1511:, historically a Congress stronghold, turned against Gandhi and her party failed to win a single seat in the state. Dhanagare says the structural reasons behind the discontent against the Government included the emergence of the strong and united opposition, disunity and weariness inside Congress, an effective underground opposition, and the ineffectiveness of Gandhi's control of the mass media, which had lost much credibility. The structural factors allowed voters to express their grievances, notably their resentment of the emergency and its authoritarian and repressive policies. One grievance often mentioned was the 'nasbandi' (
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residents of "encroachments" to avoid a case in a civil court, instead, they notified them through public channels, or in the case of
Haryana through drum beats, and in some cases gave no prior information. States passed various laws to aid them in this process such as Maharashtra Vacant Land Act 1975, Bihar Public Encroachment Act 1975, and Madhya Pradesh Land Revenue Code (Amendment) Act. These demolitions were often accompanied by the police to threaten the residents with arrest under
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income taxes on those earning more than Rs 100,000 were reduced from 77% to 66%. This was expected to lower the government's revenue by Rs 3.08-3.25 billion. To compensate for this indirect taxes grew, the ratio of indirect taxes to direct taxes was at 5.31 in 1976. Despite this there was a loss in revenue of Rs 400 million (40 crores), to compensate for this the Indira Gandhi government decided to cut spending in education and social welfare.
33:
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865:, five programs in the 20 point program were aimed at benefiting the middle classes and industrialists, these included- liberalising investment procedures, introducing new schemes for workers' associations in the industry, implementing a national permit scheme for road transport, tax breaks to the middle class by exempting anyone earning under Rs. 8,000 from income taxes, and an austerity program to reduce public spending.
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966:. Quotas were set up that enthusiastic supporters and government officials worked hard to achieve. There were allegations of coercion of unwilling candidates too. In 1976–1977, the program led to 8.3 million sterilisations, most of them forced, up from 2.7 million the previous year. The bad publicity led many 1977 governments to stress that family planning is entirely voluntary.
592:, proposed to the prime minister to impose an "internal emergency". He drafted a letter for the President to issue the proclamation based on information Indira had received that "there is an imminent danger to the security of India being threatened by internal disturbances". He showed how democratic freedom could be suspended while remaining within the ambit of the Constitution.
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public sector industries, while a
National Apex Board was set up for the private industries. These were meant to give a veneer of worker participation in decision making but were in reality stacked in favour of the management, and tasked with increasing "productivity" by cutting holidays (including Sundays), bonuses, agreeing to wage freeze, and allowing layoffs.
501:. The court also banned her from contesting any election for an additional six years. Serious charges such as bribing voters and election malpractices were dropped and she was held responsible for misusing government machinery and found guilty on charges such as using the state police to build a dais, availing herself of the services of a government officer,
580:, the economy was in poor condition. The Government claimed that the strikes and protests had paralysed the government and hurt the economy of the country greatly. In the face of massive political opposition, desertion and disorder across the country and the party, Gandhi stuck to the advice of a few loyalists and her younger son
1826:
has the protagonist, Saleem Sinai, in India during the
Emergency. His home in a low-income area, called the "magician's ghetto", is destroyed as part of the national beautification program. He is forcibly sterilised as part of the vasectomy program. The principal antagonist of the book is "the Widow"
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policy of putting in place a 6 per cent ceiling on annual money supply growth months before the emergency, record monsoon in the year of 1975 leading to record harvest of foodgrains which led to food prices declining, increased import of grains, and reduced demand due to cutting of worker's wages and
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Elections for the
Parliament and state governments were postponed. Gandhi and her parliamentary majorities could rewrite the nation's laws since her Congress party had the required mandate to do so – a two-thirds majority in the Parliament. And when she felt the existing laws were 'too slow', she got
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of workers was withheld as part of the Wage Freeze act as compulsory deposits to combat inflation. However, these reduced prices only lasted till March 1976 when the prices of commodities started to go up again, on account of foodgrain production declining by 7.9%. Between 1 April and 6 October 1976
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Coal miners were forced to work in abysmal conditions with irregular pay, collieries were made to run for all seven days a week, and complaints of workers and unions about the abysmal and dangerous working conditions were ignored and met with state repression. These terrible workplace conditions led
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Worker demonstrations during the emergency were subject to heavy state repression, such as when the AITUC organised a one-day strike to protest the slashing of bonuses in
January 1976, to which the state responded by arresting 30,000-40,000 workers. In another such instance, the 8,000 workers of the
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If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers, no less are we, the people of India, the trustees, and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions! A constitution is not a parchment of paper, it is a way of life and has to be lived up to. Eternal
447:
strike. This strike was led by the firebrand trade union leader George
Fernandes who was the President of the All India Railwaymen's Federation. He was also the President of the Socialist Party. The strike was brutally suppressed by the Indira Gandhi government, which arrested thousands of employees
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Kartar, a cobbler, was taken to a block development office by six policemen, where he was asked how many children he had. He was forcefully taken for sterilisation in a jeep. En route, the police forced a man on a bicycle into the jeep because he was not sterilised. Kartar had an infection and pain
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The emergency regime exempted those earning between Rs 6,000-8,000 from taxation, provided tax breaks for those earning between Rs 8,000-15,000 in the range of Rs 45-264. There were only 3.8 million (38 lakh) taxpayers in the country at the time. Wealth taxes were also cut from 8% to 2.5% while the
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continued its opposition for which it had 20 of its leaders arrested. State governments were asked to form bipartite councils composed of representatives of the workers and the management for firms having more than 500 employees, similar apex bipartite committees were formed by the centre for major
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as its secretary. The committee aimed to surround the Prime
Minister's house and refuse anybody's entry in order to paralyze the functioning of government. The committee further asked people to obstruct the railway lines so that the trains could not move and to prevent the functioning of courts and
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and
Congress MPs sided with the prime minister. Indira's party was of a different breed from the Congress of old, which had been a robust institution with traditions of internal democracy. In the Congress (R), on the other hand, members quickly realised that their progress within the ranks depended
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The
Congress, on the other hand, charges Sanjay Gandhi of "over-enthusiasm" in dealing with certain programmes and I quote yet again: "Unfortunately, in certain spheres, over-enthusiasm led to compulsion in the enforcement of certain programmes like compulsory sterilisation and clearance of slums.
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had not included it in recent list of deaths. As a result, Swamy was expelled from parliament. In
November 1976, over 30 leaders of the RSS, led by Madhavrao Muley, Dattopant Thengadi, and Moropant Pingle, wrote to Indira Gandhi, promising support to the Emergency if all RSS workers were released
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In Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, on 18 October 1976, police picked up 17 people, of which two were over 75 and two under 18. Hundreds of people surrounded the police station demanding they free captives. The police refused to release them and used tear gas shells. The crowd retaliated by throwing
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Indira Gandhi devised a '20-point' economic programme to increase agricultural and industrial production, improve public services and fight poverty and illiteracy, through "the discipline of the graveyard". In addition to the official twenty points, Sanjay Gandhi declared his five-point programme
1827:(a likeness that Indira Gandhi successfully sued Rushdie for). There was one line in the book that repeated an old Indian rumour that Indira Gandhi's son disliked his mother because he suspected her of causing the death of his father. As this was a rumour, there was no substantiation to be found.
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program to limit population growth. The exact extent of Sanjay Gandhi's role in the implementation of the program is disputed, with some writers holding Gandhi directly responsible for his authoritarianism, and other writers blaming the officials who implemented the programme rather than Gandhi
1367:) in Delhi, was among the first to be arrested, and he spent the entire Emergency in jail. However, other ABVP leaders such as Balbir Punj and Prabhu Chawla pledged allegiance to Indira Gandhi's Twenty Point Programme and Sanjay Gandhi's Five Point Programme, in return for staying out of jail.
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they were classified into three categories- Class A, Class B, and Class C. Class A prisoners included prominent political leaders, members of parliament, and members of the legislative assembly. Class B prisoners included less prominent political prisoners. Class C included those detained for
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On 18 January 1977, Gandhi called fresh elections for March and released several opposition leaders; however, many others remained in prison even after she left office, despite the Emergency officially ending on 21 March 1977. The opposition Janata movement's campaign warned Indians that the
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During the Emergency, various state governments also carried out demolitions to clear "encroachments", undertaken to please Sanjay Gandhi. In many of these cases, residents were given very short notices, state governments like those of Bihar and Haryana avoided giving official notices to the
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in his article: "I must add that not all in the RSS were in a surrender mode ... But a tearful Muley told me in early November 1976 and I had better escape abroad again since the RSS had finalized the Document of Surrender to be signed in end of January 1977, and that on Mr. Vajpayee's
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Sanjay Gandhi, started to run the country as though it were his fiefdom and earned the fierce hatred of many whom his policies had victimized. He ordered the removal of slum dwellings, and in an attempt to curb India's growing population, initiated a highly resented program of forced
485:
fought the case for Narain (Nani Palkhivala fought the case for Indira). Indira Gandhi was also cross-examined in the High Court which was the first such instance for an Indian Prime Minister (Indira Gandhi had to present herself for 5 hours in front of judge).
639:, Indira Gandhi granted herself extraordinary powers and launched a massive crackdown on civil rights and political opposition. The Government used police forces across the country to place thousands of protestors and strike leaders under preventive detention.
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of states of emergencies and actions taken during them, also likely played a role in this lack of success. Although special tribunals were organised and scores of senior Congress Party and government officials arrested and charged, including Mrs. Gandhi and
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because of the poor discipline and factionalism among Congress activists as well as the numerous defections that weakened the party. Opponents emphasised the issues of corruption in Congress and appealed to a deep desire by the voters for fresh leadership.
1938:, penned while the author was imprisoned as a political prisoner during the Emergency under MISA for sixteen months at Poojappura state prison in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, gives a personal account of his travails during the dark days of Indian democracy.
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While some of the senior RSS leaders supported the Emergency, others had apologised and were released, and several senior leaders, notably Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras sought an accommodation with Sanjay and Indira Gandhi. Zonal RSS leaders also authorised
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Ottawa, a village 80 kilometres south of Delhi, woke up to the police loudspeakers at 03:00. Police gathered 400 men at the bus stop. In the process of finding more villagers, police broke into homes and looted. A total of 800 forced sterilisations were
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on 27 December 1975, at Chasnala coal mine near Dhanbad which claimed the lives of 375 miners due to more than 100 million gallons of water flooding the mine. This was the 222nd such accident that year, the previous incidents having claimed 288 lives.
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in 725 A.D. It explains how the widowed Queen and the Princess kill the freedom of the people. Most of the incidents described in the novel resemble the Emergency period. Even the name of the characters in the novel is similar to Mrs. Gandhi and her
898:(a Bangalore-based state-owned company) took part in a peaceful sit-in protest in response to the management reneging its promise of a 20% bonus to just 8%, they found themselves lathi-charged by the police who also arrested a few hundred of them.
515:, on 24 June 1975, upheld the High Court judgement and ordered all privileges Gandhi received as an MP be stopped, and that she be debarred from voting. However, she was allowed to continue as Prime Minister pending the resolution of her appeal.
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was a socialite known for being one of Sanjay Gandhi's close associates and she gained a lot of notoriety in leading Sanjay Gandhi's sterilisation campaign in Muslim areas of old Delhi. The campaign primarily involved getting males to undergo
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Indira's ascent was backed by her charismatic appeal among the masses that was aided by her government's near-radical leftward turns. These included the July 1969 nationalisation of several major banks and the September 1970 abolition of the
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to non-violently transform Indian society. He also demanded the dissolution of the state government, but this was not accepted by the center. A month later, the railway-employees union, the largest union in the country, went on a nationwide
410:
movement in Gujarat, between December 1973 and March 1974. Student unrest against the state's education minister ultimately forced the central government to dissolve the state legislature, leading to the resignation of the chief minister,
1676:, "things had gone too far. You can't imagine what we've been through here—strikes, boycotts, demonstrations. Why, there were days I couldn't walk out of my house into the streets. The parliamentary system is not suited to our needs."
523:
called for daily anti-government protests. The next day, Jayaprakash Narayan organised a large rally in Delhi, where he said that a police officer must reject the orders of government if the order is immoral and unethical as this was
536:. Within three hours, the electricity to all major newspapers was cut and the political opposition arrested. The proposal was sent without discussion with the Union Cabinet, who only learnt of it and ratified it the next morning.
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and subjected to third-degree methods. On his release, Pinarayi reached the Assembly and made an impassionate speech holding up the blood-stained shirt he wore when in police custody, causing serious embarrassment to the then
134:, a central figure in Indira's inner circle of advisors. Further, Haksar promoted the idea of a "committed bureaucracy" that required hitherto-impartial government officials to be "committed" to the ideology of the Congress.
619:
promoting literacy, family planning, tree planting, the eradication of casteism and the abolition of dowry. Later during the Emergency, the two projects merged into a twenty-five-point programme. In 2013, a report by the
1382:
On his return from his meeting with Om Mehta, Vajpayee ordered the cadres of the ABVP to apologise unconditionally to Indira Gandhi. The ABVP students refused. The RSS "Document of Surrender" was also confirmed by
752:
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who himself had a desire to "beautify" the city. During the emergency Jagmohan emerged as the single most powerful person in the DDA, and went to extraordinary lengths to do the bidding of Sanjay Gandhi, as the
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to get government officials and Congress politicians tried for Emergency-era abuses and crimes were largely unsuccessful due to a disorganised, over-complex, and politically motivated process of litigation. The
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became routine. In the coming years, Indira's influence was such that she could install hand-picked loyalists as chief ministers of states, rather than their being elected by the Congress legislative party.
974:
Shahu Ghalake, a peasant from Barsi in Maharashtra, was taken for sterilisation. After mentioning that he was already sterilised, he was beaten. A sterilisation procedure was undertaken on him for a second
1288:, and launched in Amritsar, 9 July. The Akali Dal was the most successful regional party that opposed the morcha. Over 40,000 Akalis and other Sikhs courted arrest during the morcha. Their statement was:
1325:
wrote a letter to Indira Gandhi, aiming to "dispel misconceptions" regarding the RSS and assured her his organisation was working for Hindus but was never against her government. Deoras also praised the
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873:
The emergency regime cracked down on trade unionism, banned strikes, imposed wage freezes, and phased out wage bonuses. The largest trade unions in the country at the time such as the Congress'
1310:, 140,000 people had been arrested without trial during the twenty months of Gandhi's Emergency. Jasjit Singh Grewal estimates that 43,000 of them came from India's two per cent Sikh minority.
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Many cases where teens were arrested and imprisoned have come to light, one such example is of Dilip Sharma who aged 16 was arrested and imprisoned for over 11 months. He was released based on
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given to erstwhile princes, Parliament passed the 26th Amendment. This gave constitutional validity to the government's abolition of the privy purse and nullified the Supreme Court's order.
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Shri Jagmohan during the emergency, became a law unto himself and went about doing the biddings of Shri Sanjay Gandhi without care or concern for the miseries of the people affected thereby
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171:, women and minorities. Indira was seen as "standing for socialism in economics and secularism in matters of religion, as being pro-poor and for the development of the nation as a whole."
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564:, which was withdrawn in 1967. Defence of India rules were given an expanded mandate 5 days into the emergency and renamed as Defence and Internal Security of India Rules. Another law,
751:"economic offences" and other offences. Class A and B prisoners were treated better and received better amenities in prison than other categories of prisoners. Those arrested under
101:, and ratified by the Cabinet and the Parliament from July to August 1975. It was based on the rationale that there were imminent internal and external threats to the Indian state.
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and its head at the time, Sant Kartar Singh Bhindranwale, held many protests and marches against the emergency He also held 37 processions which defied the rules of the emergency.
74:
because of prevailing "internal disturbance", the Emergency was in effect from 25 June 1975 and ended on 21 March 1977. The order bestowed upon the prime minister the authority to
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the wholesale price index rose by 10%, in which the price of rice rose by 8.3%, groundnut oil rose by 48%, while the prices of industrial raw materials as a group rose by 29.3%.
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highlights many waves of abuse that occurred during the Emergency including forced sterilisation of men and the destruction of houses and shops owned by Muslims in Turkmen Gate.
477:, who had been defeated in the 1971 parliamentary election by Indira Gandhi, lodged cases of election fraud and use of state machinery for election purposes against her in the
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The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s: Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India)
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vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis, its only keepers are the people. The imbecility of men, history teaches us, always invites the impudence of power.
528:'s motto during the freedom struggle. Such a statement was taken as a sign of inciting rebellion in the country. Later that day, Indira Gandhi requested a compliant President
1711:
to it. ... The most important changes were designed to strengthen the executive at the cost of the judiciary, and thus disturb the carefully crafted system of Constitutional
3469:
544:
Before the emergency, the Indira Gandhi government passed draconian laws which would be used to arrest political opponents before and during emergency. One of these was the
711:
were arrested along with many others involved with their party. Congress leaders who dissented against the Emergency declaration and amendment to the constitution, such as
1434:
Hundreds of Communists, whether from the CPI(M), other Marxist parties, or the Naxalites, were arrested during the Emergency. Some were tortured or, as in the case of the
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take place during the Emergency and highlight many of the abuses that occurred during that period, largely through the lens of India's small but culturally influential
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2134:, a 2012 adaptation of Rushdie's novel, created widespread controversy due to the negative portrayal of Indira Gandhi and other leaders. The film was not shown at the
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of the Allahabad High Court found the prime minister guilty on the charge of misuse of government machinery for her election campaign. The court declared her election
2054:, where each one of the characters is trying to find sterilisation cases. The film was banned after its release due to its portrayal of the Indira Gandhi government.
1500:. The Janata Party's 298 seats were further augmented by an additional 47 seats won by its various political allies, thereby giving them a two-thirds supermajority.
1306:
region. During Emergency SGPC offices used to be flooded with Anti-Emergency activists from RSS and BJP who had taken shelter to escape the government. According to
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The question before us is not whether Indira Gandhi should continue to be prime minister or not. The point is whether democracy in this country is to survive or not.
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801:
A fallout of the Emergency era was the Supreme Court laid down that, although the Constitution is amenable to amendments (as abused by Indira Gandhi), changes that
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The Government cited threats to national security, as a war with Pakistan had recently been concluded. Due to the war and additional challenges of drought and the
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915:
The emergency government enjoyed a degree of popular support due to lower prices of goods and services at least during 1975. This was due to many reasons such as
1515:) campaign in rural areas. The middle classes also emphasised the curbing of freedom throughout the state and India. Meanwhile, Congress hit an all-time low in
788:, which brought about extensive changes to the letter and spirit of the Constitution, is one of the lasting legacies of the Emergency. In the conclusion of his
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at the time, were keen on postponing elections and prolonging the emergency by several years. In October–November 1976, an effort was made to change the basic
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on 1 March 1976, tortured in custody until he died and then his body was disposed of and was never recovered. The facts of this incident came out owing to a
756:
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As the constitution requires, Mrs. Gandhi advised and President Ahmed approved the continuation of Emergency over every six months until she decided to hold
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movement during the Emergency era. The film tells the story of three youngsters in the 1970s when India was undergoing massive social and political changes.
746:. This included both political prisoners and ordinary criminals. Most states classified those arrested under MISA into multiple categories. For instance in
5624:
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1600:
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were identified and arrested all over India. Raids were conducted in houses suspected to be sympathetic to the CPI(M) or the opposition to the emergency.
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later wrote, Congress (R) came to be known as the real Congress, "requiring no qualifying suffix." In December 1971, under her proactive war leadership,
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carried an obituary that read, "Democracy, beloved husband of Truth, loving father of Liberty, brother of Faith, Hope and Justice, expired on June 26."
719:, resigned their government and party positions and were thereafter arrested and placed under detention. Members of regional opposition parties such as
768:
the President to issue 'Ordinances' – a law-making power in times of urgency, invoked sparingly – completely bypassing the Parliament, allowing her to
340:
if the changes affect basic issues such as fundamental rights. To nullify this judgement, Parliament, dominated by the Gandhi-led Congress, passed the
167:; these changes were often done suddenly, via ordinance, to the shock of her opponents. She had strong support in the disadvantaged sections—the poor,
218:
s description of her as the 'Empress of India' seemed apt." Even opposition leaders, who routinely accused her of being a dictator and of fostering a
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784:, where anti-Indira parties ruled (state legislatures were thereby dissolved and suspended indefinitely), and jailing thousands of opponents. The
358:, where the 24th Amendment was called into question. With a wafer-thin majority of 7 to 6, the bench of the Supreme Court restricted Parliament's
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627:(CIA) had gained a source in Indira Gandhi's household between 1975 and 1977. However, the CIA did not expect the declaration of the Emergency.
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by a bomb. All of these indicated a growing law and order problem in the entire country, which Mrs. Gandhi's advisors warned her of for months.
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86:. More than 100,000 political opponents, journalists and dissenters were imprisoned by the Gandhi regime. During this time, mass campaign for
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Emergency- Proclamation of Emergency in the Country by the President of India on the 25th June, 1975; and Extension of Emergency to J & K
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tendency of the Congress". The "Democracy Bachao Morcha" (translates to 'Campaign to Save Democracy') was organised by the Akali Dal, led by
5010:
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only managed to win 154—a decrease of 198 as compared to the previous election. Indira Gandhi herself was voted out of office in the
17:
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1345:, who was in poor health, quickly reached an agreement with Indira Gandhi, and spent most of the Emergency under parole at his residence.
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The Emergency lasted 21 months, and its legacy remains controversial. A few days after the Emergency was imposed, the Bombay edition of
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walked into the parliament and when obituary references were concluding, Swamy raised a point of order that Democracy had also died and
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by a margin of over 55,000 votes. INC candidates failed to win a single seat in the constituencies of several northern states, such as
772:. Also, she had little trouble amending the Constitution that exonerated her from any culpability in her election-fraud case, imposing
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Sahasrabuddhe, P. G., & Vājapeyī, M. (1991). The people versus emergency: A saga of struggle. New Delhi : Suruchi Prakashan.
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Anderson, Edward, and Patrick Clibbens. "'Smugglers of Truth': The Indian diaspora, Hindu nationalism, and the Emergency (1975–77)."
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https://www.business-standard.com/politics/june-4-to-go-down-as-modi-mukti-diwas-cong-on-samvidahaan-hatya-diwas-124071300013_1.html
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1612:, police were unable to submit sufficient evidence for most cases, and only a few low-level officials were convicted of any abuses.
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Hawa Singh, a young widower from Pipli, was taken from the bus against his will and sterilised. The ensuing infection took his life.
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759:, depending on the state, found themselves detained with ordinary criminals, as Class C prisoners, or their own separate category.
390:. Indira Gandhi's tendency to control the judiciary met with severe criticism, both from the press and political opponents such as
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party, as well as a huge majority in Parliament. The first was achieved by concentrating the central government's power within the
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2174:
is a 2021 Tamil language sports film which is set in the backdrop of the Emergency and shows the arrest of DMK political members.
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is partly set during the Emergency and deals with themes such as political corruption and oppression in the context of the event.
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emergency declaration with a more powerful directly elected executive. The most significant of the initial such movement was the
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himself. The United States, United Nations, and World Bank had earlier raised concern over India's population control measures.
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505:, during the elections before he had resigned from his position, and use of electricity from the state electricity department.
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was held from 16 to 20 March, and resulted in a landslide victory for the Janata Party and the CFD, securing 298 seats in the
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610:. In 1976, Parliament voted to delay elections, something it could only do with the Constitution suspended by the Emergency.
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Ramashray Roy and D. L. Sheth. "The 1977 Lok Sabha Election Outcome: The Salience of Changing Voter Alignments Since 1969,"
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Her supporters organised mass pro-Indira demonstrations in the streets of Delhi close to the Prime Minister's residence.
438:, against the Bihar government. In April 1974, in Patna, JP called for "total revolution," asking students, peasants, and
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plays Janata ("the public"), a mute protagonist, was subsequently banned and reportedly, all its prints were burned by
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419:. Meanwhile, there were assassination attempts on public leaders as well as the assassination of the railway minister
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Jinks, Derek P. "The Anatomy of an Institutionalized Emergency: Preventive Detention and Personal Liberty in India."
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from prison. Their "Document of Surrender", to take effect from January 1977, was processed by H. Y. Sharada Prasad.
1259:. In Maharashtra, Mumbai alone saw demolitions of 12,000 huts, while Pune saw demolitions of 1285 huts and 29 shops.
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is a children's comedy, it is also a satire on the Emergency where the ruler forcefully mind washes the poor people.
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upon the prime minister's advice on the night of 25 June 1975, just a few minutes before the clock struck midnight.
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to be suspended. For much of the Emergency, most of Gandhi's political opponents were imprisoned and the press were
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Gwatkin, Davidson R. 'Political Will, and Family Planning: The Implications of India's Emergency Experience', in:
185:(Abolish poverty!) to award her a huge majority (352 seats out of 518). "By the margin of its victory," historian
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4519:"Centre to observe June 25 as 'Samvidhaan Hatya Diwas'; Congress hits back with June 4 as 'Modi Mukti Diwas'"
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130:, whose elected members she saw as a threat and distrusted. For this, she relied on her principal secretary,
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4613:"'Balasaheb Thackeray openly supported Emergency imposed by Indira Gandhi': Shiv Seva (UBT)'s Sanjay Raut"
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Democratic Norms, Human Rights and the States of Emergency: Lessons from the Experience of Four Countries
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Sanjay Gandhi's rash promotion of sterilization and forcible clearance of slums ... sparked popular anger
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D. N. Dhanagare, "Sixth Lok Sabha Election in Uttar Pradesh – 1977: The End of the Congress Hegemony",
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on a 2001 stamp of India. He is remembered for leading the mid-1970s opposition against Prime Minister
190:
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Gurmit Singh, A History of Sikh Struggles, New Delhi, Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, 1991, 2:39
1454:
was supportive of the move and criticised the opponents of Indira Gandhi as right-wing reactionaries.
426:
In March–April 1974, a student agitation by the Bihar Chatra Sangharsh Samiti received the support of
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4544:"'Modi Govt Has Observed Samvidhaan Hatya Diwas Every Day for a Decade': Opposition on June 25 Move"
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3757:"Narendra Modi: Sardar Narendra 'Singh' Modi: When PM disguised himself as a Sikh to escape arrest"
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Within the Congress, Indira outmaneuvered her rivals, forcing the party to split in 1969—into the
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1603:, put in place shortly after the outset of the Emergency and which among other things prohibited
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4023:"Did Vajpayee ask ABVP to apologise for arson attacks during Emergency in return for democracy?"
3924:"The story of how RSS leaders deserted Jayaprakash and the resistance during Indira's Emergency"
1849:
in Nagpur. They tell the reader what they went through during those politically turbulent times.
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stones and to control the situation, the police fired on the crowd. 30 people died as a result.
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Telegram 8557 from the United States Embassy in India to the Department of State, 27 June 1975
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They protested for two years fighting against policemen and curfew was declared in the entire
1028:
In total, 700,000 people in Delhi were displaced due to the demolitions carried out in Delhi.
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5355:
5287:, a book by Eachara Varier, father of a student killed in police custody during the emergency
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1307:
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333:
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3857:
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Carl Haub and O. P. Sharma, "India's Population Reality: Reconciling Change and Tradition,"
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97:
The final decision to impose an emergency was proposed by Indira Gandhi, agreed upon by the
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Paul, Subin. "When India Was Indira Indian Express's Coverage of the Emergency (1975–77)."
5135:
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1375:
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858:
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In his speech, Narayan announced his decision to form "Lok Sangarsh Samiti" committee with
420:
345:
164:
67:
41:
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1845:, an English-language novel by Sanjeev Tare, is the story told by four youths studying at
1766:(1989), describing it as "The Siege". He also authored a satirical play on the Emergency,
302:
8:
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1984:, by Vishwajyoti Ghosh, was published in 2010, that narrates the events of the Emergency.
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has the human rights violations by the police during the Emergency as its main plotline.
1411:. Both were then leaders of the Students Federation of India, the party's student wing.
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Those jailed during the Emergency include the current general secretary of the CPI(M),
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insistence I would be sacrificed to appease an irate Indira and a fulminating Sanjay."
1321:, which was seen close to opposition leaders, was banned. On 22 August 1975, RSS chief
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882:
680:
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in 1971. Similarly, after the government lost a Supreme Court case for withdrawing the
98:
4844:
Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: a Comparative and Historical Perspective
4755:. New Delhi, Mumbai: Encyclopædia Britannica (India), Popular Prakashan. p. 425.
4292:
Mira Ganguly and Bangendu Ganguly, "Lok Sabha Election, 1977: The West Bengal Scene",
3571:
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elections might be their last chance to choose between "democracy and dictatorship".
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840:
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3117:
2911:"CIA files: Despite keeping tabs, US was unaware of Indira Gandhi's Emergency plans"
63:
declared across the country by citing internal and external threats to the country.
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4364:"This Is How Express Stood up to 'The Emergency' Declared by Indira Gandhi in 1975"
4196:"India Votes For Democracy: The Sixth Parliamentary Elections In India, March 1977"
3257:
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J.S. Grewal, The Sikhs of Punjab,(Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990) 213
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Harijan, a 70-year-old with no teeth and bad eyesight, was sterilised forcefully.
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passed in December 1974, was also frequently used to target political opponents.
511:
Indira Gandhi challenged the High Court's decision in the Supreme Court. Justice
456:
444:
363:
79:
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1629:
A few days later censorship was imposed on newspapers. The Delhi edition of the
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5460:
5445:
5202:
Brewing Resistance: Indian Coffee House and the Emergency in Postcolonial India
5015:
The Dynasty: A Political Biography of the Premier Ruling Family of Modern India
4914:
4896:
4860:
4368:
2436:"Indira Jaising: "In India, you can't even dream of equal justice. Not at all""
2183:
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2008:
1960:
by Ramachandra Vaidyanath deals with the political movements during the period.
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Emergency – Revocation of Emergency Proclaimed on 25.6.1975. Connected matters
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2410:"I. C. Golaknath & Ors vs State Of Punjab & Anrs. (27 February 1967)"
2110:
2080:
2017:
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declared 25 June as ‘Samvidhan Hatya Diwas’ (Day of Murder of Constitution).
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4686:"Rushdie Talk Recasts Role of Public and Private in Politics and Literature"
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2013:
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Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act
439:
202:
180:
131:
3002:
Narasimha Rao, the Best Prime Minister? by Janak Raj Jai - 1996 - Page 101
2352:
Dynasties and Female Political Leaders in Asia: Gender, Power and Pedigree
2003:(1975) was banned, because the film was supposedly based on Indira Gandhi.
5821:
3501:
3474:
3381:
2150:
is a 2017 Hindi political thriller film about the emergency, directed by
2146:
2037:
1970:
1923:
1887:
1867:
1516:
862:
802:
383:
4211:
4195:
2700:
2100:, who had been arrested by the police (and allegedly killed in custody).
1652:
The Emergency also received support. It was endorsed by social reformer
27:
1975–1977 state of emergency in India under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
5706:
5659:
5510:
5490:
5440:
5174:
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3230:
2409:
2395:
2201:
2097:
2030:
1965:
1489:
1435:
819:
781:
652:
474:
407:
194:
155:
83:
3839:"The Emergency and the Sangh Parivar's tacit support to Indira Gandhi"
3369:
Sanjay Gandhi had by then emerged as a leader of great significance.".
2974:
Working a Democratic Constitution - A History of the Indian Experience
5876:
5360:
5089:
Advani, L. K. (2002). A prisoner's scrapbook. New Delhi: Ocean Books.
2741:"[Explained] Why Did Indira Gandhi Impose Emergency In 1975?"
2087:
2041:
1950:
1692:
1512:
1477:
1423:
963:
620:
498:
367:
87:
32:
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3214:
2109:
is set against the backdrop of the Emergency. The film, directed by
1533:
241:
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5871:
5832:
5480:
5420:
4668:
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
3928:
2946:
The Last Maharani of Gwalior: An Autobiography By Manohar Malgonkar
2811:
Times, William Borders; Special to The New York (5 February 1976).
2488:"Justice Sinha, who set aside Indira Gandhi's election, dies at 87"
2114:
2046:
2024:
1919:
1277:
1012:
427:
313:
and the Indian Emergency, for whose overthrow he had called for a "
5216:
Emergency Chronicles: Indira Gandhi and Democracy's Turning Point
5050:
Mithi Mukherjee, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print
4493:
House of the People: Parliament and the Making of Indian Democracy
4800:
Democracy and Discontent: India's Growing Crisis of Governability
4167:"Opposition Accuses Mrs. Gandhi Of 'Murdering' India's Democracy"
3855:
1281:
1273:
777:
231:
205:
the next month, she was at her greatest peak; for her biographer
118:
came to obtain near-absolute control over the government and the
4992:
India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy
3456:"Tragedy at Turkman Gate: Witnesses recount horror of Emergency"
3382:"Sanjay Gandhi worked in an authoritarian manner: Congress book"
402:
This led some Congress party leaders to demand a move towards a
366:" of the Constitution. Subsequently, Prime Minister Gandhi made
5853:
4064:"Pinarayi Vijayan: Steeled by a life of relentless adversities"
2878:
Unsettling memories : narratives of the emergency in Delhi
2182:
is a 2024 Hindi biographical film, directed and co-produced by
2092:
2075:
1999:
1994:
1974:
1876:, a book by Chanakya Sen, is based on the internal politics of
830:
351:
This judiciary–executive battle would continue in the landmark
168:
4580:"RSS had supported several of Emergency measures: Ex-IB chief"
3199:"To the Brink and Back: Representation and the State in India"
5675:
5331:
5188:
Indira Gandhi and the emergency as viewed in the Indian novel
4639:
Indira Gandhi and the emergency as viewed in the Indian novel
4461:"New book flays Indira Gandhi's decision to impose Emergency"
4084:
India and the United States: Estranged Democracies, 1941-1991
3140:"rediff.com: Emergency: 'Rajan's mother died asking for him'"
1973:, Pi's father decides to sell his zoo and move his family to
1795:
1668:, and Indira Gandhi's close friend and Odisha Chief Minister
1493:
1303:
224:
52:
5257:
Shourie, Arun (1978). Symptoms of fascism. New Delhi: Vikas.
4109:"Mrs. Gandhi, Easing Crisis Rule, Decides on March Election"
3705:
Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants
3246:"Economic trends and policies in India during the Emergency"
2237:"The Indian Emergency (1975–1977) in Historical Perspective"
885:
were made to comply with the new regime, while the CPI(M)'s
861:
considers the economic policy of the emergency regime to be
141:(comprising the old-guard known as the "Syndicate") and her
55:
was a 21-month period from 1975 to 1977 when Prime Minister
4865:
Warrior of the Fourth Estate: Ramnath Goenka of the Express
3470:"Rukhsana Sultana: The chief glamour girl of the Emergency"
3197:
Rudolph, Lloyd I.; Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber (1 April 1978).
2860:"A tale of three Emergencies: real reason always different"
2653:
India's first dictatorship : the emergency, 1975 -1977
1451:
3431:"The legacy of India's quest to sterilize millions of men"
1918:) by Ra. Su. Nallaperumal is based on the history of the
1953:
deals with the socio-political changes during the period.
1422:, then a young MLA. He was taken into custody during the
738:. During the emergency 34,988 people were arrested under
44:
proclaimed a state of national emergency on 25 June 1975.
4748:
4339:
Working a Democratic Constitution: The Indian Experience
3497:"Rukhsana Sultana: diehearted follower of Sanjay Gandhi"
370:—the senior-most judge amongst those in the minority in
178:, the people rallied behind Indira's populist slogan of
5119:
In the name of Democracy: JP movement and the Emergency
4142:. New Delhi: Ministry of Home Affairs. 1977. p. 14
2762:. New Delhi: Ministry of Home Affairs. 1975. p. 11
2382:
Puri, Balraj (1993). "Indian Muslims since Partition".
2348:"The Pioneers: Durga Amma, The Only Man in the Cabinet"
1504:
became the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India.
971:
because of the procedure and could not work for months.
6070:
International Conference on Population and Development
4661:"India Under Emergency: Rich Like us Nayantara Sahgal"
1414:
Other CPI(M) members to be jailed included the future
1363:, Student leader and head of the RSS affiliated ABVP (
5104:
The Judgement: Inside Story of the Emergency in India
4749:
Gulzar; Nihalani, Govind; Chatterjee, Saibal (2003).
3083:
Frontline (vol. 29 – Issue 01 :: 14–27 Jan 2012)
1726:
concluded that Indian politics "returned to normal".
1357:
managed to escape the police and led the resistance.
1338:
to quietly enter into a dialogue with Indira Gandhi.
5254:(1984). Mrs Gandhi's second reign. New Delhi: Vikas.
5129:
Indira Gandhi, the "Emergency", and Indian Democracy
4706:
London calling: V. S. Naipaul, Postcolonial Mandarin
4256:"Mrs. Gandhi's Party Is Defeated After 30-Year Rule"
3882:
3316:"Cong blames Sanjay Gandhi for Emergency 'excesses'"
2649:
2345:
2020:
and his associates at his Maruti factory in Gurgaon.
1601:
Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India
1272:
Shortly after the declaration of the Emergency, the
5169:"Indira's India: Democracy and Crisis Government",
5065:
State and Nation in the Context of Social.00 Change
4393:"Emergency: The Darkest Period in Indian Democracy"
4233:"March 21, 1977, Forty Years Ago: Mrs Gandhi Loses"
4081:Kux, D.; National Defense University Press (1992).
868:
762:
5140:India's First Dictatorship: The Emergency, 1975-77
4703:
4135:
4087:. National Defense University Press. p. 337.
2881:. University of California Press. pp. 27–28.
2755:
2555:
2520:
2166:about the torture methods performed by the police.
726:Most of these arrests happened under laws such as
699:, along with some political parties, were banned.
4919:Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography
4049:"പിണറായിയുടെ 1977 മാര്ച്ച് 30 ലെ നിയമസഭ പ്രസംഗം"
3798:Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography
3669:Religion and Politics: New Developments Worldwide
2350:. In Derichs, Claudia; Thompson, Mark R. (eds.).
1635:on 28 June, carried a blank editorial, while the
546:Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA), 1971
378:. Ray superseded three judges more senior to him—
6193:
5037:Indian Constitution: Conflicts and Controversies
4969:Empire and Nation: Essential Writings, 1985–2005
4439:(2007 ed.). India: Pan Books. p. 110.
3787:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 214.
3708:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 54.
3313:
1007:"urban renewal" program, aided in large part by
571:
448:and drove their families out of their quarters.
3800:, London/Toronto: Hodder and Stoughton, p. 178.
3728:
3132:
2553:
595:After resolving a procedural matter, President
3196:
2978:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. p.
2323:
2321:
2126:discusses the issues related to the Emergency.
2050:is a satire on the sterilisation drive of the
1450:government was critical of the Emergency, the
910:
687:, Jai Kishan Gupta Satyendra Narayan Sinha,
362:by stating it could not be used to alter the "
232:Increasing government control of the judiciary
5691:
5314:
5134:
3876:
3349:
2243:, Oxford University Press, pp. 221–236,
2138:and was banned from further screening at the
2012:(1977), a bold spoof on the Emergency, where
1934:autobiographical diary by political activist
1715:between the three organs of the government."
150:solely on their loyalty to Indira Gandhi and
4937:Indira Gandhi: In the Crucible of Leadership
4658:
4189:
4187:
3729:Singh, Harjinder; Publishers, Akaal (2014).
3627:Shah Commission of Inquiry Interim Report II
3611:Shah Commission of Inquiry Interim Report II
3099:(24 April 2013). Retrieved 4 September 2013.
3043:
2844:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2650:Christophe Jaffrelot, Pratinav Anil (2021).
2518:
1760:portrays the Emergency allegorically in his
1245:
539:
6095:United Nations world population conferences
4777:"1978 – Kissa Kursi Ka: Celluloid chutzpah"
4305:M. R. Masani, "India's Second Revolution",
3972:"Between sessions, democracy has also died"
3849:
3643:Shah Commission Of Inquiry 3rd Final Report
3169:
3030:Shah Commission Of Inquiry 3rd Final Report
3014:Shah Commission Of Inquiry 3rd Final Report
2318:
1750:criticised the Emergency through his novel
1562:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1507:Voters in the electorally largest state of
904:deadliest mining disaster in Indian history
270:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
6008:Population and housing censuses by country
5698:
5684:
5321:
5307:
4496:. Cambridge University Press. p. 78.
3998:"The Masters of Disguise During Emergency"
3856:Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani (2000).
3702:Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley (3 August 2010).
2684:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2113:, also tries to portray the growth of the
1267:
386:and Grover—all members of the majority in
5236:(1978), Vol. 17 Issue 3/4, pp. 51–63
4901:Introduction to the Constitution of India
4659:Hassan, Nigeenah; Sharma, Mukesh (2017).
4184:
3889:. Penguin Books India. pp. 273–274.
3859:The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour
2942:
2930:"Arun Jaitley: From Prison to Parliament"
2248:
2234:
1582:Learn how and when to remove this message
920:bonuses. In addition to this half of the
560:. The Indira government also renewed the
290:Learn how and when to remove this message
191:India routed arch-enemy Pakistan in a war
78:, allowing elections to be cancelled and
5731:Estimates of historical world population
4710:. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. p.
4390:
4342:. Oxford University Press. p. 295.
2784:
2698:
2096:is about a father searching for his son
1839:, is also oriented around The Emergency.
1660:, a time for discipline), industrialist
1488:constituency, losing to electoral rival
742:, and 75,818 people were arrested under
301:
109:
31:
6247:History of the Indian National Congress
5552:Indian National Congress (Organisation)
4329:
4253:
4247:
4164:
3701:
3429:Green, Hannah Harris (6 October 2018).
2908:
2586:. Mount Holyoke College. Archived from
2558:Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi
2459:
1880:, Delhi during the period of Emergency.
1773:The Five Dollar Smile and Other Stories
998:
937:
14:
6194:
4335:
3813:, p. 297, Princeton University Press,
3093:"The case that saved Indian democracy"
2969:
2963:
2278:Interview relecast through India times
1768:Twenty-Two Months in the Life of a Dog
812:Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
809:cannot be made by the Parliament (see
497:and unseated her from her seat in the
114:Between 1967 and 1971, Prime minister
5679:
5302:
5158:Michigan Journal of International Law
4701:
4692:, Brown University. 17 February 2010.
4194:Lodhi, Maliha (Second Quarter 1977).
4193:
3969:
3941:
3939:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3665:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3428:
3314:Subodh Ghildiyal (29 December 2010).
3282:
3192:
3190:
2949:. SUNY Press. pp. 233, 242–244.
2874:
2813:"DELAY IN ELECTION IS VOTED IN INDIA"
2810:
2702:Democracy and Emergency rule in India
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2433:
2346:Hellmann-Rajanayagam, Dagmar (2013).
2140:International Film Festival of Kerala
944:Compulsory sterilization § India
827:Regional Engineering College, Calicut
635:Invoking articles 352 and 356 of the
463:
6164:
5655:Maintenance of Internal Security Act
5619:State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain
4483:
4434:
4165:Borders, William (24 January 1977).
4074:
4061:
3995:
3831:
3735:. Akaal Publishers. pp. 51–52.
3243:
2902:
2453:
2427:
2381:
2235:Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayesha (2024),
2230:
2228:
2136:International Film Festival of India
2028:, a 1977 Telugu film (Hindi re-make
1560:adding citations to reliable sources
1527:
1457:
556:, and the Anglo-Indian nominated MP
470:State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain
268:adding citations to reliable sources
235:
6100:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
5640:Turkman gate demolition and rioting
5142:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4516:
4489:
4435:Guha, Ramachandran (25 July 2013).
4235:. The Indian Express. 21 March 2017
4062:Nair, C. Gouridasan (21 May 2016).
3970:Swamy, Subramanian (22 June 2015).
3666:Amore, Roy C. (17 September 2019).
3164:"Fresh probe in Rajan case sought "
2602:
2562:. HarperCollins. pp. 372–373.
1280:where they resolved to oppose the "
397:
24:
5577:People's Union for Civil Liberties
5537:Communist Party of India (Marxist)
5083:
4903:. LexisNexis Butterworths. 1960 .
4775:Farzand Ahmed (24 December 2009).
4391:Arputham, Avneesh (27 June 2009).
3936:
3903:
3862:. LeftWord Books. pp. 31–32.
3598:. Harper Collins Publishers India.
3576:
3187:
3050:. Eastern Book Co, Lucknow, 1981.
2909:Katakam, Anand (23 January 2017).
2858:Jaitely, Arun (5 November 2007) –
2628:
2512:
2480:
2250:10.1093/oso/9780197760789.003.0008
1922:dynasty and a popular uprising in
1398:Communist Party of India (Marxist)
1365:Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad
25:
6313:
5992:Population and Development Review
5264:
5245:The Emergency: A Personal History
3947:The Emergency: A Personal History
3555:Population and Development Review
3405:India: The Years of Indira Gandhi
2927:
2785:Malhotra, Inder (4 August 2014).
2576:
2535:from the original on 18 June 2022
2225:
1977:around the time of the Emergency.
1718:After Indira Gandhi's victory in
1330:speech of Gandhi in this letter.
1032:Demolitions carried out in Delhi
1003:Delhi served as the epicenter of
613:
6292:History of the Republic of India
6176:
6175:
6163:
6040:Population concern organizations
5746:Projections of population growth
5330:
5106:. 1977. Vikas Publishing House.
4939:. Jaico Publishing House. 1979 .
4822:The Success of India's Democracy
4769:
4742:
4728:
4695:
4678:
4652:
4254:Icanevi, Henry (22 March 1977).
3350:Kumkum Chadha (4 January 2011).
3110:"PUCL Archives, Oct 1981, Rajan"
2699:Mussells, Premila Menon (1980).
2142:where it was premiered in India.
1532:
1441:
1313:
1276:leadership convened meetings in
869:Trade unions and worker's rights
829:, was arrested by the police in
763:Laws, human rights and elections
723:also found themselves arrested.
240:
193:that led to the independence of
36:On the advice of Prime Minister
6237:Democratic backsliding in India
6141:Human impact on the environment
6075:Population Action International
4867:. Viking, Penguin India. 2005.
4631:
4605:
4572:
4561:
4536:
4510:
4453:
4428:
4415:
4384:
4356:
4312:
4299:
4286:
4273:
4225:
4158:
4127:
4101:
4055:
4041:
4015:
3989:
3963:
3949:. Penguin Books Limited. 2015.
3803:
3790:
3777:
3749:
3722:
3695:
3686:
3659:
3650:
3634:
3618:
3602:
3560:
3547:
3517:
3489:
3462:
3448:
3422:
3396:
3374:
3343:
3307:
3276:
3244:Toye, J. F. J. (1 April 1977).
3237:
3157:
3102:
3086:
3064:
3037:
3021:
3005:
2996:
2936:
2921:
2868:
2852:
2804:
2778:
2747:
2733:
2709:
2692:
2547:
2496:. 22 March 2008. Archived from
2300:"Recalling the Emergency years"
2034:), spoofs the emergency issues.
1523:
1474:Indian general election of 1977
154:, and ostentatious displays of
66:Officially issued by President
6090:United Nations Population Fund
5705:
4921:. Hodder and Stoughton. 1989.
4326:. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
3525:"THE NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES"
3047:Making of India's Constitution
2715:NAYAR, KULDIP (25 June 2000).
2519:Kuldip Singh (11 April 1995).
2402:
2375:
2339:
2330:
2292:
2274:"Interview with Indira Gandhi"
2266:
1672:. Tata told a reporter of the
1647:Where the mind is without fear
993:
790:Making of India's Constitution
13:
1:
5665:Indian general election, 1977
5173:(1981) 96#2 pp. 241–259
4947:Lineages of Political Society
4752:Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema
4467:. 30 May 2011. Archived from
3996:Virk, Aviral (25 June 2015).
3883:Christophe Jaffrelot (1999).
3809:Jaffrelot Christophe (1987),
3166:. The Hindu, 25 January 2011.
2787:"The abrupt end of Emergency"
2754:"Proclamation of Emergency".
2584:"Indian Emergency of 1975-77"
2434:Doshi, Vidhi (9 March 2017).
2384:Economic and Political Weekly
2219:
1900:and effects of the Emergency.
1832:India: A Wounded Civilization
1740:
1681:JP Movement and the Emergency
928:
850:'s judgment on 29 July 1976.
590:Chief Minister of West Bengal
572:Proclamation of the Emergency
6302:Indira Gandhi administration
6242:Human rights abuses in India
5557:Indian National Congress (R)
5183:New Delhi: Vikas Pub. House.
5039:. Vitasta Publishing. 2010.
4517:Joy, Shemin (12 July 2024).
4318:Joseph, Manu (20 May 2007).
3408:. Brill Academic Pub. 1988.
3262:10.1016/0305-750X(77)90036-5
1770:, that was published in his
1464:1977 Indian general election
1341:Bharatiya Jana Sangh leader
853:
147:All-India Congress Committee
124:Prime Minister's Secretariat
18:Indian Emergency (1975-1977)
7:
6115:World Population Foundation
6105:World Population Conference
6018:World population milestones
5613:State of Emergency in India
5582:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
5171:Political Science Quarterly
3177:"PALPAL INDIA January 2017"
2943:Malgonkar, Manohar (1987).
2610:"The Rise of Indira Gandhi"
2190:
1878:Jawaharlal Nehru University
1319:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
1262:
911:Inflation and price control
896:Indian Telephone Industries
881:, and Socialist affiliated
693:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
625:Central Intelligence Agency
601:state of internal emergency
90:was spearheaded by her son
10:
6318:
6272:Police misconduct in India
5987:Population and Environment
5337:The Emergency of 1975–1977
4885:. Penguin India. 2008 . e-
4848:Cambridge University Press
4826:Cambridge University Press
4804:Cambridge University Press
4789:
4641:. Sarup & Sons. 2004.
4336:Austin, Granville (1999).
4152:National Archives of India
2970:Austin, Granville (1999).
2772:National Archives of India
2463:Indira Gandhi, a Biography
2280:. TV Eye. 18 December 2016
1735:
1461:
1323:Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras
941:
630:
467:
104:
6267:Police brutality in India
6159:
6123:
6048:
6000:
5979:
5897:Human population planning
5862:
5808:
5759:
5721:Demographics of the world
5713:
5605:
5542:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
5519:
5343:
5190:(Sarup & Sons, 2004).
5138:; Anil, Pratinav (2021).
4421:Ashish Ranjan Mohapatra.
2522:"OBITUARY: Morarji Desai"
2213:The Case That Shook India
1956:The Tamil-language novel
1941:The Tamil-language novel
1641:reproduced in large type
1615:
1391:
1336:Eknath Ramakrishna Ranade
1246:Demolitions outside Delhi
1040:Structures Demolished by
1039:
792:, Justice Khanna writes:
540:Preventive detention laws
489:On 12 June 1975, Justice
70:under Article 352 of the
6287:Indian National Congress
5902:Compulsory sterilization
5592:Socialist Party of India
5562:Indian National Congress
5234:Political Science Review
4883:India Since Independence
4294:Political Science Review
4281:Political Science Review
3352:"Sanjay's men and women"
2722:11 February 2010 at the
2554:Katherine Frank (2001).
2466:. Penguin. p. 275.
2106:Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi
1482:Indian National Congress
1416:Chief Minister of Kerala
954:compulsory sterilisation
415:, and the imposition of
336:could not be amended by
120:Indian National Congress
6252:Enforced disappearances
5844:Malthusian growth model
5401:Harchand Singh Longowal
5179:Malkani, K. R. (1978).
5096:52.5 (2018): 1729–1773.
5069:Oxford University Press
3796:Inder Malhotra (1989),
3079:3 December 2013 at the
1988:
1436:Kerala student P. Rajan
1407:, and his predecessor,
1286:Harchand Singh Longowal
1268:Democracy Bachao Morcha
952:initiated a widespread
5971:Zero population growth
5966:Sustainable population
5890:Malthusian catastrophe
5849:Overshoot (population)
5726:Demographic transition
5501:Siddhartha Shankar Ray
5218:(Princeton UP, 2019).
5204:(Cambridge UP, 2020).
2354:. LIT Verlag Münster.
2207:Samvidhaan Hatya Diwas
2120:The 2012 Marathi film
1763:The Great Indian Novel
1722:, political scientist
1294:
1191:1977 (up to 23 March)
1026:
799:
586:Siddhartha Shankar Ray
562:Defence of India rules
376:Chief Justice of India
318:
176:1971 general elections
45:
6232:Collective punishment
6202:The Emergency (India)
6080:Population Connection
5944:Mere addition paradox
5783:Physiological density
5356:Basawon Singh (Sinha)
5197:42.4 (2017): 201–211.
5136:Jaffrelot, Christophe
4586:. 21 September 2015.
4437:The glory of J. R. D.
4320:"How Indians Protest"
3783:J. S. Grewal (1990),
3594:Mehta, Vinod (1978).
3044:H. R. Khanna (2008).
2241:When Democracy Breaks
1909:Marukkozhunthu Mangai
1730:Third Modi government
1691:and his cronies like
1596:Janata administration
1480:, whereas the ruling
1308:Amnesty International
1290:
1210:during the emergency
1022:
794:
305:
222:, referred to her as
110:Rise of Indira Gandhi
35:
6262:Political repression
6110:World Population Day
6065:Church of Euthanasia
5954:Non-identity problem
5929:Political demography
5885:Human overpopulation
5645:Baroda dynamite case
5527:Bharatiya Jana Sangh
5476:Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
5386:Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
5351:Atal Bihari Vajpayee
5285:Memories of a Father
5186:Mathur, Om Prakash.
5094:Modern Asian Studies
4403:on 13 September 2013
4309:(1977) 5#1 pp 19–38.
4296:(1979) 18#3 pp 28–53
4283:(1979) 18#1 pp 28–51
3672:. MDPI. p. 32.
3073:Revisiting a verdict
2875:Tarlo, Emma (2001).
2460:Jayakar, P. (1995).
2197:Baroda dynamite case
2103:The 2005 Hindi film
2006:Amrit Nahata's film
1897:Death and the Maiden
1556:improve this section
1376:Rajya Sabha Chairman
1347:Bharatiya Jana Sangh
1343:Atal Bihari Vajpayee
1208:Year unspecified but
999:Demolitions in Delhi
938:Forced sterilisation
859:Christophe Jaffrelot
677:Atal Bihari Vajpayee
597:Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
554:Atal Bihari Vajpayee
530:Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
479:Allahabad High Court
460:government offices.
421:Lalit Narayan Mishra
264:improve this section
145:. A majority of the
68:Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
42:Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
6227:Censorship in India
5959:Reproductive rights
5790:Population dynamics
5741:Population momentum
5587:Shiromani Akali Dal
5431:Jayaprakash Narayan
5292:27 May 2005 at the
5181:The Midnight Knock.
5121:(Penguin UK, 2017).
4702:Nixon, Rob (1992).
4471:on 23 November 2013
3785:The Sikhs of Punjab
3732:Reflections on 1984
3646:. pp. 208–217.
3570:(2006) 61#3 pp 3+.
3568:Population Bulletin
3120:on 28 December 2011
3033:. pp. 135–152.
2717:Yes, Prime Minister
2614:Library of Congress
2171:Sarpatta Parambarai
2131:Midnight's Children
2052:Government of India
1969:by Canadian author
1913:Girl with Fragrant
1819:Midnight's Children
1787:Such a Long Journey
1705:Indian Constitution
1697:Minister of Defence
1643:Rabindranath Tagore
1594:The efforts of the
1370:On 10 August 1976,
1033:
948:In September 1976,
649:Mulayam Singh Yadav
645:Jayaprakash Narayan
637:Indian Constitution
517:Jayaprakash Narayan
432:Jayaprakash Narayan
404:presidential system
392:Jayaprakash Narayan
388:Kesavananda Bharati
372:Kesavananda Bharati
354:Kesavananda Bharati
307:Jayaprakash Narayan
228:, a Hindu goddess.
6085:Population Matters
5800:Population pyramid
5778:Population density
5773:Population decline
5456:M. G. Ramachandran
5436:Jivatram Kripalani
5195:Journalism History
5061:T. V. Sathyamurthy
5033:Subhash C. Kashyap
4617:The Indian Express
4584:The Economic Times
4324:The Times of India
4260:The New York Times
4171:The New York Times
4113:The New York Times
3762:The Economic Times
3529:Telegraphindia.com
3384:. 28 December 2010
3358:on 4 February 2011
3321:The Times of India
3183:. 14 January 2017.
2864:The Indian Express
2817:The New York Times
2791:The Indian Express
2728:The Indian Express
2493:The Indian Express
2304:The Indian Express
1980:The graphic novel
1932:Malayalam-language
1854:Malayalam-language
1720:the 1980 elections
1713:checks and balance
1623:The Times of India
1110:1975 (up to June)
1031:
922:dearness allowance
839:suit filed in the
825:, P. Rajan of the
705:V.S. Achuthanandan
681:Lal Krishna Advani
665:Jivatram Kripalani
641:Vijayaraje Scindia
534:state of emergency
513:V. R. Krishna Iyer
464:Raj Narain verdict
319:
126:, rather than the
99:President of India
61:state of emergency
46:
6297:Politics of India
6189:
6188:
6060:7 Billion Actions
5934:Population ethics
5827:Carrying capacity
5736:Population growth
5673:
5672:
5547:Dravidar Kazhagam
5532:Bharatiya Lok Dal
5506:Subramanian Swamy
5426:Jagmohanlal Sinha
5167:Klieman, Aaron S.
5045:978-81-89766-41-2
5005:978-0-330-50554-3
4965:Partha Chatterjee
4943:Partha Chatterjee
4909:978-81-8038-559-9
4891:978-81-8475-053-9
4873:978-0-67005-842-6
4647:978-81-7625-461-8
4503:978-1-009-18025-2
4446:978-0-330-54022-3
4115:. 19 January 1977
4094:978-1-4289-8189-8
3896:978-0-14-024602-5
3869:978-81-87496-13-7
3827:978-0-691-13098-9
3811:Hindu Nationalism
3742:978-0-9554587-3-6
3715:978-0-8122-0017-1
3679:978-3-03921-429-7
3328:on 28 August 2011
3250:World Development
3057:978-81-7012-108-4
2663:978-93-90351-60-2
2473:978-0-14-011462-1
2390:(40): 2141–2149.
2361:978-3-643-90320-4
2260:978-0-19-776078-9
2159:21 Months of Hell
2152:Madhur Bhandarkar
2064:Hirak Rajar Deshe
1963:In the 2001 book
1890:, is inspired by
1703:structure of the
1701:civil libertarian
1638:Financial Express
1592:
1591:
1584:
1458:Elections of 1977
1385:Subramanian Swamy
1372:Subramanian Swamy
1355:Madan Lal Khurana
1243:
1242:
1013:Jagmohan Malhotra
841:Kerala High Court
608:elections in 1977
491:Jagmohanlal Sinha
434:, referred to as
300:
299:
292:
16:(Redirected from
6309:
6257:Forced migration
6179:
6178:
6167:
6166:
6136:Green Revolution
5917:Two-child policy
5912:One-child policy
5835:
5795:Population model
5751:World population
5700:
5693:
5686:
5677:
5676:
5486:Pranab Mukherjee
5391:George Fernandes
5366:C. Achutha Menon
5335:
5334:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5300:
5299:
5214:Prakash, Gyan.
5160:22 (2000): 311+
5153:
5117:Chandra, Bipan.
4987:Ramachandra Guha
4784:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4709:
4699:
4693:
4690:Watson Institute
4684:Joseph Bendaña.
4682:
4676:
4675:
4665:
4656:
4650:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4576:
4570:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4490:Sen, R. (2023).
4487:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4432:
4426:
4423:Nandini Satpathy
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4399:. Archived from
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4333:
4327:
4316:
4310:
4303:
4297:
4290:
4284:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4200:Pakistan Horizon
4191:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4149:
4147:
4141:
4134:"Proclamation".
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4029:. 6 January 2017
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3943:
3934:
3933:
3920:
3901:
3900:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3835:
3829:
3807:
3801:
3794:
3788:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3596:The Sanjay Story
3591:
3574:
3564:
3558:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3531:. Archived from
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3354:. Archived from
3347:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3324:. Archived from
3311:
3305:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3287:. Archived from
3280:
3274:
3273:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3194:
3185:
3184:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3116:. Archived from
3106:
3100:
3090:
3084:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2977:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2872:
2866:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2843:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2731:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2705:(Thesis thesis).
2696:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2675:
2647:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2561:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2524:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2414:Indiankanoon.org
2406:
2400:
2399:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2343:
2337:
2336:Malhotra, p. 141
2334:
2328:
2325:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2252:
2232:
2164:documentary film
1864:Tales from Delhi
1808:Nayantara Sahgal
1748:Rahi Masoom Raza
1670:Nandini Satpathy
1605:judicial reviews
1587:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1536:
1528:
1429:C. Achutha Menon
1420:Pinarayi Vijayan
1034:
1030:
959:Rukhsana Sultana
848:Patna High Court
774:President's Rule
673:Anantram Jaiswal
669:George Fernandes
455:as its head and
417:President's rule
413:Chimanbhai Patel
398:Political unrest
315:total revolution
295:
288:
284:
281:
275:
244:
236:
220:personality cult
217:
187:Ramachandra Guha
21:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6277:Totalitarianism
6192:
6191:
6190:
6185:
6155:
6119:
6053:
6051:
6044:
5996:
5975:
5924:Overconsumption
5907:Family planning
5864:
5858:
5831:
5815:
5812:
5804:
5766:
5763:
5755:
5709:
5704:
5674:
5669:
5650:Shah Commission
5601:
5597:Swatantra Party
5515:
5396:Hans Raj Khanna
5381:Devakanta Barua
5376:Chandra Shekhar
5339:
5329:
5327:
5294:Wayback Machine
5267:
5248:. Viking Books.
5200:Plys, Kristin.
5150:
5086:
5084:Further reading
4973:Permanent Black
4951:Permanent Black
4792:
4787:
4774:
4770:
4763:
4747:
4743:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4722:
4700:
4696:
4683:
4679:
4663:
4657:
4653:
4636:
4632:
4622:
4620:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4596:
4594:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4566:
4562:
4552:
4550:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4527:
4525:
4515:
4511:
4504:
4488:
4484:
4474:
4472:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4433:
4429:
4420:
4416:
4406:
4404:
4389:
4385:
4375:
4373:
4372:. 25 June 2021
4362:
4361:
4357:
4350:
4334:
4330:
4317:
4313:
4304:
4300:
4291:
4287:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4262:
4252:
4248:
4238:
4236:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4216:
4214:
4192:
4185:
4175:
4173:
4163:
4159:
4145:
4143:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4118:
4116:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4079:
4075:
4060:
4056:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4032:
4030:
4027:The News Minute
4021:
4020:
4016:
4006:
4004:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3978:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3945:
3944:
3937:
3932:. 25 June 2020.
3922:
3921:
3904:
3897:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3854:
3850:
3845:. 25 June 2023.
3843:The News Minute
3837:
3836:
3832:
3808:
3804:
3795:
3791:
3782:
3778:
3768:
3766:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3592:
3577:
3565:
3561:
3552:
3548:
3538:
3536:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3458:. 28 June 2015.
3454:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3385:
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3379:
3375:
3361:
3359:
3348:
3344:
3331:
3329:
3312:
3308:
3294:
3292:
3285:"Indira Gandhi"
3281:
3277:
3242:
3238:
3215:10.2307/2643401
3195:
3188:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3158:
3148:
3146:
3144:News.rediff.com
3138:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3121:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3091:
3087:
3081:Wayback Machine
3070:V. Venkatesan,
3069:
3065:
3058:
3042:
3038:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2941:
2937:
2926:
2922:
2915:Hindustan Times
2907:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2873:
2869:
2857:
2853:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2827:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2783:
2779:
2765:
2763:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2743:. thehansindia.
2739:
2738:
2734:
2724:Wayback Machine
2714:
2710:
2697:
2693:
2677:
2676:
2664:
2648:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2616:Country Studies
2608:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2528:The Independent
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2500:on 9 March 2012
2486:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2408:
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2319:
2309:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2233:
2226:
2222:
2193:
1991:
1915:Chinese Mugwort
1884:Vasansi Jirnani
1847:Kalidas College
1792:Rohinton Mistry
1752:Qatar bi Aarzoo
1743:
1738:
1666:Khushwant Singh
1658:Anushasan Parva
1656:(who called it
1618:
1588:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1553:
1537:
1526:
1466:
1460:
1444:
1405:Sitaram Yechury
1396:Members of the
1394:
1351:Nanaji Deshmukh
1316:
1270:
1265:
1248:
1209:
1018:Shah commission
1011:vice-president
1005:Sanjay Gandhi's
1001:
996:
946:
940:
931:
913:
871:
856:
807:basic structure
765:
717:Chandra Shekhar
697:Jamaat-e-Islami
633:
623:noted that the
616:
578:1973 oil crisis
574:
552:, Jana Sangh's
542:
472:
466:
457:Nanaji Deshmukh
400:
364:basic structure
360:amendment power
296:
285:
279:
276:
261:
245:
234:
215:
112:
107:
80:civil liberties
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6315:
6305:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6173:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6151:Sustainability
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6127:
6125:
6124:Related topics
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6056:
6054:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6015:
6013:Largest cities
6010:
6004:
6002:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5989:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5882:
5874:
5868:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5833:I = P × A × T
5829:
5824:
5818:
5816:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5775:
5769:
5767:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5710:
5703:
5702:
5695:
5688:
5680:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5635:42nd Amendment
5632:
5630:39th Amendment
5627:
5625:38th Amendment
5622:
5615:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5461:M. Karunanidhi
5458:
5453:
5448:
5446:K. Karunakaran
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5406:H. N. Bahuguna
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5326:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5281:
5274:
5266:
5265:External links
5263:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5249:
5237:
5230:
5212:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5164:
5154:
5149:978-9390351602
5148:
5132:
5122:
5115:
5097:
5090:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5058:
5048:
5030:
5008:
4984:
4962:
4940:
4933:Mary C. Carras
4930:
4915:Inder Malhotra
4912:
4897:Durga Das Basu
4894:
4876:
4861:B. G. Verghese
4858:
4837:
4815:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4768:
4761:
4741:
4727:
4720:
4694:
4677:
4651:
4637:O. P. Mathur.
4630:
4604:
4571:
4560:
4535:
4509:
4502:
4482:
4452:
4445:
4427:
4414:
4397:The Viewspaper
4383:
4369:Indian Express
4355:
4348:
4328:
4311:
4298:
4285:
4272:
4246:
4224:
4183:
4157:
4126:
4100:
4093:
4073:
4054:
4040:
4014:
3988:
3962:
3956:978-0143426134
3955:
3935:
3902:
3895:
3875:
3868:
3848:
3830:
3802:
3789:
3776:
3765:. 27 June 2018
3748:
3741:
3721:
3714:
3694:
3685:
3678:
3658:
3649:
3633:
3617:
3614:. p. 118.
3601:
3575:
3559:
3546:
3535:on 2 July 2015
3516:
3488:
3461:
3447:
3421:
3414:
3395:
3373:
3342:
3306:
3302:sterilization.
3291:on 4 July 2013
3275:
3256:(4): 303–316.
3236:
3209:(4): 379–400.
3186:
3168:
3156:
3131:
3101:
3085:
3063:
3056:
3036:
3020:
3017:. p. 134.
3004:
2995:
2988:
2962:
2955:
2935:
2928:Today, India.
2920:
2901:
2887:
2867:
2851:
2803:
2777:
2746:
2732:
2708:
2691:
2662:
2627:
2601:
2590:on 19 May 2017
2575:
2568:
2546:
2511:
2479:
2472:
2452:
2426:
2401:
2374:
2360:
2338:
2329:
2317:
2306:. 29 June 2015
2291:
2265:
2259:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2184:Kangana Ranaut
2175:
2167:
2155:
2143:
2127:
2118:
2101:
2084:
2072:Malayalam film
2068:
2055:
2035:
2021:
2009:Kissa Kursi Ka
2004:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1961:
1954:
1939:
1936:R. C. Unnithan
1928:
1905:Tamil-language
1901:
1881:
1871:
1859:Delhi Gadhakal
1850:
1840:
1828:
1824:Salman Rushdie
1811:
1799:
1781:A Fine Balance
1777:
1758:Shashi Tharoor
1755:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1709:42nd amendment
1632:Indian Express
1617:
1614:
1590:
1589:
1540:
1538:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1462:Main article:
1459:
1456:
1443:
1440:
1393:
1390:
1315:
1312:
1297:Damdami Taksal
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1220:
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1214:
1211:
1205:
1204:
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1089:
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1080:
1077:
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1072:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1045:Pre-Emergency
1042:
1041:
1038:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
990:
986:
982:
979:
976:
972:
942:Main article:
939:
936:
930:
927:
912:
909:
870:
867:
855:
852:
786:42nd Amendment
770:rule by decree
764:
761:
748:Andhra Pradesh
709:Jyotirmoy Basu
632:
629:
615:
614:Administration
612:
573:
570:
550:Jyotirmoy Basu
541:
538:
532:to proclaim a
526:Mahatma Gandhi
503:Yashpal Kapoor
483:Shanti Bhushan
465:
462:
399:
396:
342:24th Amendment
332:said that the
298:
297:
248:
246:
239:
233:
230:
207:Inder Malhotra
201:. Awarded the
111:
108:
106:
103:
76:rule by decree
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6314:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6217:1977 in India
6215:
6213:
6212:1976 in India
6210:
6208:
6207:1975 in India
6205:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6182:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6162:
6161:
6158:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6131:Bennett's law
6129:
6128:
6126:
6122:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6052:organizations
6047:
6041:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5861:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5839:Kaya identity
5837:
5834:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5807:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5779:
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5774:
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5765:
5758:
5752:
5749:
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5734:
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5708:
5701:
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5678:
5666:
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5610:
5608:
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5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
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5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5567:Janata Morcha
5565:
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5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5520:Organisations
5518:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5496:Sanjay Gandhi
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5471:Narendra Modi
5469:
5467:
5466:Morarji Desai
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
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5439:
5437:
5434:
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5429:
5427:
5424:
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5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5411:Indira Gandhi
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
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5382:
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5369:
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5364:
5362:
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5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:Personalities
5342:
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5333:
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5319:
5317:
5312:
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5305:
5304:
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5291:
5288:
5286:
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5279:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5252:Shourie, Arun
5250:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5238:
5235:
5231:
5228:
5227:online review
5225:
5224:9780691186726
5221:
5217:
5213:
5211:
5210:9781108490528
5207:
5203:
5199:
5196:
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5182:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5131:(2000), 424pp
5130:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5112:0-7069-0557-1
5109:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5078:
5077:0-19-563136-6
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5056:9780198062509
5053:
5049:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5027:81-7223-245-4
5024:
5020:
5019:HarperCollins
5016:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4997:HarperCollins
4994:
4993:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4981:81-7824-267-2
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4959:81-7824-317-2
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4927:0-340-40540-6
4924:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4879:Bipan Chandra
4877:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4856:81-85618-75-5
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4834:81-7596-107-4
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4812:0-521-39161-X
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4764:
4762:81-7991-066-0
4758:
4754:
4753:
4745:
4737:
4731:
4723:
4721:9780195067170
4717:
4713:
4708:
4707:
4698:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4673:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4619:. 7 July 2024
4618:
4614:
4608:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4569:
4564:
4549:
4545:
4539:
4524:
4523:Deccan Herald
4520:
4513:
4505:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4486:
4470:
4466:
4465:IBN Live News
4462:
4456:
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4431:
4424:
4418:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4387:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4359:
4351:
4349:0-19-564888-9
4345:
4341:
4340:
4332:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4308:
4307:Asian Affairs
4302:
4295:
4289:
4282:
4276:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4234:
4228:
4213:
4209:
4205:
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3907:
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3819:0-691-13098-1
3816:
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3799:
3793:
3786:
3780:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3752:
3744:
3738:
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3733:
3725:
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3707:
3706:
3698:
3689:
3681:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3662:
3653:
3645:
3644:
3637:
3630:. p. 78.
3629:
3628:
3621:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3597:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3557:, 5/1, 29–59;
3556:
3550:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3505:. 21 May 2007
3504:
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3492:
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3415:9788131734650
3411:
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3377:
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3327:
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3075:
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3059:
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3016:
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3008:
2999:
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2956:9780887066597
2952:
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2924:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2890:
2888:0-520-23122-8
2884:
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2611:
2605:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2571:
2569:0-00-255646-4
2565:
2560:
2559:
2550:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2523:
2515:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2441:
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2430:
2415:
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2405:
2397:
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2378:
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2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2111:Sudhir Mishra
2108:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2081:Balu Mahendra
2078:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2061:'s 1980 film
2060:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2018:Sanjay Gandhi
2015:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1892:Ariel Dorfman
1889:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1837:V. S. Naipaul
1834:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1797:
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1727:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1689:Sanjay Gandhi
1686:
1685:Bipan Chandra
1683:, historian,
1682:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1662:J. R. D. Tata
1659:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1613:
1611:
1610:Sanjay Gandhi
1606:
1602:
1597:
1586:
1583:
1575:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1541:This section
1539:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1509:Uttar Pradesh
1505:
1503:
1502:Morarji Desai
1499:
1498:Uttar Pradesh
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1448:United States
1442:Outside India
1439:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1409:Prakash Karat
1406:
1401:
1399:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1314:Sangh Parivar
1311:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
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1225:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1207:
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1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
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1155:
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1150:
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1135:
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1129:
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1125:
1121:
1118:
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1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
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1091:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
987:
983:
980:
977:
973:
969:
968:
967:
965:
960:
955:
951:
950:Sanjay Gandhi
945:
935:
926:
923:
918:
908:
905:
899:
897:
891:
888:
884:
880:
876:
866:
864:
860:
851:
849:
844:
842:
838:
837:
836:habeas corpus
832:
828:
824:
822:
816:
814:
813:
808:
804:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
760:
758:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:Morarji Desai
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
628:
626:
622:
611:
609:
604:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
582:Sanjay Gandhi
579:
569:
567:
563:
559:
558:Frank Anthony
555:
551:
547:
537:
535:
531:
527:
522:
521:Morarji Desai
518:
514:
509:
506:
504:
500:
496:
495:null and void
492:
487:
484:
480:
476:
471:
461:
458:
454:
453:Morarji Desai
449:
446:
441:
440:labour unions
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
409:
405:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
355:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:Supreme Court
327:
325:
316:
312:
311:Indira Gandhi
308:
304:
294:
291:
283:
273:
269:
265:
259:
258:
254:
249:This section
247:
243:
238:
237:
229:
227:
226:
221:
214:
213:
212:The Economist
208:
204:
200:
199:East Pakistan
196:
192:
188:
184:
182:
177:
172:
170:
166:
160:
157:
153:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
116:Indira Gandhi
102:
100:
95:
93:
92:Sanjay Gandhi
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
64:
62:
58:
57:Indira Gandhi
54:
50:
49:The Emergency
43:
39:
38:Indira Gandhi
34:
30:
19:
6168:
5980:Publications
5939:Antinatalism
5877:
5854:World3 model
5714:Major topics
5617:
5572:Janata Party
5451:L. K. Advani
5416:Jagjivan Ram
5371:Charan Singh
5336:
5284:
5243:
5240:Coomi Kapoor
5233:
5215:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5170:
5157:
5139:
5128:
5118:
5103:
5100:Kuldip Nayar
5093:
5064:
5036:
5014:
4990:
4968:
4946:
4936:
4918:
4900:
4882:
4864:
4843:
4840:Ayesha Jalal
4821:
4799:
4780:
4771:
4751:
4744:
4736:"Delhi Calm"
4730:
4705:
4697:
4680:
4671:
4667:
4654:
4638:
4633:
4621:. Retrieved
4616:
4607:
4595:. Retrieved
4583:
4574:
4563:
4551:. Retrieved
4547:
4538:
4526:. Retrieved
4522:
4512:
4492:
4485:
4473:. Retrieved
4469:the original
4455:
4436:
4430:
4422:
4417:
4405:. Retrieved
4401:the original
4396:
4386:
4374:. Retrieved
4367:
4358:
4338:
4331:
4323:
4314:
4306:
4301:
4293:
4288:
4280:
4275:
4263:. Retrieved
4259:
4249:
4237:. Retrieved
4227:
4215:. Retrieved
4206:(2): 13–34.
4203:
4199:
4174:. Retrieved
4170:
4160:
4150:– via
4146:13 September
4144:. Retrieved
4137:
4129:
4117:. Retrieved
4112:
4103:
4083:
4076:
4067:
4057:
4043:
4031:. Retrieved
4026:
4017:
4005:. Retrieved
4001:
3991:
3979:. Retrieved
3975:
3965:
3946:
3927:
3885:
3878:
3858:
3851:
3842:
3833:
3810:
3805:
3797:
3792:
3784:
3779:
3769:25 September
3767:. Retrieved
3760:
3751:
3731:
3724:
3704:
3697:
3688:
3668:
3661:
3652:
3642:
3636:
3626:
3620:
3610:
3604:
3595:
3567:
3562:
3554:
3549:
3537:. Retrieved
3533:the original
3528:
3519:
3507:. Retrieved
3500:
3491:
3479:. Retrieved
3473:
3464:
3450:
3438:. Retrieved
3435:Quartz India
3434:
3424:
3404:
3398:
3386:. Retrieved
3376:
3367:
3360:. Retrieved
3356:the original
3345:
3337:
3330:. Retrieved
3326:the original
3319:
3309:
3300:
3293:. Retrieved
3289:the original
3278:
3253:
3249:
3239:
3206:
3203:Asian Survey
3202:
3180:
3171:
3159:
3147:. Retrieved
3143:
3134:
3122:. Retrieved
3118:the original
3113:
3104:
3096:
3088:
3072:
3066:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3029:
3023:
3013:
3007:
2998:
2973:
2965:
2945:
2938:
2923:
2914:
2904:
2892:. Retrieved
2877:
2870:
2863:
2854:
2828:. Retrieved
2816:
2806:
2794:. Retrieved
2790:
2780:
2770:– via
2766:13 September
2764:. Retrieved
2757:
2749:
2735:
2727:
2711:
2701:
2694:
2652:
2618:. Retrieved
2604:
2592:. Retrieved
2588:the original
2578:
2557:
2549:
2537:. Retrieved
2526:
2514:
2502:. Retrieved
2498:the original
2491:
2482:
2462:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2440:The Guardian
2439:
2429:
2417:. Retrieved
2413:
2404:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2365:. Retrieved
2351:
2341:
2332:
2327:Guha, p. 439
2308:. Retrieved
2303:
2294:
2282:. Retrieved
2277:
2268:
2240:
2211:
2177:
2169:
2157:
2145:
2129:
2121:
2104:
2091:
2079:directed by
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