Indigenous Voice to Parliament

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Government. The members of the National Voice would be chosen by the Local and Regional Voice for each area. The parliament would be "obliged" to consult the national voice on a limited number of matters that overwhelmingly affect Indigenous Australians and "expec" to consult the National Voice on other matters that "significantly affect" Indigenous Australians. The report did not cover changing the Constitution (as this was outside its terms of reference) and these bodies would be created via legislation rather than through a constitutional amendment. While the government announced that the report would be considered in Parliament as soon as possible, no legislation was passed by the election of May 2022.

29: 623:, and was heavily criticised after being released. Indigenous leaders specifically objected to their failure to be consulted and the reference only to the prior occupancy of Indigenous peoples and not their continuing custodianship. A continuing lack of consultation in the creation of the final draft led to Indigenous leaders calling for the preamble question to be dropped. Debate on the preamble question was limited, with much of the focus on the other republic question and the question was eventually defeated, with only 39.34% of Australians voting yes. 483:(ATSIC) was established by the Hawke government on 5 March 1990 as an elected body which had responsibility for administering Indigenous programs and service delivery. It was successful in some areas as being a combined deliverer of services; however, low voter turnout for ATSIC elections, allegations of corruption and a lack of government support led to the demise of the organisation. A 2003 review recommended various reforms, including more control of the organisation by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people at a regional level. The 433:(DAA) and the Minister on issues of concern to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Its members were elected by Indigenous people, who had a turnout of 78% of the 36,338 people on its electoral roll, in November 1973. While it maintained a good relationship with Bryant, it had strong detractors in the DAA. The NACC saw itself as a legislative body, while the government expected them to be purely advisory, and this, along with other conflicts over the name, funding levels and control led to the end of the organisation. The 4489: 4447: 2252: 1360:, namely that the meaning of the words is unclear and may be interpreted by the High Court in a way unexpected and unable to be modified later by legislation. He also expressed concerns with the preambular statement "In recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples as the First Peoples of Australia:" as its judicial interpretation is unclear. However, despite these concerns, Leeser stated he would vote yes and continued to campaign for a successful referendum, after resigning from 165: 511:(NIC), following a proposal earlier in the year. A government inquiry into the demise of ATSIC recommended in March 2005 "that the NIC be a temporary body, to exist only until a proper national, elected representative body is in place". The same inquiry found that, although the members were respected, there was absolutely no support for the institution; only the government regarded it as legitimate. In early 2008, the NIC was disbanded. 799: 890: 1584: 1571: 1558: 1870: 1490:, criticised the No campaign's legal arguments and other campaign tactics in a speech at the National Press Club, refuting the argument that it would have an effect on executive decision-making. He also said that the Voice would be unable to " effectively in terms of representation with the processes of government unless you have the executive government in there", and that this was not a mistake. 699:. Indigenous advocates demanded more than just symbolic recognition in any change and had coalesced around a constitutional prohibition against racial discrimination. This reflected the view that, according to Megan Davis, Indigenous people do not seek inclusion in the Constitution to be recognised, that campaign being "a state-conceived project salvaged from the ashes of the failed 280:, delivered at the First Nations National Constitutional Convention in 2017. The statement formally petitioned the people of Australia to support a voice to parliament in order to address First Nations disadvantage through giving those communities a greater influence on laws and policies that affect them. The concept was rejected at the time by the 1288:, the prime minister said that the referendum would be held within a year, with the date eventually set for 14 October 2023. An official pamphlet, containing details of the proposed change to the constitution and two essays written by the yes and no campaigns, was posted to every household before the vote and was also available on the 271:

national level. It remains legally possible however for the Voice (or alternative proposals) to be introduced by legislation rather than by amendment to the Constitution. However, the current government stated before the referendum they would not legislate a Voice in the event of a No vote and have subsequently stuck to this position.

763:, which outlined the various proposals to date, including that of an Indigenous voice. The council then engaged in a consultation process with Indigenous Australians, eventually meeting with over 1,200 people. This led to the First Nations National Constitutional Convention on 26 May 2017, whose delegates collectively composed the 1009:

successful, another process would be established to work on the final design, with a subsequent government produced information pamphlet stating that this process would involve Indigenous Australian communities, the Parliament and the broader community, with any legislation going through normal parliamentary scrutiny procedures.

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constitutional status as the Parliament, executive and the High Court. In October 2023 a paper by Aroney and lawyer Peter Congdon highlighted that the proposed alteration to the Constitution had the potential to significantly expand the powers of the Commonwealth over the states, citing the examples of raising the

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advised that the Voice would "not fetter or impede the exercise of existing powers of Parliament... and is not just compatible with the system of representative and responsible government prescribed by the Constitution, but an enhancement of that system". He also advised that the Voice would help in

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In October 2017, the Turnbull government the major recommendations of the report, arguing that the constitutional proposal was neither "desirable or capable of winning acceptance at referendum" and that the body "would inevitably become seen as a third chamber of parliament". Instead, the government

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On 13 June 2017, the Referendum Council released their final report, which recommended that a referendum for a constitutional voice be held. It stated that the body would recognise Indigenous Australians as "the first peoples of Australia" and that it should be tasked with "monitoring the use of the

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Incoming prime minister Tony Abbott was opposed to substantive constitutional change, arguing in his 2014 Neville Bonner oration that the goal is to "acknowledge Aboriginal people in the Constitution without otherwise changing it". However, in 2015 over 40 Indigenous leaders presented the Kirribilli

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While the Rudd government also endorsed constitutional recognition, formal consultation with Indigenous leaders on a new proposal did not begin again until 2012 under the Gillard government. This resulted in the creation of an expert panel, which recommended, amongst other things, the insertion of a

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In May 2023 constitutional law professors Nicholas Aroney and Peter Gerangelos highlighted what they believed were a number of issues with the proposed constitutional amendment in a submission to the Joint Select Committee, suggesting that the Voice may be seen by the High Court as having a similar

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giving the Parliament the power to make laws with respect to "the people of any race, other than the aboriginal race in any State". This exclusion, along with another provision that prevented the counting of Indigenous Australians in the population for constitutional purposes, was deleted following

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Both the Liberal and National parties, however, opposed the voice, arguing in the official No referendum pamphlet that the Voice is legally risky, divisive and far too broad in its scope. Peter Dutton instead argued for a more symbolic inclusion change in the Constitution as a form of recognition,

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Under the government-endorsed design principles of the First Nations Referendum Working Group (aka Referendum Working Group, or RWG), the membership of the Voice would have been selected by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities across the country, with an enforced gender balance at the

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The Anthony Albanese led Labor government supported the Voice, arguing in the official Yes referendum pamphlet that the Voice will recognise Indigenous Australians in the constitution in the way they requested, improve government decision making through listening to advice on matters that affect

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the enactment of such laws, or force changes to government policies. The Voice would comprise either 16 or 18 members, who would either be elected directly or come from the regional and local voice bodies. On the same day, Wyatt announced a second stage of co-design meetings lasting four months,

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An interim report by the Senior Advisory Group led by Langton and Calma was delivered to the government in November 2020, and officially published on 9 January 2021. It included proposals that the government would be obliged to consult the Voice prior to passing new legislation relating to race,

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delegates, Referendum Council, and the two earlier constitutional recommendation bodies. Its final report, published in November 2018, included four recommendations, the first of which was to "initiate a process of co-design with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples". It stated that the

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endorsed a set of design principles that would be used in the design of the Voice in the event the referendum is successful, with Prime Minister Anthony Albanese stating that these principles would "underpin the shape and function of the Voice". Additionally he stated that if the referendum is

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In July 2021 the Indigenous Voice Co-design Process panel released its final report. It proposed a series of Local and Regional voices, able to provide advice to all levels of government, and a National Voice, made up of a smaller number of members, able to provide advice to both Parliament and

615:, almost unanimously supported the proposal that a preamble containing a recognition of Indigenous Australians as the original inhabitants and custodians of Australia be inserted into the constitution. This, along with the convention's endorsement of an Australian Republic, was voted on in the 726:

Arguing that conservative support was required for any referendum to succeed, the proposal envisioned a duty for Parliament to consult with Indigenous communities, but with no duty to follow this advice, thereby retaining parliamentary sovereignty. Additionally, it was argued that through the

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The government otherwise opposed what it called "symbolic" recognition, until during the 2007 election, Howard committed to hold a referendum on constitutional recognition. All subsequent prime ministers have endorsed this position; however no proposal prior to the Voice was taken to vote.

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delegates at the 2017 Convention "understood that the primary purpose of The Voice was to ensure that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander voices were heard whenever the Commonwealth Parliament exercised its powers to make laws under section 51(xxvi) and section 122 of the Constitution".

595:. However, the government originally intended to pass that act as a part of a broader social and justice reform package, which would entail negotiations with Indigenous leaders to develop a mutually acceptable form of constitutional recognition. This did not eventuate however, with the 855:; instead, in his government's model, the voice would be enshrined in legislation. The government also said it would run a referendum during its present term about recognising Indigenous people in the Constitution "should a consensus be reached and should it be likely to succeed". 1301: 1223:, included a broad cross-section of representatives from First Nations communities across Australia. Their remit was to provide advice to the government on how best to ensure a successful referendum, focused on the key questions that need to be considered, including: 742:

While receiving broad academic support, some noted that if the design of the body is wholly left to Parliament, it may not have sufficient political power to negotiate with government and that the body may not be able to provide advice early enough to be effective.

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pledged that a referendum on a constitutionally enshrined Voice would be held within his term of office. In March 2023, the prime minister released the design principles of the Voice and confirmed that a referendum would occur in 2023. The process was overseen by

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Certainly it is impossible to predict exactly what the High Court might say in the future; this is the case for all constitutional and legal provisions. But we know that the vast majority of expert legal opinion agrees that this amendment is not constitutionally

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and public servants. Opponents argued that it makes it possible that the whole of the federal government, including its agencies, would be under an obligation to consult the Voice, and that the wording could allow judges to make rulings about its nature. However

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gained government. Following the defeat of the proposal, Dutton stated that his party's prior commitment to symbolic constitutional recognition would be reviewed and that "it's clear the Australian public is probably over the referendum process for some time".

4778:, but if you're not talking to Humphrey, Sir Humphrey, you're going to get nowhere. You've got to talk to the bureaucrats. They're the ones who affect our lives. And so having a voice to the bureaucrats, to the Executive Government is extremely important. 1319:

One sticking point among experts was the inclusion of the phrase "executive government". In Australia, "executive government" comprises ministers as well as the departments they oversee. It is a broad term, which covers a wide range of people from the

1928: 1466:"overcoming barriers that have historically impeded effective participation by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in political discussions and decisions that affect them" and would also "rectify a distortion in the existing system". 692:, "A Rightful Place: Race, Recognition and a More Complete Commonwealth" and was submitted by the Cape York Institute to the Joint Select Committee on Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in January 2015. 2443: 462:

into the NAC in 1983, which found that the body was not held in high regard by the Aboriginal community. After being starved of funds, some financial irregularities were found (attributed to inexperienced staff). The NAC was abolished by the

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A minimalist approach that provides recognition in the Constitution’s preamble, removes section 25 and moderates the race power section 51(xxvi) does not go far enough, and would not be acceptable to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander

2868: 4069: 1439:, and Asmi Wood) were unanimous in their opinion that the Voice would not have veto powers over legislation. Other constitutional experts backed the proposal as a "safe and sensible" legal option. Former High Court judge 1148:

In the referendum, voters were presented with the following question for them to approve or disapprove. If the referendum was successful, the following proposed amendment would have been inserted into the constitution.

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involving more consultation with Indigenous people. Calma reported in March 2021 that about 25 to 35 regional groups would be created, with a mechanism for individuals to pass ideas up the chain from local to regional.

686:'s Expert Panel on Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution, which had been rejected by constitutional conservatives. The proposal was first publicly raised by Pearson in his 2014 727:

proposal being proactive, Indigenous people would be involved as "participants in Australia's democratic and parliamentary processes, rather than as litigants". The proposal was described as Pearson and Morris as a "

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The Voice would consult with grassroots communities and regional entities to ensure its representations are informed by their experience, including the experience of those who have been historically excluded from

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The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have power to make laws with respect to matters relating to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice, including its composition, functions, powers and

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The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice may make representations to the Parliament and the Executive Government of the Commonwealth on matters relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples;

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in July, Albanese spoke in more detail of the government's plans for a Voice to Parliament. He proposed the following three lines to the Constitution as a "starting point" in disscussions about the amendment:

707:" but instead in order to "ameliorate the unintended (or intended) consequences of the drafting of the 1967 amendment" such as the continuing ability for the government to racially discriminate as seen in the 3571: 3042: 2383: 5304: 1410:

Vice-president of the Rule of Law Institute of Australia Chris Merritt suggested that the proposal would "clearly restrict the sovereign power of the Commonwealth in a way that nobody has even considered".

1261:, and a number of other respected leaders and community members. The REG included those on the RWG as well as other Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander representatives from across the country, including 5031: 3318: 636:

prohibition on racial discrimination. The report was not acted on by the government and was criticised by the opposition. Debate continued to stall for the reminder of Labor's time in office until 2014.

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review of the body, which concluded that it had not functioned as a consultative committee nor been effective in providing advice to government or making its activities known to most Aboriginal people.

195: 735:" solution that synthesised progressive concerns that any constitutional recognition must involve structural reform and not "mere symbolism" with conservative concerns that any change must not limit 4874: 2968: 3663: 946:

The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have power to make laws with respect to the composition, functions, powers and procedures of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice.

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established the Joint Select Committee on Constitutional Recognition relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in March 2018. It was tasked with reviewing the findings of the

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The words Executive Government were in there and by the way, let me just explain the importance of the Executive Government bit. It's like, yes, you want to be able to talk to Jim Hacker on

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A Proposed Law: To alter the Constitution to recognise the First Peoples of Australia by establishing an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice. Do you approve this proposed alteration?

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A Proposed Law: to alter the Constitution to recognise the First Peoples of Australia by establishing an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice. Do you approve this proposed alteration?

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The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice may make representations to Parliament and the Executive Government on matters relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples.

112: 3458: 3119: 923:. In his victory speech, Albanese said that a referendum to decide the Indigenous Voice to Parliament would be held within his term of office, with Minister for Indigenous Australians 570:

restructured the body in early 2017, reducing its size to six members, and abolishing the role of chair. It was later given a pair of co-chairs. It held its last meeting in early 2019.

4658: 3499:, 2GB Sydney, 8 Sep 2023. " name came later, but the function of an advisory committee was developed with Professor Craven and other constitutional conservatives, including Professor 4375: 3910: 2335: 951:

He also proposed that the actioning referendum ask the question:"Do you support an alteration to the Constitution that establishes an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice?"

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To ensure cultural legitimacy, the way that members of the Voice are chosen would suit the wishes of local communities and would be determined through the post-referendum process.

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Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia. Joint Select Committee on Constitutional Recognition relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (November 2018).

3401: 1708: 1991:...according to constitutional law expert Professor Anne Twomey. "The parliament could still legislate, if it wanted to do so, to establish an Indigenous advisory body... " 535:

cut off its main funding stream in 2013. It went into voluntary administration in June 2019, before ceasing completely in October 2019. Calls for a new voice came from the

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in November 2009, and was established as a body independent of government. Fewer than 10,000 Indigenous people signed up as members to elect congress delegates, and the

5395: 2030: 181: 122: 3380:"Statement Presented By Aboriginal And Torres Strait Islander Attendees At A Meeting Held With The Prime Minister And Opposition Leader On Constitutional Recognition" 824:, announced the commencement of a "co-design process" aimed at providing an Indigenous voice to government. A Senior Advisory Group (SAG) was co-chaired by Professor 2808: 1526:, indicated that his party did not support this legislated regional and local voices model either, creating doubts as to whether this policy could be enacted if the 491:

as Aboriginal Affairs Minister) decided not to implement these reforms however, instead abolishing ATSIC on 24 March 2005, with the support of the Labor party under

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committed to implementing the recommendations of the report, no legislation was passed between the release of the report in July 2021 and the election in May 2022.

3879: 3149: 715:. A racial discrimination clause was unacceptable to constitutional conservatives however, who feared that such a clause would be widely interpreted by so called " 5155: 4183: 3308: 5475: 5452: 954:

On 23 March 2023, the Australian Government released a proposed question and amendment for consideration by the Australian Parliament, following advice from the

2658: 4057: 4818: 4301: 405:) was appointed by the federal government. Other state and territory Indigenous advisory bodies have also been established in some jurisdictions since 2008. 4686: 696: 580: 373: 252: 77: 2964: 2909: 2479: 2004: 1650: 1022:

The Voice would make representations to the Parliament and the Executive Government on matters relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.

840:, and comprising 20 leaders and experts from across the country. The body was described as a "voice to government", rather than a "voice to parliament". 2905: 2475: 267:. The government would then have designed the specific form of the Voice, which would then have been implemented via legislation passed by Parliament. 394: 2710: 2368: 1034:

The Parliament and Executive Government should seek representations in writing from the Voice early in the development of proposed laws and policies.

774: 528: 454:(NAC). Changes included a move to indirect voting of members through regional representatives, a lower budget and a more explicit advisory role. The 372:

Additionally, since 1973 various Indigenous advisory bodies have been created in response to activist lobbying. Additionally, in 1992, calls for the

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discussed an "Indigenous voice to government" which would be legislated but not enshrined in the Constitution. A co-design process organised by

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Submission No. 38.2 to the Joint Select Committee on Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples:Supplemental 2

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Submission No. 38.1 to the Joint Select Committee on Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples:Supplemental 1

3547: 2096: 4729: 4271: 4712: 3444: 1634: 2308: 1785: 5497: 5356: 4211: 3901: 1605: 778: 5281: 619:, with both questions being defeated. The first draft of the preamble voted on was written by Prime Minister John Howard, along with poet 3198: 2412: 1419:

The Constitutional Expert Group appointed by the government to provide advice about constitutional law relating to the Voice (comprising

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The Voice would be able to make representations about improving programs and services, but it would not manage money or deliver services.

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were included in this larger group. They provided advice on building community understanding, awareness and support for the referendum.

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Members of the Voice would be selected by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, not appointed by the Executive Government.

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This statement resulted in the created of the bi-partisan creation of the Referendum Council by new prime minister Malcolm Turnbull.

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The Voice would have specific remote representatives as well as representation for the mainland Torres Strait Islander population.

5081:"A submission about implications of the Voice to Parliament by two 'well-respected' legal experts has been labelled 'terrifying'" 340: 3176: 1806: 244: 4481: 4477: 4465: 3232: 3202: 931: 769:. This statement included the request, "We call for the establishment of a First Nations Voice enshrined in the Constitution." 346: 4010: 3760:"Friday essay: how an unholy alliance of the separatist left and reactionary right rejected the Voice's 'sensible middle way'" 3597:

Submission No. 38 to the Joint Select Committee on Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples

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to establish the Voice was held on 14 October 2023. It was unsuccessful, with a majority of voters both nationwide and in all

5498:"Anthony Albanese says surveys show between 80 and 90 per cent of Indigenous Australians support the Voice. Is that correct?" 4284: 4043: 3855: 3742: 2750: 2694: 2634: 426: 2271: 401:

Since 1973, there have been five national Indigenous bodies advising Australian governments. Four were elected and one (the

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This article is about the body as proposed and its conceptual development. For the referendum and its broader outcome, see

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Prior to 1967, the federal government did not have the power to create laws specifically for Indigenous Australians, with

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federal Opposition announced their opposition to a national Voice, whether legislatively or constitutionally implemented.

4769: 3228: 2524:"An ancient people struggling to find a modern voice – Experiences of Australia's Indigenous people with advisory bodies" 897: 817: 712: 700: 616: 320: 3871: 2990: 1697: 1055:

The Voice will be representative of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, gender balanced and include youth

4358:"Prime Minister to announce Australia's first referendum in 20 years at Garma Festival. Here's what you might be asked" 3875: 3709: 2662: 1574: 1097:

The Voice would be subject to standard governance and reporting requirements to ensure transparency and accountability.

524: 5491: 5489: 3260:"Former Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australian Government representative and advisory bodies: a quick guide" 3530: 3481: 2923: 2900: 2785: 2493: 2470: 2079: 1629: 1356:

outlined his concerns about the words "executive government" in proposed sub-clause 129(ii) during an address at the

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Legal opinion in Australia was divided over the suitability of the wording of the proposed constitutional amendment.

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The proposal was made in part to bridge the gap between Indigenous advocates and constitutional conservatives in the

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The Voice would be able to respond to requests for representations from the Parliament and the Executive Government.

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Members would serve on the Voice for a fixed period of time, to ensure regular accountability to their communities.

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with local and regional voices to be legislated (without a national Voice). However, the leader of the Nationals,

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Members of the Voice would be Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander, according to the standard three-part test.

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The role of the National Aboriginal Conference: report to the Hon. Clyde Holding, Minister for Aboriginal Affairs

2336:"90 years ago, Yorta Yorta leader William Cooper petitioned the king for Aboriginal representation in parliament" 2132: 1289: 1039:

The Voice will be chosen by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people based on the wishes of local communities

708: 520: 4007:"Joint Select Committee on Constitutional Recognition Relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples" 3282: 3065: 1587: 1459: 1400: 765: 276: 143: 5216:"More than 70 university law professors say Voice 'not constitutionally risky' in letter to Australian public" 1448: 1321: 5571: 4791: 2942: 1371:

academics and judges voiced concerns about the introductory words to the proposed new section 129. Retired

451: 28: 5182:"PM says solicitor general's advice on Indigenous voice refutes 'absolute nonsense' from Dutton and Joyce" 3402:"Constitutional recognition for Indigenous Australians must involve structural change, not mere symbolism" 2714: 2364: 1679: 5556: 5431:"'Not focused on hypotheticals': PM not considering other forms of Indigenous recognition if Voice fails" 5396:"Dutton condemns Voice as symptom of 'identity politics', as Burney says it will bring 'better outcomes'" 4909: 4606: 920: 508: 402: 82: 4956:"Submission to the Joint Select Committee on the Aboriginal and torres Strait islander Voice Referendum" 3423: 4130: 4099: 3696: 1483: 1407:

issues affecting farmers and Indigenous people. They wrote that neither side had mentioned this issue.

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Members of the Voice would be expected to connect with – and reflect the wishes of – their communities.

670:(assisted by the Institute's senior constitutional advisor Shireen Morris) in discussion with academic 1756: 4691: 3313: 3283:"With hope in God, the Prime Minister and the poet: lessons from the 1999 Referendum on the Preamble" 2915: 2843: 2485: 1624: 865: 751:

On 7 December 2015 the 16 members of the Referendum Council were appointed by Liberal prime minister

736: 720: 592: 5105: 3099: 2067: 1983:"What is the Indigenous Voice to Parliament? Here's how it would work and who's for and against it" 1830:"What is the Indigenous Voice to Parliament? Here's how it would work and who's for and against it" 1640: 1452: 1444: 1436: 1212: 1184:

In recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the First Peoples of Australia:

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In recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the First Peoples of Australia:

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was completed in July 2021 proposing for local and regional voices and a National Voice. While the

4659:"Indigenous voice a 'safe and sensible' legal option that will not impede parliament, experts say" 2991:"Readings 15: National Congress of Australia's First Peoples: Working with Indigenous Australians" 5156:"Solicitor-general confirms Voice model is legally sound, will not 'fetter or impede' parliament" 4713:

Legal experts worry the words 'executive government' could lead to Voice referendum court battles

4302:"Review of the The Indigenous Voice Co-design Process: Final Report to the Australian Government" 4159:"Minister Ken Wyatt wants Indigenous voice to government to pass parliament before next election" 2901: 2872: 2523: 2471: 2387: 1388: 1334: 1031:

The Voice would have its own resources to allow it to research, develop and make representations.

852: 837: 260: 248: 4431: 4376:"Anthony Albanese reveals 'simple and clear' wording of referendum question on Indigenous voice" 2236: 4530:"'Momentum is growing': Anthony Albanese promises to deliver Voice referendum by December 2023" 4380: 3903:

Discussion Paper on Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples

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Constitutional recognition of First Peoples in Australia: theories and comparative perspectives

3500: 3262:. Research Paper Series, 2022–23. Department of Parliamentary Services, Parliament of Australia 1432: 1420: 1330: 1285: 912: 829: 761:

Discussion Paper on Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples

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for the inclusion of a member of parliament to represent Indigenous people. In 1967, the first

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The proposal for a Voice to Parliament was initially conceived in 2014 by Aboriginal advocate

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In early October 2023, 71 constitutional and public law teachers and professors published an

1384: 1376: 1064: 869: 587: 328: 225: 60: 4730:"Legal experts weigh in on the Voice's two most controversial words: 'executive government'" 3145: 2711:"History of National Representative Bodies | National Congress of Australia's First Peoples" 4556: 4406: 4361: 4242: 4162: 3504: 3033:"Closure of Aboriginal organisation means loss of First People's voice: former co-chairman" 2659:"Building a sustainable National Indigenous Representative Body – Issues for consideration" 2312: 2294: 2275: 2205: 2184: 1986: 1833: 4575: 4493: 4488: 4451: 4446: 2256: 2251: 2031:"Labor won't try to legislate Indigenous voice if referendum fails, Anthony Albanese says" 1669: 1337:

rulings have found that the term extends to ministers and government departments, but not

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The Voice will be empowering, community-led, inclusive, respectful and culturally informed

8: 4882: 4553:"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice to Parliament referendum set for October 14" 3639: 3614: 3592: 3522: 3379: 2578:"Australian Aboriginal Policy: Aboriginal Pressure Groups or Government Advisory Bodies?" 1254: 901: 821: 806: 667: 612: 536: 307: 296: 288: 281: 5032:"Indigenous voice to parliament: The legal analysis the Yes camp won't want you to read" 4937:"Inquiry into the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice Referendum: Submission 71" 4857:"Inquiry into the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice Referendum: Submission 56" 4838:"Inquiry into the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice Referendum: Submission 31" 4492: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the 4450: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the 3362: 2832: 2830: 2255: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the 872:, where it would affect Indigenous Australians. However, the Voice would not be able to 5084: 4996: 4914: 3449: 3037: 2605: 2593: 2551: 2447: 1929:"What is the Indigenous voice to parliament, how would it work, and what happens next?" 1838:

The actual structure would depend on legislation after a "yes vote" in the referendum.

1368: 1325: 1005: 683: 418: 377: 3548:"Noel Pearson proposes changing constitution to create Indigenous representative body" 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 562:

and non-Indigenous, who would meet three times each year. It was initially chaired by

5257:"Former chief justice slams no campaign's core argument against voice as 'resentful'" 5189: 5004: 5000: 4805:

Liberal Party to discuss Voice to Parliament position at party room meeting this week

4507: 4334: 4305: 4280: 4039: 3851: 3825: 3792: 3738: 3715: 3705: 3526: 3477: 2919: 2827: 2781: 2766:

Levin, Michael D. (31 December 1993). "9. Ethnicity and Aboriginality: Conclusions".

2746: 2690: 2640: 2630: 2597: 2555: 2543: 2489: 2181:"Debate over Indigenous Voice to Parliament may define Anthony Albanese's government" 2106: 2075: 2038: 1523: 1219:

on 29 September 2022. The RWG, co-chaired by minister Linda Burney and special envoy

620: 596: 532: 504: 484: 468: 434: 4469: 2809:"Barunga Statement presented to Prime Minister Bob Hawke in 1988 | australia.gov.au" 1684: 1663: 1188:

There shall be a body, to be called the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice;

987:

There shall be a body, to be called the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice;

940:

There shall be a body, to be called the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice.

5476:"Days after Voice vote, Peter Dutton waters down Indigenous recognition commitment" 5133:"The Voice and the High Court challenge: analysis of a misrepresented legal debate" 4988: 4427: 4239:"Indigenous Voice to Parliament to include regional voices to address local issues" 4121: 4006: 2773: 2589: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2535: 2502: 1462: 1380: 1266: 916: 752: 732: 567: 527:

to develop a new elected Indigenous representative body. This was announced as the

464: 455: 311: 169: 5453:"Nationals leader rejects call for legislated Voice model despite Liberal backing" 3177:"Malcolm Turnbull dissolves Indigenous Advisory Council, but 'commitment remains'" 2965:"2009 Media Release: New National Congress of Australia's First Peoples announced" 3104: 2863: 2861: 1515: 1428: 1404: 716: 688: 488: 354: 4875:"'Wrong in principle': Top jurist the latest leader to slam voice to parliament" 2562: 2466: 2464: 274:

The proposal for the Voice was formally endorsed by Indigenous leaders with the

4263: 3669: 3577: 3454: 3342:"Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution" 3112: 2767: 1372: 1361: 1346: 1338: 1278: 1242: 1220: 1112:

The Voice will work alongside existing organisations and traditional structures

1107:

Voice members would be able to be sanctioned or removed for serious misconduct.

844: 833: 563: 5331:"Voice to parliament: Robert French, former chief justice, lashes No campaign" 5282:"Retired Australian top judge and lawyers rebut opponents of Indigenous Voice" 4273:

Indigenous Voice Co-design Process – Final Report to the Australian Government

4212:"Indigenous Voice to parliament will get no veto power under interim proposal" 3496: 3221: 2894: 2858: 2777: 2740: 2684: 2539: 1874: 1856:"First meetings of Referendum Working Group & Referendum Engagement Group" 1157:

The question that was put to the Australian people at the 2023 referendum was:

474: 256: 5565: 5241: 5193: 4126:"Proposed Indigenous 'voice' will be to government rather than to parliament" 3829: 3796: 3719: 3472:

Morris, Shireen (2 July 2018). "Chapter 6: In Search of the Radical Centre".

3419: 2904:. Select Committee on the Administration of Indigenous Affairs (March 2005). 2644: 2601: 2547: 2474:. Select Committee on the Administration of Indigenous Affairs (March 2005). 2461: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2110: 2042: 1728: 1700:, several bodies representing Sámi peoples in the Nordic countries and Russia 1487: 1440: 1424: 1353: 679: 422: 381: 4687:"Indigenous Voice to Parliament: Mark Dreyfus dismisses High Court concerns" 4633:"Barristers battle over Voice proposal amid racism claims [Opinion]" 2839:"Voice to Parliament: A look back at Australia's trial of political failure" 1957:"The government is being asked for detail on the Voice. Here's what we know" 514: 5357:"The Voice was supposed to unify Australians. Where has the optimism gone?" 4775: 4765: 4751: 4663: 4628: 4188: 3138: 3095: 2937: 2935: 2736: 2101: 1933: 1392: 1342: 1305: 1262: 1246: 924: 893: 756: 663: 540: 459: 438: 324: 316: 5057:"Indigenous voice to parliament: Laws pose threat to powers of the states" 4184:"Indigenous voice to parliament to have no veto power under interim plans" 3813:"Indigenous constitutional recognition : the concept of consultation" 2430: 2309:"Former MP Ken Wyatt quits Liberals after party decides not to back Voice" 2272:"Liberal Party confirms it will oppose the Indigenous Voice to Parliament" 546: 4992: 3843: 3691: 3358: 3057: 2616: 2444:"Voice will fail like four previous attempts at national Aboriginal body" 2413:"The Voice: what is it, where did it come from, and what can it achieve?" 2063: 1470: 1333:, argued that there is no such obligation in the proposal, and that past 1238: 1073:

The Voice will have balanced gender representation at the national level.

555: 492: 2932: 2609: 2577: 682:. Their discussion arose in response to the 2012 recommendations of the 408: 345:

Indigenous Australians have long called for better representation, with

4819:"Julian Leeser resigns from shadow cabinet over Liberals' voice stance" 1270: 1258: 1175:

Chapter IX Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples

1017:

The Voice will give independent advice to the Parliament and Government

974:

Chapter IX Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples

4470:"Design Principles of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice" 4464: 3100:"A Rightful Place: Race, recognition and a more complete commonwealth" 2869:"The end of ATSIC and the future administration of Indigenous affairs" 2384:"Indigenous Constitutional Recognition: The 1967 Referendum and Today" 1892:"Design Principles of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice" 1769:

Members of the Voice would be Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander

657: 4267: 2624: 1274: 1063:

Members would be chosen from each of the states, territories and the

825: 813: 802: 728: 292: 5054:

Albrechtson, Janet; Taylor, Paige; Down, Rhiannon (7 October 2023).

4602:"Indigenous Voice to Parliament splits Australian High Court judges" 3519:

A Rightful Place: Race, Recognition and a More Complete Commonwealth

3073: 3014:"Australia's largest Indigenous organisation forced to shut up shop" 2072:

Everything You Need to Know About the Uluru Statement from the Heart

1807:"Next Step Towards Voice Referendum: Constitutional Alteration Bill" 1257:, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner 798: 746: 5410: 5375: 4636: 4215: 3281:

Williams, George; Mckenna, Mark; Simpson, Amelia (1 January 2001).

3146:"First Meeting of the Prime Minister's Indigenous Advisory Council" 1542:

Opinion polling for the 2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum

1443:

wrote that the Voice would not obstruct the government's function.

1216: 350: 3063: 1873:

Text has been copied from this source, which is available under a

1233:

The information on the Voice necessary for a successful referendum

3846:(2016). Young, Simon; Nielsen, Jennifer; Patrick, Jeremy (eds.). 2745:. Australia. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. 2157:"There'll be a lot more talk before we hear the Indigenous Voice" 1732: 3363:"Neville Bonner Oration: Prime Minister The Hon. Tony Abbott MP" 1170:

The proposed amendment to be inserted into the Constitution was:

395:

Australian Indigenous advisory bodies § Past Commonwealth bodies

1509:

Endorsements in the 2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum

889: 387: 1300: 639: 3780:"An Indigenous advisory body : some questions of design" 1869: 1709:

List of Indigenous Australians in politics and public service

1215:(RWG) and the Referendum Engagement Group (REG) were held in 63:

Indigenous advisory body to represent Indigenous communities.

2362: 2005:"Voice fallout: support for treaty plunges after referendum" 1514:

Indigenous Australian lives, and make practical progress in

1505:

2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum § Positions

1403:

to reduce rates of Indigenous incarceration, or legislating

1025:

The Voice would be able to make representations proactively.

236:

people, to represent the views of Indigenous communities.

4983: 4573: 1960: 1230:

Refining the proposed constitutional amendment and question

1117:

The Voice would respect the work of existing organisations.

873: 475:

1990–2005: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission

369:

in which over 90% of Australians voted yes to the changes.

3989:"Indigenous voice proposal 'not desirable', says Turnbull" 3909:. Australia: Commonwealth of Australia. 2017. p. 11. 2686:

The role of the National Aboriginal Consultative Committee

2097:"Indigenous voice proposal 'not desirable', says Turnbull" 445: 4312: 4098:. Ministers Media Centre. 30 October 2019. Archived from 3850:. Annandale, N.S.W: The Federation Press. pp. 76–9. 2626:

Rob Riley : An Aboriginal leader's quest for justice

645:

Statement. It rejected non-substantive changes, stating:

515:

2009–2019: National Congress of Australia's First Peoples

498: 374:

recognition of Indigenous Australians in the Constitution

2967:. Australian Human Rights Commission. 22 November 2009. 1694:, body representing indigenous groups in the Philippines 259:

the Voice, which would have made representations to the

1237:

The RWG included Ken Wyatt, Tom Calma, Marcia Langton,

558:

on 25 September 2013. It consisted of 12 members, both

547:

2013–2019: Prime Minister's Indigenous Advisory Council

4947: 4405:. Australian Government. 24 March 2023. Archived from 3280: 2689:. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. 32:

Polling booth in Brisbane on the day of the referendum

5526: 5416: 5381: 5053: 2130: 1889: 884: 858: 409:

1973–1976: National Aboriginal Consultative Committee

4355: 3872:"Commissioner Gooda appointed to Referendum Council" 2291:"Nationals to oppose Indigenous Voice to Parliament" 999: 581:

Constitutional recognition of Indigenous Australians

78:

Constitutional recognition of Indigenous Australians

5238:"A letter from public law teachers about The Voice" 4977:Aroney, Nicholas; Congdon, Peter (2 October 2023). 4723: 4721: 3638: 3613: 3591: 3497:

The Voice dissected by Noel Pearson and Ben Fordham

1651:

First Nations Voice to Parliament (South Australia)

1414: 1122:

The Voice will not have a program delivery function

658:

Development of a constitutional voice to Parliament

247:voting against the proposal. Had it succeeded, the 5055: 5030: 4902: 3811: 3778: 3695: 3662: 3570: 2528:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 2411:Synot, Eddie; Appleby, Gabrielle (28 March 2023). 5124: 4432:"Press Conference – Parliament House: Transcript" 3199:"Terms of Reference: Indigenous Advisory Council" 2772:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 168–180. 2133:"Indigenous Voice Co-design Process Final Report" 1920: 1455:supported the model, calling it a "modest step". 1100:Voice members would fall within the scope of the 747:Further developments under the Referendum Council 613:whether or not Australia should become a republic 253:recognised Indigenous Australians in the document 5563: 4904:"The Voice is an undercooked thought experiment" 4718: 1858:. Prime Minister of Australia. 29 September 2022 1646:Australian state and territory Indigenous voices 602: 481:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission 263:and executive government on matters relating to 3969:. Commonwealth of Australia. 2017. p. 15. 3697:"A rightful place: Correspondence: Megan Davis" 2074:. Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 145. 1451:agreed, calling the proposal a modest one. The 1395:had said that the changes were legally unsafe. 1345:also stressed the importance of talking to the 1180:129 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice 979:129 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice 630: 5428: 3229:"Prime Minister's Indigenous Advisory Council" 3120:"Prime Minister's Indigenous Advisory Council" 2682: 2363:National Museum of Australia (13 April 2018). 2174: 2172: 2170: 529:National Congress of Australia's First Peoples 5296: 5207: 4976: 4678: 4600:Pelly, Michael; McIlroy, Tom (3 March 2023). 4595: 4593: 4426: 3309:"What is the Uluru Statement from the Heart?" 2088: 2062: 1635:Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association 1349:as well as politicians in effecting change. 1227:The timing to conduct a successful referendum 1137: 1092:The Voice will be accountable and transparent 851:for a voice to parliament to be put into the 574: 471:called for a new elected body to be created. 189: 4953: 4599: 4318: 4262: 3737:. La Trobe University Press. p. 28–32. 3339: 3150:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2410: 1637:, the first Aboriginal activist organisation 759:. In October 2016, the Council released the 552:Prime Minister's Indigenous Advisory Council 388:Previous national Indigenous advisory bodies 5028: 4727: 4650: 4550: 4474:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice 4403:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice 4114: 4088: 3306: 2836: 2521: 2288: 2210:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice 2167: 2131:Senior Advisory Group (16 September 2022). 1899:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice 1850: 1848: 1846: 1783: 1207:2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum 1144:2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum 640:Kirribilli statement and Referendum Council 429:. Its principal function was to advise the 417:(NACC) was created in February 1973 by the 210:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice 21:2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum 5557:Archived official government Voice website 5529:"Your Official Yes/No Referendum Pamphlet" 5305:"Aussies 'better than' No campaign slogan" 4590: 4279:. National Indigenous Australians Agency. 3070:Aboriginal and Torre Strait Islander Voice 2301: 1948: 1875:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) 585:The Keating government in 1993 passed the 450:The NACC was reconstituted in 1977 as the 415:National Aboriginal Consultative Committee 196: 182: 5429:Williams, Carly; Speers (6 August 2023). 5078: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4304:. Australian Policy and History Network, 4299: 3986: 3517:Pearson, Noel (2014). Feik, Chris (ed.). 3442: 3290:University of New South Wales Law Journal 3030: 2365:"Defining Moments: Indigenous referendum" 2094: 2029:Canales, Sarah Basford (8 October 2023). 1704:List of Indigenous Australian politicians 1692:National Commission on Indigenous Peoples 1352:On 3 April 2023, shadow attorney-general 1200: 805:, Minister for Indigenous Affairs in the 793: 609:1998 Australian Constitutional Convention 4934: 4684: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4393: 4391: 3809: 3569:Karvelas, Patricia (18 September 2014). 3568: 3546:Gregory, Katherine (11 September 2014). 3257: 3174: 3064:National Indigenous Australians Agency. 2837:Fitzsimmons, Caitlin (21 January 2023). 2002: 1843: 1641:Bureau of Indian Affairs (United States) 1473:to the Australian public, stating that: 1299: 1269:and community-controlled organisations. 888: 797: 27: 5577:Constitutional referendums in Australia 5495: 5393: 5302: 5213: 4854: 4835: 4750: 4627: 4563:from the original on 15 September 2023. 4236: 4120: 3776: 3664:"Pearson's Shift on Recognise Campaign" 3650:from the original on 10 September 2023. 3545: 3516: 3094: 2622: 2441: 2333: 2289:Worthington, Brett (28 November 2022). 2178: 2154: 2028: 1493: 446:1977–1985: National Aboriginal Congress 341:Voting rights of Indigenous Australians 41:This article is part of a series on the 5564: 5527:Members of Parliament (18 July 2023). 5473: 5354: 5179: 5130: 5112:. Australian Government. 9 August 2022 4889: 4789: 4656: 4484:from the original on 4 September 2023. 4478:National Indigenous Australians Agency 4466:First Nations Referendum Working Group 3963:Final Report of the Referendum Council 3757: 3732: 3660: 3634: 3632: 3471: 3418: 3357: 3233:National Indigenous Australians Agency 3203:National Indigenous Australians Agency 3175:Karvelas, Patricia (1 February 2017). 3011: 2735: 2683:Australia; Hiatt, L. R., eds. (1976). 2575: 2522:De Villiers, Bertus (30 August 2019). 2406: 2404: 2358: 2356: 2155:Grattan, Michelle (17 December 2021). 1954: 1784:Worthington, Brett (14 October 2023). 1759:. Australian Government. 9 August 2022 932:Garma Festival of Traditional Cultures 607:During this Coalition government, the 499:2004–2008: National Indigenous Council 5328: 5153: 5029:Albrechtsen, Janet (7 October 2023). 4954:Aroney, Nicholas; Gerangelos, Peter. 4900: 4551:Worthington, Brett (30 August 2023). 4413: 4388: 4356:Ella Archibald-Binge (29 July 2022). 4329: 4327: 4156: 4076:from the original on 14 December 2022 3916:from the original on 17 February 2017 3882:from the original on 30 November 2022 3842: 3690: 3603:from the original on 27 January 2023. 3399: 3307:Chrysanthos, Natassia (27 May 2019). 3031:Cassandra, Morgan (17 October 2019). 3020:from the original on 1 November 2020. 2993:. Working with Indigenous Australians 2971:from the original on 30 November 2020 2765: 2269: 2237:"Press Conference – Parliament House" 2231: 2229: 2227: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2126: 2124: 2117:from the original on 29 October 2017. 1980: 1926: 1885: 1883: 1827: 1341:, which are distinct legal entities. 1165: 5254: 4816: 4792:"Address to the National Press Club" 4728:Worthington, Brett (16 April 2023). 4544: 4138:from the original on 30 October 2019 4096:"A voice for Indigenous Australians" 4070:"2. Designing a First Nations Voice" 3987:Wahlquist, Calla (26 October 2017). 3045:from the original on 9 February 2023 2945:. Australian Human Rights Commission 2911:After ATSIC: Life in the mainstream? 2481:After ATSIC: Life in the mainstream? 2334:Attwood, Bain Munro (2 March 2023). 2095:Wahlquist, Calla (26 October 2017). 1801: 1799: 1779: 1777: 1561:Nick Evershed and Josh Nicholas for 1498: 1132:The Voice will not have a veto power 909:May 2022 Australian federal election 421:'s Minister for Aboriginal Affairs, 289:Liberal-National Morrison government 282:Liberal-National Turnbull government 4855:Hasluck, Nicholas (16 April 2023). 4770:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 4685:Visentin, Lisa (28 February 2023). 4237:Lysaght, Gary-Jon (24 March 2021). 4157:Doran, Matthew (15 November 2020). 3976:from the original on 14 March 2018. 3629: 3445:"The making of the Uluru statement" 3432:from the original on 24 April 2024. 2442:Mundine, Warren (1 February 2023). 2401: 2353: 2003:Visentin, Lisa (18 November 2023). 1908:from the original on 20 August 2023 1890:Australian Government (June 2023). 1295: 1102:National Anti-Corruption Commission 898:Minister for Indigenous Australians 818:Minister for Indigenous Australians 713:Hindmarsh Island bridge controversy 321:Minister for Indigenous Australians 16:Proposed advisory body in Australia 13: 5284:. Associated Press. 6 October 2023 4576:"Your official referendum booklet" 4324: 3876:Australian Human Rights Commission 3758:Morris, Shireen (23 August 2024). 3625:from the original on 7 April 2023. 3572:"Pearson, Craven unite on reforms" 2663:Australian Human Rights Commission 2594:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1983.tb02014.x 2381: 2224: 2198: 2143: 2121: 1880: 1625:Assembly of First Nations (Canada) 1597:Graphical summary – binary choice 885:Development under Labor government 859:2021 Senior Advisory Group reports 739:and "minimise legal uncertainty". 554:was established by prime minister 525:Australian Human Rights Commission 14: 5588: 5548: 5534:. Australian Electoral Commission 5394:Grattan, Michelle (22 May 2023). 5329:Pelly, Michael (5 October 2023). 5303:Ransley, Ellen (6 October 2023). 5079:Hannaford, Patrick (2 May 2023). 4578:. Australian Electoral Commission 4574:Australian Electoral Commission. 3942:from the original on 6 March 2019 3704:(56). Schwartz Publishing: 77–8. 3443:Middleton, Karen (10 June 2017). 3400:Davis, Megan (17 February 2020). 2371:from the original on 9 June 2023. 1796: 1774: 1630:Australian Aboriginal sovereignty 1534: 1012:The design principles were that: 1000:Structure and powers of the Voice 674:and constitutional conservatives 349:seeking in 1933 to petition King 93:Australian Indigenous sovereignty 5474:McHugh, Finn (16 October 2023). 5467: 5445: 5422: 5387: 5348: 5322: 5274: 5248: 5230: 5214:Chwasta, Madi (6 October 2023). 5173: 5147: 5098: 5072: 5047: 5022: 4970: 4928: 4867: 4848: 4836:Jackson, David (11 April 2023). 4829: 4810: 4798: 4783: 4744: 4706: 4621: 4567: 4522: 4500: 4487: 4445: 4013:from the original on 12 May 2019 3936:"Uluru Statement from the Heart" 3777:Appleby, Gabrielle (July 2015). 3461:from the original on 8 May 2018. 3321:from the original on 5 July 2019 3258:Haughton, James (16 June 2023). 2367:. National Museum of Australia. 2250: 2179:Brennan, Bridget (22 May 2022). 1981:Silva, Angelica (16 May 2023) . 1868: 1828:Silva, Angelica (16 May 2023) . 1698:Sámi parliament (disambiguation) 1659:Indigenous treaties in Australia 1604: 1590:, University of Sydney professor 1582: 1569: 1556: 1540:This section is an excerpt from 1415:Support for the proposed wording 431:Department of Aboriginal Affairs 393:This section is an excerpt from 163: 88:Indigenous treaties in Australia 5496:Martino, Matt (2 August 2023). 5355:Tingle, Laura (5 August 2023). 5131:Thomas, Sonam (16 April 2023). 4935:Callinan, Ian (20 April 2023). 4790:Lesser, Julian (3 April 2023). 4756:"Cape York Leader Noel Pearson" 4458: 4368: 4349: 4293: 4256: 4230: 4204: 4176: 4150: 4062: 4025: 3999: 3980: 3954: 3928: 3894: 3864: 3836: 3803: 3770: 3751: 3726: 3684: 3661:Martin, Sarah (13 April 2015). 3654: 3607: 3585: 3562: 3539: 3510: 3490: 3465: 3436: 3425:Address to the Sydney Institute 3412: 3393: 3372: 3351: 3333: 3300: 3274: 3251: 3191: 3168: 3152:(Press release). Tony Abbott . 3088: 3024: 3012:Coggan, Maggie (29 July 2019). 3005: 2983: 2957: 2875:. 9 August 2004. Archived from 2801: 2759: 2729: 2713:. 14 April 2019. Archived from 2703: 2676: 2651: 2375: 2327: 2282: 2270:Hitch, Georgia (5 April 2023). 2263: 2056: 2022: 1996: 1955:Butler, Dan (3 February 2023). 1927:Allam, Lorena (23 March 2023). 1721: 1290:Australian Electoral Commission 709:Northern Territory Intervention 5180:Butler, Josh (21 April 2023). 4657:Butler, Josh (24 March 2023). 3810:Saunders, Cheryl (July 2015). 3521:. Quarterly Essay. Australia: 3476:. Melbourne University Press. 2811:. 31 July 2016. Archived from 1974: 1821: 1749: 1675:Māori wards and constituencies 1460:Solicitor-General of Australia 1401:age of criminal responsibility 766:Uluru Statement from the Heart 591:as a statutory recognition of 376:emerged in the context of the 277:Uluru Statement from the Heart 214:Indigenous Voice to Parliament 144:Uluru Statement from the Heart 1: 5255:Karp, Paul (5 October 2023). 5154:Hobbs, Harry (18 July 2023). 5106:"Constitutional Expert Group" 4958:. Australian Parliament House 4510:. Prime Minister of Australia 4434:. Prime Minister of Australia 4337:. Prime Minister of Australia 4038:. Commonwealth of Australia. 3340:Expert Panel (January 2012). 2239:. Prime Minister of Australia 1809:. Prime Minister of Australia 1742: 1449:University of New South Wales 847:rejected the proposal in the 603:Howard government (1996-2007) 334: 4901:Clegg, Louise (5 May 2023). 4817:Karp, Paul (11 April 2023). 4715:; abc.net.au, 24 March, 2023 4532:. ABC News. 28 December 2022 2629:. Aboriginal Studies Press. 1714: 969:The proposed amendment was: 915:government was elected with 631:Rudd and Gillard governments 452:National Aboriginal Congress 224:, was a proposed Australian 52:Torres Strait Islander Voice 7: 5335:Australian Financial Review 4910:Australian Financial Review 4607:Australian Financial Review 4399:"Voice principles released" 4335:"Address to Garma Festival" 4300:Tim Rowse (10 March 2022). 4072:. Parliament of Australia. 4009:. Parliament of Australia. 3507:and that was done in 2014." 2906:"Chapter 4: Representation" 2769:Ethnicity and Aboriginality 2623:Quentin, Beresford (2007). 2476:"Chapter 4: Representation" 2206:"Voice principles released" 1618: 1314: 1284:On 28 December 2022 at the 1152: 921:Prime Minister of Australia 836:, associate provost at the 599:coming to office in 1996. 509:National Indigenous Council 403:National Indigenous Council 83:Reconciliation in Australia 10: 5593: 5519: 5417:Members of Parliament 2023 5382:Members of Parliament 2023 4807:; abc.net.au, 3 April 2023 1551:External poll aggregations 1539: 1502: 1484:Chief Justice of Australia 1304:Former High Court Justice 1211:The first meetings of the 1204: 1141: 1138:Legislation and referendum 961:The proposed question was: 578: 575:Constitutional recognition 392: 338: 228:advisory body to comprise 150:State and territory voices 18: 4692:The Sydney Morning Herald 3314:The Sydney Morning Herald 2943:"Our Future in Our Hands" 2916:Commonwealth of Australia 2844:The Sydney Morning Herald 2778:10.3138/9781442623187-012 2576:Weaver, Sally M. (1983). 2540:10.1163/15718115-02604004 2486:Commonwealth of Australia 2009:The Sydney Morning Herald 1680:New Zealand Māori Council 1581: 1568: 1555: 1550: 737:parliamentary sovereignty 721:parliamentary sovereignty 719:" and unacceptably limit 697:debate around recognition 550:The government appointed 319:, who succeeded Wyatt as 308:Albanese Labor government 4764:(video). Interviewed by 4508:"Woodford Folk Festival" 4319:Langton & Calma 2021 3733:Morris, Shireen (2024). 1453:Law Council of Australia 1213:Referendum Working Group 956:Referendum Working Group 927:overseeing the process. 310:elected, Prime Minister 4861:Parliament of Australia 4842:Parliament of Australia 3818:Indigenous Law Bulletin 3785:Indigenous Law Bulletin 2902:Parliament of Australia 2873:Parliament of Australia 2472:Parliament of Australia 2388:Parliament of Australia 1653:, the first state Voice 1447:, law professor at the 853:Australian Constitution 838:University of Melbourne 261:Parliament of Australia 249:Australian Constitution 4823:The Guardian Australia 4381:The Guardian Australia 3938:. Referendum Council. 3016:. Pro Bono Australia. 1729:Proof of Aboriginality 1480: 1308: 1286:Woodford Folk Festival 1201:Referendum preparation 1198: 1163: 1135: 997: 967: 949: 904: 830:University of Canberra 809: 794:Co-design of the Voice 652: 519:In December 2008, the 467:in 1985. In 1988, the 437:commissioned the 1976 323:. Both parties in the 265:Indigenous Australians 234:Torres Strait Islander 33: 4941:Australian Parliament 4754:(10 September 2023). 3832:– via Informit. 3799:– via Informit. 3722:– via Informit. 3237:Australian Government 3207:Australian Government 3154:Australian Government 3124:Australian Government 2661:. Issues Paper 2008. 1475: 1303: 1172: 1159: 1065:Torres Strait Islands 1014: 1004:On 23 March 2023 the 971: 963: 937: 892: 870:racial discrimination 801: 703:and arguably already 678:, Damien Freeman and 647: 503:In November 2004 the 355:Indigenous referendum 287:In October 2019, the 31: 4993:10.2139/ssrn.4589764 3505:University of Sydney 3361:(28 November 2014). 2737:Coombs, Herbert Cole 2313:ABC News (Australia) 1494:Stances and opinions 828:, chancellor of the 812:On 30 October 2019, 611:, called to discuss 543:, in 2012 and 2015. 378:Keating Government's 212:, also known as the 170:Australia portal 59:Proposed Australian 5572:Albanese government 4883:News Corp Australia 4124:(29 October 2019). 3878:. 7 December 2015. 3640:Cape York Institute 3615:Cape York Institute 3593:Cape York Institute 2879:on 18 November 2022 1598: 1577:, electoral analyst 1358:National Press Club 1255:Galarrwuy Yunupingu 902:Albanese government 822:Morrison government 807:Morrison government 668:Cape York Institute 537:Cape York Institute 425:, with the help of 297:Morrison government 218:First Nations Voice 5398:. The Conversation 5085:Sky News Australia 4915:Nine Entertainment 3450:The Saturday Paper 3428:(Speech). Sydney. 3422:(3 October 2023). 3098:(September 2014). 3038:The Canberra Times 2448:Sky News Australia 1757:"Voice Principles" 1596: 1375:judges, including 1369:constitutional law 1309: 1166:Proposed amendment 1006:Australian Cabinet 905: 810: 773:heads of power in 684:Gillard Government 419:Whitlam government 34: 5135:. RMIT University 4772:. at 11 minutes. 4631:(13 March 2023). 4428:Albanese, Anthony 4409:on 24 March 2023. 4306:Deakin University 4286:978-1-925364-72-9 4122:Grattan, Michelle 4045:978-1-74366-926-6 3857:978-1-76002-078-1 3744:978-1-76064-520-5 3694:(November 2014). 3239:. 8 February 2017 3156:. 5 December 2013 2752:978-0-644-03387-9 2696:978-0-642-02649-1 2636:978-0-85575-502-7 2382:Taylor, Russell. 1670:Māori electorates 1666:, in New Zealand 1614: 1613: 1594: 1593: 1524:David Littleproud 1499:Political parties 1267:local governments 597:Howard government 566:. Prime minister 533:Abbott government 505:Howard government 485:Howard government 469:Barunga Statement 458:commissioned the 435:Fraser government 206: 205: 5584: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5533: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5493: 5484: 5483: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5426: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5160:The Conversation 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5060:. The Australian 5059: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5035:. The Australian 5034: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5015: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4906: 4898: 4887: 4886: 4885:. 26 April 2023. 4871: 4865: 4864: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4794:. Julian Lesser. 4787: 4781: 4780: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4725: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4597: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4504: 4498: 4491: 4485: 4468:(3 April 2023). 4462: 4456: 4449: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4424: 4411: 4410: 4395: 4386: 4385: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4331: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4278: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4218:. 9 January 2021 4208: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4192:. 9 January 2021 4180: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4131:The Conversation 4118: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4066: 4060: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3968: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3915: 3908: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3815: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3782: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3764:The Conversation 3755: 3749: 3748: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3699: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3666: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3642:(January 2015). 3636: 3627: 3626: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3595:(October 2014). 3589: 3583: 3582: 3574: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3514: 3508: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3406:The Conversation 3397: 3391: 3390: 3384: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3287: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3072:. Archived from 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3009: 3003: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2939: 2930: 2929: 2898: 2892: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2865: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2834: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2717:on 14 April 2019 2707: 2701: 2700: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2573: 2560: 2559: 2519: 2500: 2499: 2468: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2439: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2417:The Conversation 2408: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2360: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2340:The Conversation 2331: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2267: 2261: 2254: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2233: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2176: 2165: 2164: 2161:The Conversation 2152: 2141: 2140: 2128: 2119: 2118: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2068:Williams, George 2060: 2054: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2015: 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3117: 3113: 3105:Quarterly Essay 3093: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3076:on 16 June 2020 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3029: 3025: 3010: 3006: 2996: 2994: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2948: 2946: 2941: 2940: 2933: 2926: 2899: 2895: 2882: 2880: 2867: 2866: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2835: 2828: 2818: 2816: 2815:on 31 July 2016 2807: 2806: 2802: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2764: 2760: 2753: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2681: 2677: 2667: 2665: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2637: 2621: 2617: 2574: 2563: 2520: 2503: 2496: 2469: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2440: 2431: 2421: 2419: 2409: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2380: 2376: 2361: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2287: 2283: 2268: 2264: 2242: 2240: 2235: 2234: 2225: 2215: 2213: 2212:. 9 August 2022 2204: 2203: 2199: 2189: 2187: 2177: 2168: 2153: 2144: 2129: 2122: 2093: 2089: 2082: 2061: 2057: 2047: 2045: 2027: 2023: 2013: 2011: 2001: 1997: 1979: 1975: 1965: 1963: 1953: 1949: 1939: 1937: 1925: 1921: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1894: 1888: 1881: 1861: 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