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283:. He intended to reverse the assimilationist policies that had resulted in considerable damage to American Indian cultures and to provide a means for American Indians to re-establish sovereignty and self-government, reduce the losses of reservation lands, and build economic self-sufficiency. He believed that Indian traditional culture was superior to that of modern America and thought it worthy of emulation. His proposals were considered highly controversial, as numerous powerful interests had profited from the sale and management of Native lands. Congress revised Collier's proposals and preserved oversight of tribes and reservations by the Bureau of Indian Affairs within the Department of Interior.
29:
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structure for self-government, and enlisting the help of anthropologists who respected traditional cultures. However, he concludes that the Indian New Deal was unable to stimulate economic progress, nor did it provide a usable structure for Indian politics. Philp argues these failures gave ammunition to the return to the previous policy of termination that took place after
Collier resigned in 1945. In surveying the scholarly literature, E. A. Schwartz concludes that there is:
304:
588:, and many others. Anthropologists criticized him for not recognizing the diversity of Native American lifestyles. Hauptman argues that his emphasis on Northern Pueblo arts and crafts and the uniformity of his approach to all tribes are partly explained by his belief that his tenure as Commissioner would be short, meaning that packaging large, lengthy legislative reforms seemed politically necessary.
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sense, but was reserved for the benefit of entire Indian tribes. The communal benefits were apportioned to tribe members according to tribal law and custom. Generally, Indians held the land in a communal fashion. Non-Indians were not allowed to own land on reservations, which limited the dollar value of the land since there was a smaller market capable of buying it.
323:). Most of that had been sold by Indian allottees, often because they could not pay local taxes on the lands they were newly responsible for. The IRA provided a mechanism for the recovery of land that had been previously sold, including land that had been sold to tribal Indians. They would lose individual property under the law.
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nations within the United States and ending their recognized relationships with the federal government. This also ended the eligibility of the tribal nations and their members for various government programs to assist
American Indians. Of the "Dismantled Tribes" 46 regained their legal status as indigenous communities.
543:
Section 18 of the IRA required that members of the affected Indian nation or tribe vote on whether to accept it within one year of the effective date of the act (25 U.S.C. 478) and had to approve it by a majority. There was confusion about who should be allowed to vote on creating new governments, as
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has been repeatedly asked to address the IRA's constitutionality. A controversial provision of the Act allows the U.S. government to acquire non-Indian land (by voluntary transfer) and convert it to Indian land ("take it into trust"). In doing so, the U.S. government partially removes the land from
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The act slowed the practice of allotting communal tribal lands to individual tribal members. It did not restore to
Indians land that had already been patented to individuals. However, much land at that time was still unallotted or allotted to an individual but still held in trust for that individual
599:
The act has helped conserve the communal tribal land bases. Collier supporters blame
Congress for altering the legislation proposed by Collier, so that it has not been as successful as possible. On many reservations, its provisions exacerbated longstanding differences between traditionals and those
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Having described the
American society as "physically, religiously, socially, and aesthetically shattered, dismembered, directionless", Collier was later criticized for his romantic views about the moral superiority of traditional society as opposed to modernity. Philp says after his experience at
557:
Program, which took away half their livestock and jailed dissenters. They strongly opposed the act, the chief promoter John
Collier, and the entire Indian New Deal. Historian Brian Dippie notes that the Indian Rights Association denounced Collier as a "dictator" and accused him of a "near reign of
503:
guardianship since 1709. In 1880, the tribe was illegally pressured into relinquishing its tribal authority to Rhode Island. Some historians disagree that the action was illegal because, although not sanctioned by
Congress, it was "desired" by the tribe members. The tribe did not receive federal
451:
In 1997, the Lower Brulé Sioux submitted an amended trust application to the DOI, requesting that the United States take the 91 acres (370,000 m) of land into trust on the Tribe's behalf. South Dakota challenged this in 2004 in district court, which upheld DOI's authority to take the land in
443:
The U.S. Department of the
Interior (DOI) sought a U.S. Supreme Court review. But, as DOI was implementing new regulations related to land trusts, the agency asked the Court to remand the case to the lower court for reconsideration with the decision based on the new regulations. The U.S. Supreme
375:
However, the Act also allowed the U.S. to purchase some of the fee land and restore it to tribal trust status. Due to the Act and other federal courts and government actions, more than two million acres (8,000 km) of land were returned to various tribes in the first 20 years after passage.
350:
of
Nebraska, co-sponsor of the Act and Chairman of the House Committee on Indian Affairs, explained that the purpose of the provision was "to assure a proper and permanent management of the Indian Forest" under modern sustained-yield methods to "assure that the Indian forests will be permanently
311:
At the time the Act passed, it was United States policy to eliminate Indian reservations, dividing the communal territory and allotting 160-acre plots to individual heads of households, to be owned in severalty. Before allotment, reservation territory was not owned in the usual
European-American
566:
Historians have mixed reactions to the Indian New Deal. Many praise Collier's energy and his initiative. Kenneth R. Philp praised Collier's Indian New Deal for protecting Indian freedom to engage in traditional religious practices, obtaining additional relief money for reservations, providing a
387:
and relocation phases of the Act, which had been added by Congress. These provisions resulted from the continuing interest of some members of Congress in having American Indians assimilate into the majority society. Among other effects, termination resulted in the legal dismantling of 61 tribal
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The federal government held land in trust for many tribes. Numerous claims cases had been presented to Congress because of failures in the government's management of such lands. There were particular grievances and claims due to the government's failure to provide for sustainable forestry. The
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of the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals wrote a dissent stating that she would have struck down key provisions of the IRA. Of the three circuit courts to address the IRA's constitutionality, Judge Brown is the only judge to dissent on the IRA's constitutionality. The majority opinion upheld its
535:, and others argued that the IRA is unconstitutional. Judge Kahn dismissed UCE's complaint, including the failed theory that the IRA is unconstitutional, on the basis of longstanding and settled law on this issue. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed the dismissal.
447:
Justices Antonin Scalia, Sandra Day O'Connor, and Clarence Thomas dissented, stating that "he decision today—to grant, vacate, and remand in light of the Government's changed position—is both unprecedented and inexplicable." They went on, "hat makes today's action inexplicable as well as
56:
An Act to conserve and develop Indian lands and resources; to extend to Indians the right to form business and, other organizations; to establish a credit system for Indians; to grant certain rights of home rule to Indians; to provide for vocational education for Indians; and for other
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the state's jurisdiction, allowing activities like casino gambling on the land for the first time. It also exempts the land from state property and other state taxes. Consequently, many state or local governments opposed the IRA and filed lawsuits challenging its constitutionality.
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or tax-free business on the land and sued to block the transfer. The state argued that the IRA did not apply because the Narragansett was not "now under federal jurisdiction" as of 1934, as distinguished from "federally recognized." In fact, the Narragansett had been placed under
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culture, for example, abstention had traditionally equaled a no vote. The resulting confusion caused disputes on many reservations about the results. When the final results were in, 172 tribes had accepted the act, and 75 had rejected it. The largest tribe, the
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a near consensus among historians of the Indian New Deal that Collier temporarily rescued Indian communities from federal abuses and helped Indian people survive the Depression but also damaged Indian communities by imposing his own social and political ideas on
448:
unprecedented is the fact that the Government's change of legal position does not even purport to be applicable to the present case." Seven months after the Supreme Court's decision to grant, vacate, and remand, the DOI removed the land in question from trust.
452:
trust. The state appealed to the Eighth Circuit, but when the court reexamined the constitutionality issue, it upheld the constitutionality of Section 5 in agreement with the lower court. The U.S. Supreme Court denied the State's petition for
596:
the Taos Pueblo, Collier "made a lifelong commitment to preserve tribal community life because it offered a cultural alternative to modernity....His romantic stereotyping of Indians often did not fit the reality of contemporary tribal life."
493:
tribe bought 31 acres (130,000 m) of land. They requested that the DOI take it into trust, which the agency did in 1998, thus exempting it from many state laws. The State was concerned that the tribe would open a
2144:
591:
The Reorganization Act was wide-ranging legislation authorizing tribal self-rule under federal supervision, ending land allotment, and generally promoting measures to enhance tribes and encourage education.
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case for review, thus keeping the previous precedent in place. Additionally, the First, Eighth, and Tenth Circuits of the U.S. Court of Appeals have upheld the constitutionality of the IRA.
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many non-Indians lived on reservations and many Indians owned no land there, and also over the effect of abstentions. Under the voting rules, abstentions were counted as yes votes, but in
3821:
2007:
3172:
3101:
1817:
2107:
3385:
3655:
1923:
359:
3896:
2253:
264:. Total U.S. spending on Indians averaged $ 38 million a year in the late 1920s, dropping to an all-time low of $ 23 million in 1933, and reaching $ 38 million in 1940.
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3663:
3029:
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3300:
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1959:
1025:
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1995:
287:, an official at the Department of the Interior Solicitor's Office, was another significant architect of the Indian New Deal who helped draft the 1934 act.
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3628:
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1971:
1626:
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1052:
Terry Anderson, Sovereign Nations or Reservations: An Economic History of American Indians. Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy 1995, p. 143
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included a requirement that the Interior Department manage Indian forest resources "on the principle of sustained-yield management." Representative
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1982:
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who had adopted more European-American ways. Many Native Americans believe their traditional systems of government were better for their culture.
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terror" on the Navajo reservation. Dippie adds, "e became an object of 'burning hatred' among the very people whose problems so preoccupied him."
2048:
456:. Since then, district and circuit courts have rejected claims of non-delegation by states. The Supreme Court refused to hear the issue in 2008.
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3601:
3371:
1602:
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2479:
2258:
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The self-government provisions would automatically go into effect for a tribe unless a clear majority of the eligible Indians voted it down.
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3671:
3324:
3317:
3254:
3217:
3106:
2469:
2012:
1987:
1706:
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by the U.S. government. Because the Act did not disturb existing private ownership of Indian reservation lands, it left reservations as a
3758:
3429:
3224:
1074:
1298:
3239:
2454:
2360:
2300:
1642:
1450:
1331:
Clemmer, Richard O. "Hopis, Western Shoshones, and Southern Utes: Three Different Responses to the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934."
3738:
3352:
3334:
2315:
609:
923:("n 1934, the Narragansett Indian Tribe ... was neither federally recognized nor under the jurisdiction of the federal government.")
3690:
1746:
380:
3816:
2449:
2132:
417:
3773:
3528:
3192:
1000:
3394:
3212:
3039:
2984:
2947:
2886:
2474:
2248:
2186:
2028:
1953:
1929:
1499:
619:
246:
3620:
3156:
2901:
2170:
1610:
1479:
3728:
3593:
3557:
3312:
3054:
1917:
1578:
280:
279:(BIA) from 1933 to 1945. He had long studied Indian issues and worked for change since the 1920s, particularly with the
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3417:
3249:
3229:
3075:
3070:
2310:
2137:
1965:
409:
153:
140:
3574:
3290:
3244:
2999:
2350:
2335:
2087:
1682:
1546:
1308:
830:
730:
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3347:
3187:
2355:
1634:
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Court granted the DOI's petition, vacated the lower court's ruling, and remanded the case back to the lower court.
181:
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of 1887. By 1934, two-thirds of Indian land had converted to traditional private ownership (i.e., it was owned in
3275:
2163:
1472:
684:
433:
121:
113:
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1947:
1786:
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Collier's reputation among the Indians was mixed—praised by some, vilified by others. He antagonized the
3034:
2371:
2102:
1887:
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recognition until 1983, after the 1934 passage of the IRA. The U.S. Supreme Court agreed with the State.
74:
1412:
The New Deal and American Indian Tribalism: The Administration of the Indian Reorganization Act, 1934-45
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The New Deal and American Indian Tribalism: The Administration of the Indian Reorganization Act, 1934-45
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1522:
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268:
97:
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Relocation group of Hopi families into former Japanese American barrack homes (1945), Poston, Arizona.
307:
Collier in a 1934 meeting with South Dakota Blackfoot Indian chiefs to discuss the Wheeler-Howard Act.
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1911:
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was argued before the U.S. Supreme Court; the Court ruled on it in 2009, with the decision called
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E. A. Schwartz, "Red Atlantis Revisited: Community and Culture in the Writings of John Collier,"
520:
421:
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720:
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1845:
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1538:
272:
260:—and included provisions intended to create a sound economic foundation for the residents of
225:
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1458:
1362:
Koppes, Clayton R. "From New Deal to Termination: Liberalism and Indian Policy, 1933-1953."
28:
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2572:
2532:
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2325:
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and that the Secretary of Interior did not have the authority to take the land into trust.
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8:
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1863:
1851:
1839:
1833:
1800:
1405:
A fateful time: the background and legislative history of the Indian Reorganization Act
957:
420:, under the IRA, to take 91 acres (370,000 m) of land into trust on behalf of the
261:
147:
2891:
2657:
2623:
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1778:
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1304:
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826:
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177:
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3202:
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2754:
2601:
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2295:
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949:
532:
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512:
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John Collier was appointed Commissioner of the Indian Bureau (it is now called the
201:
106:
2145:
United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes
1446:
1350:
The Assault on Assimilation: John Collier and the Origins of Indian Policy Reform.
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2763:
2749:
2695:
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2233:
2218:
2065:
1794:
1714:
1618:
1586:
1277:
614:
405:
335:
1338:
Kelly, Lawrence C. "The Indian Reorganization Act: The Dream and the Reality."
1231:
3177:
2827:
2522:
2517:
2419:
2290:
2285:
2122:
1899:
1570:
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found Section 5 of the IRA to be unconstitutional, ruling that it violated the
284:
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1730:
581:
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2683:
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2787:
2729:
2208:
1941:
1075:
Indian Country Today August 9. 2016 reports 174 approved and 78 disapproved
500:
347:
1263:
Hauptman, Laurence (1979). "Alice Jemison ... Seneca Political Activist".
507:
In a challenge to the U.S. DOI's decision to take land into trust for the
372:
of tribal or individual trust and fee land, which remains the case today.
303:
2921:
2812:
2653:
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The Act also restored to Indians the management of their assets—land and
1357:
Indian Affairs and the Indian Reorganization Act: The Twenty Year Record
961:
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125:
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316:
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2429:
1494:
1148:
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1063:
Righteous Pilgrim: The Life and Times of Harold L. Ickes, 1874-1952
707:
Righteous Pilgrim: The Life and Times of Harold L. Ickes, 1874-1952
585:
397:
3102:
List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations
3030:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
1393:
Philp, Kenneth R. "Termination: a legacy of the Indian new deal."
1111:
Kenneth R. Philp, "Termination: A Legacy of the Indian New Deal."
935:"Conflicts in Sovereignty: The Narragansett Tribe in Rhode Island"
2484:
2414:
1818:
List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes
1085:
Donald A. Grinde Jr, "Navajo Opposition to the Indian New Deal."
334:. He had the full support of his boss, Secretary of the Interior
185:
1143:
866:, 519 U.S. 919, 919-20, 136 L. Ed. 2d 205, 117 S. Ct. 286 (1996)
495:
2377:
Native American rights movement/Red Power movement (1968-1977)
1100:
The Vanishing American: White Attitudes and U.S. Indian Policy
351:
productive and will yield continuous revenues to the tribes."
1201:
John Collier, "Does the Government Welcome the Indian Arts?"
472:
constitutionality. The U.S. Supreme Court did not accept the
245:, was U.S. federal legislation that dealt with the status of
2254:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1214:
Stephen J. Kunitz, "The social philosophy of John Collier."
249:. It was the centerpiece of what has been often called the "
1170:
1131:
722:
A Guide to Overseas Precedents of Relevance to Native Title
718:
3664:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
1699:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
747:"Indian Lands Decisions | U.S. Department of the Interior"
3393:
2980:
Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States
1158:
1960:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
1924:
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
1300:
Heaven's Window: A Journey Through Northern New Mexico
416:
In 1995, South Dakota challenged the authority of the
1303:. Graphic Arts Center Publishing Co. pp. 73 ff.
3707:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
3648:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
1771:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
1651:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
1388:
John Collier's Crusade for Indian Reform, 1920-1954.
1203:
The American Magazine of Art. Anniversary Supplement
3897:
Assimilation of indigenous peoples of North America
3629:
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
1972:
Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art
1627:
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
1459:
Indian Reorganization Act - Information & Video
1426:
The Indian Reorganization Act: Congresses and Bills
430:
South Dakota v. United States Dep't of the Interior
396:Since the late 20th century and the rise of Indian
98:
3857:United States federal Native American legislation
459:In 2008 (before the U.S. Supreme Court heard the
404:issues, as well as many tribes' establishment of
3848:
3330:List of Indian reservations in the United States
2995:Native American recognition in the United States
1723:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield
1381:John Collier and the American Indian, 1920–1945.
964:– via School of Cooperative Individualism.
890:, 497 F.3d 15, 43 (1st Cir. 2007), overruled as
2049:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
650:Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1951
267:The IRA was the most significant initiative of
3902:History of indigenous peoples of North America
3602:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
3055:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)
1603:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
989:(2): 1. Summer–Fall 2012 – via Narf.org.
896:South Dakota v United States Dep't of Interior
3379:
2480:Native American identity in the United States
2171:
1480:
1296:
1137:
1043:, 841 F.3d 556 (2d Cir. 2016, No. 15-1688).
1041:Upstate Citizens for Equality v United States
354:
3325:State-recognized tribes in the United States
3107:Modern social statistics of Native Americans
1707:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc.
1333:American Indian culture and research journal
1297:Wallis, Michael & Parsons, Jack (2001).
665:. U.S. Department of the Interior. July 2015
391:
3430:Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783
976:"Judicial Termination: The Carcieri Crisis"
932:
663:"Felix Cohen: Father of Federal Indian Law"
432:, 69 F.3d 878, 881-85 (8th Cir. 1995). The
338:, who was also an expert on Indian issues.
3386:
3372:
2301:Native Americans in the American Civil War
2185:
2178:
2164:
1643:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission
1487:
1473:
773:""self determination without termination""
315:The process of allotment started with the
214:on June 16, 1934 (agreed) and by the
208:Reported by the joint conference committee
3308:Native American Medal of Honor recipients
2316:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
725:. Aboriginal Studies Press. p. 228.
685:"On the Drafting of Tribal Constitutions"
610:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
408:on reservations as a revenue source, the
3463:(1790, 1793, 1796, 1799, 1802, and 1834)
2666:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924)
1275:
1262:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1026:"Judge dismisses citizen-group's claims"
983:Native American Rights Fund Legal Review
898:, 423 F.3d 790, 798-99 (8th Cir. 2007);
381:United States Department of the Interior
358:
302:
3829:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
3817:Tribal sovereignty in the United States
1996:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
1383:(Michigan State University Press, 1968)
900:Shivwits Band of Paiute Indians v. Utah
3849:
3672:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe
1352:(University of New Mexico Press, 1963)
844:
842:
840:
838:
798:"Indian Reorganization Act of June 18"
719:Shaunnagh Dorsett; Lee Godden (1998).
3867:Aboriginal title in the United States
3691:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
3395:Aboriginal title in the United States
3367:
3040:National Congress of American Indians
2985:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
2948:National Congress of American Indians
2887:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
2475:Native American disease and epidemics
2249:European colonization of the Americas
2159:
1930:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
1747:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
1500:Native Americans in the United States
1468:
902:, 428 F.3d 966, 974 (10th Cir. 2005).
620:Native Americans in the United States
553:, had been badly hurt by the federal
538:
247:American Indians in the United States
3621:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
3045:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)
2902:Native American people and Mormonism
2746:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879)
1611:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
1428:(University of Oklahoma Press, 2002)
1328:(University of Oklahoma Press, 2013)
1205:vol. 27, no. 9, Part 2 (1934): 10-13
864:Dep't of the Interior v South Dakota
580:, the largest tribe, as well as the
3862:United States federal Indian policy
3822:List of federally recognized tribes
3594:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
3313:List of federally recognized tribes
1918:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
1579:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
1390:(University of Arizona Press, 1977)
1235:Feb. 2000. Access Date: May 05 2015
835:
281:American Indian Defense Association
13:
3418:Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions
3076:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
3071:Black Indians in the United States
3035:Native American Rights Fund (NARF)
2311:Certificate Degree of Indian Blood
1418:
1407:(University of Nevada Press, 2000)
1318:
1233:American National Biography Online
1230:Kenneth R. Philp. "Collier, John"
1192:(U of Nebraska Press, 1980), ch 1.
687:. The University of Oklahoma Press
330:, BIA) in April 1933 by President
103:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
14:
3913:
3575:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
3000:Native American women in politics
2351:Native Americans and World War II
2336:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
2088:National Indian Gaming Commission
1683:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe
1547:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
1432:
1001:"Actual Complaint filed in court"
850:South Dakota v. Dept. of Interior
176:in the Senate as S. 3645 by
45:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
3438:
2632:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877)
2620:Antelope Hills expedition (1858)
2356:American Indian boarding schools
1635:Menominee Tribe v. United States
27:
3050:Women of All Red Nations (WARN)
1842:(1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834)
1454:Statute Compilations collection
1239:
1224:
1208:
1195:
1182:
1118:
1105:
1092:
1079:
1068:
1055:
1046:
1034:
1019:
993:
968:
926:
914:
905:
881:
869:
857:
434:Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals
241:(IRA) of June 18, 1934, or the
3501:Indian Land Claims Settlements
3150:Native American Pidgin English
2955:American Indian Movement (AIM)
2331:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
2214:Archaic period in the Americas
2072:In the Courts of the Conqueror
1675:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
1355:Kelly, William Henderson, ed.
1265:The Indian Historian (Wassaja)
933:Nowlin, Bryan J. (2005–2006).
878:, 525 F.3d 23 (D.C. Cir. 2008)
815:
790:
765:
739:
712:
699:
677:
655:
642:
426:Lower Brule Indian Reservation
218:on June 16, 1934 (agreed)
194:on June 12, 1934 (passed)
1:
3507:Indian Claims Limitations Act
2848:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911)
2624:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875)
2612:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877)
1954:Native American Languages Act
1376:(Yale University Press, 1976)
1359:(University of Arizona, 1954)
1282:. Syracuse University Press.
1279:The Iroquois and the New Deal
1102:(1991) pp 333-36, quote p 335
517:Upstate Citizens for Equality
383:(DOI) began implementing the
298:
3656:Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe
3495:Indian Claims Commission Act
2943:Native American civil rights
2853:Battle of Bear Valley (1918)
2838:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909)
2833:Battle of Sugar Point (1898)
2755:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856)
2382:Native American civil rights
2093:Native American civil rights
1948:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
1787:Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl
1395:Western Historical Quarterly
1374:The Navajos and the New Deal
1276:Hauptman, Laurence (1988) .
1113:Western Historical Quarterly
911:555 U.S. 379 (Feb. 24, 2009)
635:
7:
3296:Native American politicians
3286:Native American War Leaders
2764:Puget Sound War (1855–1856)
2750:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891)
2742:Great Sioux War (1876–1877)
2738:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868)
2722:First Sioux War (1854-1856)
2650:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886)
2372:Native American Rights Fund
2108:Recognition of sacred sites
2103:Native American Rights Fund
2008:Federally recognized tribes
1888:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
1414:(U of Nebraska Press, 1980)
1326:Oklahoma's Indian New Deal.
603:
75:73rd United States Congress
10:
3918:
3546:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
3424:Royal Proclamation of 1763
2975:Occupation of Wounded Knee
2692:Black Hawk War (1865–1872)
2680:Battle at Fort Utah (1850)
2662:Geronimo's War (1881–1886)
2658:Victorio's War (1879–1880)
2563:American Revolutionary War
1966:Indian Arts and Crafts Act
1523:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
1256:
942:American Indian Law Review
625:Navajo Livestock Reduction
555:Navajo Livestock Reduction
355:Implementation and results
293:
3892:1954 in American politics
3792:
3721:
3682:
3639:
3612:
3585:
3556:
3527:
3520:
3447:
3436:
3408:
3401:
3343:
3263:
3165:
3157:Native American languages
3127:
3094:
3063:
3018:
2935:
2897:Native American religions
2879:
2861:
2646:Jicarilla War (1849–1855)
2628:Red River War (1874–1875)
2616:Comanche Wars (1836–1877)
2493:
2395:
2321:Indian Appropriations Act
2194:
2021:
1981:
1882:Indian Reorganization Act
1826:
1809:Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta
1667:United States v. Antelope
1506:
1439:Indian Reorganization Act
1364:Pacific Historical Review
1340:Pacific Historical Review
1138:Wallis & Parsons 2001
1126:American Indian Quarterly
1089:(1981) 19#3-6 pp: 79-87.
648:US Bureau of the Census,
561:
392:Constitutional challenges
344:Indian Claims Act of 1946
332:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
239:Indian Reorganization Act
169:
164:
146:
136:
131:
112:
93:
88:
80:
69:
61:
52:
35:
26:
22:Indian Reorganization Act
2970:Trail of Broken Treaties
2798:Hualapai War (1865–1870)
2788:Yavapai Wars (1861–1875)
2768:Coeur d'Alene War (1858)
2730:Colorado War (1863–1865)
2034:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1936:Indian Child Welfare Act
1739:South Dakota v. Bourland
1155:, pp. 15–22, 60–62.
328:Bureau of Indian Affairs
277:Bureau of Indian Affairs
3877:Native American history
3426:(British North America)
3145:American Indian English
3081:Louisiana Creole people
2871:Native American studies
2823:Bannock Uprising (1895)
2778:Navajo Wars (1849–1866)
2734:Powder River War (1865)
2642:Apache Wars (1849–1924)
2460:Mesoamerican literature
2455:Indigenous Peoples' Day
2264:Partus sequitur ventrem
2083:Long Walk of the Navajo
2013:State recognized tribes
1912:Indian Civil Rights Act
894:(U.S. Supreme Court);
854:, Department of Justice
821:Canby, William (2004).
802:www.webpages.uidaho.edu
422:Lower Brule Sioux Tribe
275:'s Commissioner of the
212:agreed to by the Senate
200:on June 15, 1934 (
3834:Legal status of Hawaii
3800:Indigenous land rights
3699:Idaho v. United States
2965:Occupation of Alcatraz
2907:Native American church
2773:Mohave War (1858–1859)
2760:Yakima War (1855–1858)
2718:Sioux Wars (1854–1891)
2696:White River War (1879)
2684:Walker War (1853–1854)
2568:Cherokee–American wars
2098:Native American gaming
2001:Legal status of Hawaii
1876:Indian Citizenship Act
1755:Idaho v. United States
1659:Bryan v. Itasca County
1595:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
1555:Standing Bear v. Crook
438:nondelegation doctrine
364:
308:
3567:Fellows v. Blacksmith
3420:(1629 New Netherland)
2828:Yaqui Uprising (1896)
2803:Modoc War (1872–1873)
2793:Snake War (1864–1869)
2708:Bluff Skirmish (1921)
2704:Bluff War (1914–1915)
2654:Tonto War (1871–1875)
2405:Mississippian culture
2368:Civil rights movement
2269:Five Civilized Tribes
1906:Indian Relocation Act
1763:United States v. Lara
1539:Fellows v. Blacksmith
1271:(July): 15–22, 60–62.
888:Carcieri v Kempthorne
481:Carcieri v Kempthorne
362:
317:General Allotment Act
306:
273:Franklin D. Roosevelt
226:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3887:1934 in American law
3882:New Deal legislation
2843:Last Massacre (1911)
2808:Nez Perce War (1877)
2676:Ute Wars (1850–1923)
2573:Northwest Indian War
2326:Racial Integrity Act
1531:Worcester v. Georgia
1449:) as amended in the
1372:Parman, Donald Lee.
1087:Integrated Education
509:Oneida Indian Nation
271:, who was President
158:ch. 14, subch. V
3872:Native American law
3538:Johnson v. McIntosh
3455:Northwest Ordinance
3119:Reservation poverty
3064:Ethnic subdivisions
2936:Political movements
2597:Second Seminole War
2508:Anglo-Powhatan Wars
2078:Indian reservations
2039:Cherokee Commission
1515:Johnson v. McIntosh
1424:Deloria, Vine, ed.
1335:(1986) 10#2: 15–40.
1247:American Indian Law
1128:(1994) 18#45 p 508.
1115:(1983) pp: 165-180.
948:(1): 151–152, 159.
892:Carcieri v. Salazar
876:MichGO v Kempthorne
823:American Indian Law
491:Narragansett Indian
486:Carcieri v. Salazar
469:Janice Rogers Brown
465:MichGO v Kempthorne
262:Indian reservations
165:Legislative history
23:
3489:Reorganization Act
3484:Curtis Act of 1898
3461:Nonintercourse Act
3020:Civic and economic
3005:Tribal sovereignty
2960:Red Power Movement
2927:Longhouse Religion
2862:Education, science
2813:Bannock War (1878)
2607:American Civil War
2558:Lord Dunmore's War
2346:Blood quantum laws
2229:Post-Classic stage
2138:Self-determination
2133:Tribal sovereignty
2059:Eagle-bone whistle
1852:Indian Removal Act
1840:Nonintercourse Act
1834:Blood quantum laws
1801:McGirt v. Oklahoma
1410:Taylor, Graham D.
1188:Graham D. Taylor,
1179:, p. xii, 29.
709:(1990), pp 530-48.
539:Approval by tribes
418:Interior Secretary
410:U.S. Supreme Court
365:
309:
243:Wheeler–Howard Act
210:on June 15, 1934;
141:25 U.S.C.: Indians
65:Wheeler–Howard Act
36:Other short titles
21:
3844:
3843:
3717:
3716:
3516:
3515:
3361:
3360:
2892:Eagle feather law
2783:Paiute War (1860)
2726:Dakota War (1862)
2688:Tintic War (1856)
2602:Osage Indian War
2533:King Philip's War
2153:
2152:
2054:Eagle feather law
1988:State recognition
1779:Cobell v. Salazar
1691:Solem v. Bartlett
1563:Ex parte Crow Dog
1397:(1983): 165–180.
1366:(1977): 543–566.
1342:(1975): 291–312.
1324:Blackman, Jon S.
1218:(1971): 213-229.
1098:Brian W. Dippie,
652:(1951) pp 14, 306
519:(UCE), New York,
235:
234:
192:Passed the Senate
188:) on May 22, 1934
178:Burton K. Wheeler
115:Statutes at Large
16:United States Law
3909:
3805:Aboriginal title
3525:
3524:
3442:
3406:
3405:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3365:
3364:
3271:Native Americans
3140:American English
2713:Posey War (1923)
2430:Iroquois culture
2296:Indian Territory
2244:Age of Discovery
2180:
2173:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2029:Aboriginal title
1846:Civilization Act
1782:(D.C. Cir. 2009)
1489:
1482:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1403:Rusco, Elmer R.
1314:
1293:
1272:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1228:
1222:
1212:
1206:
1199:
1193:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1116:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1003:. Archived from
997:
991:
990:
980:
972:
966:
965:
954:10.2307/20070749
939:
930:
924:
918:
912:
909:
903:
885:
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:
846:
833:
819:
813:
812:
810:
808:
794:
788:
787:
785:
783:
769:
763:
762:
760:
758:
743:
737:
736:
716:
710:
703:
697:
696:
694:
692:
681:
675:
674:
672:
670:
659:
653:
646:
463:case below), in
228:on June 18, 1934
198:Passed the House
150:sections created
116:
104:
100:
31:
24:
20:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3788:
3713:
3683:Rehnquist Court
3678:
3635:
3608:
3586:1890—1950
3581:
3552:
3512:
3443:
3434:
3397:
3392:
3362:
3357:
3339:
3259:
3161:
3123:
3090:
3059:
3023:
3021:
3014:
2931:
2875:
2863:
2857:
2818:Crow War (1887)
2489:
2415:Hohokam culture
2391:
2234:Woodland period
2219:Formative stage
2190:
2187:Native American
2184:
2154:
2149:
2066:Hunting license
2017:
1986:
1977:
1894:Nationality Act
1822:
1795:Sharp v. Murphy
1715:Hodel v. Irving
1619:Williams v. Lee
1587:Talton v. Mayes
1502:
1493:
1435:
1421:
1419:Primary sources
1321:
1319:Further reading
1311:
1290:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1245:William Canby,
1244:
1240:
1229:
1225:
1213:
1209:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1093:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1069:
1061:T. H. Watkins,
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1007:on June 6, 2013
999:
998:
994:
978:
974:
973:
969:
937:
931:
927:
919:
915:
910:
906:
886:
882:
874:
870:
862:
858:
847:
836:
820:
816:
806:
804:
796:
795:
791:
781:
779:
771:
770:
766:
756:
754:
745:
744:
740:
733:
717:
713:
705:T. H. Watkins,
704:
700:
690:
688:
683:
682:
678:
668:
666:
661:
660:
656:
647:
643:
638:
615:Henry Roe Cloud
606:
564:
541:
511:in present-day
489:. In 1991, the
406:casino gambling
394:
357:
336:Harold L. Ickes
301:
296:
251:Indian New Deal
231:
222:Signed into law
114:
102:
70:Enacted by
48:
42:Indian New Deal
17:
12:
11:
5:
3915:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3703:
3695:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3625:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3598:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3571:
3562:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3542:
3533:
3531:
3529:Marshall Court
3522:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3414:
3412:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3391:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3368:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3235:North Carolina
3232:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2864:and technology
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2757:
2752:
2715:
2710:
2700:Ute War (1887)
2673:
2668:
2639:
2634:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2523:Peach Tree War
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2420:Plains Indians
2417:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2387:Discrimination
2384:
2379:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2291:Trail of Tears
2288:
2286:Indian removal
2283:
2282:
2281:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2130:
2125:
2123:Trail of Tears
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1992:
1990:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1900:Public Law 280
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1836:(1705 onwards)
1830:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1571:Elk v. Wilkins
1567:
1559:
1558:(D. Neb. 1879)
1551:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1461:- Chickasaw.TV
1456:
1434:
1433:External links
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753:. July 1, 2015
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525:Madison County
424:(based on the
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285:Felix S. Cohen
258:mineral rights
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137:Titles amended
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3448:United States
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3404:
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3179:
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3170:
3168:
3166:By state/city
3164:
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3146:
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3141:
3138:
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3011:
3008:
3006:
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2993:
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2989:Red handprint
2986:
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2593:Seminole Wars
2591:
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2579:
2576:
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2553:Pontiac's War
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2538:Tuscarora War
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2500:
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2470:Neighborhoods
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2410:Adena culture
2408:
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2341:Jim Crow laws
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2225:
2224:Classic stage
2222:
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2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:Paleo-Indians
2202:
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2199:
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2176:
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2169:
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2131:
2129:
2128:Treaty rights
2126:
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2113:Seminole Wars
2111:
2109:
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2020:
2014:
2011:
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1984:
1980:
1973:
1970:
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1934:
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1757:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1744:
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1740:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1731:Duro v. Reina
1728:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1696:
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1640:
1637:
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1632:
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1608:
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1600:
1597:
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1580:
1576:
1573:
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1568:
1565:
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1549:
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1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1533:
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1528:
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1516:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
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1483:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1455:
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1437:
1436:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1386:Philp, K. R.
1385:
1382:
1379:Philp, K. R.
1378:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1348:Kelly, L. C.
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1310:9781558685475
1306:
1302:
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1281:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1260:
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1242:
1236:
1234:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1198:
1191:
1185:
1178:
1177:Hauptman 1988
1173:
1166:
1165:Hauptman 1988
1161:
1154:
1153:Hauptman 1979
1149:
1147:
1140:, p. 78.
1139:
1134:
1127:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1101:
1095:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1071:
1064:
1058:
1049:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1006:
1002:
996:
988:
984:
977:
971:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
936:
929:
922:
917:
908:
901:
897:
893:
889:
884:
877:
872:
865:
860:
853:
851:
845:
843:
841:
839:
832:
831:0-314-14640-7
828:
824:
818:
803:
799:
793:
778:
774:
768:
752:
748:
742:
734:
732:9780855753375
728:
724:
723:
715:
708:
702:
686:
680:
664:
658:
651:
645:
641:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
601:
597:
593:
589:
587:
583:
582:Seneca people
579:
570:
569:
568:
559:
556:
552:
547:
546:Oglala Lakota
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
521:Oneida County
518:
514:
510:
505:
502:
497:
492:
488:
487:
482:
477:
475:
470:
466:
462:
457:
455:
449:
445:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
411:
407:
403:
399:
389:
386:
382:
379:In 1954, the
377:
373:
371:
361:
352:
349:
345:
339:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
313:
305:
291:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
227:
224:by President
223:
220:
217:
213:
209:
206:
203:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
171:
168:
163:
160:§ 461 et seq.
159:
155:
152:
149:
145:
142:
139:
135:
130:
127:
123:
119:
117:
111:
108:
101:
96:
92:
87:
84:June 18, 1934
83:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
51:
44:
41:
40:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
3810:in Australia
3779:Rhode Island
3705:
3697:
3689:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3640:Burger Court
3627:
3619:
3613:Warren Court
3600:
3592:
3573:
3565:
3544:
3536:
3488:
3479:Diminishment
3410:Colonial era
3114:Reservations
3095:Demographics
2766: /
2762: /
2748: /
2744: /
2740: /
2736: /
2732: /
2728: /
2724: /
2720: /
2706: /
2702: /
2698: /
2694: /
2690: /
2686: /
2682: /
2678: /
2664: /
2660: /
2656: /
2652: /
2648: /
2644: /
2630: /
2626: /
2622: /
2618: /
2614: /
2595: /
2548:Dummer's War
2370: /
2209:Lithic stage
2070:
1942:Diminishment
1881:
1807:
1799:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1753:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1641:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1601:
1593:
1585:
1577:
1569:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1521:
1513:
1425:
1411:
1404:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1299:
1278:
1268:
1264:
1249:(2004) p 25.
1246:
1241:
1232:
1226:
1216:Ethnohistory
1215:
1210:
1202:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1172:
1160:
1133:
1125:
1120:
1112:
1107:
1099:
1094:
1086:
1081:
1070:
1065:(1990) p 541
1062:
1057:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1009:. Retrieved
1005:the original
995:
986:
982:
970:
945:
941:
928:
920:
916:
907:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
875:
871:
863:
859:
849:
822:
817:
805:. Retrieved
801:
792:
780:. Retrieved
777:WHHA (en-US)
776:
767:
755:. Retrieved
750:
741:
721:
714:
706:
701:
689:. Retrieved
679:
667:. Retrieved
657:
649:
644:
598:
594:
590:
575:
565:
542:
506:
501:Rhode Island
484:
480:
478:
473:
464:
460:
458:
453:
450:
446:
442:
429:
415:
395:
378:
374:
370:checkerboard
366:
348:Edgar Howard
340:
325:
314:
310:
289:
269:John Collier
266:
255:
250:
242:
238:
236:
221:
215:
211:
207:
197:
191:
173:
132:Codification
18:
3558:Taney Court
3503:(1978–2006)
3467:Removal Act
2922:Sweat lodge
2588:Arikara War
2578:War of 1812
2543:Yamasee War
2528:Esopus Wars
2518:Kieft's War
2503:Beaver Wars
2425:Anishinaabe
2306:Dawes Rolls
2044:Dawes Rolls
1827:Legislation
751:www.doi.gov
402:sovereignty
385:termination
3851:Categories
3764:New Mexico
3734:California
3521:Precedents
3188:California
3086:Pretendian
2637:Cayuse War
2513:Pequot War
2361:gravesites
2118:Survivance
1864:Curtis Act
1289:0815624395
691:August 22,
669:August 22,
630:Totem pole
454:certiorari
321:fee simple
299:Background
174:Introduced
94:Public law
53:Long title
3749:Louisiana
3473:Dawes Act
3335:Massacres
3291:musicians
3255:Wisconsin
3218:Baltimore
3128:Languages
3010:Land Back
2917:Sun Dance
2583:Creek War
2279:ownership
1870:Burke Act
1858:Dawes Act
825:, p. 24.
636:Footnotes
479:In 2008,
154:25 U.S.C.
89:Citations
81:Effective
62:Nicknames
57:purposes.
3774:Oklahoma
3769:New York
3759:Michigan
3722:By state
3402:Statutes
3348:Category
3318:by state
3250:Virginia
3240:Oklahoma
3230:Nebraska
3225:Michigan
3213:Maryland
3193:Colorado
2912:Smudging
2880:Religion
2671:Yuma War
2259:Genocide
1507:Case law
1399:in JSTOR
1368:in JSTOR
1344:in JSTOR
1220:in JSTOR
1030:Utica OD
1011:June 23,
962:20070749
921:Carcieri
604:See also
586:Iroquois
513:New York
467:, Judge
461:Carcieri
398:activism
120:48
3793:Compare
3784:Vermont
3744:Indiana
3301:writers
3276:artists
3198:Florida
3183:Arizona
3135:English
2485:Pow wow
2465:Fashion
2397:Culture
2274:Slavery
2196:History
2022:Related
1983:Federal
1447:details
1257:Sources
807:May 27,
782:May 27,
757:May 26,
294:History
202:284-101
99:Pub. L.
3739:Hawaii
3729:Alaska
3710:(2005)
3702:(2001)
3694:(1997)
3675:(1986)
3667:(1985)
3659:(1979)
3651:(1974)
3632:(1960)
3624:(1955)
3605:(1941)
3597:(1896)
3578:(1858)
3570:(1857)
3549:(1831)
3541:(1823)
3509:(1982)
3497:(1946)
3491:(1934)
3475:(1887)
3469:(1830)
3457:(1787)
3353:Portal
3281:actors
3245:Oregon
3203:Hawaii
3178:Alaska
3022:groups
2189:topics
1974:(2008)
1968:(1990)
1962:(1990)
1956:(1990)
1950:(1988)
1944:(1984)
1938:(1978)
1932:(1978)
1926:(1975)
1920:(1971)
1914:(1968)
1908:(1956)
1902:(1953)
1896:(1940)
1890:(1936)
1884:(1934)
1878:(1924)
1872:(1906)
1866:(1898)
1860:(1887)
1854:(1830)
1848:(1819)
1812:(2022)
1804:(2020)
1790:(2013)
1774:(2005)
1766:(2004)
1758:(2001)
1750:(1997)
1742:(1993)
1734:(1990)
1726:(1989)
1718:(1987)
1710:(1986)
1702:(1985)
1694:(1984)
1686:(1982)
1678:(1978)
1670:(1977)
1662:(1976)
1654:(1974)
1646:(1973)
1638:(1968)
1630:(1960)
1622:(1959)
1614:(1955)
1606:(1941)
1598:(1903)
1590:(1896)
1582:(1896)
1574:(1884)
1566:(1883)
1550:(1858)
1542:(1857)
1534:(1832)
1526:(1831)
1518:(1823)
1496:Rights
1307:
1286:
960:
852:(1995)
829:
729:
578:Navajo
562:Legacy
551:Navajo
533:Vernon
529:Verona
496:casino
474:MichGO
148:U.S.C.
124:
107:73–383
105:
3754:Maine
3264:Lists
2445:Music
2239:Trade
979:(PDF)
958:JSTOR
938:(PDF)
572:them.
428:) in
400:over
216:House
156:
122:Stat.
3208:Iowa
3173:List
2495:Wars
2450:Film
2440:Food
1305:ISBN
1284:ISBN
1013:2008
827:ISBN
809:2024
784:2024
759:2024
727:ISBN
693:2023
671:2023
237:The
73:the
2435:Art
1985:and
1798:and
1498:of
1451:GPO
1443:PDF
950:doi
584:,
253:".
126:984
3853::
1269:12
1267:.
1145:^
1028:,
987:37
985:.
981:.
956:.
946:30
944:.
940:.
837:^
800:.
775:.
749:.
523:,
515:,
186:MT
3387:e
3380:t
3373:v
2991:)
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1481:t
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1441:(
1313:.
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952::
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695:.
673:.
204:)
184:-
182:D
180:(
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