arrival of the
11050:
11042:
10517:
10501:
10229:
9928:
9755:
9145:
8820:
8806:
8668:
8611:
8412:
8360:
8171:
8009:
7919:
7876:. As far as this place the land is under the rule of the Parthians.
7613:
7589:
The Milinda Panha also describes the structure of Menander's army:
7552:
7533:
7529:
7510:
7470:
7462:
7447:
7178:
7166:
7140:
7117:
earlier, to the time of the Indo-Greeks in the 2nd–1st century BC:
7108:
The possibility of a direct connection between the Indo-Greeks and
7101:
6980:
6942:
6890:
6886:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6737:
6715:
6672:
6624:
6604:
6588:
6575:, conquered the Greek satraps left by Alexander, which belonged to
6549:
6447:
6369:
6349:
6249:
6232:
6220:
6173:
6115:
6079:
6031:
5995:
5983:
5676:
5672:
5622:
5618:
5602:
5496:
5395:
5319:
5213:
5190:
5151:
5110:
4986:
4849:
4816:
4694:
4650:
4630:
4567:
4421:
4411:
4369:
4285:
4186:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4143:
4108:
4056:
4052:
3994:
3806:
3732:
3549:
3540:
3434:
3412:
3404:
3234:
3219:
2956:
2940:
2865:
2861:
2819:
2801:
2726:
2663:
2652:
2564:
2524:
2520:
2508:
2492:
2426:
2288:
2199:
2085:
1966:
1905:
1885:
1853:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1536:
1381:
1312:
1238:
contemporary Greek practices to form dynastic alliances. An Indian
1196:
1173:
1157:
1048:
969:
932:
839:
609:
507:
489:
356:
164:
157:
139:
135:
115:
14551:. Rome: IsMEO (Istituto Italiano Per Il Medio Ed Estremo Oriente).
9806:
8524:
7524:
around 160 BC. The equestrian tradition probably goes back to the
7131:
This is particularly the case of some purely Hellenistic works in
5741:" inscription on the back wall of the veranda, Cave No.17, Nashik.
5613:
5555:("Lord of the Greeks"), who translated from Greek to Sanskrit the
4860:
3241:, which were military confederations that had been annexed by the
3119:
Some sources also claim that the Indo-Greeks may have reached the
3049:
began warring with the Indo-Greeks in the north western frontier.
2760:
greatly encouraged this expansion. The Indo-Greeks, in particular
2642:
mentions India a few times in the course of his long dispute with
2474:. Pushyamitra Shunga then ascended the throne and established the
1553:
17583:
16979:
15936:
15862:
15763:
15744:
15592:
15465:
15418:
15380:
15373:
14973:
Some new hypotheses on the Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kingdoms
13871:
11896:
11511:
History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE
11395:
11243:
11241:
11106:
10601:
History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE
10420:
10369:
10319:
A halberd of copper-nickel alloy, from the Warring States Period.
9942:
9084:
9068:
8551:
8541:
8520:
8024:
7993:
7987:
7889:
7766:
7645:
7548:, depicts a helmetted Greek combatant on an Indian war elephant.
7506:
7443:
7427:
7407:
7370:, "Records of the Great Historian", trans. Burton Watson, p. 236.
7218:
7190:
7089:
7078:
6976:
6861:
was again used a century later by a known Buddhist practitioner,
6660:
6631:. Pushyamitra is alleged to have persecuted Buddhism in favor of
6477:
6361:
6314:
6075:
6027:
5909:
5875:
5770:
5590:
5573:
5446:
5258:
5076:
4725:
4638:
4603:
4579:
4559:
4529:
4483:
4467:
4449:
4341:
4304:
4244:
4206:
4076:
4045:
4021:
3905:
3888:
3876:
3584:
3561:
3557:
3534:
3515:
3507:
3483:
3388:
3384:
3061:
3038:
2968:
2960:
2702:
2536:
2512:
2504:
2467:
2449:
2421:
2391:
2358:
2323:
2291:, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the
2101:
2093:
1897:
1874:
1866:
1713:
1705:
1576:
1562:
1493:
1384:, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the
1304:
1239:
1165:
1110:
1094:
1004:
989:
884:
824:
563:
119:
8709:
8333:
8154:
6437:
6306:
5101:(100–95 BC) briefly occupied the whole Greek territory from the
4344:, is recorded. In the Sunga capital, Heliodorus established the
3950:
2713:
2314:
1575:
Alexander had also established several colonies in neighbouring
1496:, mentioning his role in the construction of a water reservoir.
1292:
958:
descent, although he is now seen as a regular Indo-Greek king.
16994:
15899:
15470:
15385:
15317:
15243:
15079:
14883:. Tokyo: 東京国立博物館 (Tokyo Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan). OCLC 53886263.
14561:
Religions of the Silk Road: premodern patterns of globalization
14392:
Monnaies Gréco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques, Catalogue Raisonné
14352:
Bernard, Paul (1994). "The Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia." In:
14263:
Monnaies Gréco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques, Catalogue Raisonné
13820:
13595:
12362:
11999:
11862:
11474:
11437:
11433:
11429:
11428:. In short, Apollodorus says that Bactriana is the ornament of
10629:
10625:
10505:
10489:
Apollodotus, founder of the Graeco- Indian kingdom (c. 160 BC).
9525:
9388:
9171:
9046:
9027:
Classical sources have recorded that Chandragupta sent various
8965:
8736:
8726:
8637:
8615:
8557:
8354:
8300:
7817:
7789:
branch of the Yuezhi, apart from a short-lived invasion of the
7641:
7482:
7466:
7435:
7287:
7205:
7152:
7088:
Hellenistic culture in the Indian subcontinent: Greek clothes,
7004:
6857:
6812:
6808:
6791:
6775:
6664:
6652:
6608:
6584:
6557:
6553:
6528:
6345:
6283:
6260:
6212:
6122:(originating c. 186 BC). One of the statues of the Buddha from
6106:
Statue with inscription mentioning "year 318", probably of the
6083:
6063:
6003:
5987:
5957:
5913:
5871:
5867:
5778:
5774:
5762:
5746:
5738:
5723:
5696:
5692:
5626:
5586:
5516:
5383:
5363:
5334:
being explained as the Greek transliteration of the ubiquitous
5315:
5287:
5267:
5251:
5194:
5142:
5114:
5106:
4977:
4968:
4733:
4714:
4682:
4674:
4634:
4393:
4382:
4373:
4361:
4333:
4300:
4259:
4218:
4202:
4194:
4088:
4072:
4064:
4033:
4002:
3901:
3802:
3767:
3744:
3704:
3526:
3376:, as Indo-Greek presence has not been confirmed this far east.
3364:
3352:
3265:
3227:
3034:
2964:
2944:
2936:
2932:
2894:
2869:
2853:
2790:
2786:
2639:
2496:
2462:
In India, the Maurya dynasty was overthrown around 185 BC when
2382:
2366:
2296:
2262:
2234:
2230:
2210:
2202:
in Ancient sources), and several Greeks, such as the historian
2115:
2089:
2022:
2015:
1970:
1954:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1831:
1689:
1668:
1656:
1608:
1596:
1489:
1481:
1389:
1369:
1358:
1335:
1334:), and thus, he mixed the Indians and the Greeks. His grandson
1308:
1279:
1267:
1251:
1229:
1153:
1121:
1078:
880:
868:
864:
581:
86:
11353:
this can, but need not, imply a military expedition. See LSJ,
11238:
10124:
9454:
8364:
7896:
tradition with the rudimentary and unformalized empirical and
5761:"Success! (The gift) of Indragnidatta, son of Dhammadeva, the
3797:, and describes the ultimate destruction of the city's walls:
3518:
mentioned that Menander's ruler extended to Mathura (Μόδυρα).
2411:, who foretold the Saviour's birth, and came into the land of
1607:. The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom was founded when Diodotus I, the
14953:
Ancient coinage of the Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kingdoms
14925:. Athens: Indo-Hellenic Society for Culture and Development.
14904:
The Greeks in India – A Survey in Philosophical Understanding
14261:
Under each king, information from Bopearachchi is taken from
11822:"The term (Yavana) had a precise meaning until well into the
10738:
10407:
9946:
8643:
8406:
7857:
7701:
Megasthenes fragm. LVI. in Plin. Hist. Nat. VI. 21. 8–23. 11.
7686:
took special note of the military strength of Kalinga in his
7376:
7351:
7331:
7314:
The Indo-Greek kings in Southern Asia issued the first known
7148:
7016:
6972:
6869:, to extoll on his coins the virtues of his predecessor king
6720:
6685:
6676:
6365:
6341:(1836). Kharoshthi became extinct around the 3rd century AD.
6299:
6067:
6023:
5279:
5209:
may however also have held territories in the Paropamisadae.
5198:
5171:
4904:
4882:
4749:
4729:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4607:
4551:
4214:
4084:
4037:
3998:
3494:, suggesting the Greeks ruled over Mathura as late as 60 BC.
3463:
3380:
3269:
3223:
3065:
3057:
2897:. They also included various Indian devices (lion, elephant,
2857:
2809:
2757:
2745:
2576:
2568:
2500:
2412:
2400:
2386:
2327:
2258:
2097:
2076:
Upon his return, Zhang Qian informed the Chinese emperor Han
2063:
2053:
1835:
1660:
1508:
1413:
in their territories, for the welfare of humans and animals (
1188:
919:
During the two centuries of their rule, the Indo-Greek kings
843:
360:
10863:
10064:
Foreign Influence on Ancient India by Krishna Chandra Sagar
9377:
There were later Indo-Greek kingdoms in northwest India. ...
9341:
Buddhism: its origin and spread in words, maps, and pictures
7497:
Their weapons were spears, swords, longbow (on the coins of
7173:
realistic style, attitudes and fashion (clothes such as the
6971:
is a stone column that was erected around 113 BC in central
6957:
Various blessing gestures: divinities (top), kings (bottom).
5663:
Two more Buddhist inscriptions by Yavanas were found in the
5641:
5216:
up to around 40 AD, when they blend with the coinage of the
4774:
The third inscription, on two adjacent pavement slabs reads
4437:
Foreigner on a horse. The medallions are dated circa 115 BC.
3379:
To the south, the Greeks may have occupied the areas of the
3257:
over the Yaudheya Republic, reaffirming their independence.
2793:; but the order and dating of these conquests is uncertain.
1965:, on the doorstep to China, and are today on display in the
15430:
15271:
15069:
12799:
Described in R. C. Senior "The Decline of the Indo-Greeks"
12611:
10894:
Encyclopaedia of Oriental Philosophy and Religion: Buddhism
10509:
9419:
Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Pratapaditya Pal (1986).
9064:
9060:
6870:
6783:
6545:
6489:
6389:
6385:
6357:
6353:
6204:
5937:
5932:
5646:
5607:
5540:
5535:
5426:
They would again win independence until being conquered by
5343:
4768:
4745:
4452:
with lotus and two child attendants, probably derived from
3660:
Several figures of foreigners appear in the terracottas of
2952:
2898:
2404:
2331:
1862:
1672:
1465:
1461:
1441:
1161:
1145:
1117:
1069:
defeated and conquered the Persian empire. In 326 BC, this
893:
and the nomenclature of later kings suggest that a certain
820:
106:
14968:
The impact of Greco-Indian Culture on Western Civilisation
14906:. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Limited.
9640:
Was Indo-Greek Artemidoros the son of Indo-Sctythian Maues
7848:, which he said was still Greek even at such a late time:
5250:, reigned circa 65–55 BC, was the last Indo-Greek king in
5136:
4721:. They are all celebrating at the entrance of the stupa.
3731:, the invasion in two examples using the imperfect tense
2466:, the commander-in-chief of Mauryan Imperial forces and a
1976:
Greek influences on Chinese art have also been suggested (
1625:
Diodotus, the governor of the thousand cities of Bactria (
1372:, who had converted to the Buddhist faith declared in the
14482:
Bussagli, Mario; Francine Tissot; Béatrice Arnal (1996).
11350:
10897:. Global Vision Publishing House. pp. 351, 608–609.
7616:
in combat gear, making a blessing gesture, circa 100 BCE.
7509:
box started to appear for the first time on the coins of
5695:
was built and dedicated by "Indragnidatta the son of the
5231:
5193:, who ruled until around 80 BC; soon after his death the
4250:
Indo-Greeks in the regions of Vidisha and Sanchi (115 BC)
4213:. It is now known that 50 years later, the Indo-Scythian
4083:. It is now known that 50 years later, the Indo-Scythian
3834:
Accounts of battles between the Greeks and the Shunga in
3575:, mentions "The last day of year 116 of Yavana hegemony (
3443:
17717:
States and territories disestablished in the 1st century
17712:
States and territories established in the 2nd century BC
14759:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
14443:(in French). Lattes: Association imago-musée de Lattes.
13077:
Hellenism in Ancient India, Gauranga Nath Banerjee p. 20
10735:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
9594:"Cultural links between India and the Greco-Roman world"
9121:) and descended into India; renewed his friendship with
6945:
in combat gear, making a blessing gesture, circa 100 BC.
6627:
or "army lord" of the Mauryan Empire and founder of the
4622:, Some have suggested that he might even represent king
4036:
who were completing a long migration from the border of
4008:
3268:
who were completing a long migration from the border of
2634:, who in turn wrote, from Greek sources, at the time of
2630:, who wrote an anthology drawn from the Roman historian
2547:, and the killing of millions of Buddhists, such as the
2233:
has been won here, on the borders, and even six hundred
2190:, had re-conquered northwestern India upon the death of
1523:) and descended into India; renewed his friendship with
1250:, described the marriage of Chandragupta with a Greek ("
14979:
Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek Kingdoms in Ancient Texts
14115:
13694:
Stupavadana, Chapter 57, v15. Quotes in E.Seldeslachts.
12530:
The word Yona can't be here anything, but a Greek donor
12002:, or the Kali-Sindhu river which is a tributary of the
10937:, "Monnaies Gréco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques", p. 76.
10472:
7208:, Gandhara, 2nd century (Ostasiatisches Museum, Berlin)
6675:. Menander is claimed to have obtained the title of an
6508:ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ "Of Saviour King Menander".
6344:
In Indian literature, the Indo-Greeks are described as
4324:
It is around this time, in 115 BC, that the embassy of
4098:
2638:. In addition to these dozen sentences, the geographer
1896:
the Greco-Bactrians may have led expeditions as far as
10597:
9458:
Afghanistan: Forging Civilizations Along the Silk Road
7322:, dating from 180 to 170 BC, and his younger brothers
6757:
6266:
The first Greek coins to be minted in India, those of
6074:
school, "who had gladdened the heart of the people of
5349:
4523:
3156:, during his forth year reigning, was recorded in the
2796:
Demetrius I seems to have conquered the Kabul valley,
1207:(which played a key role in Seleucus's victory at the
14524:
Errington, Elizabeth; Joe Cribb; Maggie Claringbull;
14372:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
13006:
and Epigraphia Indica Vol.7 [Epigraphia Indica Vol.7
12962:
Buddhist architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009,
11931:
11372:
McEvilley, 2002, The Shape of Ancient Thought, p. 371
11127:(Second ed.). New Delhi: New Age International.
10983:
Buddhism in the Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh
9307:
6018:(....) who crushed down the pride and conceit of the
3774:, from the Rani Gumpha or "Cave of the Queen" in the
3602:
2931:
in 1970, which depict Hindu deities. These are early
2084:
The Son of Heaven on hearing all this reasoned thus:
1649:
opulentissimum illud mille urbium Bactrianum imperium
1365:
pottery that can be found throughout northern India.
14862:
Afghanistan, ancien carrefour entre l'est et l'ouest
12525:. Indian Archaeological Society. 1975. p. 188.
12404:
Buddhist Architecture, Huu Phuoc Le, Grafikol, 2010
11784:
11782:
11264:
11262:
11231:
11229:
11219:
11217:
11207:
11205:
11122:
9013:
was also sent to the Mauryan court on this occasion.
6058:
Inscriptions of the 3rd century (AD 210–325) at the
6050:
inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri, circa AD 170,
4424:) for the earliest reliefs at Sanchi, circa 115 BC.
3981:
dynasty, and attacked the Indo-Greeks from the west.
3433:"To the present day ancient drachmae are current in
3201:
Afghanistan, ancien carrefour entre l'est et l'ouest
2708:
2658:
There are Indian literary sources, ranging from the
2399:("Σαρμαναίοι Βάκτρων"); and the philosophers of the
1675:), and Darapsa, and several others. Among these was
1557:
Greco-Bactrian statue of an old man or philosopher,
16197:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
14441:
De l'Indus à l'Oxus, Archéologie de l'Asie Centrale
13240:
The Great Stupa at Nagarjunakonda in Southern India
11755:
Mathura Museum Introduction: A Pictorial Guide Book
11184:
10671:
Afghanistan Ancien Carrefour Entre L'Est Et L'Ouest
10118:
9750:was besieged from every direction by the forces of
7566:-Not at all. All that had been prepared beforehand.
7278:
depicting a mythological scene, 2nd–1st century BC.
6097:
4582:, the gateways were made by northwestern (probably
3959:
became the most important of the Indo-Greek rulers.
2915:legend on the reverse of a coin of Indo-Greek king
1621:, a catastrophic conflict for the Seleucid Empire.
921:
combined the Greek and Indian languages and symbols
15013:
14549:Butkara I (Swāt, Pakistan) 1956–1962, Volume III 1
14486:(in French). Paris: Librairie générale française.
14331:
13576:
13574:
10929:
10927:
10737:, Vol. 14, No. 3. (Dec., 1971), pp. 286–302 (Both
9420:
9382:
7829:subcontinent, traceable down to the period of the
7777:From the 1st century AD, the Greek communities of
7536:invasion in 210 BC with 10,000 horsemen. Although
7181:, similar in form and style to the 2nd century BC
4610:, he hold a grape in his hand, and has a Buddhist
4420:point to craftsmen from the north-west (region of
3571:An inscription in Mathura discovered in 1988, the
3165:and defeated the emperor Brhaspatimitra, known as
2830:First bilingual and multi-religion monetary system
2519:. While it is established by secular sources that
14864:(in French and English). Belgium: Brepols. 2005.
13774:
13675:
13135:. Government Central Press. 1879. pp. 43–44.
11779:
11368:
11366:
11259:
11226:
11214:
11202:
10209:
10207:
10184:
10182:
9809:. Vol. 2. U of Nebraska Press, 2005. pp13-15 via
7540:are never represented on coins, a harness plate (
5965:Inscription on the façade of the Manmodi Chaitya.
5519:. Below: detail of the word "Ya-va-na-sa" in old
5452:The Yavanas may have ruled as far as the area of
4673:Foreigners on the Northern Gateway of Stupa I at
4658:the Kharosthi letters were found on the balusters
3315:Apollodotus I (and Menander I) were mentioned by
2876:After the death of Demetrius, the Bactrian kings
2744:king who first launched the Greek expansion into
1945:, from a 3rd-century BC burial site north of the
1136:for the capture of the city from the Nandas. The
1028:Initial Greek presence in the Indian subcontinent
17663:
14661:. Allworth Press and the School of Visual Arts.
14164:. Archived from the original on August 28, 2003.
12379:
12377:
12375:
12345:
12343:
12148:
12146:
12059:
11193:
10822:
7544:) dated to the 3rd–2nd century BC, today in the
6915:(c. 100 BC), unarmed, making a blessing gesture.
6740:, "Political Precepts" Praec. reip. ger. 28, 6).
6603:Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the
5970:These contributions seem to have ended when the
4767:, with probably the same meaning, ("Gift of the
4763:A second similar inscription on a pillar reads:
4641:, which are dated to 100–75 BC: this is because
2539:sources however also describe the resurgence of
2478:, which extended its control as far west as the
2470:, assassinated the last of the Mauryan emperors
2287:Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the
1865:may have been absorbed, possibly as far as into
1380:Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the
14923:Greeks and Buddhism: An Intercultural Encounter
14394:(in French). Bibliothèque Nationale de France.
13984:
13982:
13571:
10924:
10823:Krishan, Yuvraj; Tadikonda, Kalpana K. (1996).
10364:Philosophia e-Journal of Philosophy and Culture
9996:Intercourse between India and the Western world
7574:-With the object of warding off future danger.
7501:) and arrows. Around 130 BC, the Central Asian
5781:by monks together with his son Dhammarakhita."
5551:Nahapana had at his court a Greek writer named
3387:, including the strategic harbour of Barygaza (
2439:
2241:rules, beyond there where the four kings named
1631:Theodotus, mille urbium Bactrianarum praefectus
15034:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC)
14675:
14465:. Washington: National Numismatic Collection,
14109:
12668:The European Handbook of Central Asian Studies
12136:
12134:
11966:
11964:
11363:
10218:
10204:
10179:
9941:"It also explains (...) random finds from the
7337:An indirect testimony by the Chinese explorer
7003:. The pillar originally supported a statue of
6149:The inscription at the base of the statue is:
5687:One of the Buddhist caves (Cave No.17) in the
4245:Interactions with Indian culture and religions
2369:. First in its ranks were the prophets of the
1916:they extended their empire even as far as the
16243:
15203:
14999:
13461:. Oxford University Press. pp. 210–211.
12644:. Oxford University Press. 2002. p. 51.
12372:
12340:
12143:
12096:
12094:
12082:
12080:
12040:
12038:
10368:The name "Chaldeans" refers generally to the
10114:(translator). Macmillan, Reprint Bloomington.
9542:The Hellenistic World: Using Coins as Sources
9301:
7900:elements already present in early Buddhism".
6563:
4217:was in alliance with the Indo-Greek kings in
4087:was in alliance with the Indo-Greek kings in
1708:, the former satrap and self-proclaimed king
1039:, showing Greek and Persian influence, early
834:kingdom covering various parts of modern-day
788:
697:
15217:
14893:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
14804:
14457:
14435:
14413:
14386:
13979:
13116:Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India
12428:
11298:ruling over Greek populations and cities in
11041:"The Greeks... took possession, not only of
11006:
10826:The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development
9634:
9632:
9630:
9448:
9337:
9224:
9185:On the Indo-Greeks and the Gandhara school:
7739:The Indo-Greek armies would be conquered by
7603:
7045:leaves, in purely Hellenistic style, inside
6540:In addition to the worship of the Classical
6163:Inscription of the Buddha of Loriyan Tangai.
5625:(reversed) around the word "Ya-va-ṇa-sa" in
5577:, represented about 8% of all inscriptions.
5460:until the middle of the 1st century BC: the
4280:, is the first known inscription related to
3672:Mathura may then have been conquered by the
1361:) and Persian foreigners, or the remains of
16178:
14963:Wargame reconstitution of Indo-Greek armies
14920:
14901:
14532:. Cambridge: Ancient India and Iran Trust.
14370:The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity
13260:. SAGE Publications India. pp. 45–55.
13044:
13042:
12618:. Cambridge University Press. p. 138.
12237:
12235:
12233:
12220:An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology, by
12131:
11961:
11507:
11447:
10890:
10154:F. L. Holt, Thundering Zeus (Berkeley 1999)
9358:
9308:Jackson J. Spielvogel (14 September 2016).
9243:
6647:). ... Pushyamitra therefore destroyed the
6544:of the Greek deities found on their coins (
4664:
3687:from the 1st century of the Christian era.
3403:The Greeks... took possession, not only of
3395:and by several ancient writers (Strabo 11;
3342:riding a horse, circa 100 BC (coin detail).
3091:Indian-standard coinage of Menander I with
2701:, dated to the 1st-century BC. It mentions
1341:Also several Greeks, such as the historian
1081:and founded several settlements, including
254:1,100,000 km (420,000 sq mi)
54:The Elephant and the Caduceus on a coin of
16250:
16236:
15210:
15196:
15006:
14992:
14818:Indo-Scythian coins and history. Volume IV
14754:
14600:
13739:Empires of the Indus: The Story of a River
12091:
12077:
12035:
11706:
11688:
11670:
11158:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
10973:
10891:Singh, Nagendra Kr; Mishra, A. P. (2007).
10584:Tarn, App. 20; Narain (1957) pp. 136, 156
10475:Foreign influence in ancient Indo-Pakistan
9658:
9656:
9618:"Notes on Hellenism in Bactria and India".
9545:. Cambridge University Press. p. 97.
9461:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 42.
9427:. University of California Press. p.
9389:Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004).
9331:
7840:in his 1st century AD "Parthian stations"
7570:-Not at all. I had learnt all that before.
7354:and cloth (silk?) made in the province of
6376:i.e. foremost among the Warrior caste, or
6360:) both thought to be transliterations of "
6215:of victory to Zeus himself (left, coin of
4629:Also around that time, craftsmen from the
4614:symbol on his sword. He has the role of a
2889:, whereas later kings would generally use
2495:. A large number of Buddhist monasteries (
2158:of Ashoka, which mentions the Greek kings
1480:records that during the rule of Ashoka, a
883:). Other centers are only hinted at; e.g.
795:
781:
704:
690:
72:Territory of the Indo-Greeks circa 150 BC.
65:
14653:
14421:. New York: American Numismatic Society.
14236:
13791:
13557:Hinüber (2000), pp. 83–86, para. 173–179.
13236:
13145:
13061:
13059:
13057:
13025:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 133.
12727:
12709:
12567:
12565:
12563:
11635:
11633:
11631:
10125:Polybius; Friedrich Otto Hultsch (1889).
9799:
9627:
9538:
9455:Joan Aruz; Elisabetta Valtz Fino (2012).
9423:Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700
9412:
9249:
8035:Campaigns of Alexander the Great in India
7375:Recent excavations at the burial site of
6823:, and mainly associated with the area of
2237:(4,000 miles) away, where the Greek king
1073:of the Indian subcontinent as far as the
16192:
14808:The end of the road for the Indo-Greeks?
14777:Journal of the American Oriental Society
14641:
14619:
14546:
14367:
14329:
13792:Francfort, Henri-Paul (1 January 2022).
13312:Problems of Chronology in Gandharan Art
13300:Problems of Chronology in Gandharan Art
13148:"Yonas and Yavanas In Indian Literature"
13039:
13018:
12462:Graeco-Indica, India's cultural contacts
12271:
12259:
12247:
12230:
11503:
11501:
11489:
11487:
11485:
11483:
10101:
9823:
9821:
9352:
7909:
7811:
7756:
7648:having extricated his demoralized army."
7607:
7461:
7298:
7270:
7199:
7119:
7083:
7036:
6761:
6527:
6495:
6464:
6427:, commissioned by Indo-Greek ambassador
6194:
6179:Another statue of Buddha, the Buddha of
6136:
6101:
5874:donor appears on the façade of the main
5732:
5716:
5612:
5506:
5369:
5353:
5257:
5241:
5161:
5146:
4685:, but this time dating to the period of
4668:
4653:where the Kharoshti script was in use.
4573:
4537:
4291:
4276:, commissioned by Indo-Greek ambassador
4267:
4169:(130–120 BC) showing on the reverse the
4160:
4129:
4117:
4020:(145–130 BC) was the last Greek king in
4012:
3908:having extricated his demoralized army."
3825:, Paragraph 47–48, quoted in Mitchener,
3761:
3539:
3473:
3333:
3086:
3074:
3013:
2907:
2839:
2712:
2608:
2443:
2178:by name, as recipients of his teachings.
2149:
2130:
1936:
1794:
1688:
1552:
1548:
1419:
1291:
1116:Around 322 BC, the Greeks (described as
1031:
58:, the founder of the Indo-Greek kingdom.
14773:
14719:The coin types of the Indo-Greeks kings
14122:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 44–50.
13733:
13712:Plutarch "Political precepts", p147–148
13454:
11772:The Splendour of Mathurā Art and Museum
11752:Museum, Mathura Archaeological (1971).
11665:
11663:
11125:Ancient Indian history and civilization
11015:Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 1
10986:. Maha Bodhi Society of India. p.
10848:
10846:
10628:(archaeological excavations), and also
10291:Copper-Nickel coinage in Greco-Bactria.
9663:Tarn, William Woodthorpe (2010-06-24).
9653:
9586:
9362:Teaching World History: A Resource Book
9311:Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500
7551:The Milinda Panha, in the questions of
7310:point to a Chinese origin of the metal.
7077:and, in an already decadent state, the
6321:, which was used only once on coins of
5420:Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman
5181:One of the last important kings in the
5137:Loss of Hindu Kush territories (70 BC–)
3735:, denoting a recent or ongoing events:
3587:in northern central India, through the
3249:details the conquests of the Saka King
3247:Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman
3025:The next important Indo-Greek king was
1731:, who allied himself with the Parthian
1478:Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman
14:
17664:
16257:
16201:
15767:Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism
14815:
14713:
14694:
14500:
13992:by Joseph Needham, Gwei-Djen Lu p. 237
13448:
13433:Whitehead, "Indo-Greek coins", pp. 3–8
13285:
13283:
13281:
13279:
13277:
13209:
13132:Archaeological Survey of Western India
13097:
13095:
13054:
13050:S._1_1999-2000_pp._83-109 {{p.|87–88}}
12953:"The Yavanajataka of Sphujidhvaja" p5)
12931:
12929:
12599:John Mashall, The Monuments of Sanchi
12587:John Mashall, The Monuments of Sanchi
12560:
12554:John Mashall, The Monuments of Sanchi
12357:
12355:
12330:
12328:
12315:
12313:
12300:
12298:
12216:
12214:
12212:
12210:
12044:Translation in Epigraphia Indica 1920
12006:." The Yuga Purana, Mitchener, 2002.)"
11768:
11751:
11723:
11639:
11628:
11611:Ancient India: an introductory outline
11314:Pompeius Trogus, Prologue to Book XLI.
11290:In the 1st century BC, the geographer
11012:
10829:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 22.
10769:
10767:
10448:
10446:
10357:
9286:
7492:
5502:
5434:, and would disintegrate soon after.
5232:Loss of Central territories (48/47 BC)
5224:. The first documented Yuezhi prince,
5052:
5043:
4732:(Greek donors) to the construction of
4032:, in turn being pushed forward by the
3782:was also found. 2nd or 1st century BC.
3778:on the east coast of India, where the
3623:Helmeted head of a soldier, "probably
3533:, suggesting Indo-Greek occupation of
3264:, in turn being pushed forward by the
3002:, likely the son of the Bactrian king
2971:(a pear-shaped case or conch) and the
2655:which has not come down to us intact.
2257:rule, likewise in the south among the
1892:, and there are indications that from
17182:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos
16231:
16169:
15964:
15781:
15710:
15683:
15634:
15629:
15191:
14987:
14577:
14555:
14310:
14094:"Polybius 10.49, Battle of the Arius"
13530:
13253:
12824:, Catalogue raisonné, p. 172-175
12691:
12664:
12465:. Ramanand Vidya Bhawan. p. 12.
12455:
11538:, 1990, Proceedings, Volume 23, p. 45
11498:
11480:
11066:
11017:. Taylor & Francis. p. 717.
10721:For Heracles, see Lillian B. Lawler "
9818:
9599:
7743:, a nomadic tribe from Central Asia.
7692:in the middle of the 3rd century BC:
7390:
6282:(saviour) because he had helped save
5074:
5063:
5021:
4984:
4975:
4966:
4955:
4946:
4933:
4924:
4911:
4902:
4889:
4880:
4869:
4858:
4847:
4834:
4823:
4803:
4794:
4009:Fall of Bactria and death of Menander
3009:
2748:. He is therefore the founder of the
2662:, a dialogue between a Buddhist sage
2357:recognized the existence of Buddhist
2142:were located at the very doorstep of
1015:state lingered on encompassing local
954:(80 BC) was supposed to have been of
17650:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by
14834:
14735:
14680:. Calcutta, India: Asiatic Society.
14269:(1998). Senior's chronology is from
13243:. The Indian Antiquary. p. 186.
12513:
11758:. Archaeological Museum. p. 14.
11689:Dhavalikar, Madhukar Keshav (1977).
11660:
11454:Full text, Schoff's 1912 translation
11155:
10979:
10843:
10773:
10667:: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World
10604:. BRILL Academic. pp. 254–255.
10360:"Chaldean and Neo-Platonic Theology"
9998:, p. 39, quoted in McEvilley, p. 368
9662:
6876:
6663:Soter or the "Saviour king", choose
6038:race; who restored the glory of the
5166:Hermaeus posthumous issue struck by
5032:
5010:
4997:
4814:
4099:Preservation of the Indo-Greek realm
3856:, during the latter's reign, by the
3770:/ Indo-Greek warrior with boots and
2128:from the end of the 2nd century BC.
1884:To the north, Euthydemus also ruled
1440:, was dedicated by a 30,000-strong "
15167:Indo-Scythians in Indian literature
14820:. Classical Numismatic Group, Inc.
14627:. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.
14241:. Simon and Schuster. p. 503.
14119:Some Early Dynasties of South India
13715:
13358:Athenaeus, "Deipnosophistae" XIV.67
13274:
13247:
13092:
12968:
12926:
12815:
12352:
12325:
12310:
12295:
12207:
11713:. Parimal Publications. p. 82.
11707:Srivastava, Surendra Kumar (1996).
11677:. Parimal Publications. p. 81.
11671:Srivastava, Surendra Kumar (1996).
11614:. People's Pub. House. p. xi.
11607:
11586:
11060:
10940:
10764:
10443:
10347:, Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham
10236:Polybius 10.49, Battle of the Arius
8887:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
7294:
7266:
7029:Hellenistic influence on Indian art
6723:), in a parallel with the historic
6696:, Translation by T. W. Rhys Davids.
5350:Loss of Eastern territories (10 AD)
4756:complex, and on the pillars of the
4524:Indo-Greeks and Bharhut (100-75 BC)
4232:mainly issued bilingual (Greek and
3287:
1869:, whose ruler had been defeated by
1822:was attacked by the Seleucid ruler
1297:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
24:
14811:. Iranica Antica, Vol XXXIX, 2004.
14676:Mitchiner, John E.; Garga (1986).
14503:Afghanistan, les trésors retrouvés
13826:had no part in the development of
12126:Indo-Scythian coins and history IV
11692:Masterpieces of Indian Terracottas
11646:Mittal Publications. p. 141.
11279:Indo-Scythian coins and history IV
10624:Demetrius is said to have founded
9196:3) Also the recent discoveries at
8964:"It is curious that on his copper
5091:Main polities in Asia, circa -100.
4778:("Two slabs of Cuda, the Yonaka").
3725:, around 150 BC, describes in the
3721:, a grammarian and commentator on
3610:Figurines of foreigners in Mathura
3603:Figurines of foreigners in Mathura
3469:
2947:with attributes consisting of the
2690:, with additional evidence in the
1773:founded by Alexander the Great in
1727:Diodotus was succeeded by his son
1679:, which was named after its ruler.
1097:, who were confirmed again at the
25:
17738:
14941:
14721:. Chicago, USA: Ares Publishing.
14338:. Delhi: Munshi Ram Manohar Lal.
13216:. Sarup & Sons. p. 311.
13119:. The Society. 1994. pp. iv.
11730:Mittal Publications. p. XV.
10870:. SAGE Publications. p. 28.
10131:. Macmillan and Company. p.
9344:. St Martin's Press. p. 45.
9293:. Times of India Office. p.
9280:
7041:Greek Buddhist devotees, holding
6480:, and making a blessing gesture.
5784:Inscription of Cave No.17, Nashik
5718:The "Yavana cave", Cave No.17 of
5562:
5262:Hippostratos was replaced by the
4546:, a possible Indian depiction of
4368:, mainly used in the area around
4228:While all Indo-Greek kings after
4028:From the mid-2nd century BC, the
3989:Milinda, and is described in the
3690:
3260:From the mid-2nd century BC, the
2983:) still appear in the coinage of
2709:Expansion of Demetrius into India
2600:History of the Indo-Greek Kingdom
912:were eventually divided from the
900:The kingdom was founded when the
819:(also Yavanarajya after the word
16150:
16141:
16132:
16123:
16114:
16105:
16096:
16087:
16077:References and sources for table
14757:The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans
14563:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
14406:
14330:Banerjee, Gauranga Nath (1961).
14289:
14280:
14255:
14230:
14218:
14209:
14200:
14191:
14182:
14154:
14136:
14116:Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya (1974).
14100:
14086:
14077:
14065:
14051:
14025:
13999:
13970:
13967:Bopearachchi, "Monnaies", p. 75.
13961:
13952:
13943:
13934:
13921:
13912:
13903:
13894:
13885:
13860:
13851:
13842:
13833:
13813:
13804:
13785:
13765:
13756:
13745:
13726:
13706:
13697:
13688:
13666:
13649:
13640:
13626:
13617:
13583:
13560:
13551:
13524:
13515:
13506:
13497:
13484:
13475:
13436:
13427:
13417:
13408:
13399:
13390:
13373:
13362:
13351:
13340:
13329:
13318:
13306:
13294:
13230:
13203:
13191:
13179:
13162:
13139:
13123:
13107:
13080:
13071:
13012:
12996:
12980:
12956:
12942:
12914:
12905:
12895:
12886:
12877:
12864:
12854:
12845:
12836:
12827:
12793:
12784:
12771:
12762:
12753:
12744:
12685:
12658:
12632:
12605:
12593:
12581:
12548:
12536:
12501:
12492:
12483:
12449:
12422:
12410:
12398:
12386:
12283:
12195:
12161:
12118:
12105:
12068:
12050:
12022:
12009:
11979:
11948:
11924:
11915:
11902:
11881:
11868:
11851:
11842:
11829:
11816:
11791:
11762:
11744:
11717:
11710:Terracotta art in northern India
11699:
11681:
11674:Terracotta art in northern India
11577:
11565:
11553:
11541:
11528:
11508:Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007).
11467:
11458:
11410:
11401:
11384:
11375:
11343:
11330:
11317:
11308:
11284:
11271:
11250:
11247:Bopearachchi, "Monnaies", p. 86.
11149:
11116:
11089:
11078:
11035:
10964:
10911:
10884:
10857:
10816:
10803:
10794:
10562:, "tribes" is Jones' version of
10529:For the date of Trogus, see the
10477:. Sind Book House. p. 100.
10473:Jairazbhoy, Rafique Ali (1995).
10372:people who lived in the land of
9914:. Mentioned in McEvilley, p. 367
9395:. Psychology Press. p. 74.
9314:. Cengage Learning. p. 96.
9227:A Historical atlas of South Asia
9225:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
9179:
9157:
9131:
9100:
9018:
8976:
8958:
8948:
8938:
8805:
8781:
8756:
8735:
8708:
8698:
8677:
8667:
8624:
8614:
8597:
8587:
8577:
8560:
8550:
8540:
8523:
8513:
8503:
8486:
8469:
8459:
8442:
8432:
8415:
8405:
8382:
8373:
8363:
8342:
8332:
8323:
8314:
8286:
8269:
8250:
8233:
8214:
8197:
8187:
8170:
8153:
8136:
8119:
8102:
8037:
7243:Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara
7197:scenes) to Buddhist-devotional.
6950:
6935:
6920:
6905:
6436:
6416:
6098:Yavana era for Buddha sculptures
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5894:
5885:
5840:
5828:
5816:
5804:
5792:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5374:The last known Indo-Greek kings
4789:
4602:on the railings of the stupa of
4507:
4491:
4475:
4460:
4442:
4430:
4410:
3964:
3949:
3940:
3747:(Greeks) were besieging Saketa")
3676:, or ruled independently by the
3636:
3616:
2903:Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara
2848:(circa 180 BC) incorporated the
2836:Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara
731:
393:
386:
332:
318:
293:
279:
47:
14921:Vassiliades, Demetrios (2016).
14902:Vassiliades, Demetrios (2000).
14841:The Greeks in Bactria and India
13949:Bopearachchi, "Monnaies", p. 27
13880:American Journal of Archaeology
11769:Sharma, Ramesh Chandra (1994).
11608:Jha, Dwijendra Narayan (1977).
11325:Indo-Scythian coins and history
10752:
10715:
10702:
10689:
10680:
10655:
10646:
10635:
10618:
10598:Sonya Rhie Quintanilla (2007).
10591:
10578:
10569:
10544:
10523:
10494:
10466:
10455:
10434:
10425:
10413:
10400:
10389:
10351:
10336:
10323:
10302:
10284:
10279:The Greeks in Bactria and India
10271:
10261:
10251:
10240:
10193:
10168:
10157:
10148:
10139:
10095:
10082:
10070:
10058:
10049:
10040:
10028:
10019:
10010:
10001:
9988:
9979:
9970:
9961:
9952:
9935:
9917:
9891:
9878:
9866:
9857:
9844:
9832:
9785:
9773:
9740:
9729:
9718:
9707:
9695:
9683:
9666:The Greeks in Bactria and India
9644:
9624:, Vol. 22 (1902), pp. 268–293).
9610:
9573:
9559:
9539:Thonemann, Peter (2016-01-14).
9532:
9518:
9509:
9479:
9140:Known ambassadors to India are
9113:, after having made peace with
8929:
8902:Timeline of Indo-Greek Kingdoms
7785:lived under the control of the
7706:An account by the Roman writer
7457:
6962:
6518:Māhārajasa trātadasa Menandrāsa
6486:National Museum of Oriental Art
6317:, rather than the more eastern
5515:, mentioning its donation by a
5511:Pillar of the Great Chaitya at
5437:During the 1st century BC, the
3754:" ("The Yavanas were besieging
3109:Māhārajasa trātadasa Menandrāsa
2563:"At this time the best of the
2308:, 13th Rock Edict, S. Dhammika)
2278:, 13th Rock Edict, S. Dhammika)
1704:When the ruler of neighbouring
17677:Ancient history of Afghanistan
15015:Ancient India and Central Asia
14740:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
14303:
14275:The decline of the Indo-Greeks
13798:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
11775:. D.K. Printworld. p. 58.
11013:Magill, Frank Northen (2003).
10953:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
10247:Polybius 11.34 Siege of Bactra
9807:The State at War in South Asia
9669:. Cambridge University Press.
9596:. Ancient History Encyclopedia
9233:
9218:
9033:as to make people more amorous
7765:uses the Macedonian month of "
7397:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
4705:, and sandals, typical of the
3801:Then, after having approached
3466:may also have been conquered.
3397:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
2684:Records of the Grand Historian
2499:) were allegedly converted to
2485:Buddhist sources, such as the
1071:included the northwestern part
931:was, according to Polybius, a
13:
1:
17722:1st-century disestablishments
17654:in most of their territories.
16452:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
14844:. Cambridge University Press.
14649:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
14528:; Fitzwilliam Museum (1992).
14237:McEvilley, Thomas C. (2012).
12671:. Ibidem Press. p. 403.
11123:Sen, Sailendra Nath. (1999).
10675:Afghanistan, Ancien Carrefour
8918:
7905:
7852:Beyond is Arachosia. And the
7485:of the Macedonians (coins of
6855:(c. 90 BC). The attribute of
6694:The Questions of King Milinda
6472:representing a man wearing a
5952:"The meritorious gift of the
4740:The clearest of these reads "
4177:bow, inside a victory wreath.
3934:in Kharosthi and may fit in.
3589:Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription
3537:in the 2nd-1st centuries BC.
2415:guided by a star. The Indian
1488:was in charge in the area of
1353:, were sent to reside at the
1022:
854:
847:
16206:, Cambridge University Press
16174:, Cambridge University Press
15904:Decline of Buddhism in India
15341:Northern Black Polished Ware
15063:Historical peoples and clans
15049:Genetics and archaeogenetics
14948:Indo-Greek history and coins
14755:Rosenfield, John M. (1967).
14526:Ancient India and Iran Trust
14059:"Strabo II.3.4‑5 on Eudoxus"
9359:Heidi Roupp (4 March 2015).
9212:
7872:, and by it flows the river
7769:" for calendrical purposes (
7092:, wine and music (Detail of
6987:, a Greek ambassador of the
6402:Religions of the Indo-Greeks
6333:of the Kharoshthi script by
6227:115–95 BC), and then to the
6219:145–130 BC), then to a baby
6128:Bajaur reliquary inscription
5956:of the (gharba) hall by the
5617:The Buddhist symbols of the
4765:"etapathasa (Yona?)sa danam"
4724:The actual participation of
4598:, appeared prominently on a
3883:According to Mitchener, the
3786:The Brahmanical text of the
3143:(Gargi-Samhita, Paragraph 5)
2740:is generally considered the
2440:Rise of the Shungas (185 BC)
7:
17697:Ancient peoples of Pakistan
16447:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
16172:An Introduction to Hinduism
15039:Indo-Aryan migration theory
14547:Faccenna, Domenico (1980).
13598:– depicted with a radiated
13210:Tiwari, Shiv Kumar (2002).
12575:India, Upinder Singh, 2016
11695:. Taraporevala. p. 23.
10034:Full text of the Mahavamsa
9875:, Burjor Avari, pp. 108-109
9782:, Burjor Avari, pp. 106-107
9622:Journal of Hellenic Studies
8829:
7918:was depicted in the art of
7864:; then Alexandropolis, the
7636:"Then in the eighth year, (
7562:-(Menander) Yes, certainly.
6500:Indian-standard coinage of
6395:
6190:
5949:"yavanasa camdānam gabhadā"
5585:Yavanas from the region of
4691:Foreigners worshiping Stupa
3896:"Then in the eighth year, (
2503:temples, in such places as
1464:sources as leading Greek ("
1444:" (Greek) delegation from "
1262:married with a daughter of
10:
17743:
16195:Hinduism. Past and present
16065:Chera Perumals of Makkotai
16023:Chera Perumals of Makkotai
15415:Rise of Shramana movements
15022:Archaeology and prehistory
14704:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
14334:Hellenism in ancient India
13537:. Routledge. p. 167.
12692:Török, Tibor (July 2023).
11942:December 10, 2008, at the
9498:but an Indian one"; not a
9365:. Routledge. p. 171.
8882:Kandahar Greek Inscription
7951:
7793:. The Kushans founded the
7750:
7394:
7240:
7236:
7228:
7055:Victoria and Albert Museum
7026:
6930:making a blessing gesture.
6591:following the destructive
6564:Interactions with Buddhism
6405:
6399:
6372:, Pahlavas and Paradas as
5777:bestowed on the universal
5235:
5140:
4782:
4742:Setapathiyasa Yonasa danam
4656:Cunningham explained that
4527:
4372:, as opposed to the local
4253:
4221:, and one of those kings,
4091:, and one of those kings,
3758:" (the "Middle country")).
3653:
2833:
2810:
2619:
2604:
2597:
2593:
2455:
2313:Furthermore, according to
1589:Alexandria of the Caucasus
1568:
1109:, until his departure for
1065:In the fourth century BC,
1037:Pataliputra Palace capital
877:Alexandria in the Caucasus
83:Alexandria in the Caucasus
17648:
17554:
17385:
17292:
17234:
17147:
17068:
16875:
16797:
16749:
16726:
16568:
16525:
16396:
16352:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
16342:
16299:
16266:
16202:Samuel, Geoffrey (2010),
16074:
15971:
15950:Pandyan kingdom (revival)
15935:
15914:
15889:
15861:
15821:
15816:
15757:
15643:
15578:
15536:
15515:
15499:
15488:
15481:
15464:
15448:
15434:
15405:
15398:
15344:
15326:
15323:Painted Grey Ware culture
15308:
15300:
15284:
15260:
15257:
15252:
15239:
15234:
15225:
15149:
15118:
15062:
15021:
14805:Seldeslachts, E. (2003).
14621:Marshall, Sir John Hubert
14174:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
13455:Salomon, Richard (1998).
13237:Longhurst, A. H. (1932).
13146:Karttunen, Klaus (2015).
13002:Epigraphia Indica Vol.18
12920:Epigraphia Indica Vol.18
12601:p. 345 inscription No.433
12556:p. 348 inscription No.475
12435:. Grafikol. p. 161.
12181:. Routledge. p. 73.
11381:A.K. Narain and Keay 2000
10128:The Histories of Polybius
9923:"The very fact that both
9692:, Burjor Avari, pp. 92-93
8819:
8817:
8815:
8797:
8795:
8793:
8771:
8769:
8750:
8748:
8723:
8721:
8692:
8690:
8673:
8661:
8659:
8652:
8642:
8636:
8634:
8620:
8608:
8583:
8571:
8546:
8534:
8509:
8497:
8482:
8480:
8465:
8455:
8453:
8438:
8428:
8426:
8411:
8401:
8399:
8381:
8379:
8369:
8359:
8353:
8338:
8292:
8282:
8275:
8265:
8263:
8256:
8246:
8239:
8229:
8227:
8220:
8210:
8203:
8193:
8183:
8176:
8166:
8159:
8149:
8142:
8132:
8125:
8115:
8108:
8092:
8085:
8079:
8072:
8063:
8056:
8050:
8043:
8033:
7972:
7966:
7934:evidence only. The exact
7753:Legacy of the Indo-Greeks
7746:
7604:Size of Indo-Greek armies
6758:"Followers of the Dharma"
6708:Another Indian text, the
6615:The last Mauryan Emperor
4498:Lotus within Hellenistic
4390:
4385:illustrations in India.
4307:as an ambassador of king
3752:Arunad Yavano Madhyamikām
2425:("Σαρμάναι"), and others
2092:) and the possessions of
1815:– "(of) King Euthydemus".
1409:), and that he developed
1089:were left to the rule of
348:
258:
250:
245:
241:
231:
221:
217:
207:
203:
190:
177:
173:
163:
153:
131:
93:
78:
64:
44:
39:
32:
16713:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
16512:Cleopatra VII Philopator
16170:Flood, Gavin D. (1996),
15759:"Golden Age of Hinduism"
15724:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
15640:Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty
15401:Persian-Greek influences
15219:Middle kingdoms of India
15150:Mythology and literature
14738:Buddhism in Central Asia
14736:Puri, Baij Nath (2000).
14605:. London: Duncan Baird.
14601:Lowenstein, Tom (2002).
14580:A Dictionary of Buddhism
13213:Tribal Roots of Hinduism
12759:Bernard (1994), p. 126.
12589:p. 308 inscription No.89
12542:Epigraphia Indica Vol.2
10774:Holt, Frank Lee (1988).
10358:Viglas, Katelis (2016).
9489:(London, 1968). Pp. 112
9106:Treaties of friendship:
9079:, entreating him (it is
8923:
7816:Hellenistic couple from
7678:. However, according to
7505:of the steppes with its
5912:(left) was donated by a
5362:and Strato II's capital
4707:Greek travelling costume
4665:Sanchi Yavanas (50–1 BC)
4189:-type bowcase and short
4059:-type bowcase and short
3926:, has been doubted. The
3490:), or 116th year if the
2826:, starting in 186/5 BC.
2209:Chandragupta's grandson
2052:"When I was in Bactria (
2044:explorer and ambassador
1077:. Alexander established
17510:'s attempted rule with
17191:Mithridates V Euergetes
16603:Antiochus III the Great
16416:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
16357:Demetrius I Poliorcetes
16281:Alexander III the Great
16193:Michaels, Axel (2004),
15891:Late-Classical Hinduism
14584:Oxford University Press
14501:Cambon, Pierre (2007).
14467:Smithsonian Institution
14368:Boardman, John (1994).
14265:(1991) or occasionally
13929:India: The ancient past
13383:wrote that the king of
13254:Singh, Upinder (2016).
12922:p. 328 Inscription No10
11972:Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti
11801:, and the Indians used
10710:Apollodorus of Artemita
10309:Ancient Chinese weapons
10175:Justin XLI, paragraph 1
10164:Justin XLI, paragraph 4
9873:India, the Ancient Past
9852:India, the Ancient Past
9814:(subscription required)
9780:India, the Ancient Past
9690:India, the Ancient Past
9592:Ghose, Sanujit (2011).
9581:India, the Ancient Past
9059:to send him some sweet
7630:Hathigumpha inscription
7598:(Milinda Panha, Book I)
7418:, with destination the
7330:around 170 BC. As only
7094:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi stupa
6470:Indo-Corinthian capital
5597:built and dedicated by
5569:Buddhist caves in India
5326:script the inscription
4776:"Cuda yokasa bo silayo"
4454:similar images of Venus
3914:Hathigumpha inscription
3885:Hathigumpha inscription
3780:Hathigumpha inscription
3573:Yavanarajya inscription
3480:Yavanarajya inscription
3187:Hathigumpha inscription
3158:Hathigumpha inscription
3054:Apollodorus of Artemita
2699:Yavanarajya inscription
2071:, trans. Burton Watson)
1765:and possibly satrap of
1724:and Bactria developed.
1665:Apollodorus of Artemita
1529:Androsthenes of Cyzicus
1191:, where he encountered
1043:period, 3rd century BC.
914:Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom
719:Part of a series on the
17702:180s BC establishments
17692:Ethnic groups in India
17294:Monarchs of Cappadocia
17196:Mithridates VI Eupator
16718:Philip II Philoromaeus
16703:Antiochus XII Dionysus
16693:Demetrius III Eucaerus
16688:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
16673:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
16613:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
16608:Seleucus IV Philopator
16593:Seleucus II Callinicus
16492:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
16367:Demetrius II Aetolicus
15277:Middle Gangetic Plain
15126:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
14816:Senior, R. C. (2006).
14578:Keown, Damien (2003).
14311:Avari, Burjor (2007).
13931:, Burjor Avari, p. 130
13900:McEvilley, pp. 388-390
13882:55 (1951) pp. 301–319)
13531:Avari, Burjor (2016).
13019:Philpott, Don (2016).
12665:Fauve, Jeroen (2021).
12641:Atlas of World History
12544:p. 395 inscription 364
11067:Baums, Stefan (2017).
10760:Indo-Scythian coins IV
10712:." Bopearachchi, p. 52
10539:Indo-Scythian coins IV
10462:Pratisarga Parva p. 18
10345:Silk Road, North China
9904:Athenaeus of Naucratis
9854:, Burjor Avari, p. 112
9839:Pratisarga Parva p. 18
9583:, Burjor Avari, p. 130
9567:"Indo-Greek Campaigns"
9487:Flames over Persepolis
9253:Social Science History
9037:Athenaeus of Naucratis
9024:Exchange of presents:
8837:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
8096:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
7927:
7878:
7825:
7774:
7737:
7704:
7676:Demetrius I of Bactria
7656:
7617:
7601:
7587:
7478:
7373:
7311:
7279:
7209:
7128:
7105:
7058:
7033:Art of the Indo-Greeks
7022:
6799:
6790:, who holds a victory
6743:
6699:
6657:
6613:
6583:. The Mauryan Emperor
6537:
6525:
6493:
6450:, as described in the
6392:(masters and slaves).
6288:Demetrius the Besieger
6240:
6166:
6146:
6111:
6056:
5976:Gautamiputra Satakarni
5968:
5870:, an inscription by a
5742:
5655:
5545:
5491:was conquered by the
5424:
5387:
5367:
5358:Approximate region of
5271:
5255:
5175:
5159:
4678:
4594:A warrior figure, the
4591:
4571:
4316:
4289:
4178:
4139:
4127:
4025:
3919:
3881:
3838:are also found in the
3832:
3783:
3741:Arunad Yavanah Sāketam
3568:
3506:also had control over
3499:
3459:
3423:
3370:
3343:
3222:and that he became an
3192:
3146:
3116:
3084:
3068:Valley to the eastern
3047:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
3022:
2920:
2873:
2730:
2719:Demetrius I of Bactria
2717:Silver coin depicting
2688:Book of the Former Han
2617:
2591:
2453:
2437:
2350:
2311:
2281:
2179:
2147:
2122:
2074:
1958:
1951:Xinjiang Region Museum
1935:
1859:
1816:
1793:
1752:
1701:
1687:
1645:
1630:
1581:Alexandria on the Oxus
1571:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1566:
1546:
1449:
1403:
1320:
1290:
1235:
1107:Peithon, son of Agenor
1099:Treaty of Triparadisus
1044:
906:Demetrius I of Bactria
287:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
233:• Disestablished
17707:10s disestablishments
17236:Monarchs of Commagene
17157:Mithridates I Ctistes
16698:Philip I Philadelphus
16678:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
16668:Antiochus VIII Grypus
16663:Seleucus V Philometor
16648:Antiochus VII Sidetes
16638:Antiochus VI Dionysus
16598:Seleucus III Ceraunus
16497:Berenice IV Epiphanea
16442:Ptolemy VI Philometor
16426:Ptolemy IV Philopator
16421:Ptolemy III Euergetes
16286:Philip III Arrhidaeus
15806:Western Ganga Dynasty
15673: 1st century BCE
15661:Early Pandyan kingdom
15626: 2nd century BCE
15586:(ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)
15580:Preclassical Hinduism
15561:Early Pandyan kingdom
15533: 3rd century BCE
15478: 4th century BCE
15445: 5th century BCE
15355: 6th century BCE
15280:Lower Gangetic Plain
15268:Upper Gangetic Plain
15136:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
14150:on December 10, 2008.
12711:10.3390/genes14071345
12432:Buddhist Architecture
12429:Huu Phuoc Le (2010).
11724:Vishnu, Asha (1993).
11640:Vishnu, Asha (1993).
11095:Rocher, Ludo (1986),
9910:" Book I, chapter 32
9338:Erik Zürcher (1962).
9287:Wilson, John (1877).
9043:" Book I, chapter 32
8877:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
7913:
7850:
7815:
7791:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
7781:and the northwestern
7760:
7720:
7694:
7634:
7611:
7591:
7557:
7465:
7348:
7302:
7274:
7241:Further information:
7203:
7123:
7087:
7040:
6765:
6729:
6681:
6637:
6601:
6571:, the founder of the
6531:
6499:
6468:
6339:Carl Ludwig Grotefend
6323:Agathocles of Bactria
6313:script, derived from
6294:because he had saved
6198:
6151:
6140:
6105:
6034:; who rooted out the
6012:
5946:
5736:
5616:
5510:
5408:
5373:
5357:
5261:
5245:
5165:
5150:
4672:
4577:
4558:symbol on his sword.
4541:
4295:
4271:
4164:
4133:
4121:
4016:
3894:
3869:
3799:
3766:Possible statue of a
3765:
3543:
3477:
3431:
3401:
3345:
3337:
3179:
3133:
3090:
3078:
3017:
2911:
2843:
2716:
2692:Book of the Later Han
2622:Indo-Greeks (sources)
2612:
2561:
2447:
2363:
2355:Clement of Alexandria
2330:) he sent the Greek (
2319:
2285:
2227:
2153:
2134:
2119:, Former Han History)
2082:
2050:
2004:Warring States period
1940:
1914:
1845:
1798:
1779:
1741:
1735:in his fight against
1692:
1653:
1623:
1556:
1549:Greek rule in Bactria
1517:
1499:Again in 206 BC, the
1484:King/ Governor named
1423:
1378:
1295:
1256:
1213:
1176:(Bactrians) who took
1132:, and gone as far as
1035:
813:Graeco-Indian Kingdom
192:• 25 BC – 10 AD
94:Common languages
17070:Monarchs of Bithynia
16653:Alexander II Zabinas
16633:Demetrius II Nicator
16550:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
16517:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
16482:Ptolemy XI Alexander
16457:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
16362:Antigonus II Gonatas
16156:Michaels (2004) p.41
16147:Michaels (2004) p.40
16129:Michaels (2004) p.39
16111:Michaels (2004) p.39
16048:Kamboja-Pala dynasty
15680: 1st century CE
15054:History of the horse
14459:Bopearachchi, Osmund
14437:Bopearachchi, Osmund
14415:Bopearachchi, Osmund
14388:Bopearachchi, Osmund
14144:"Megasthenes Indica"
12522:Purātattva, Number 8
11514:. BRILL. p. 9.
10980:Ahir, D. C. (1971).
10331:Numismatic Chronicle
10329:A.A. Moss pp317-318
10112:Evelyn S. Shuckburgh
9638:Osmund Bopearachchi
9163:Religious missions:
8989:gave in marriage to
8912:Partition of Babylon
7868:of Arachosia; it is
7846:Alexandria Arachosia
7833:in the 4th century.
7259:to the east and the
7247:Post-Mauryan coinage
7225:statues of Gandhara
6995:to the court of the
6659:It is possible that
6619:was assassinated by
6309:on the back (in the
6130:and a suggestion by
6022:; who destroyed the
5908:, the facade of the
5765:, a northerner from
5466:reign of the Yavanas
5430:(350-375 CE) of the
5296:Mathura lion capital
5133:until around 10 AD.
5087:class=notpageimage|
4332:to the court of the
3627:", 1st century BCE,
2917:Artemidoros Aniketos
1712:, was eliminated by
815:, also known as the
179:• 200 – 180 BC
17652:Hellenistic satraps
16683:Antiochus X Eusebes
16618:Antiochus V Eupator
16560:Cleopatra Selene II
16487:Ptolemy XII Auletes
16472:Ptolemy X Alexander
16467:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
16431:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
16372:Antigonus III Doson
16007:Rashtrakuta dynasty
15459:Shaishunaga dynasty
15409:Second Urbanisation
15254:Indo-Gangetic Plain
15029:Proto-Indo-Iranians
12822:Osmund Bopearachchi
12457:Arora, Udai Prakash
12153:Osmund Bopearachchi
11893:The Asiatic Society
11809:for them", Narain,
11440:." Strabo 11.11.1 (
11190:Bopearachchi, p. 72
11053:." Strabo 11.11.1 (
10747:The Hellenistic Age
10723:Orchesis Kallinikos
10410:)", Bussagli, p. 99
8982:Marital alliances:
8971:Indo-Scythian coins
8093:Independence of the
7783:Indian subcontinent
7763:Taxila copper plate
7714:and the Indo-Greek
7584:, Book III, Chap 7)
7493:Military technology
7473:, displayed at the
6569:Chandragupta Maurya
6016:Satakani Gotamiputa
5503:Later contributions
5462:Maghera inscription
5129:, who ruled in the
4713:. Also visible are
4348:in a dedication to
2927:were discovered at
2764:who is said in the
2225:world at the time.
2192:Alexander the Great
2182:The Indian emperor
1871:Antiochus the Great
1811:inscription reads:
1799:Coin depicting the
1761:Greek according to
1507:led an army to the
1460:, are described in
1187:led an army to the
1126:Chandragupta Maurya
1067:Alexander the Great
1060:Anatolian peninsula
823:, which comes from
223:• Established
17687:Hellenistic states
17556:Monarchs of Epirus
17389:Cimmerian Bosporus
17149:Monarchs of Pontus
16708:Cleopatra Selene I
16588:Antiochus II Theos
16578:Seleucus I Nicator
16545:Demetrius the Fair
16527:Monarchs of Cyrene
16138:Hiltebeitel (2002)
16120:Hiltebeitel (2002)
15818:Hephthalite Empire
15654:(300 BCE – 200 CE)
15645:Satavahana dynasty
15631:Indo-Greek Kingdom
15554:(300 BCE – 200 CE)
15545:Satavahana dynasty
15518:Spread of Buddhism
15240:Northwestern India
15131:Indo-Greek Kingdom
14975:by Antoine Simonin
13197:Epigraphia Indica
13065:Epigraphia Indica
12809:2007-10-15 at the
12178:A History of India
12173:Dietmar Rothermund
11536:Punjabi University
11292:Isidorus of Charax
10314:2005-03-07 at the
10296:2005-03-06 at the
10258:Art in Antiquity")
10102:Polybius (1962) .
9908:The deipnosophists
9793:"Strabo 15.2.1(9)"
9392:A History of India
9041:The deipnosophists
8862:Gandharan Buddhism
7928:
7838:Isidorus of Charax
7826:
7799:Western Kshatrapas
7775:
7761:The Indo-Scythian
7618:
7528:, who are said by
7479:
7432:Eudoxus of Cyzicus
7391:Indian Ocean trade
7312:
7280:
7210:
7163:Greco-Buddhist art
7129:
7110:Greco-Buddhist art
7106:
7104:, 1st century AD).
7059:
7047:Corinthian columns
6811:who advocated the
6807:since the time of
6800:
6796:Eight-spoked wheel
6774:, follower of the
6770:(90–85 BC). "King
6621:Pushyamitra Shunga
6577:Seleucus I Nicator
6538:
6526:
6494:
6241:
6147:
6112:
5992:Western Kshatrapas
5743:
5656:
5567:A large number of
5546:
5388:
5368:
5272:
5256:
5176:
5160:
4679:
4592:
4572:
4407:Sanchi, Stupa No 2
4317:
4311:, and erected the
4290:
4179:
4140:
4128:
4026:
3852:, the grandson of
3805:together with the
3784:
3707:writes about "the
3569:
3500:
3344:
3304:, is mentioned by
3292:Greek presence in
3167:Pushyamitra Shunga
3117:
3085:
3023:
3010:Rule of Menander I
2967:attributes of the
2921:
2874:
2818:) a cult title of
2814:("Aniketos", lit.
2731:
2682:, recorded in the
2618:
2575:appeared from the
2464:Pushyamitra Shunga
2454:
2180:
2148:
1959:
1920:(Chinese) and the
1894:Alexandria Eschate
1817:
1813:ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΥΘΥΔΗΜΟΥ
1771:Alexandria Eschate
1716:, the rise of the
1702:
1696:capital, found at
1603:, who founded the
1601:Seleucus I Nicator
1567:
1450:
1321:
1045:
925:Greco-Buddhist art
846:. It existed from
809:Indo-Greek Kingdom
725:Indo-Greek Kingdom
372:Indo-Greek Kingdom
34:Indo-Greek Kingdom
17659:
17658:
17139:Socrates Chrestus
16628:Alexander I Balas
16623:Demetrius I Soter
16583:Antiochus I Soter
16329:Antipater Etesias
16225:
16224:
16220:
16219:
16216:
16215:
16057:Eastern Chalukyas
16053:Kalyani Chalukyas
16011:Eastern Chalukyas
16000:Gurjara-Pratihara
15993: 9th century
15978:Eastern Chalukyas
15961: 8th century
15946:Eastern Chalukyas
15932:Mlechchha dynasty
15911: 7th century
15893:(ca. CE 650-1100)
15840: 6th century
15813: 5th century
15773: 4th century
15719: 3rd century
15707: 2nd century
15617:Mahayana Buddhism
15584:"Hindu Synthesis"
15451:Persian conquests
15336:Shramanic culture
15272:Ganga-Yamuna doab
15185:
15184:
14932:978-618-82624-0-9
14913:978-81-215-0921-3
14871:978-2-503-51681-3
14827:978-0-9709268-6-9
14766:978-81-215-0579-6
14747:978-81-208-0372-5
14728:978-0-89005-109-2
14687:978-81-7236-124-2
14668:978-1-58115-203-6
14655:McEvilley, Thomas
14634:978-81-215-0967-1
14612:978-1-903296-91-2
14593:978-0-19-860560-7
14570:978-0-230-62125-1
14539:978-0-9518399-1-1
14516:978-2-7118-5218-5
14493:978-2-253-13055-0
14484:L'art du Gandhara
14450:978-2-9516679-2-1
14428:978-0-89722-273-0
14401:978-2-7177-1825-6
14379:978-0-691-03680-9
14345:978-0-8364-2910-7
14322:978-0-415-35616-9
14226:Parthian stations
14129:978-81-208-2941-1
14039:. 12 October 2016
14013:. 12 October 2016
13909:Boardman, 109–153
13857:Boardman, p. 143.
13703:McEvilley, p. 377
13481:Whitehead, p. vi.
13468:978-0-19-535666-3
13174:978-81-317-1120-0
13152:Studia Orientalia
12678:978-3-8382-1518-1
12651:978-0-19-521921-0
12625:978-1-316-29777-3
12573:SAGE Publications
12188:978-0-415-32920-0
11848:Tarn, pp. 145–146
11304:Parthian stations
10780:. Brill Archive.
10665:Brill's New Pauly
10611:978-90-04-15537-4
10558:. 15.1.2, p. 686
10484:978-969-8281-00-7
10343:C.Michael Hogan,
10036:Click chapter XII
9552:978-1-316-43229-7
9485:Mortimer Wheeler
9468:978-1-58839-452-1
9438:978-0-520-05991-7
9402:978-0-415-32919-4
9372:978-1-317-45893-7
9321:978-1-305-95281-2
8872:India (Herodotus)
8827:
8826:
7914:The story of the
7882:Mahayana Buddhism
7680:Ramaprasad Chanda
7430:. Around 130 BC,
7379:'s first Emperor
6969:Heliodorus pillar
6881:From the time of
6877:Blessing gestures
6532:Evolution of the
6512:Palm of victory,
6476:-style coat with
6425:Heliodorus pillar
6374:Kshatriya-pungava
6223:(middle, coin of
6141:Piedestal of the
5855:
5854:
5709:Isidore of Charax
5456:from the time of
5274:Around 80 BC, an
5270:(r. c. 35–12 BC).
5174:, circa 80–75 BC.
4521:
4520:
4416:Mason's marks in
4392:Early reliefs at
4379:Sanchi Stupa No.2
4346:Heliodorus pillar
4313:Heliodorus pillar
4274:Heliodorus pillar
4264:Sanchi Stupa No.2
4256:Heliodorus pillar
3841:Mālavikāgnimitram
3456:Periplus Chap. 47
3306:Isidore of Charax
3103:Palm of victory,
2973:Sudarshana Chakra
2680:Emperor Wu of Han
2448:Shunga horseman,
2186:, founder of the
2156:Khalsi rock edict
1912:too writes that:
1906:Chinese Turkestan
1684:(Strabo, XI.XI.I)
1474:Pillars of Ashoka
1458:Mahadharmaraksita
1456:, or the teacher
1424:According to the
1203:and received 500
1052:Achaemenid empire
988:soon followed in
842:and northwestern
805:
804:
714:
713:
681:
680:
366:
365:
344:
343:
340:
339:
306:
305:
16:(Redirected from
17734:
17451:
17367:Ariobarzanes III
16741:Ptolemy Epigonos
16643:Diodotus Tryphon
16436:Cleopatra I Syra
16411:Ptolemy Keraunos
16252:
16245:
16238:
16229:
16228:
16207:
16198:
16189:
16180:Hiltebeitel, Alf
16175:
16157:
16154:
16148:
16145:
16139:
16136:
16130:
16127:
16121:
16118:
16112:
16109:
16103:
16100:
16094:
16091:
15942:Badami Chalukyas
15937:Adivasi (tribes)
15927:Empire of Harsha
15923:Vakataka dynasty
15876:Kalabhra dynasty
15872:Badami Chalukyas
15863:Adivasi (tribes)
15832:Kalabhra dynasty
15798:Kalabhra dynasty
15794:Andhra Ikshvakus
15761:(ca. CE 320-650)
15745:Adivasi (tribes)
15613:Smarta Tradition
15466:Adivasi (tribes)
15381:Adivasi (tribes)
15237:cultural period
15232:
15231:
15228:
15227:
15212:
15205:
15198:
15189:
15188:
15008:
15001:
14994:
14985:
14984:
14936:
14917:
14898:
14892:
14884:
14875:
14845:
14831:
14812:
14801:
14770:
14751:
14732:
14705:
14691:
14690:. OCLC 15211914.
14672:
14650:
14638:
14616:
14597:
14574:
14552:
14543:
14520:
14497:
14478:
14454:
14432:
14410:
14405:
14383:
14349:
14337:
14326:
14298:
14293:
14287:
14284:
14278:
14259:
14253:
14252:
14234:
14228:
14222:
14216:
14213:
14207:
14204:
14198:
14195:
14189:
14186:
14180:
14179:
14173:
14165:
14158:
14152:
14151:
14146:. Archived from
14140:
14134:
14133:
14113:
14107:
14104:
14098:
14097:
14090:
14084:
14081:
14075:
14069:
14063:
14062:
14055:
14049:
14048:
14046:
14044:
14037:businesswire.com
14029:
14023:
14022:
14020:
14018:
14003:
13997:
13986:
13977:
13974:
13968:
13965:
13959:
13958:Rapson, clxxxvi-
13956:
13950:
13947:
13941:
13938:
13932:
13925:
13919:
13916:
13910:
13907:
13901:
13898:
13892:
13891:Boardman, p. 115
13889:
13883:
13864:
13858:
13855:
13849:
13848:Boardman, p. 141
13846:
13840:
13837:
13831:
13817:
13811:
13808:
13802:
13801:
13789:
13783:
13778:
13772:
13769:
13763:
13760:
13754:
13749:
13743:
13742:
13730:
13724:
13719:
13713:
13710:
13704:
13701:
13695:
13692:
13686:
13679:
13673:
13670:
13664:
13653:
13647:
13644:
13638:
13630:
13624:
13621:
13615:
13587:
13581:
13578:
13569:
13564:
13558:
13555:
13549:
13548:
13528:
13522:
13519:
13513:
13510:
13504:
13501:
13495:
13488:
13482:
13479:
13473:
13472:
13452:
13446:
13440:
13434:
13431:
13425:
13421:
13415:
13412:
13406:
13403:
13397:
13394:
13388:
13377:
13371:
13366:
13360:
13355:
13349:
13344:
13338:
13336:Strabo 15.2.1(9)
13333:
13327:
13322:
13316:
13310:
13304:
13298:
13292:
13287:
13272:
13271:
13251:
13245:
13244:
13234:
13228:
13227:
13207:
13201:
13195:
13189:
13183:
13177:
13166:
13160:
13159:
13143:
13137:
13136:
13127:
13121:
13120:
13111:
13105:
13099:
13090:
13084:
13078:
13075:
13069:
13063:
13052:
13046:
13037:
13036:
13016:
13010:
13000:
12994:
12984:
12978:
12972:
12966:
12960:
12954:
12946:
12940:
12939:2016, p. p. 210
12933:
12924:
12918:
12912:
12909:
12903:
12899:
12893:
12890:
12884:
12881:
12875:
12868:
12862:
12858:
12852:
12849:
12843:
12840:
12834:
12831:
12825:
12819:
12813:
12797:
12791:
12788:
12782:
12775:
12769:
12766:
12760:
12757:
12751:
12748:
12742:
12741:
12731:
12713:
12689:
12683:
12682:
12662:
12656:
12655:
12636:
12630:
12629:
12609:
12603:
12597:
12591:
12585:
12579:
12569:
12558:
12552:
12546:
12540:
12534:
12533:
12517:
12511:
12505:
12499:
12496:
12490:
12487:
12481:
12480:
12453:
12447:
12446:
12426:
12420:
12414:
12408:
12402:
12396:
12390:
12384:
12381:
12370:
12359:
12350:
12347:
12338:
12332:
12323:
12317:
12308:
12302:
12293:
12287:
12281:
12275:
12269:
12263:
12257:
12251:
12245:
12239:
12228:
12222:Amalananda Ghosh
12218:
12205:
12199:
12193:
12192:
12165:
12159:
12150:
12141:
12138:
12129:
12122:
12116:
12109:
12103:
12098:
12089:
12084:
12075:
12072:
12066:
12063:
12057:
12054:
12048:
12042:
12033:
12026:
12020:
12013:
12007:
11983:
11977:
11968:
11959:
11952:
11946:
11928:
11922:
11919:
11913:
11906:
11900:
11885:
11879:
11872:
11866:
11855:
11849:
11846:
11840:
11833:
11827:
11820:
11814:
11795:
11789:
11786:
11777:
11776:
11766:
11760:
11759:
11748:
11742:
11741:
11721:
11715:
11714:
11703:
11697:
11696:
11685:
11679:
11678:
11667:
11658:
11657:
11637:
11626:
11625:
11604:
11595:
11590:
11584:
11581:
11575:
11569:
11563:
11557:
11551:
11545:
11539:
11532:
11526:
11525:
11505:
11496:
11491:
11478:
11471:
11465:
11462:
11456:
11451:
11445:
11414:
11408:
11407:Tarn, pp.147–149
11405:
11399:
11394:and the harbour
11388:
11382:
11379:
11373:
11370:
11361:
11347:
11341:
11334:
11328:
11321:
11315:
11312:
11306:
11288:
11282:
11275:
11269:
11266:
11257:
11254:
11248:
11245:
11236:
11233:
11224:
11221:
11212:
11209:
11200:
11197:
11191:
11188:
11182:
11181:
11153:
11147:
11146:
11120:
11114:
11093:
11087:
11082:
11076:
11074:
11064:
11058:
11039:
11033:
11032:
11010:
11004:
11003:
10977:
10971:
10968:
10962:
10961:
10944:
10938:
10931:
10922:
10915:
10909:
10908:
10888:
10882:
10881:
10861:
10855:
10850:
10841:
10840:
10820:
10814:
10807:
10801:
10798:
10792:
10791:
10771:
10762:
10756:
10750:
10719:
10713:
10706:
10700:
10693:
10687:
10684:
10678:
10659:
10653:
10650:
10644:
10639:
10633:
10622:
10616:
10615:
10595:
10589:
10582:
10576:
10573:
10567:
10548:
10542:
10527:
10521:
10498:
10492:
10491:
10470:
10464:
10459:
10453:
10450:
10441:
10438:
10432:
10429:
10423:
10417:
10411:
10404:
10398:
10393:
10387:
10386:
10382:Chaldean Oracles
10355:
10349:
10340:
10334:
10327:
10321:
10306:
10300:
10288:
10282:
10275:
10269:
10265:
10259:
10255:
10249:
10244:
10238:
10233:
10227:
10222:
10216:
10211:
10202:
10197:
10191:
10186:
10177:
10172:
10166:
10161:
10155:
10152:
10146:
10143:
10137:
10136:
10122:
10116:
10115:
10099:
10093:
10086:
10080:
10074:
10068:
10062:
10056:
10053:
10047:
10044:
10038:
10032:
10026:
10023:
10017:
10014:
10008:
10005:
9999:
9992:
9986:
9983:
9977:
9974:
9968:
9965:
9959:
9956:
9950:
9939:
9933:
9921:
9915:
9895:
9889:
9882:
9876:
9870:
9864:
9861:
9855:
9848:
9842:
9836:
9830:
9825:
9816:
9815:
9805:Barua, Pradeep.
9803:
9797:
9796:
9789:
9783:
9777:
9771:
9744:
9738:
9733:
9727:
9722:
9716:
9711:
9705:
9699:
9693:
9687:
9681:
9680:
9660:
9651:
9648:
9642:
9636:
9625:
9614:
9608:
9603:
9597:
9590:
9584:
9577:
9571:
9570:
9563:
9557:
9556:
9536:
9530:
9522:
9516:
9513:
9507:
9504:Hippodamian plan
9483:
9477:
9476:
9452:
9446:
9445:
9426:
9416:
9410:
9409:
9386:
9380:
9379:
9356:
9350:
9349:
9335:
9329:
9328:
9305:
9299:
9298:
9284:
9278:
9277:
9247:
9241:
9237:
9231:
9230:
9222:
9207:
9183:
9177:
9168:Edicts of Ashoka
9161:
9155:
9135:
9129:
9104:
9098:
9022:
9016:
9003:Seleucus Nicator
8980:
8974:
8962:
8956:
8952:
8946:
8942:
8936:
8933:
8907:Gandhara Kingdom
8823:(Indo-Scythian)
8809:
8785:
8760:
8739:
8729:(Indo-Scythian)
8712:
8702:
8681:
8671:
8628:
8618:
8601:
8591:
8581:
8564:
8554:
8544:
8527:
8517:
8507:
8490:
8473:
8463:
8446:
8436:
8419:
8409:
8386:
8377:
8367:
8346:
8336:
8327:
8318:
8290:
8273:
8254:
8237:
8218:
8201:
8191:
8174:
8157:
8140:
8123:
8106:
8051:Creation of the
8041:
7949:
7948:
7735:
7702:
7654:
7628:, states in the
7599:
7585:
7546:Hermitage Museum
7532:to have faced a
7406:constructed the
7371:
7295:Trade with China
7267:Tribute payments
6954:
6939:
6924:
6909:
6843:(130 or 90 BC),
6741:
6697:
6597:Edicts of Ashoka
6440:
6420:
6235:(right, coin of
6229:Wheel of the Law
6164:
6054:
5966:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5898:
5889:
5844:
5832:
5820:
5811:Entrance pillars
5808:
5796:
5726:(2nd century AD)
5720:Pandavleni Caves
5714:
5713:
5689:Pandavleni Caves
5683:Pandavleni Caves
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5445:and finally the
5422:
5222:Kujula Kadphises
5081:
5079:
5072:
5070:
5061:
5059:
5050:
5048:
5041:
5039:
5030:
5028:
5019:
5017:
5008:
5006:
4995:
4993:
4982:
4980:
4973:
4971:
4964:
4962:
4953:
4951:
4944:
4942:
4931:
4929:
4922:
4920:
4909:
4907:
4900:
4898:
4887:
4885:
4878:
4876:
4867:
4865:
4856:
4854:
4845:
4843:
4832:
4830:
4821:
4819:
4812:
4810:
4801:
4799:
4793:
4744:" ("Gift of the
4590:marks 100-75 BC.
4511:
4495:
4482:Female riding a
4479:
4464:
4446:
4434:
4414:
4388:
4387:
3993:as a convert to
3968:
3953:
3917:
3862:Kali Sindh River
3830:
3701:Edicts of Ashoka
3685:Northern Satraps
3640:
3620:
3546:Mathura Herakles
3457:
3421:
3399:, Chap. 41/47):
3368:
3288:Western accounts
3218:as a convert to
3190:
3144:
2813:
2812:
2589:
2586:Pratisarga Parva
2556:Bhavishya Purana
2550:Pratisarga Parva
2435:
2348:
2309:
2306:Edicts of Ashoka
2279:
2276:Edicts of Ashoka
2265:, and as far as
2229:The conquest by
2219:Edicts of Ashoka
2138:and the city of
2120:
2072:
1992:bronze mirrors.
1984:). Designs with
1933:
1857:
1807:230–200 BC. The
1791:
1750:
1700:, 2nd century BC
1685:
1643:
1619:Third Syrian War
1565:, 2nd century BC
1544:
1448:" around 130 BC.
1401:
1374:Edicts of Ashoka
1328:Seleucus Nicator
1288:
1287:Pratisarga Parva
1248:Bhavishya Purana
1244:Pratisarga Parva
1233:
1218:Seleucus Nicator
1056:Darius the Great
1019:, up to 415 CE.
962:Menander I Soter
859:
856:
852:
849:
797:
790:
783:
735:
716:
715:
706:
699:
692:
397:
390:
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260:
259:
69:
51:
30:
29:
21:
17742:
17741:
17737:
17736:
17735:
17733:
17732:
17731:
17727:Former kingdoms
17662:
17661:
17660:
17655:
17644:
17550:
17541:Mithridates III
17445:
17388:
17387:Monarchs of the
17381:
17362:Ariobarzanes II
17347:Ariarathes VIII
17288:
17274:Mithridates III
17230:
17172:Mithridates III
17143:
17064:
16871:
16799:Greco-Bactrians
16793:
16745:
16722:
16564:
16521:
16406:Ptolemy I Soter
16392:
16338:
16295:
16262:
16256:
16226:
16221:
16212:
16211:
16210:
16160:
16155:
16151:
16146:
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16133:
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16124:
16119:
16115:
16110:
16106:
16101:
16097:
16092:
16088:
16078:
16067:
16063:
16061:Medieval Cholas
16059:
16055:
16046:
16021:
16019:Medieval Cholas
16017:
16015:Pandyan kingdom
16013:
16009:
15984:
15982:Pandyan kingdom
15980:
15952:
15948:
15944:
15925:
15902:
15896:Advaita Vedanta
15894:
15878:
15874:
15870:
15847:
15834:
15830:
15804:
15802:Kadamba Dynasty
15800:
15796:
15787:
15766:
15762:
15734:Western Satraps
15696:Kuninda Kingdom
15688:
15667:
15663:
15659:
15655:
15653:
15647:
15638:
15615:
15587:
15567:
15563:
15559:
15555:
15553:
15547:
15484:Greek conquests
15417:
15413:
15339:
15333:
15321:
15315:
15269:
15241:
15236:
15221:
15216:
15186:
15181:
15145:
15114:
15058:
15017:
15012:
14944:
14939:
14933:
14914:
14886:
14885:
14872:
14860:
14828:
14767:
14748:
14729:
14701:The Indo-Greeks
14688:
14669:
14635:
14613:
14594:
14571:
14540:
14517:
14494:
14451:
14429:
14402:
14380:
14348:. OCLC 1837954.
14346:
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13895:
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13886:
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13861:
13856:
13852:
13847:
13843:
13838:
13834:
13828:Gallo-Roman art
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13814:
13809:
13805:
13790:
13786:
13779:
13775:
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13766:
13761:
13757:
13750:
13746:
13731:
13727:
13720:
13716:
13711:
13707:
13702:
13698:
13693:
13689:
13683:The Indo-Greeks
13680:
13676:
13671:
13667:
13654:
13650:
13645:
13641:
13634:Rock Edict Nb13
13631:
13627:
13622:
13618:
13588:
13584:
13579:
13572:
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13561:
13556:
13552:
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13511:
13507:
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13489:
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13480:
13476:
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13453:
13449:
13441:
13437:
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13422:
13418:
13413:
13409:
13404:
13400:
13395:
13391:
13378:
13374:
13367:
13363:
13356:
13352:
13347:Ath. Deip. I.32
13345:
13341:
13334:
13330:
13323:
13319:
13311:
13307:
13299:
13295:
13288:
13275:
13268:
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13204:
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13163:
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13093:
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13055:
13047:
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13017:
13013:
13001:
12997:
12989:
12987:
12985:
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12973:
12969:
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12957:
12947:
12943:
12934:
12927:
12919:
12915:
12910:
12906:
12900:
12896:
12891:
12887:
12882:
12878:
12872:The Indo-Greeks
12869:
12865:
12859:
12855:
12850:
12846:
12841:
12837:
12832:
12828:
12820:
12816:
12811:Wayback Machine
12798:
12794:
12789:
12785:
12776:
12772:
12767:
12763:
12758:
12754:
12749:
12745:
12704:(7): Figure 1.
12690:
12686:
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12553:
12549:
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12519:
12518:
12514:
12506:
12502:
12497:
12493:
12488:
12484:
12473:
12454:
12450:
12443:
12427:
12423:
12415:
12411:
12403:
12399:
12391:
12387:
12382:
12373:
12369:(Public Domain)
12360:
12353:
12348:
12341:
12333:
12326:
12318:
12311:
12303:
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12288:
12284:
12276:
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12240:
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12123:
12119:
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12106:
12099:
12092:
12085:
12078:
12073:
12069:
12064:
12060:
12055:
12051:
12043:
12036:
12030:The Indo-Greeks
12027:
12023:
12017:The Yuga Purana
12014:
12010:
11984:
11980:
11969:
11962:
11956:The Indo-Greeks
11953:
11949:
11944:Wayback Machine
11929:
11925:
11920:
11916:
11910:The Yuga Purana
11907:
11903:
11886:
11882:
11876:The Indo-Greeks
11873:
11869:
11856:
11852:
11847:
11843:
11834:
11830:
11821:
11817:
11811:The Indo-Greeks
11796:
11792:
11787:
11780:
11767:
11763:
11749:
11745:
11738:
11722:
11718:
11704:
11700:
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11668:
11661:
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11578:
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11554:
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11506:
11499:
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11481:
11472:
11468:
11463:
11459:
11452:
11448:
11415:
11411:
11406:
11402:
11389:
11385:
11380:
11376:
11371:
11364:
11348:
11344:
11338:The Yuga Purana
11335:
11331:
11322:
11318:
11313:
11309:
11289:
11285:
11276:
11272:
11267:
11260:
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11246:
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11227:
11222:
11215:
11210:
11203:
11198:
11194:
11189:
11185:
11154:
11150:
11135:
11121:
11117:
11101:, p. 254: "The
11094:
11090:
11083:
11079:
11073:. Archaeopress.
11065:
11061:
11040:
11036:
11025:
11011:
11007:
10978:
10974:
10969:
10965:
10946:
10945:
10941:
10932:
10925:
10916:
10912:
10905:
10889:
10885:
10878:
10862:
10858:
10851:
10844:
10837:
10821:
10817:
10808:
10804:
10800:MacDowall, 2004
10799:
10795:
10788:
10772:
10765:
10757:
10753:
10720:
10716:
10707:
10703:
10694:
10690:
10685:
10681:
10660:
10656:
10651:
10647:
10640:
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10623:
10619:
10612:
10596:
10592:
10583:
10579:
10574:
10570:
10554:11.11.1 p. 516
10549:
10545:
10528:
10524:
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10485:
10471:
10467:
10460:
10456:
10451:
10444:
10439:
10435:
10430:
10426:
10418:
10414:
10405:
10401:
10394:
10390:
10366:(14): 171–189.
10356:
10352:
10341:
10337:
10328:
10324:
10316:Wayback Machine
10307:
10303:
10298:Wayback Machine
10289:
10285:
10276:
10272:
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10230:
10223:
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10006:
10002:
9993:
9989:
9984:
9980:
9975:
9971:
9966:
9962:
9957:
9953:
9945:, Basarth, and
9940:
9936:
9922:
9918:
9912:Ath. Deip. I.32
9896:
9892:
9883:
9879:
9871:
9867:
9862:
9858:
9849:
9845:
9837:
9833:
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9484:
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9449:
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9403:
9387:
9383:
9373:
9357:
9353:
9336:
9332:
9322:
9306:
9302:
9285:
9281:
9266:10.2307/1170959
9248:
9244:
9238:
9234:
9223:
9219:
9215:
9210:
9184:
9180:
9162:
9158:
9136:
9132:
9105:
9101:
9093:Deipnosophistae
9023:
9019:
8981:
8977:
8963:
8959:
8953:
8949:
8943:
8939:
8934:
8930:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8852:Seleucid Empire
8832:
8390:
8387:
8328:
8319:
8304:
8098:
8094:
8065:Seleucid Empire
8053:Seleucid Empire
8001:
7982:
7955:
7908:
7755:
7749:
7736:
7733:
7703:
7700:
7655:
7652:
7606:
7600:
7597:
7586:
7579:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7569:
7567:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7526:Greco-Bactrians
7495:
7460:
7399:
7393:
7385:Terracotta army
7372:
7366:
7297:
7269:
7249:
7239:
7231:
7035:
7027:Main articles:
7025:
6965:
6958:
6955:
6946:
6940:
6931:
6925:
6916:
6910:
6879:
6851:(90–80 BC) and
6760:
6742:
6736:
6698:
6692:
6581:Seleucid Empire
6566:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6459:
6441:
6433:
6432:
6421:
6410:
6404:
6398:
6382:Majjhima Nikaya
6201:Zeus Nikephoros
6193:
6165:
6162:
6132:Richard Salomon
6100:
6055:
6046:
5978:vanquished the
5967:
5964:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5891:
5890:
5851:
5848:
5847:Standing Buddha
5845:
5836:
5833:
5824:
5821:
5812:
5809:
5800:
5797:
5707:, mentioned by
5654:1st century AD.
5599:Western Satraps
5565:
5544:, circa AD 120.
5505:
5493:Northern Satrap
5423:
5418:
5404:Western Satraps
5352:
5328:"Su Theodamasa"
5246:Tetradrachm of
5240:
5234:
5145:
5139:
5095:
5094:
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5092:
5089:
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5015:
5013:
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4822:
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4813:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4797:
4795:
4785:
4771:of Setapatha").
4667:
4586:) masons using
4554:, and Buddhist
4536:
4526:
4515:
4512:
4503:
4500:beads and reels
4496:
4487:
4480:
4471:
4465:
4456:
4447:
4438:
4435:
4415:
4409:
4299:travelled from
4266:
4252:
4247:
4101:
4011:
3997:: he became an
3986:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3969:
3961:
3960:
3954:
3943:
3918:
3912:
3831:
3827:The Yuga Purana
3821:
3776:Udayagiri Caves
3693:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3641:
3633:
3632:
3621:
3612:
3611:
3605:
3560:. Today in the
3552:strangling the
3472:
3470:Rule in Mathura
3458:
3455:
3422:
3419:
3369:
3363:
3317:Pompeius Trogus
3290:
3255:Western Satraps
3191:
3185:
3145:
3139:
3012:
2844:The coinage of
2838:
2832:
2711:
2636:Augustus Caesar
2632:Pompeius Trogus
2624:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2583:
2529:Etienne Lamotte
2460:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2349:
2342:
2310:
2303:
2280:
2273:
2196:Seleucid Empire
2188:Mauryan dynasty
2121:
2112:
2073:
2060:
1943:Phrygian helmet
1934:
1927:
1858:
1851:
1792:
1789:
1751:
1749:(Justin, XLI,4)
1748:
1718:Parthian Empire
1686:
1683:
1644:
1637:
1605:Seleucid Empire
1573:
1551:
1545:
1535:
1411:herbal medicine
1402:
1398:Rock Edict Nb13
1396:
1289:
1286:
1234:
1228:
1209:Battle of Ipsus
1172:(Persians) and
1144:as well as the
1030:
1025:
1013:Western Satraps
910:Seleucid Empire
902:Graeco-Bactrian
857:
850:
829:Hellenistic-era
801:
772:
749:Ancient sources
710:
376:(200 BCE–10 CE)
375:
374:
359:
355:
333:
319:
294:
280:
234:
224:
193:
180:
146:
142:
138:
122:
118:
114:
105:
74:
73:
60:
59:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
17740:
17730:
17729:
17724:
17719:
17714:
17709:
17704:
17699:
17694:
17689:
17684:
17679:
17674:
17657:
17656:
17649:
17646:
17645:
17643:
17642:
17637:
17632:
17627:
17622:
17616:
17611:
17606:
17601:
17599:Neoptolemus II
17596:
17591:
17586:
17581:
17576:
17571:
17566:
17560:
17558:
17552:
17551:
17549:
17548:
17543:
17538:
17533:
17528:
17523:
17514:
17505:
17496:
17494:Mithridates II
17491:
17482:
17477:
17472:
17467:
17462:
17460:Paerisades III
17457:
17452:
17440:
17435:
17430:
17425:
17419:
17414:
17409:
17404:
17399:
17393:
17391:
17383:
17382:
17380:
17379:
17374:
17369:
17364:
17359:
17357:Ariobarzanes I
17354:
17349:
17344:
17342:Ariarathes VII
17339:
17334:
17329:
17324:
17319:
17317:Ariarathes III
17314:
17309:
17304:
17298:
17296:
17290:
17289:
17287:
17286:
17281:
17276:
17271:
17266:
17264:Mithridates II
17261:
17256:
17251:
17246:
17240:
17238:
17232:
17231:
17229:
17228:
17223:
17218:
17213:
17208:
17203:
17198:
17193:
17188:
17179:
17174:
17169:
17167:Mithridates II
17164:
17159:
17153:
17151:
17145:
17144:
17142:
17141:
17136:
17131:
17126:
17121:
17116:
17111:
17106:
17100:
17095:
17090:
17085:
17080:
17074:
17072:
17066:
17065:
17063:
17062:
17057:
17052:
17047:
17042:
17037:
17032:
17030:Apollodotus II
17027:
17022:
17017:
17012:
17007:
17002:
16997:
16992:
16987:
16982:
16977:
16972:
16967:
16962:
16957:
16952:
16947:
16942:
16937:
16932:
16927:
16922:
16917:
16912:
16907:
16902:
16897:
16892:
16887:
16881:
16879:
16873:
16872:
16870:
16869:
16864:
16859:
16854:
16849:
16844:
16839:
16834:
16829:
16824:
16819:
16814:
16809:
16803:
16801:
16795:
16794:
16792:
16791:
16786:
16781:
16776:
16771:
16766:
16761:
16755:
16753:
16747:
16746:
16744:
16743:
16738:
16732:
16730:
16724:
16723:
16721:
16720:
16715:
16710:
16705:
16700:
16695:
16690:
16685:
16680:
16675:
16670:
16665:
16660:
16658:Cleopatra Thea
16655:
16650:
16645:
16640:
16635:
16630:
16625:
16620:
16615:
16610:
16605:
16600:
16595:
16590:
16585:
16580:
16574:
16572:
16566:
16565:
16563:
16562:
16557:
16552:
16547:
16542:
16537:
16531:
16529:
16523:
16522:
16520:
16519:
16514:
16509:
16504:
16499:
16494:
16489:
16484:
16479:
16474:
16469:
16464:
16459:
16454:
16449:
16444:
16439:
16433:
16428:
16423:
16418:
16413:
16408:
16402:
16400:
16394:
16393:
16391:
16390:
16384:
16379:
16374:
16369:
16364:
16359:
16354:
16348:
16346:
16340:
16339:
16337:
16336:
16331:
16326:
16321:
16316:
16311:
16305:
16303:
16297:
16296:
16294:
16293:
16288:
16283:
16278:
16272:
16270:
16264:
16263:
16255:
16254:
16247:
16240:
16232:
16223:
16222:
16218:
16217:
16214:
16213:
16209:
16208:
16199:
16190:
16176:
16166:
16159:
16158:
16149:
16140:
16131:
16122:
16113:
16104:
16095:
16085:
16079:
16076:
16075:
16072:
16071:
16050:
16041:
16039:
16037:
16032:
16026:
16025:
16004:
16002:
15997:
15995:
15989:
15988:
15975:
15970:
15968:
15963:
15957:
15956:
15939:
15934:
15929:
15920:
15918:
15916:Indo-Sassanids
15913:
15907:
15906:
15888:
15880:
15879:
15865:
15860:
15858:
15853:
15851:
15842:
15836:
15835:
15825:
15820:
15815:
15809:
15808:
15791:
15789:Varman dynasty
15780:
15775:
15769:
15768:
15756:
15748:
15747:
15742:
15736:
15731:
15726:
15721:
15715:
15714:
15709:
15703:
15702:
15700:
15698:
15693:
15690:Indo-Parthians
15686:Indo-Scythians
15682:
15676:
15675:
15669:
15668:
15642:
15633:
15628:
15622:
15621:
15619:
15577:
15569:
15568:
15542:
15535:
15529:
15528:
15526:
15521:
15514:
15506:
15505:
15502:HISTORICAL AGE
15497:
15496:
15494:
15487:
15480:
15474:
15473:
15468:
15463:
15461:
15456:
15454:
15447:
15441:
15440:
15433:
15404:
15397:
15389:
15388:
15383:
15378:
15376:
15371:
15362:
15357:
15351:
15350:
15343:
15325:
15307:
15299:
15291:
15290:
15282:
15281:
15278:
15275:
15265:
15264:
15262:Southern India
15259:
15258:Central India
15256:
15251:
15238:
15226:
15223:
15222:
15215:
15214:
15207:
15200:
15192:
15183:
15182:
15180:
15179:
15174:
15169:
15164:
15159:
15153:
15151:
15147:
15146:
15144:
15143:
15138:
15133:
15128:
15122:
15120:
15116:
15115:
15113:
15112:
15107:
15102:
15097:
15092:
15087:
15082:
15077:
15075:Indo-Scythians
15072:
15066:
15064:
15060:
15059:
15057:
15056:
15051:
15046:
15041:
15036:
15031:
15025:
15023:
15019:
15018:
15011:
15010:
15003:
14996:
14988:
14982:
14981:
14976:
14970:
14965:
14960:
14955:
14950:
14943:
14942:External links
14940:
14938:
14937:
14931:
14918:
14912:
14899:
14876:
14870:
14858:
14857:
14856:
14832:
14826:
14813:
14802:
14790:10.2307/601111
14771:
14765:
14752:
14746:
14733:
14727:
14711:
14710:
14709:
14692:
14686:
14673:
14667:
14651:
14643:Marshall, John
14639:
14633:
14617:
14611:
14598:
14592:
14575:
14569:
14557:Foltz, Richard
14553:
14544:
14538:
14521:
14515:
14498:
14492:
14479:
14455:
14449:
14433:
14427:
14411:
14400:
14384:
14378:
14365:
14350:
14344:
14327:
14321:
14307:
14305:
14302:
14300:
14299:
14288:
14279:
14254:
14247:
14229:
14217:
14208:
14199:
14190:
14181:
14153:
14135:
14128:
14108:
14099:
14085:
14076:
14073:Strabo II.5.12
14064:
14050:
14024:
13998:
13978:
13969:
13960:
13951:
13942:
13933:
13920:
13911:
13902:
13893:
13884:
13859:
13850:
13841:
13832:
13812:
13803:
13784:
13773:
13764:
13755:
13744:
13735:Albinia, Alice
13725:
13714:
13705:
13696:
13687:
13674:
13665:
13648:
13639:
13625:
13616:
13582:
13570:
13559:
13550:
13543:
13523:
13514:
13505:
13496:
13483:
13474:
13467:
13447:
13435:
13426:
13416:
13407:
13398:
13389:
13379:The historian
13372:
13369:Polybius 11.39
13361:
13350:
13339:
13328:
13317:
13305:
13293:
13273:
13266:
13246:
13229:
13222:
13202:
13190:
13178:
13161:
13138:
13122:
13106:
13091:
13079:
13070:
13053:
13038:
13031:
13011:
12995:
12979:
12967:
12955:
12941:
12935:Shane Wallace
12925:
12913:
12904:
12894:
12885:
12876:
12863:
12853:
12844:
12835:
12826:
12814:
12792:
12783:
12779:Indo-Scythians
12770:
12761:
12752:
12743:
12684:
12677:
12657:
12650:
12631:
12624:
12604:
12592:
12580:
12559:
12547:
12535:
12512:
12500:
12491:
12482:
12471:
12448:
12441:
12421:
12409:
12397:
12385:
12371:
12351:
12339:
12324:
12309:
12294:
12282:
12270:
12258:
12246:
12229:
12206:
12194:
12187:
12160:
12142:
12130:
12117:
12111:Bopearachchi,
12104:
12090:
12076:
12067:
12058:
12049:
12034:
12021:
12008:
11978:
11960:
11947:
11923:
11914:
11901:
11880:
11867:
11850:
11841:
11828:
11815:
11790:
11778:
11761:
11743:
11736:
11716:
11698:
11680:
11659:
11652:
11627:
11620:
11596:
11585:
11576:
11564:
11552:
11540:
11527:
11520:
11497:
11479:
11466:
11457:
11446:
11442:Strabo 11.11.1
11409:
11400:
11383:
11374:
11362:
11359:Strabo 15-1-27
11342:
11329:
11316:
11307:
11283:
11270:
11258:
11249:
11237:
11225:
11213:
11201:
11192:
11183:
11148:
11133:
11115:
11088:
11077:
11059:
11055:Strabo 11.11.1
11034:
11023:
11005:
10972:
10963:
10939:
10923:
10917:Bopearachchi,
10910:
10903:
10883:
10876:
10856:
10842:
10835:
10815:
10802:
10793:
10786:
10763:
10751:
10714:
10701:
10688:
10679:
10654:
10652:Polybius 11.34
10645:
10634:
10617:
10610:
10590:
10577:
10568:
10543:
10522:
10493:
10483:
10465:
10454:
10442:
10433:
10424:
10412:
10399:
10388:
10380:connected the
10378:Neo-Platonists
10350:
10335:
10322:
10301:
10283:
10281:, pp. 363–364)
10270:
10260:
10250:
10239:
10228:
10225:Strabo 11.11.2
10217:
10214:Polybius 11.34
10203:
10192:
10189:Strabo XI.XI.I
10178:
10167:
10156:
10147:
10138:
10117:
10094:
10081:
10069:
10057:
10048:
10039:
10027:
10018:
10009:
10000:
9987:
9978:
9969:
9960:
9951:
9934:
9916:
9890:
9886:Chandragupta's
9877:
9865:
9856:
9843:
9831:
9817:
9798:
9784:
9772:
9739:
9728:
9717:
9706:
9694:
9682:
9675:
9652:
9643:
9626:
9609:
9598:
9585:
9572:
9558:
9551:
9531:
9517:
9508:
9478:
9467:
9447:
9437:
9411:
9401:
9381:
9371:
9351:
9330:
9320:
9300:
9279:
9242:
9232:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9208:
9206:
9205:
9201:
9194:
9190:
9178:
9176:
9175:
9156:
9154:
9153:
9130:
9128:
9127:
9099:
9097:
9096:
9050:
9044:
9017:
9015:
9014:
8998:
8975:
8957:
8947:
8937:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8897:Roman commerce
8894:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8867:Indo-Scythians
8864:
8859:
8857:Greco-Buddhism
8854:
8849:
8847:Yavana Kingdom
8844:
8839:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8825:
8824:
8818:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8810:
8796:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8788:
8786:
8772:
8770:
8768:
8767:25 BC – AD 10
8764:
8763:
8761:
8751:
8749:
8747:
8743:
8742:
8740:
8730:
8724:
8722:
8720:
8716:
8715:
8713:
8703:
8693:
8691:
8689:
8685:
8684:
8682:
8675:Apollodotus II
8672:
8662:
8660:
8658:
8654:
8653:
8651:
8641:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8629:
8619:
8609:
8607:
8603:
8602:
8592:
8582:
8572:
8570:
8566:
8565:
8555:
8545:
8535:
8533:
8529:
8528:
8518:
8508:
8498:
8496:
8492:
8491:
8481:
8479:
8475:
8474:
8464:
8454:
8452:
8448:
8447:
8437:
8427:
8425:
8421:
8420:
8410:
8400:
8398:
8394:
8393:
8380:
8378:
8368:
8358:
8352:
8348:
8347:
8337:
8309:
8298:
8294:
8293:
8291:
8281:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8264:
8262:
8258:
8257:
8255:
8245:
8241:
8240:
8238:
8228:
8226:
8222:
8221:
8219:
8209:
8205:
8204:
8202:
8192:
8182:
8178:
8177:
8175:
8165:
8161:
8160:
8158:
8148:
8144:
8143:
8141:
8131:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8114:
8110:
8109:
8107:
8091:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8080:Foundation of
8078:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8062:
8058:
8057:
8055:
8049:
8045:
8044:
8042:
8032:
8028:
8027:
8022:
8020:Eastern Punjab
8017:
8015:Western Punjab
8012:
8007:
8002:
7996:
7990:
7984:
7978:
7977:
7971:
7968:Greco-Bactrian
7965:
7962:
7961:
7924:British Museum
7907:
7904:
7807:Chitral Valley
7771:British Museum
7751:Main article:
7748:
7745:
7741:Indo-Scythians
7731:
7698:
7650:
7605:
7602:
7595:
7577:
7558:
7494:
7491:
7469:in the art of
7459:
7456:
7392:
7389:
7364:
7343:Southern China
7306:coins of king
7296:
7293:
7284:Attic standard
7268:
7265:
7238:
7235:
7230:
7227:
7215:Indo-Parthians
7183:Greco-Bactrian
7075:Indo-Parthians
7071:Indo-Scythians
7063:stone palettes
7024:
7021:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6959:
6956:
6949:
6947:
6941:
6934:
6932:
6926:
6919:
6917:
6911:
6904:
6898:Indo-Scythians
6878:
6875:
6835:(130–110 BC),
6831:(130–120 BC),
6759:
6756:
6734:
6690:
6573:Mauryan Empire
6565:
6562:
6522:British Museum
6442:
6435:
6434:
6422:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6412:
6411:
6408:Greco-Buddhism
6400:Main article:
6397:
6394:
6327:Apollodotus II
6259:. The city of
6246:Mauryan empire
6192:
6189:
6185:British Museum
6170:Bimaran casket
6160:
6124:Loriyan Tangai
6110:, i.e. AD 143.
6099:
6096:
6092:Tambapamnidipa
6060:Nagarjunakonda
6044:
6000:Indo-Parthians
5980:Western Satrap
5962:
5903:
5902:
5893:
5892:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5860:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5846:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5827:
5825:
5823:Pillar capital
5822:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5757:) Dharmadeva:
5729:
5728:
5685:
5684:
5665:Shivneri Caves
5661:
5660:
5659:Shivneri Caves
5652:Shivneri Caves
5583:
5582:
5564:
5563:Buddhist caves
5561:
5504:
5501:
5499:around 10 AD.
5416:
5384:Eastern Punjab
5351:
5348:
5252:Western Punjab
5238:Indo-Scythians
5236:Main article:
5233:
5230:
5168:Indo-Scythians
5141:Main article:
5138:
5135:
5090:
5085:
5084:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4772:
4761:
4666:
4663:
4596:Bharhut Yavana
4544:Bharhut Yavana
4534:Bharhut Yavana
4525:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4506:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4472:
4466:
4459:
4457:
4448:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4429:
4425:
4403:
4402:
4400:(circa 115 BC)
4358:
4357:
4322:
4321:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4199:Indo-Scythians
4195:victory wreath
4173:club with the
4100:
4097:
4069:Indo-Scythians
4065:victory wreath
4010:
4007:
3976:Greco-Bactrian
3970:
3963:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3910:
3873:Middle Country
3829:, 2002 edition
3819:
3760:
3759:
3748:
3692:
3691:Indian sources
3689:
3645:Mathura Museum
3642:
3635:
3634:
3629:Mathura Museum
3622:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3548:. A statue of
3514:(165–135 BC).
3496:Mathura Museum
3482:discovered in
3471:
3468:
3453:
3420:Strabo 11.11.1
3417:
3361:
3289:
3286:
3183:
3175:1st century BC
3137:
3113:British Museum
3081:Shinkot casket
3011:
3008:
2831:
2828:
2742:Greco-Bactrian
2710:
2707:
2620:Main article:
2606:
2603:
2598:Main article:
2595:
2592:
2581:
2571:mantras, four
2545:Maurya dynasty
2543:following the
2493:Buddhist faith
2456:Main article:
2441:
2438:
2431:
2429:("Βραφμαναι").
2340:
2336:Dhammarakkhita
2301:
2271:
2110:
2058:
1925:
1849:
1801:Greco-Bactrian
1790:Strabo XI.11.2
1787:
1746:
1681:
1659:, but also of
1635:
1569:Main article:
1550:
1547:
1533:
1400:(S. Dhammika).
1394:
1345:, followed by
1284:
1226:
1075:Hyphasis River
1041:Mauryan Empire
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1009:Indo-Scythians
1001:Indo-Parthians
997:Indo-Scythians
817:Yavana Kingdom
803:
802:
800:
799:
792:
785:
777:
774:
773:
771:
770:
765:
760:
754:
753:
752:
751:
740:
737:
736:
728:
727:
721:
720:
712:
711:
709:
708:
701:
694:
686:
683:
682:
679:
678:
669:
665:
664:
659:
655:
654:
649:
645:
644:
635:
631:
630:
628:Apollodotus II
621:
617:
616:
607:
603:
602:
589:
585:
584:
571:
567:
566:
553:
549:
548:
543:
539:
538:
529:
525:
524:
515:
511:
510:
501:
497:
496:
487:
483:
482:
477:
473:
472:
467:
463:
462:
457:
453:
452:
447:
443:
442:
437:
433:
432:
427:
423:
422:
413:
409:
408:
403:
399:
398:
391:
379:
378:
364:
363:
350:
346:
345:
342:
341:
338:
337:
330:
328:Indo-Parthians
324:
323:
316:
314:Indo-Scythians
307:
304:
303:
298:
290:
289:
284:
272:
271:
266:
256:
255:
252:
248:
247:
243:
242:
239:
238:
235:
232:
229:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
209:
208:Historical era
205:
204:
201:
200:
194:
191:
188:
187:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
167:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
148:Zoroastrianism
133:
129:
128:
102:Greek alphabet
95:
91:
90:
80:
76:
75:
71:
70:
62:
61:
53:
46:
45:
42:
41:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17739:
17728:
17725:
17723:
17720:
17718:
17715:
17713:
17710:
17708:
17705:
17703:
17700:
17698:
17695:
17693:
17690:
17688:
17685:
17683:
17682:Ancient India
17680:
17678:
17675:
17673:
17670:
17669:
17667:
17653:
17647:
17641:
17638:
17636:
17633:
17631:
17628:
17626:
17623:
17620:
17617:
17615:
17612:
17610:
17607:
17605:
17602:
17600:
17597:
17595:
17592:
17590:
17587:
17585:
17582:
17580:
17579:Neoptolemus I
17577:
17575:
17572:
17570:
17567:
17565:
17562:
17561:
17559:
17557:
17553:
17547:
17544:
17542:
17539:
17537:
17534:
17532:
17529:
17527:
17524:
17522:
17518:
17515:
17513:
17509:
17506:
17504:
17500:
17497:
17495:
17492:
17490:
17486:
17483:
17481:
17478:
17476:
17475:Mithridates I
17473:
17471:
17468:
17466:
17465:Paerisades IV
17463:
17461:
17458:
17456:
17453:
17449:
17444:
17441:
17439:
17436:
17434:
17431:
17429:
17428:Paerisades II
17426:
17423:
17420:
17418:
17417:Spartokos III
17415:
17413:
17410:
17408:
17405:
17403:
17400:
17398:
17395:
17394:
17392:
17390:
17384:
17378:
17375:
17373:
17370:
17368:
17365:
17363:
17360:
17358:
17355:
17353:
17352:Ariarathes IX
17350:
17348:
17345:
17343:
17340:
17338:
17337:Ariarathes VI
17335:
17333:
17330:
17328:
17325:
17323:
17322:Ariarathes IV
17320:
17318:
17315:
17313:
17310:
17308:
17307:Ariarathes II
17305:
17303:
17300:
17299:
17297:
17295:
17291:
17285:
17282:
17280:
17279:Antiochus III
17277:
17275:
17272:
17270:
17267:
17265:
17262:
17260:
17257:
17255:
17254:Mithridates I
17252:
17250:
17247:
17245:
17242:
17241:
17239:
17237:
17233:
17227:
17224:
17222:
17219:
17217:
17214:
17212:
17209:
17207:
17204:
17202:
17199:
17197:
17194:
17192:
17189:
17187:
17183:
17180:
17178:
17175:
17173:
17170:
17168:
17165:
17163:
17160:
17158:
17155:
17154:
17152:
17150:
17146:
17140:
17137:
17135:
17132:
17130:
17129:Nicomedes III
17127:
17125:
17122:
17120:
17117:
17115:
17112:
17110:
17107:
17104:
17101:
17099:
17096:
17094:
17091:
17089:
17086:
17084:
17081:
17079:
17076:
17075:
17073:
17071:
17067:
17061:
17058:
17056:
17053:
17051:
17048:
17046:
17043:
17041:
17038:
17036:
17033:
17031:
17028:
17026:
17023:
17021:
17018:
17016:
17013:
17011:
17008:
17006:
17003:
17001:
16998:
16996:
16993:
16991:
16988:
16986:
16983:
16981:
16978:
16976:
16973:
16971:
16968:
16966:
16963:
16961:
16960:Demetrius III
16958:
16956:
16953:
16951:
16948:
16946:
16943:
16941:
16938:
16936:
16933:
16931:
16928:
16926:
16923:
16921:
16918:
16916:
16915:Antimachus II
16913:
16911:
16908:
16906:
16905:Apollodotus I
16903:
16901:
16898:
16896:
16893:
16891:
16888:
16886:
16883:
16882:
16880:
16878:
16874:
16868:
16865:
16863:
16862:Eucratides II
16860:
16858:
16855:
16853:
16850:
16848:
16845:
16843:
16840:
16838:
16835:
16833:
16830:
16828:
16827:Euthydemus II
16825:
16823:
16820:
16818:
16815:
16813:
16810:
16808:
16805:
16804:
16802:
16800:
16796:
16790:
16787:
16785:
16782:
16780:
16777:
16775:
16772:
16770:
16767:
16765:
16762:
16760:
16757:
16756:
16754:
16752:
16748:
16742:
16739:
16737:
16734:
16733:
16731:
16729:
16725:
16719:
16716:
16714:
16711:
16709:
16706:
16704:
16701:
16699:
16696:
16694:
16691:
16689:
16686:
16684:
16681:
16679:
16676:
16674:
16671:
16669:
16666:
16664:
16661:
16659:
16656:
16654:
16651:
16649:
16646:
16644:
16641:
16639:
16636:
16634:
16631:
16629:
16626:
16624:
16621:
16619:
16616:
16614:
16611:
16609:
16606:
16604:
16601:
16599:
16596:
16594:
16591:
16589:
16586:
16584:
16581:
16579:
16576:
16575:
16573:
16571:
16567:
16561:
16558:
16556:
16555:Ptolemy Apion
16553:
16551:
16548:
16546:
16543:
16541:
16538:
16536:
16533:
16532:
16530:
16528:
16524:
16518:
16515:
16513:
16510:
16508:
16505:
16503:
16500:
16498:
16495:
16493:
16490:
16488:
16485:
16483:
16480:
16478:
16475:
16473:
16470:
16468:
16465:
16463:
16462:Cleopatra III
16460:
16458:
16455:
16453:
16450:
16448:
16445:
16443:
16440:
16437:
16434:
16432:
16429:
16427:
16424:
16422:
16419:
16417:
16414:
16412:
16409:
16407:
16404:
16403:
16401:
16399:
16395:
16388:
16385:
16383:
16380:
16378:
16375:
16373:
16370:
16368:
16365:
16363:
16360:
16358:
16355:
16353:
16350:
16349:
16347:
16345:
16341:
16335:
16332:
16330:
16327:
16325:
16322:
16320:
16317:
16315:
16312:
16310:
16307:
16306:
16304:
16302:
16298:
16292:
16289:
16287:
16284:
16282:
16279:
16277:
16274:
16273:
16271:
16269:
16265:
16260:
16253:
16248:
16246:
16241:
16239:
16234:
16233:
16230:
16205:
16200:
16196:
16191:
16187:
16186:
16181:
16177:
16173:
16168:
16167:
16165:
16164:
16153:
16144:
16135:
16126:
16117:
16108:
16099:
16090:
16086:
16084:
16083:
16073:
16070:
16066:
16062:
16058:
16054:
16051:
16049:
16045:
16042:
16040:
16038:
16036:
16033:
16031:
16028:
16027:
16024:
16020:
16016:
16012:
16008:
16005:
16003:
16001:
15998:
15996:
15994:
15991:
15990:
15987:
15983:
15979:
15976:
15974:
15969:
15967:
15962:
15959:
15958:
15955:
15951:
15947:
15943:
15940:
15938:
15933:
15930:
15928:
15924:
15921:
15919:
15917:
15912:
15909:
15908:
15905:
15901:
15897:
15892:
15887:
15886:
15882:
15881:
15877:
15873:
15869:
15868:Vishnukundina
15866:
15864:
15859:
15857:
15854:
15852:
15850:
15846:
15843:
15841:
15838:
15837:
15833:
15829:
15828:Vishnukundina
15826:
15824:
15819:
15814:
15811:
15810:
15807:
15803:
15799:
15795:
15792:
15790:
15786:
15785:
15779:
15776:
15774:
15771:
15770:
15765:
15760:
15755:
15754:
15750:
15749:
15746:
15743:
15740:
15737:
15735:
15732:
15730:
15729:Kushan Empire
15727:
15725:
15722:
15720:
15717:
15716:
15713:
15712:Kushan Empire
15708:
15705:
15704:
15701:
15699:
15697:
15694:
15692:
15691:
15687:
15681:
15678:
15677:
15674:
15671:
15670:
15666:
15662:
15658:
15652:
15651:
15650:Sangam period
15646:
15641:
15637:
15636:Shunga Empire
15632:
15627:
15624:
15623:
15620:
15618:
15614:
15610:
15609:Brahma Sutras
15606:
15605:Bhagavad Gita
15602:
15598:
15594:
15590:
15585:
15581:
15576:
15575:
15571:
15570:
15566:
15562:
15558:
15552:
15551:
15550:Sangam period
15546:
15543:
15541:
15540:
15539:Maurya Empire
15534:
15531:
15530:
15527:
15525:
15522:
15520:
15519:
15513:
15512:
15508:
15507:
15504:
15503:
15498:
15495:
15493:
15492:
15485:
15479:
15476:
15475:
15472:
15469:
15467:
15462:
15460:
15457:
15455:
15452:
15446:
15443:
15442:
15439:
15438:
15432:
15428:
15424:
15420:
15416:
15412:
15410:
15403:
15402:
15396:
15395:
15391:
15390:
15387:
15384:
15382:
15379:
15377:
15375:
15372:
15370:
15366:
15363:
15361:
15358:
15356:
15353:
15352:
15349:
15348:
15342:
15337:
15332:
15331:
15324:
15319:
15314:
15313:
15306:
15305:
15298:
15297:
15293:
15292:
15289:
15288:
15283:
15279:
15276:
15273:
15267:
15266:
15263:
15255:
15249:
15245:
15233:
15230:
15229:
15224:
15220:
15213:
15208:
15206:
15201:
15199:
15194:
15193:
15190:
15178:
15175:
15173:
15170:
15168:
15165:
15163:
15160:
15158:
15155:
15154:
15152:
15148:
15142:
15141:Kushan Empire
15139:
15137:
15134:
15132:
15129:
15127:
15124:
15123:
15121:
15117:
15111:
15108:
15106:
15103:
15101:
15098:
15096:
15093:
15091:
15088:
15086:
15083:
15081:
15078:
15076:
15073:
15071:
15068:
15067:
15065:
15061:
15055:
15052:
15050:
15047:
15045:
15042:
15040:
15037:
15035:
15032:
15030:
15027:
15026:
15024:
15020:
15016:
15009:
15004:
15002:
14997:
14995:
14990:
14989:
14986:
14980:
14977:
14974:
14971:
14969:
14966:
14964:
14961:
14959:
14956:
14954:
14951:
14949:
14946:
14945:
14934:
14928:
14924:
14919:
14915:
14909:
14905:
14900:
14896:
14890:
14882:
14877:
14873:
14867:
14863:
14859:
14855:
14854:0-89005-524-6
14851:
14847:
14846:
14843:
14842:
14837:
14833:
14829:
14823:
14819:
14814:
14810:
14809:
14803:
14799:
14795:
14791:
14787:
14783:
14779:
14778:
14772:
14768:
14762:
14758:
14753:
14749:
14743:
14739:
14734:
14730:
14724:
14720:
14716:
14712:
14707:
14706:
14703:
14702:
14697:
14693:
14689:
14683:
14679:
14674:
14670:
14664:
14660:
14656:
14652:
14648:
14644:
14640:
14636:
14630:
14626:
14622:
14618:
14614:
14608:
14604:
14599:
14595:
14589:
14585:
14581:
14576:
14572:
14566:
14562:
14558:
14554:
14550:
14545:
14541:
14535:
14531:
14527:
14522:
14518:
14512:
14508:
14505:(in French).
14504:
14499:
14495:
14489:
14485:
14480:
14476:
14472:
14468:
14464:
14460:
14456:
14452:
14446:
14442:
14438:
14434:
14430:
14424:
14420:
14416:
14412:
14409:
14403:
14397:
14393:
14389:
14385:
14381:
14375:
14371:
14366:
14363:
14362:92-3-102846-4
14359:
14355:
14351:
14347:
14341:
14336:
14335:
14328:
14324:
14318:
14315:. Routledge.
14314:
14309:
14308:
14297:
14292:
14283:
14276:
14272:
14268:
14264:
14258:
14250:
14248:9781581159332
14244:
14240:
14233:
14227:
14221:
14212:
14203:
14194:
14188:Tarn, p. 494.
14185:
14177:
14171:
14163:
14157:
14149:
14145:
14139:
14131:
14125:
14121:
14120:
14112:
14106:PL Gupta 1994
14103:
14095:
14089:
14080:
14074:
14068:
14060:
14054:
14038:
14034:
14028:
14012:
14008:
14002:
13996:
13995:
13991:
13985:
13983:
13973:
13964:
13955:
13946:
13937:
13930:
13924:
13915:
13906:
13897:
13888:
13881:
13877:
13873:
13869:
13863:
13854:
13845:
13836:
13829:
13825:
13822:
13819:"Just as the
13816:
13807:
13799:
13795:
13788:
13782:
13777:
13768:
13759:
13753:
13748:
13740:
13736:
13729:
13723:
13718:
13709:
13700:
13691:
13684:
13678:
13669:
13662:
13661:0-691-01459-0
13658:
13652:
13643:
13637:(S. Dhammika)
13636:
13635:
13629:
13620:
13613:
13609:
13605:
13601:
13597:
13593:
13586:
13577:
13575:
13568:
13563:
13554:
13546:
13544:9781317236733
13540:
13536:
13535:
13527:
13518:
13509:
13500:
13493:
13487:
13478:
13470:
13464:
13460:
13459:
13451:
13444:
13439:
13430:
13420:
13411:
13402:
13393:
13386:
13382:
13376:
13370:
13365:
13359:
13354:
13348:
13343:
13337:
13332:
13326:
13321:
13315:
13309:
13303:
13297:
13291:
13286:
13284:
13282:
13280:
13278:
13269:
13267:9789351506478
13263:
13259:
13258:
13250:
13242:
13241:
13233:
13225:
13223:9788176252997
13219:
13215:
13214:
13206:
13200:
13194:
13188:
13182:
13175:
13171:
13165:
13157:
13153:
13149:
13142:
13134:
13133:
13126:
13118:
13117:
13110:
13104:
13103:p. 97 Note 97
13098:
13096:
13089:
13083:
13074:
13068:
13062:
13060:
13058:
13051:
13045:
13043:
13034:
13032:9781442268043
13028:
13024:
13023:
13015:
13009:
13005:
12999:
12993:
12983:
12977:
12971:
12965:
12959:
12952:
12951:David Pingree
12945:
12938:
12932:
12930:
12923:
12917:
12908:
12898:
12889:
12880:
12873:
12867:
12857:
12848:
12839:
12830:
12823:
12818:
12812:
12808:
12805:
12801:
12796:
12787:
12780:
12774:
12765:
12756:
12747:
12739:
12735:
12730:
12725:
12721:
12717:
12712:
12707:
12703:
12699:
12695:
12688:
12680:
12674:
12670:
12669:
12661:
12653:
12647:
12643:
12642:
12635:
12627:
12621:
12617:
12616:
12608:
12602:
12596:
12590:
12584:
12578:
12574:
12568:
12566:
12564:
12557:
12551:
12545:
12539:
12532:
12531:
12524:
12523:
12516:
12510:
12504:
12495:
12486:
12479:
12474:
12472:9788185205533
12468:
12464:
12463:
12458:
12452:
12444:
12442:9780984404308
12438:
12434:
12433:
12425:
12419:
12413:
12407:
12401:
12395:
12389:
12380:
12378:
12376:
12368:
12364:
12358:
12356:
12346:
12344:
12337:
12331:
12329:
12322:
12316:
12314:
12307:
12301:
12299:
12292:
12286:
12280:
12274:
12268:
12262:
12256:
12250:
12244:
12238:
12236:
12234:
12227:
12223:
12217:
12215:
12213:
12211:
12204:
12198:
12190:
12184:
12180:
12179:
12174:
12170:
12169:Hermann Kulke
12164:
12158:
12154:
12149:
12147:
12137:
12135:
12127:
12121:
12114:
12108:
12102:
12097:
12095:
12088:
12083:
12081:
12071:
12062:
12053:
12047:
12041:
12039:
12031:
12025:
12018:
12012:
12005:
12001:
11997:
11992:
11988:
11982:
11976:
11973:
11967:
11965:
11957:
11951:
11945:
11941:
11938:
11933:
11927:
11918:
11911:
11905:
11898:
11894:
11890:
11884:
11877:
11871:
11864:
11860:
11854:
11845:
11838:
11832:
11825:
11824:Christian era
11819:
11812:
11808:
11804:
11800:
11794:
11785:
11783:
11774:
11773:
11765:
11757:
11756:
11747:
11739:
11737:9788170994107
11733:
11729:
11728:
11720:
11712:
11711:
11702:
11694:
11693:
11684:
11676:
11675:
11666:
11664:
11655:
11653:9788170994107
11649:
11645:
11644:
11636:
11634:
11632:
11623:
11621:9788170070399
11617:
11613:
11612:
11603:
11601:
11594:
11589:
11580:
11574:
11568:
11562:
11556:
11550:
11544:
11537:
11531:
11523:
11521:9789004155374
11517:
11513:
11512:
11504:
11502:
11495:
11490:
11488:
11486:
11484:
11476:
11470:
11461:
11455:
11450:
11443:
11439:
11435:
11431:
11427:
11423:
11419:
11413:
11404:
11397:
11393:
11387:
11378:
11369:
11367:
11360:
11356:
11352:
11346:
11339:
11333:
11326:
11320:
11311:
11305:
11301:
11297:
11293:
11287:
11280:
11274:
11265:
11263:
11253:
11244:
11242:
11232:
11230:
11220:
11218:
11208:
11206:
11196:
11187:
11179:
11175:
11171:
11167:
11163:
11159:
11152:
11144:
11140:
11136:
11134:81-224-1198-3
11130:
11126:
11119:
11112:
11108:
11104:
11100:
11099:
11092:
11086:
11081:
11072:
11071:
11063:
11056:
11052:
11048:
11044:
11038:
11031:
11026:
11024:9781579580407
11020:
11016:
11009:
11002:
10997:
10993:
10989:
10985:
10984:
10976:
10967:
10960:
10955:
10954:
10949:
10943:
10936:
10930:
10928:
10920:
10914:
10906:
10904:9788182201156
10900:
10896:
10895:
10887:
10879:
10877:9781452266626
10873:
10869:
10868:
10860:
10854:
10849:
10847:
10838:
10836:9788121505659
10832:
10828:
10827:
10819:
10812:
10806:
10797:
10789:
10783:
10779:
10778:
10770:
10768:
10761:
10755:
10748:
10744:
10740:
10736:
10732:
10728:
10724:
10718:
10711:
10705:
10698:
10692:
10683:
10676:
10672:
10668:
10666:
10658:
10649:
10643:
10638:
10631:
10627:
10621:
10613:
10607:
10603:
10602:
10594:
10587:
10581:
10572:
10565:
10561:
10557:
10553:
10547:
10540:
10536:
10535:Julius Caesar
10532:
10526:
10519:
10515:
10511:
10507:
10503:
10497:
10490:
10486:
10480:
10476:
10469:
10463:
10458:
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10447:
10437:
10428:
10422:
10416:
10409:
10403:
10397:
10392:
10385:
10383:
10379:
10375:
10371:
10365:
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10354:
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10339:
10332:
10326:
10320:
10317:
10313:
10310:
10305:
10299:
10295:
10292:
10287:
10280:
10274:
10264:
10254:
10248:
10243:
10237:
10232:
10226:
10221:
10215:
10210:
10208:
10201:
10196:
10190:
10185:
10183:
10176:
10171:
10165:
10160:
10151:
10142:
10134:
10130:
10129:
10121:
10113:
10109:
10105:
10098:
10091:
10085:
10079:
10073:
10067:
10061:
10052:
10043:
10037:
10031:
10022:
10013:
10004:
9997:
9991:
9982:
9973:
9964:
9955:
9948:
9944:
9938:
9930:
9926:
9920:
9913:
9909:
9905:
9900:
9894:
9887:
9881:
9874:
9869:
9860:
9853:
9847:
9840:
9835:
9829:
9824:
9822:
9812:
9808:
9802:
9794:
9788:
9781:
9776:
9770:
9769:2-7475-5135-0
9766:
9761:
9760:Mudrarakshasa
9757:
9753:
9749:
9743:
9737:
9732:
9726:
9721:
9715:
9710:
9704:
9703:Justin XIII.4
9698:
9691:
9686:
9678:
9676:9781108009416
9672:
9668:
9667:
9659:
9657:
9647:
9641:
9635:
9633:
9631:
9623:
9619:
9613:
9607:
9602:
9595:
9589:
9582:
9576:
9568:
9562:
9554:
9548:
9544:
9543:
9535:
9527:
9521:
9512:
9505:
9501:
9497:
9492:
9488:
9482:
9475:
9470:
9464:
9460:
9459:
9451:
9444:
9440:
9434:
9430:
9425:
9424:
9415:
9408:
9404:
9398:
9394:
9393:
9385:
9378:
9374:
9368:
9364:
9363:
9355:
9348:
9343:
9342:
9334:
9327:
9323:
9317:
9313:
9312:
9304:
9296:
9292:
9291:
9283:
9275:
9271:
9267:
9263:
9259:
9255:
9254:
9246:
9236:
9228:
9221:
9217:
9202:
9199:
9195:
9191:
9187:
9186:
9182:
9173:
9169:
9165:
9164:
9160:
9151:
9147:
9143:
9139:
9138:
9137:Ambassadors:
9134:
9124:
9120:
9116:
9112:
9111:Antiochos III
9108:
9107:
9103:
9094:
9090:
9086:
9082:
9078:
9074:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9058:
9054:
9051:
9048:
9045:
9042:
9038:
9034:
9030:
9026:
9025:
9021:
9012:
9008:
9005:gave them to
9004:
8999:
8996:
8995:John Marshall
8992:
8988:
8984:
8983:
8979:
8972:
8967:
8961:
8951:
8941:
8932:
8928:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8892:Kushan Empire
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8834:
8822:
8813:
8812:
8808:
8804:
8800:
8791:
8790:
8787:
8784:
8780:
8776:
8773:
8766:
8765:
8762:
8759:
8755:
8752:
8745:
8744:
8741:
8738:
8734:
8731:
8728:
8725:
8718:
8717:
8714:
8711:
8707:
8704:
8701:
8697:
8694:
8687:
8686:
8683:
8680:
8676:
8670:
8666:
8663:
8656:
8655:
8649:
8648:Indo-Scythian
8645:
8639:
8632:
8631:
8627:
8623:
8617:
8613:
8610:
8605:
8604:
8600:
8596:
8593:
8590:
8586:
8580:
8576:
8573:
8568:
8567:
8563:
8559:
8556:
8553:
8549:
8543:
8539:
8536:
8531:
8530:
8526:
8522:
8519:
8516:
8512:
8506:
8502:
8499:
8494:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8477:
8476:
8472:
8468:
8467:Demetrius III
8462:
8458:
8450:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8435:
8431:
8423:
8422:
8418:
8414:
8408:
8404:
8396:
8395:
8392:
8385:
8376:
8372:
8366:
8362:
8356:
8350:
8349:
8345:
8341:
8335:
8331:
8326:
8322:
8317:
8313:
8312:Eucratides II
8310:
8308:
8302:
8299:
8296:
8295:
8289:
8285:
8279:
8278:
8272:
8268:
8267:Antimachus II
8260:
8259:
8253:
8249:
8243:
8242:
8236:
8232:
8231:Apollodotus I
8224:
8223:
8217:
8213:
8207:
8206:
8200:
8196:
8190:
8186:
8180:
8179:
8173:
8169:
8168:Euthydemus II
8163:
8162:
8156:
8152:
8146:
8145:
8139:
8135:
8129:
8128:
8122:
8118:
8112:
8111:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8089:
8088:
8083:
8076:
8075:
8070:
8066:
8060:
8059:
8054:
8047:
8046:
8040:
8036:
8030:
8029:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7991:
7989:
7985:
7980:
7979:
7975:
7969:
7964:
7963:
7959:
7954:
7950:
7947:
7944:
7940:
7937:
7933:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7912:
7903:
7901:
7899:
7895:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7877:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7849:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7834:
7832:
7823:
7822:Guimet Museum
7819:
7814:
7810:
7808:
7805:tribe of the
7804:
7800:
7796:
7795:Kushan Empire
7792:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7744:
7742:
7734:Justin, XLI,6
7730:
7728:
7724:
7719:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7697:
7693:
7691:
7690:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7672:K.P. Jayaswal
7669:
7668:R. D. Banerji
7665:
7661:
7649:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7633:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7615:
7610:
7594:
7590:
7583:
7582:Milinda Panha
7575:
7556:
7554:
7549:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7538:war elephants
7535:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7522:Antimachus II
7518:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7490:
7488:
7487:Apollodotus I
7484:
7476:
7475:Lahore Museum
7472:
7468:
7464:
7455:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7434:is reported (
7433:
7429:
7426:peninsula or
7425:
7421:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7398:
7388:
7386:
7382:
7381:Qin Shi Huang
7378:
7369:
7363:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7347:
7344:
7340:
7335:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7320:Euthydemus II
7317:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7292:
7289:
7285:
7277:
7276:Stone palette
7273:
7264:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7248:
7244:
7234:
7226:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7207:
7202:
7198:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7126:
7125:Intaglio gems
7122:
7118:
7115:
7111:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7086:
7082:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7030:
7020:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6953:
6948:
6944:
6938:
6933:
6929:
6923:
6918:
6914:
6908:
6903:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6895:
6894:Vitarka mudra
6892:
6888:
6884:
6874:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6863:Indo-Scythian
6860:
6859:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6805:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6782:script, with
6781:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6764:
6755:
6752:
6751:Butkara stupa
6748:
6747:Butkara stupa
6739:
6733:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6717:
6713:
6711:
6706:
6704:
6695:
6689:
6687:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6669:Milinda Panha
6666:
6662:
6656:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6636:
6634:
6630:
6629:Shunga Empire
6626:
6623:, the former
6622:
6618:
6612:
6610:
6606:
6600:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6535:
6534:Butkara stupa
6530:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6498:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6482:Butkara Stupa
6479:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6457:
6453:
6452:Milinda Panha
6449:
6446:converted to
6445:
6439:
6430:
6426:
6419:
6409:
6403:
6393:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6342:
6340:
6336:
6335:James Prinsep
6332:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6272:Apollodotus I
6269:
6264:
6262:
6258:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6199:Evolution of
6197:
6188:
6186:
6182:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6150:
6144:
6139:
6135:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6109:
6104:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6053:
6049:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6011:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5961:
5959:
5955:
5950:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5918:Brahmi script
5915:
5911:
5907:
5906:Manmodi Caves
5897:
5888:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5864:Manmodi Caves
5858:Manmodi Caves
5857:
5856:
5843:
5838:
5831:
5826:
5819:
5814:
5807:
5802:
5795:
5790:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5740:
5735:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5721:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5691:complex near
5690:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5658:
5657:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5615:
5611:
5609:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5570:
5560:
5558:
5554:
5549:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5521:Brahmi script
5518:
5514:
5509:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5481:
5479:
5478:Datta dynasty
5475:
5474:Shunga Empire
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5421:
5415:
5413:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5372:
5365:
5361:
5356:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5308:
5306:
5305:Buner reliefs
5302:
5297:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5276:Indo-Scythian
5269:
5265:
5264:Indo-Scythian
5260:
5253:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5185:(part of the
5184:
5183:Paropamisadae
5179:
5173:
5169:
5164:
5157:
5156:Paropamisadae
5153:
5149:
5144:
5134:
5132:
5131:Punjab region
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5103:Paropamisadae
5100:
5088:
5080:
5071:
5060:
5049:
5040:
5029:
5018:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4981:
4972:
4963:
4961:
4952:
4943:
4941:
4930:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4908:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4886:
4877:
4875:
4866:
4864:
4855:
4853:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4831:
4829:
4820:
4811:
4800:
4792:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4760:not far away.
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4676:
4671:
4662:
4659:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4576:
4569:
4565:
4564:Indian Museum
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4531:
4514:Floral motif.
4510:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4478:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4440:
4433:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4230:Apollodotus I
4226:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4137:
4132:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3991:Milinda Panha
3980:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3958:
3952:
3941:Consolidation
3938:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3922:inscription:
3915:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3836:Central India
3828:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3791:
3790:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3764:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3682:Indo-Scythian
3679:
3678:Datta dynasty
3675:
3674:Mitra dynasty
3670:
3668:
3663:
3657:
3646:
3639:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3600:
3598:
3597:Datta dynasty
3594:
3593:Mitra dynasty
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3565:Indian Museum
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3467:
3465:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3393:Apollodotus I
3390:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3375:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3243:Maurya Empire
3240:
3236:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3216:Milinda Panha
3212:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3188:
3182:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3163:Shunga Empire
3159:
3155:
3151:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3060:and possibly
3059:
3055:
3052:According to
3050:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:Antimachus II
2997:
2996:Apollodotus I
2992:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2981:Dharmachakras
2978:
2977:Attic coinage
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2951:mace and the
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2887:Brahmi script
2883:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2850:Brahmi script
2847:
2842:
2837:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2775:Antiochus III
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2754:Maurya Empire
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2736:, the son of
2735:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2660:Milinda Panha
2656:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2615:
2614:Apollodotus I
2611:
2601:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2533:Romila Thapar
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2476:Shunga Empire
2473:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2458:Shunga Empire
2451:
2446:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2417:gymnosophists
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2307:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2136:Greco-Bactria
2133:
2129:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1931:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1855:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:Antiochus III
1821:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1745:
1744:their freedom
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1454:Dharmaraksita
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1220:gave them to
1219:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1205:war elephants
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1164:(Scythians),
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:Mudrarakshasa
1135:
1131:
1130:Nanda dynasty
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
991:
987:
986:Mitra dynasty
983:
982:Datta dynasty
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
957:
956:Indo-Scythian
953:
949:
948:Antiochus III
945:
941:
937:
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
896:
892:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
861:
851: 200 BC
845:
841:
837:
833:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
798:
793:
791:
786:
784:
779:
778:
776:
775:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
750:
747:
746:
745:
742:
741:
739:
738:
734:
730:
729:
726:
723:
722:
718:
717:
707:
702:
700:
695:
693:
688:
687:
685:
684:
677:
673:
670:
667:
666:
663:
660:
657:
656:
653:
650:
647:
646:
643:
639:
636:
633:
632:
629:
625:
622:
619:
618:
615:
611:
608:
605:
604:
601:
597:
593:
590:
587:
586:
583:
579:
575:
572:
569:
568:
565:
561:
557:
554:
551:
550:
547:
544:
541:
540:
537:
536:Demetrius III
533:
530:
527:
526:
523:
519:
516:
513:
512:
509:
505:
502:
499:
498:
495:
491:
488:
485:
484:
481:
478:
475:
474:
471:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:Antimachus II
458:
455:
454:
451:
448:
445:
444:
441:
440:Apollodotus I
438:
435:
434:
431:
428:
425:
424:
421:
417:
414:
411:
410:
407:
404:
401:
400:
396:
392:
389:
385:
384:
381:
380:
373:
370:
369:
362:
358:
354:
351:
349:Today part of
347:
331:
329:
326:
325:
317:
315:
312:
311:
308:
302:
301:Maurya Empire
299:
292:
291:
288:
285:
278:
277:
274:
273:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
240:
236:
230:
226:
220:
216:
213:
210:
206:
202:
198:
195:
189:
185:
182:
176:
172:
168:
166:
162:
159:
156:
152:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:
130:
126:
121:
117:
112:
108:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
77:
68:
63:
57:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
17614:Alexander II
17470:Paerisades V
17433:Spartokos IV
17397:Paerisades I
17372:Ariarathes X
17327:Ariarathes V
17302:Ariarathes I
17284:Antiochus IV
17269:Antiochus II
17201:Pharnaces II
17162:Ariobarzanes
17134:Nicomedes IV
17124:Nicomedes II
17050:Apollophanes
17035:Hippostratos
16950:Heliokles II
16910:Demetrius II
16890:Antimachus I
16876:
16852:Eucratides I
16847:Demetrius II
16832:Antimachus I
16817:Euthydemus I
16502:Ptolemy XIII
16477:Berenice III
16324:Antipater II
16291:Alexander IV
16203:
16194:
16184:
16171:
16162:
16161:
16152:
16143:
16134:
16125:
16116:
16107:
16098:
16089:
16081:
16080:
16044:Pala dynasty
16030:10th century
16029:
15992:
15960:
15910:
15890:
15884:
15883:
15839:
15812:
15784:Gupta Empire
15782:
15772:
15758:
15752:
15751:
15718:
15706:
15684:
15679:
15672:
15657:Early Cholas
15648:
15625:
15583:
15579:
15573:
15572:
15557:Early Cholas
15548:
15537:
15532:
15523:
15516:
15510:
15509:
15500:
15491:Nanda empire
15489:
15477:
15444:
15435:
15406:
15399:
15393:
15392:
15354:
15345:
15330:Vedic Period
15327:
15312:Vedic Period
15309:
15304:Vedic Period
15301:
15295:
15294:
15285:
15248:Sapta Sindhu
15235:Timeline and
15130:
15105:Hephthalites
15090:Sakaldwipiya
15044:Swat culture
14922:
14903:
14880:
14861:
14840:
14817:
14807:
14784:(1): 59–68.
14781:
14775:
14756:
14737:
14718:
14715:Narain, A.K.
14700:
14696:Narain, A.K.
14677:
14658:
14646:
14624:
14602:
14582:. New York:
14579:
14560:
14548:
14529:
14507:Musée Guimet
14502:
14483:
14462:
14440:
14418:
14391:
14369:
14353:
14333:
14312:
14291:
14282:
14274:
14270:
14266:
14262:
14257:
14238:
14232:
14220:
14211:
14202:
14193:
14184:
14162:"Justin XLI"
14156:
14148:the original
14138:
14118:
14111:
14102:
14088:
14079:
14067:
14053:
14041:. Retrieved
14036:
14027:
14015:. Retrieved
14010:
14001:
13993:
13989:
13972:
13963:
13954:
13945:
13936:
13928:
13923:
13914:
13905:
13896:
13887:
13879:
13876:Roman Empire
13862:
13853:
13844:
13835:
13815:
13806:
13797:
13787:
13776:
13767:
13758:
13747:
13738:
13728:
13717:
13708:
13699:
13690:
13682:
13677:
13668:
13651:
13642:
13632:
13628:
13619:
13612:Heliokles II
13600:phrygian cap
13585:
13562:
13553:
13533:
13526:
13517:
13508:
13499:
13491:
13486:
13477:
13457:
13450:
13443:Bopearachchi
13438:
13429:
13419:
13410:
13401:
13392:
13375:
13364:
13353:
13342:
13331:
13320:
13308:
13296:
13256:
13249:
13239:
13232:
13212:
13205:
13193:
13181:
13164:
13155:
13151:
13141:
13131:
13125:
13115:
13109:
13082:
13073:
13021:
13014:
12998:
12982:
12970:
12958:
12944:
12916:
12907:
12897:
12888:
12879:
12871:
12866:
12856:
12847:
12838:
12829:
12817:
12795:
12786:
12778:
12773:
12764:
12755:
12746:
12701:
12697:
12687:
12667:
12660:
12640:
12634:
12614:
12607:
12595:
12583:
12550:
12538:
12529:
12526:
12521:
12515:
12503:
12494:
12485:
12476:
12461:
12451:
12431:
12424:
12412:
12400:
12388:
12285:
12273:
12261:
12249:
12197:
12177:
12163:
12125:
12120:
12112:
12107:
12070:
12061:
12052:
12029:
12024:
12016:
12011:
11987:Bopearachchi
11981:
11955:
11950:
11926:
11917:
11909:
11904:
11888:
11883:
11875:
11870:
11853:
11844:
11837:Bopearachchi
11831:
11818:
11810:
11806:
11802:
11798:
11793:
11771:
11764:
11754:
11746:
11726:
11719:
11709:
11701:
11691:
11683:
11673:
11642:
11610:
11588:
11579:
11567:
11555:
11543:
11530:
11510:
11469:
11460:
11449:
11412:
11403:
11386:
11377:
11357:προέρχομαι.
11354:
11345:
11337:
11332:
11324:
11319:
11310:
11286:
11278:
11273:
11252:
11195:
11186:
11161:
11157:
11151:
11124:
11118:
11096:
11091:
11080:
11069:
11062:
11037:
11028:
11014:
11008:
10999:
10982:
10975:
10966:
10957:
10951:
10942:
10935:Bopearachchi
10918:
10913:
10893:
10886:
10866:
10859:
10825:
10818:
10810:
10805:
10796:
10776:
10759:
10754:
10746:
10734:
10726:
10717:
10704:
10696:
10691:
10682:
10674:
10670:
10663:
10657:
10648:
10637:
10620:
10600:
10593:
10585:
10580:
10571:
10563:
10559:
10555:
10551:
10546:
10538:
10530:
10525:
10496:
10488:
10474:
10468:
10457:
10436:
10427:
10415:
10402:
10391:
10367:
10363:
10353:
10344:
10338:
10330:
10325:
10304:
10286:
10278:
10273:
10263:
10253:
10242:
10231:
10220:
10195:
10170:
10159:
10150:
10141:
10127:
10120:
10107:
10097:
10089:
10084:
10072:
10060:
10051:
10042:
10030:
10021:
10012:
10003:
9995:
9990:
9981:
9972:
9963:
9954:
9937:
9919:
9899:aphrodisiacs
9893:
9880:
9872:
9868:
9859:
9851:
9846:
9834:
9811:Project MUSE
9801:
9787:
9779:
9775:
9742:
9731:
9720:
9709:
9697:
9689:
9685:
9665:
9646:
9621:
9620:W. W. Tarn.
9612:
9601:
9588:
9580:
9575:
9561:
9541:
9534:
9520:
9511:
9499:
9490:
9486:
9481:
9472:
9457:
9450:
9442:
9422:
9414:
9406:
9391:
9384:
9376:
9361:
9354:
9345:
9340:
9333:
9325:
9310:
9303:
9290:Indian Caste
9289:
9282:
9260:(3/4): 132.
9257:
9251:
9245:
9235:
9226:
9220:
9181:
9159:
9133:
9123:Sophagasenus
9102:
9073:Aristophanes
9029:aphrodisiacs
9020:
9007:Sandrocottus
8991:Chandragupta
8978:
8970:
8960:
8950:
8940:
8931:
8754:Apollophanes
8696:Hippostratos
8440:Heliokles II
8248:Demetrius II
8212:Antimachus I
8134:Euthydemus I
7999:Paropamisade
7981:Territories/
7958:Bopearachchi
7952:
7945:
7941:
7929:
7916:Trojan horse
7902:
7879:
7851:
7835:
7831:Gupta Empire
7827:
7779:central Asia
7776:
7738:
7721:
7716:Demetrius II
7705:
7695:
7687:
7663:
7659:
7657:
7635:
7619:
7592:
7588:
7559:
7550:
7519:
7496:
7480:
7458:Armed forces
7451:
7439:
7400:
7374:
7349:
7336:
7318:coins, with
7316:cupro-nickel
7313:
7304:Cupro-nickel
7291:Hindu-Kush.
7281:
7250:
7232:
7211:
7195:Bacchanalian
7160:
7157:
7130:
7107:
7060:
7051:Buner relief
6979:near modern
6966:
6963:Vaishnavites
6880:
6856:
6847:(90–85 BC),
6839:(95–80 BC),
6837:Heliokles II
6817:inscriptions
6801:
6744:
6730:
6714:
6709:
6707:
6703:Dharmachakra
6700:
6682:
6658:
6638:
6614:
6602:
6567:
6539:
6517:
6509:
6505:
6474:Graeco-Roman
6373:
6343:
6331:decipherment
6304:
6279:
6265:
6254:
6242:
6231:, symbol of
6200:
6178:
6167:
6157:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6113:
6072:Vibhajyavada
6057:
6013:
5969:
5948:
5947:
5941:, c. AD 120.
5861:
5744:
5717:
5686:
5662:
5584:
5572:
5566:
5557:Yavanajataka
5550:
5547:
5482:
5470:Mitra rulers
5451:
5436:
5432:Gupta Empire
5428:Samudragupta
5425:
5409:
5400:Rudradaman I
5389:
5346:", "King").
5339:
5338:royal title
5331:
5327:
5309:
5292:
5284:Hippostratus
5273:
5248:Hippostratos
5211:
5207:Hippostratus
5180:
5177:
5096:
5002:
5001:
4989:
4988:
4959:
4937:
4916:
4915:
4894:
4893:
4873:
4862:
4851:
4839:
4838:
4827:
4775:
4764:
4741:
4723:
4680:
4655:
4645:'s marks in
4637:gateways at
4628:
4593:
4406:
4391:
4359:
4328:, from king
4323:
4227:
4180:
4141:
4138:(100–95 BC).
4126:(105–95 BC).
4102:
4050:
4027:
3987:
3974:toppled the
3972:Eucratides I
3936:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3895:
3882:
3870:
3866:
3844:, a play by
3839:
3833:
3826:
3822:
3800:
3787:
3785:
3751:
3740:
3726:
3717:
3708:
3696:
3694:
3671:
3659:
3576:
3570:
3520:
3501:
3487:
3460:
3442:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3402:
3378:
3371:
3346:
3340:Hippostratos
3314:
3298:Chandragupta
3291:
3282:
3259:
3251:Rudradaman I
3232:
3213:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3180:
3147:
3134:
3118:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3093:wheel design
3051:
3045:king of the
3043:Eucratides I
3032:
3024:
3004:Antimachus I
2993:
2922:
2875:
2815:
2806:Bopearachchi
2800:and perhaps
2795:
2783:Kabul Valley
2772:
2767:Milindapanha
2765:
2732:
2696:
2671:
2657:
2644:Eratosthenes
2625:
2584:
2562:
2554:
2548:
2488:Ashokavadana
2486:
2484:
2461:
2420:
2390:
2364:
2351:
2320:
2312:
2286:
2282:
2228:
2208:
2184:Chandragupta
2181:
2123:
2114:
2083:
2075:
2062:
2051:
2039:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2000:cupro-nickel
1994:
1975:
1973:(Boardman).
1960:
1915:
1883:
1860:
1846:
1818:
1812:
1780:
1753:
1742:
1726:
1703:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1624:
1614:Antiochus II
1574:
1525:Sophagasenus
1518:
1513:Sophagasenus
1498:
1451:
1434:Anuradhapura
1407:Edict No. 13
1404:
1379:
1367:
1340:
1331:
1330:, Berenice (
1324:Chandragupta
1322:
1260:Chandragupta
1257:
1242:source, the
1236:
1222:Sandrocottus
1214:
1193:Chandragupta
1182:
1168:(Nepalese),
1142:Visakhadutta
1128:against the
1115:
1064:
1046:
994:
960:
929:Euthydemus I
918:
899:
888:
873:Pushkalavati
862:
858: 10 AD
816:
812:
808:
806:
724:
668:25 BCE–10 CE
662:Apollophanes
638:Hippostratos
522:Heliokles II
450:Demetrius II
430:Antimachus I
371:
269:Succeeded by
268:
263:
40:200 BC–AD 10
17672:Indo-Greeks
17635:Pyrrhus III
17619:Olympias II
17589:Alexander I
17446: [
17443:Spartokos V
17312:Ariamnes II
17259:Antiochus I
17221:Pythodorida
17177:Pharnaces I
17098:Zipoetes II
17093:Nicomedes I
17010:Artemidoros
17005:Menander II
16945:Antialcidas
16930:Agathokleia
16885:Demetrius I
16877:Indo-Greeks
16867:Heliocles I
16822:Demetrius I
16812:Diodotus II
16789:Eumenes III
16784:Attalus III
16759:Philetaerus
16728:Lysimachids
16540:Berenice II
16507:Ptolemy XIV
16389:(pretender)
16319:Alexander V
16301:Antipatrids
16259:Hellenistic
16188:, Routledge
16069:Rashtrakuta
15973:Pala Empire
15966:Kabul Shahi
15849:Kabul Shahi
15823:Alchon Huns
15601:Mahabharata
15524:Pre-history
15437:Pre-history
15347:Pre-history
15172:Uttaramadra
15100:Alchon Huns
14836:Tarn, W. W.
14304:Works cited
13608:Antialcidas
13592:Zoroastrian
13385:Pataliputra
13004:pp. 326–328
12804:this source
12802:. See also
11889:Yuga Purana
11336:Mitchener,
11281:, p. xxxiii
11098:The Puranas
10743:Peter Green
10514:Cassius Dio
9925:Megasthenes
9142:Megasthenes
9057:Antiochus I
9011:Megasthenes
8640:occupation
8595:Artemidoros
8585:Menander II
8430:Antialcidas
8424:110–100 BC
8397:120–110 BC
8391:inscription
8389:Yavanarajya
8371:Agathokleia
8357:occupation
8351:130–120 BC
8330:Heliocles I
8303:occupation,
8297:155–130 BC
8280:170–145 BC
8261:160–155 BC
8244:175–170 BC
8225:180–160 BC
8208:185–170 BC
8181:190–180 BC
8164:190–185 BC
8151:Demetrius I
8147:200–190 BC
8130:230–200 BC
8117:Diodotus II
8113:239–223 BC
8090:255–239 BC
8069:Mauryan war
8031:326–325 BC
7886:Democritean
7684:Megasthenes
7503:recurve bow
7499:Agathokleia
7422:delta, the
7412:Myos Hormos
7261:Satavahanas
7223:Bodhisattva
7185:statues of
7137:Afghanistan
7001:Bhagabhadra
6993:Antialcidas
6883:Agathokleia
6867:Kharahostes
6845:Menander II
6768:Menander II
6710:Stupavadana
6645:Pataliputra
6641:Kukkutarama
6617:Brihadratha
6593:Kalinga War
6337:(1835) and
6292:Antiochus I
6237:Menander II
6225:Antialcidas
6217:Heliocles I
6048:Nasik Caves
6008:Nasik Caves
5767:Dattamittri
5675:and of the
5621:and of the
5595:Karla Caves
5581:Karla Caves
5553:Yavanesvara
5513:Karla Caves
5495:Saka ruler
5476:or to the
5392:Arjunayanas
5360:East Punjab
5314:, from the
5301:Artemidorus
5278:king named
5203:recurve bow
5105:to Western
4758:Karla Caves
4754:Nasik Caves
4600:high relief
4338:Bhagabhadra
4330:Antialkidas
4309:Antialkidas
4282:Vaishnavism
4238:Greek coins
4223:Artemidoros
4211:Agathokleia
4191:recurve bow
4152:Antialcidas
4124:Antialcidas
4105:Agathokleia
4093:Artemidoros
4081:Agathokleia
4061:recurve bow
3858:Sindh River
3854:Pushyamitra
3823:Yuga Purana
3815:Pataliputra
3795:Megasthenes
3789:Yuga Purana
3662:Mathura art
3656:Mathura art
3577:Yavanarajya
3554:Nemean lion
3531:Naurangabad
3504:Indo-Greeks
3488:Yavanarajya
3439:Apollodorus
3357:Pataliputra
3329:Pataliputra
3321:Pataliputra
3239:Arjunayanas
3189:(lines 7-8)
3141:Yuga Purana
3129:Yuga Purana
3125:Pataliputra
2989:Menander II
2945:Sankarshana
2781:and in the
2734:Demetrius I
2723:Afghanistan
2676:Chang-k'ien
2672:Dharmamitra
2472:Brihadratha
2223:Hellenistic
2204:Megasthenes
2042:Han dynasty
2034:Manu Smriti
2028:Mahabharata
1996:Numismatics
1990:Han dynasty
1982:Rostovtzeff
1737:Seleucus II
1729:Diodotus II
1722:Greek Egypt
1430:Great Stupa
1415:Edict No. 2
1363:Hellenistic
1343:Megasthenes
1332:Suvarnnaksi
1317:Afghanistan
1183:In 305 BC,
1178:Pataliputra
1134:Pataliputra
1113:in 316 BC.
974:Arjunayanas
972:Republic,
952:Artemidoros
940:Demetrius I
938:. His son,
836:Afghanistan
600:Artemidoros
596:Menander II
518:Antialcidas
514:110–100 BCE
500:155–130 BCE
494:Agathokleia
486:130–120 BCE
476:155–130 BCE
466:170–145 BCE
456:160–155 BCE
446:175–170 BCE
436:180–160 BCE
426:185–170 BCE
412:190–180 BCE
406:Demetrius I
402:200–190 BCE
353:Afghanistan
264:Preceded by
184:Demetrius I
56:Demetrius I
17666:Categories
17625:Pyrrhus II
17604:Alcetas II
17569:Tharrhypas
17536:Gepaepyris
17508:Scribonius
17402:Satyros II
17332:Orophernes
17244:Ptolemaeus
17226:Polemon II
17119:Prusias II
17088:Zipoetes I
17060:Strato III
16985:Theophilos
16965:Philoxenus
16920:Menander I
16900:Agathocles
16842:Agathocles
16807:Diodotus I
16779:Attalus II
16774:Eumenes II
16736:Lysimachus
16344:Antigonids
16082:References
16035:Ghaznavids
15845:Nezak Huns
15177:Uttarakuru
15110:Nezak Huns
13868:Barbaricum
12781:, p. xxxvi
11991:Puspamitra
11396:Barukaccha
11392:Saurashtra
10948:"Menander"
10787:9004086129
10552:Geographia
10200:Justin XLI
9748:Kusumapura
9502:or with a
9496:Greek city
9198:Ai-Khanoum
9119:Hindu Kush
9115:Euthydemus
9081:Hegesander
8973:, p. xxvii
8919:References
8842:Yavana era
8799:Zoilos III
8779:Strato III
8538:Theophilos
8484:Philoxenus
8478:100–95 BC
8340:Menander I
8307:Ai-Khanoum
8284:Eucratides
8185:Agathocles
8100:Diodotus I
8082:Ai-Khanoum
7974:Indo-Greek
7936:chronology
7932:numismatic
7906:Chronology
7894:Pyrrhonist
7866:metropolis
7723:Eucratides
7712:Eucratides
7477:, Pakistan
7454:II.5.12).
7395:See also:
7339:Zhang Qian
7328:Agathocles
7253:Hindu-Kush
7187:Ai-Khanoum
7067:Ai-Khanoum
6989:Indo-Greek
6985:Heliodorus
6913:Philoxenus
6841:Theophilos
6821:Menander I
6780:Kharoshthi
6686:Arahatship
6661:Menander I
6649:sangharama
6514:Kharoshthi
6502:Menander I
6444:Menander I
6429:Heliodorus
6406:See also:
6378:Kshatriyas
6296:Asia Minor
6268:Menander I
6239:90–85 BC).
6181:Hashtnagar
6143:Hashtnagar
6120:Yavana era
6108:Yavana era
6042:family...
6040:Satavahana
6036:Khakharata
6020:Kshatriyas
5972:Satavahana
5755:Indo-Greek
5489:Strato III
5472:under the
5458:Menander I
5443:Audumbaras
5412:Kshatriyas
5380:Strato III
5324:kharoshthi
5226:Sapadbizes
5187:Hindu Kush
5127:Strato III
5117:, and the
5099:Philoxenus
5003:Sarmatians
4687:Satavahana
4562:, 100 BC.
4528:See also:
4398:Stupa No.2
4366:Kharoshthi
4326:Heliodorus
4297:Heliodorus
4278:Heliodorus
4254:See also:
4201:), or the
4156:Philoxenos
4136:Philoxenos
4107:, her son
4071:), or the
3979:Euthydemid
3957:Menander I
3756:Madhyamika
3728:Mahābhāsya
3667:Indo-Greek
3654:See also:
3625:Indo-Greek
3581:Yavana era
3512:Menander I
3492:Yavana era
3447:] and
3441: [
3209:Menander I
3171:Jain idols
3105:Kharoshthi
3027:Menander I
3019:Menander I
2985:Menander I
2929:Ai-Khanoum
2913:Kharoshthi
2891:Kharoshthi
2882:Agathocles
2846:Agathocles
2834:See also:
2824:Yavana era
2816:Invincible
2762:Menander I
2750:Indo-Greek
2738:Euthydemus
2678:under the
2668:Menander I
2573:Kshatriyas
2541:Brahmanism
2403:; and the
2395:among the
2389:; and the
2385:among the
2381:; and the
2377:among the
2373:; and the
2267:Tamraparni
2140:Ai-Khanoum
2046:Zhang Qian
2008:Agathocles
1969:museum at
1932:, XI.XI.I)
1820:Euthydemus
1805:Euthydemus
1755:Euthydemus
1710:Andragoras
1698:Ai-Khanoum
1694:Corinthian
1677:Eucratidia
1591:(medieval
1585:Ai-Khanoum
1579:, such as
1559:Ai Khanoum
1521:Hindú Kúsh
1446:Alexandria
1307:) by king
1185:Seleucus I
1156:(Greeks),
1023:Background
1007:, and the
978:Audumbaras
976:, and the
966:Ravi River
895:Theophilus
890:Geographia
676:Strato III
574:Theophilos
546:Philoxenus
542:100–95 BCE
480:Menander I
470:Eucratides
416:Agathocles
197:Strato III
154:Government
111:Kharoshthi
18:Indo-Greek
17609:Pyrrhus I
17574:Alcetas I
17480:Pharnaces
17455:Kamasarye
17438:Leukon II
17422:Hygiainon
17377:Archelaus
17216:Polemon I
17114:Prusias I
17055:Strato II
17045:Zoilos II
17040:Dionysios
17020:Archebius
16990:Peukolaos
16955:Polyxenos
16895:Pantaleon
16837:Pantaleon
16769:Attalus I
16764:Eumenes I
16570:Seleucids
16398:Ptolemies
16387:Philip VI
16334:Sosthenes
16314:Philip IV
16309:Cassander
16276:Philip II
15986:Kalachuri
15778:Kidarites
15162:Āryāvarta
15157:Shakdvipa
15095:Kidarites
14889:cite book
13594:divinity
13199:pp. 61–62
13008:pp. 53–54
12964:pp. 98–99
12720:2073-4425
11958:, p. 112.
11859:dvarapala
11422:Saraostus
11300:Arachosia
11296:Parthians
11294:mentions
11170:2249-1937
11164:: 84–87.
11143:133102415
11047:Saraostus
10374:Babylonia
10108:Histories
9213:Citations
9150:Dionysius
9095:" XIV.67
9089:Athenaeus
9077:Antiochus
9053:Bindusara
8803:Bhadayasa
8775:Strato II
8746:55–35 BC
8733:Zoilos II
8719:55–35 BC
8706:Dionysios
8688:65–55 BC
8657:75–70 BC
8622:Archebius
8606:90–70 BC
8569:90–85 BC
8548:Peukolaos
8495:95–90 BC
8457:Polyxenos
8195:Pantaleon
8005:Arachosia
7956:Based on
7898:skeptical
7890:Sophistic
7874:Arachotus
7862:Demetrias
7854:Parthians
7842:itinerary
7727:Demetrius
7642:Rajagriha
7638:Kharavela
7626:Kharavela
7572:-But why?
7448:gemstones
7424:Kathiawar
7410:ports of
7404:Ptolemies
7368:Sima Qian
7324:Pantaleon
7308:Pantaleon
7171:Classical
7145:Vajrapani
7114:Strato II
7013:Bhagavata
6853:Peukolaos
6849:Archebios
6804:Kharoshti
6311:Kharosthi
6298:from the
6278:had been
6276:Ptolemy I
6052:Cave No.3
5705:Arachosia
5701:Demetrias
5485:Strato II
5439:Trigartas
5394:and the
5376:Strato II
5312:Theodamas
5123:Strato II
5119:Parthians
5111:Scythians
4990:Dinglings
4681:Again in
4647:Kharosthi
4616:dvarapala
4612:triratana
4588:Kharosthi
4584:Gandharan
4556:triratana
4418:Kharoshti
4234:Kharoshti
4193:inside a
4171:Heraklean
4063:inside a
4046:Parthians
4042:Heliocles
4030:Scythians
4018:Heliocles
3902:Rajagriha
3898:Kharavela
3850:Vasumitra
3807:Panchalas
3719:Patanjali
3713:Antiochus
3695:The term
3523:Khokrakot
3409:Saraostus
3367:, 15-1-27
3310:Demetrius
3294:Arachosia
3278:Parthians
3274:Heliocles
3262:Scythians
3150:Kharavela
2963:with the
2878:Pantaleon
2798:Arachosia
2779:Arachosia
2565:brahmanas
2397:Bactrians
2379:Assyrians
2375:Chaldeans
2371:Egyptians
2345:Mahavamsa
2255:Alexander
2247:Antigonos
2239:Antiochos
2215:Theravada
2176:Alexander
2168:Antigonus
2160:Antiochus
2126:Silk Road
2069:Sima Qian
2025:" in the
2012:Pantaleon
1963:Tien Shan
1947:Tian Shan
1840:Demetrius
1759:Magnesian
1595:, modern
1541:Histories
1505:Antiochus
1486:Tushaspha
1470:Mahavamsa
1438:Sri Lanka
1426:Mahavamsa
1351:Dionysius
1347:Deimachus
1276:Vindusara
1232:15.2.1(9)
1201:Arachosia
1170:Parasikas
1083:Bucephala
1079:satrapies
933:Magnesian
827:), was a
672:Strato II
658:35–25 BCE
652:Zoilos II
648:55–35 BCE
642:Dionysios
634:65–55 BCE
620:75–70 BCE
614:Archebius
606:90–70 BCE
588:90–85 BCE
578:Peukolaos
552:95–90 BCE
532:Polyxenos
420:Pantaleon
212:Antiquity
144:Hellenism
132:Religion
17640:Deidamia
17621:(regent)
17594:Aeacides
17531:Aspurgus
17424:(regent)
17407:Prytanis
17249:Sames II
17105:(regent)
17078:Boteiras
17025:Telephos
17015:Hermaeus
16970:Diomedes
16940:Strato I
16925:Zoilos I
16751:Attalids
16438:(regent)
16377:Philip V
16182:(2002),
15856:Maitraka
15741:kingdom
15739:Kamarupa
15597:Ramayana
15423:Buddhism
15369:Panchala
15360:Gandhara
15320:culture)
15287:IRON AGE
15085:Kambojas
14838:(1938).
14717:(1976).
14698:(1957).
14657:(2002).
14645:(1956).
14623:(2000).
14559:(2010).
14475:36240864
14461:(1993).
14439:(2003).
14417:(1998).
14390:(1991).
14170:cite web
14043:16 April
14017:16 April
14011:BBC News
13870:(modern
13737:(2012).
13685:, p. 122
13604:Hermaeus
13381:Diodorus
13176:. p. 383
12874:, p. 114
12807:Archived
12738:37510249
12729:10379071
12459:(1991).
12406:p. 149ff
12224:, BRILL
12175:(2004).
12155:, 2016,
12124:Senior,
12113:Monnaies
12032:, p. 50.
12019:, p. 65.
11940:Archived
11912:, p. 65.
11813:, p. 249
11436:and the
11426:Sigerdis
11418:Patalena
11327:, p. XIV
11277:Senior,
11178:44304273
11051:Sigerdis
11043:Patalena
10919:Monnaies
10811:Monnaies
10697:Monnaies
10560:Casaubon
10556:Casaubon
10550:Strabo,
10518:Diodorus
10502:Polybius
10370:Chaldean
10312:Archived
10294:Archived
10090:Monnaies
9929:Kautilya
9756:Chanakya
9146:Deimakos
9063:, dried
8987:Seleucus
8830:See also
8821:Rajuvula
8665:Telephos
8612:Hermaeus
8501:Diomedes
8413:Strato I
8361:Zoilos I
8305:loss of
8010:Gandhara
7920:Gandhara
7732:—
7699:—
7651:—
7614:Strato I
7596:—
7578:—
7553:Nagasena
7534:Seleucid
7530:Polybius
7515:Hermaeus
7511:Zoilos I
7471:Gandhara
7444:perfumes
7416:Berenike
7365:—
7257:Kunindas
7191:amphoras
7179:himation
7177:and the
7167:Gandhara
7141:Herakles
7102:Gandhara
7090:amphoras
7043:plantain
7015:cult in
7009:Vāsudeva
6981:Besnagar
6943:Strato I
6891:Buddhist
6887:Strato I
6858:Dharmika
6829:Zoilos I
6825:Gandhara
6794:over an
6786:holding
6772:Menander
6766:Coin of
6738:Plutarch
6735:—
6716:Plutarch
6691:—
6673:Nagasena
6633:Hinduism
6625:senapati
6605:Kambojas
6589:Buddhism
6550:Herakles
6542:pantheon
6456:Buddhism
6448:Buddhism
6396:Religion
6370:Kambojas
6350:Sanskrit
6250:Diodorus
6233:Buddhism
6221:elephant
6207:holding
6191:Ideology
6174:Kanishka
6161:—
6116:Gandhara
6114:Several
6088:Vanavasa
6080:Gamdhara
6068:Theriyas
6045:—
6032:Palhavas
6014:...Siri-
5996:Pahlavas
5984:Nahapana
5963:—
5835:Interior
5799:Exterior
5677:swastika
5673:triratna
5623:swastika
5619:triratna
5603:Nahapana
5497:Rajuvula
5447:Kunindas
5417:—
5396:Yaudheya
5320:Gandhara
5318:area of
5214:Hermaeus
5191:Hermaeus
5152:Hermaeus
5036:PARTHIAN
4895:Tesinsky
4695:headband
4651:Gandhara
4631:Gandhara
4624:Menander
4568:Calcutta
4548:Menander
4422:Gandhara
4370:Gandhara
4350:Vāsudeva
4286:Hinduism
4205:(future
4187:Scythian
4183:Zoilos I
4175:Scythian
4167:Zoilos I
4165:Coin of
4144:Zoilos I
4134:Coin of
4122:Coin of
4109:Strato I
4075:(future
4057:Scythian
4053:Zoilos I
3995:Buddhism
3924:Di-Mi-Ta
3911:—
3846:Kālidāsa
3820:—
3811:Mathuras
3809:and the
3743:" ("The
3733:Sanskrit
3703:, where
3550:Herakles
3525:(modern
3454:—
3449:Menander
3435:Barygaza
3427:Periplus
3418:—
3413:Sigerdis
3405:Patalene
3362:—
3302:Seleucus
3237:and the
3235:Yaudheya
3220:Buddhism
3184:—
3138:—
3123:capital
2957:Vasudeva
2941:Balarama
2925:drachmas
2866:Balarama
2862:Vasudeva
2820:Heracles
2811:Ἀνίκητος
2802:Gandhara
2789:and the
2727:Pakistan
2664:Nagasena
2653:Polybius
2649:Menander
2582:—
2525:Buddhism
2521:Hinduism
2509:Bodhgaya
2432:—
2427:Brahmins
2422:Sramanas
2409:Persians
2392:Sramanas
2359:Sramanas
2341:—
2334:) named
2302:—
2289:Kambojas
2272:—
2200:Epigamia
2111:—
2086:Ferghana
2059:—
2031:and the
1967:Xinjiang
1926:—
1890:Ferghana
1886:Sogdiana
1879:Traxiane
1856:, 11.34)
1854:Polybius
1850:—
1834:(modern
1788:—
1783:Iaxartes
1775:Ferghana
1767:Sogdiana
1763:Polybius
1747:—
1682:—
1642:, XLI,4)
1636:—
1583:(modern
1537:Polybius
1534:—
1503:emperor
1501:Seleucid
1395:—
1382:Kambojas
1313:Kandahar
1285:—
1270:king of
1227:—
1197:Epigamia
1174:Bahlikas
1158:Kambojas
1011:, whose
970:Yaudheya
944:Seleucid
840:Pakistan
758:Religion
624:Telephos
610:Hermaeus
556:Diomedes
508:Strato I
490:Zoilos I
357:Pakistan
165:Basileus
158:Monarchy
140:Hinduism
136:Buddhism
116:Sanskrit
85:(modern
17630:Ptolemy
17584:Arybbas
17564:Admetus
17546:Cotys I
17526:Polemon
17521:Polemon
17517:Dynamis
17512:Dynamis
17503:Dynamis
17499:Asander
17489:Dynamis
17485:Asander
17412:Eumelos
17211:Arsaces
17186:Laodice
17109:Ziaelas
17103:Etazeta
16980:Epander
16975:Amyntas
16382:Perseus
16268:Argeads
16163:Sources
15954:Pallava
15885:Culture
15764:Puranas
15753:Culture
15593:Puranas
15574:Culture
15511:Culture
15427:Ājīvika
15419:Jainism
15394:Culture
15374:Magadha
15296:Culture
14277:(1998).
13872:Karachi
13492:Mleccha
13067:p. 90ff
12478:Greeks.
12279:p. 88ff
12267:p. 15ff
12128:, p. xi
12115:, p. 88
12004:Chambal
11974:, p. 6
11897:Kolkata
11107:Magadha
10996:1288206
10921:, p. 63
10813:, p. 59
10699:, p. 53
10586:et alii
10421:Puranas
10104:"11.39"
10092:, p. 52
9943:Sarnath
9752:Parvata
9526:Sanghol
9494:"not a
9274:1170959
9170:, king
9166:In the
9085:sophist
9069:sophist
8521:Epander
8511:Amyntas
8451:100 BC
8077:280 BC
8061:305 BC
8048:312 BC
8025:Mathura
7994:Bactria
7988:Bactria
7960:(1991)
7767:Panemos
7646:Mathura
7624:, King
7622:Kalinga
7542:phalera
7507:gorytos
7428:Muziris
7408:Red Sea
7237:Coinage
7229:Economy
7219:Kushans
7204:Seated
7079:Kushans
6977:Vidisha
6815:in his
6579:of the
6516:legend
6362:Ionians
6346:Yavanas
6315:Aramaic
6257:Shungas
6076:Kasmira
6070:of the
6064:Acaryas
6028:Yavanas
6004:Yavanas
6002:), and
5960:Chanda"
5910:Chaitya
5904:At the
5876:Chaitya
5866:, near
5862:In the
5775:Buddhas
5771:Chaitya
5722:, near
5593:of the
5591:Chaitya
5574:Yavanas
5454:Mathura
5402:of the
5078:XIONGNU
5069:DYNASTY
5056:SATAVA-
4940:culture
4852:SABEANS
4783:Decline
4726:Yavanas
4639:Bharhut
4604:Bharhut
4580:Bharhut
4560:Bharhut
4530:Bharhut
4484:Centaur
4468:Griffin
4450:Lakshmi
4342:Vidisha
4320:Vidisha
4305:Vidisha
4207:Kushans
4077:Kushans
4022:Bactria
3932:A-Mi-Ta
3906:Mathura
3889:Mathura
3877:Bactria
3860:or the
3745:Yavanas
3585:Ayodhya
3562:Kolkota
3558:Mathura
3535:Haryana
3516:Ptolemy
3508:Mathura
3484:Mathura
3389:Bharuch
3385:Gujarat
3349:Hypanis
3323:(today
3253:of the
3154:Kalinga
3107:legend
3062:Gujarat
3039:Mathura
2969:Shankha
2961:Krishna
2933:Avatars
2868:or the
2756:by the
2703:Yavanas
2605:Sources
2594:History
2553:of the
2537:Puranic
2517:Mathura
2513:Sarnath
2505:Nalanda
2497:viharas
2468:Brahmin
2450:Bharhut
2407:of the
2324:Gujarat
2293:Andhras
2263:Pandyas
2243:Ptolemy
2235:yojanas
2164:Ptolemy
2144:Mauryan
2102:Parthia
2094:Bactria
1986:rosette
1898:Kashgar
1875:Tapuria
1867:Parthia
1733:Arsaces
1714:Arsaces
1706:Parthia
1577:Bactria
1563:Bactria
1494:Gujarat
1386:Andhras
1355:Mauryan
1311:, from
1305:Aramaic
1272:Pausasa
1246:of the
1240:Puranic
1166:Kiratas
1154:Yavanas
1111:Babylon
1103:Eudemus
1095:Taxiles
1049:Persian
1005:Kushans
990:Mathura
885:Ptolemy
825:Ionians
744:History
564:Epander
560:Amyntas
528:100 BCE
186:(first)
127:script)
120:Prakrit
113:script)
79:Capital
17206:Darius
17000:Nicias
16995:Thraso
16935:Lysias
16261:rulers
16102:Samuel
16093:Samuel
15900:Tantra
15665:Cheras
15565:Cheras
15471:Assaka
15386:Assaka
15318:Srauta
15244:Punjab
15119:States
15080:Yuezhi
14929:
14910:
14868:
14852:
14824:
14798:601111
14796:
14763:
14744:
14725:
14684:
14665:
14631:
14609:
14590:
14567:
14536:
14513:
14490:
14473:
14447:
14425:
14398:
14376:
14360:
14342:
14319:
14245:
14126:
13824:Clovis
13659:
13596:Mithra
13541:
13465:
13445:p. 138
13325:Source
13264:
13220:
13172:
13158:: 214.
13088:p. 170
13029:
12736:
12726:
12718:
12675:
12648:
12622:
12509:p. 255
12469:
12439:
12363:Sungas
12306:p. 180
12291:p. 171
12255:p. 197
12226:p. 295
12203:p. 170
12185:
12000:Yamuna
11899:, 2002
11863:Yavana
11839:, p16.
11807:Yavana
11734:
11650:
11618:
11549:p. 108
11518:
11475:Ujjain
11438:Phryni
11430:Ariana
11176:
11168:
11141:
11131:
11021:
10994:
10901:
10874:
10833:
10784:
10677:cited.
10630:Sagala
10626:Taxila
10608:
10566:(Loeb)
10516:, and
10506:Arrian
10481:
10066:p. 138
9767:
9673:
9549:
9474:texts.
9465:
9435:
9399:
9369:
9318:
9272:
9172:Ashoka
9067:and a
9055:asked
9047:Ashoka
8966:Zoilos
8945:India.
8727:Azes I
8638:Yuezhi
8575:Nicias
8558:Thraso
8532:90 BC
8403:Lysias
8355:Yuezhi
8301:Yuezhi
8067:after
7976:kings
7970:kings
7818:Taxila
7803:Kalash
7801:. The
7787:Kushan
7747:Legacy
7708:Justin
7689:Indica
7483:kausia
7467:Athena
7436:Strabo
7288:Qunduz
7206:Buddha
7175:chiton
7153:Hariti
7073:, the
7005:Garuda
6997:Shunga
6928:Nicias
6833:Strato
6813:Dharma
6809:Ashoka
6792:wreath
6776:Dharma
6725:Buddha
6721:stupas
6665:Sakala
6653:Sakala
6609:Dharma
6585:Ashoka
6558:Apollo
6554:Athena
6478:fibula
6380:. The
6352:), or
6319:Brahmi
6290:, and
6284:Rhodes
6261:Sirkap
6213:wreath
6090:, and
6084:Yavana
5988:Shakas
5982:ruler
5958:Yavana
5954:façade
5914:Yavana
5872:Yavana
5868:Junnar
5779:Samgha
5763:Yavana
5749:(i.e.
5747:Yavana
5739:Yavana
5724:Nashik
5697:Yavana
5693:Nashik
5669:Sangha
5627:Brahmi
5601:ruler
5587:Nashik
5517:Yavana
5364:Sagala
5340:"Shau"
5336:Kushan
5316:Bajaur
5288:Azes I
5268:Azes I
5218:Kushan
5195:Yuezhi
5189:) was
5143:Yuezhi
5115:Yuezhi
5113:, the
5107:Punjab
5047:SUNGAS
5038:EMPIRE
5025:PTOLE-
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