1011:
the 1-year period back to 6 months. Originally, the maximum period of operation of
President Rule was 3 years. This 3-year period was divided into 1 year of ordinary period and 2 years of extra ordinary period for which certain conditions were to be fulfilled. However, now unless revoked, its life can be extended by six months each time, but in no case beyond three years. If the emergency has to be extended for more than three years, it can only be done by a Constitution of India constitutional amendment, as has happened in
801:
46:
1187:
945:). But after the 44th amendment act 1978, National Emergency can only be declared on grounds of "External aggression or war", also called as External Emergency & on the ground of "armed rebellion", also called as Internal Emergency. The President can declare such an emergency only on the basis of a written request by the Cabinet headed by the
1022:
During such emergency, the
President can take over the entire work of the executive, and the Governor administers the state in the name of the President. The Legislative Assembly can be dissolved or may remain in suspended animation. The Parliament makes laws on the 66 subjects of the state list. All
1006:
If the
President is satisfied, based on the report of the Governor of the concerned state or from other sources, that the governance in a state cannot be carried out according to the provisions in the Constitution, the governor may declare an emergency in the state. Such an emergency must be approved
957:
approves of the state of emergency, the deadline for the Lok Sabha is extended until thirty days after that house reconstituted. According to
Article 352(6), approval by either house requires a special majority: those in favour of the motion must be two-thirds of those present and voting, and amount
1010:
It is imposed for an initial period of six months and can last for a maximum period of three years with repeated parliamentary approval every six months. The 42nd amendment act of 1976 extended the initial time duration of
President Rule from 6 months to 1 year. Subsequently, 44th CAA 1978 restored
982:
A national emergency modifies the quasi-federal system of government to a unitary one by granting
Parliament the power to make laws on the 66 subjects of the State List (which contains subjects on which the state governments can make laws). Also, all state money bills are referred to the Parliament
969:
are automatically suspended. By contrast, the Right to Life and
Personal Liberty cannot be suspended according to the original Constitution. In January 1977, during the emergency declared controversially by Indira Gandhi, the government decided to suspend even the Right to Life and Personal Liberty
998:
It had been declared for the first time in the State of Punjab in 1951. A state of emergency can be declared in any state of India under article 356 on the recommendation of the governor of the state. Every state in India has been under a state of emergency at some point of time or the other. The
926:, substituted the words "armed rebellion" for "internal disturbance" in Article 352, making the term more specific and less subject to interpretations. The amendment also protected Articles 20 and 21 from being suspended during an emergency.
978:
defended the Right to Life and asked: "Life is also mentioned in
Article 21 and would Government argument extend to it also?". The Attorney General observed: "Even if life was taken away illegally, courts are helpless".
958:
to a majority of the entire membership of that house. A Parliamentary resolution extends the state of emergency for up to six months, and it can be extended indefinitely by further resolutions in six-monthly increments.
949:. Such a proclamation must be laid before both houses of Parliament and the state of emergency expires after one month unless approved within that time by both houses sitting and voting separately. However, if the
966:
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253:
257:
249:
261:
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137:
101:
113:
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93:
89:
941:
or a part of its territory under
Article 352. Such an emergency was declared in India in the 1962 war (China war), 1971 war (Pakistan war), and 1975 internal disturbance (declared by
907:. She was also prohibited from contesting election for next 6 years, challenging her legitimacy to continue in her post. Indira Gandhi, instead recommended to the then president
853:. Under Article 352 of the Indian constitution, upon the advice of the cabinet of ministers, the President can overrule many provisions of the constitution, which guarantee
693:
685:
697:
689:
681:
585:
665:
625:
589:
573:
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425:
385:
937:
Originally at the beginning, a
National emergency could be declared on the basis of "external aggression or war" and "internal disturbance" in the whole of
1479:
677:
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645:
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345:
849:
as a state of emergency, when the consultant group perceives and warns against grave threats to the nation from internal and external sources or from
557:
353:
349:
333:
329:
637:
597:
397:
357:
341:
337:
1175:
1023:
money bills have to be referred to the Parliament for approval. In this occasion ministers of state legislature do not perform actions in state.
782:
517:
477:
437:
321:
277:
325:
305:
225:
919:
used loosely, when referring to the political history of India, often refers to this third and the most controversial of the three occasions.
1153:
309:
293:
285:
229:
209:
317:
313:
301:
297:
289:
281:
213:
197:
221:
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205:
201:
193:
990:
can be successively extended by intervals of up to one year, but not beyond six months after the state of emergency has been revoked.
1406:
842:
153:
272:
169:
149:
129:
1431:
962:
165:
157:
145:
133:
125:
109:
85:
77:
54:
1509:
1473:
896:
161:
141:
121:
105:
81:
73:
1494:
1168:
1016:
900:
850:
775:
117:
69:
1391:
1053:
822:
1540:
701:
1114:
1096:
1545:
1161:
1080:
895:, when emergency was declared on the basis of "internal disturbances". The proclamation immediately followed a
768:
29:
1183:
1519:
718:
1411:
929:
The President can declare three types of emergencies — national, state and financial emergency in a state.
904:
1467:
1436:
854:
240:
877:
723:
180:
818:
1396:
813:
18:
This article is about general information on emergencies in India. For the 1975–1977 emergency, see
1416:
953:(the lower house) has been dissolved or dissolution takes place in the state of emergency, and the
876:
The second instance was between 3 and 17 December 1971, which was originally proclaimed during the
748:
743:
64:
1446:
1260:
1255:
946:
892:
865:. In the history of independent India, such a state of emergency has been declared three times.
1355:
1550:
1210:
1191:
1133:
1043:
884:
873:
war, when "the security of India" was declared as being "threatened by external aggression".
37:
19:
1499:
1381:
1330:
1240:
1205:
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908:
8:
1441:
1285:
1000:
862:
1310:
1290:
846:
753:
1401:
1386:
1360:
1280:
1076:
1049:
1340:
1245:
1220:
1504:
1451:
1250:
1235:
1230:
1070:
975:
870:
738:
1315:
1300:
1003:' and is usually not referred to as 'State Emergency' for a number of reasons.
869:
The first instance was between 26 October 1962 to 21 November 1962 during the
1534:
1421:
1350:
1325:
1320:
1265:
1012:
971:
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858:
1426:
1305:
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1225:
1118:
800:
954:
1100:
1514:
1365:
1345:
1295:
733:
728:
1148:
1215:
987:
950:
887:
was under controversial circumstances of political instability under
861:
and acts governing devolution of powers to the states which form the
1335:
1275:
45:
845:
allows for a constitutional setup that can be proclaimed by the
1186:
1045:
States of Emergency and the Law: The Experience of Bangladesh
938:
1072:
Working a Democratic Constitution: The Indian Experience
911:
to proclaim a state of emergency to strengthen her hand.
932:
1134:"When the Supreme Court Struck Down the Habeas Corpus"
993:
924:
Forty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India
816:, as it lacks references and reads unencyclopaedic.
1007:by the Parliament within a period of two months.
899:, that voided the Prime Minister's election from
1532:
1115:"Article 352 in The Constitution Of India 1949"
1097:"Article 352 in The Constitution Of India 1949"
1169:
776:
1131:
1075:. Oxford University Press. pp. 63–66.
1037:
1035:
1176:
1162:
783:
769:
999:state of emergency is commonly known as '
965:can be suspended. The six freedoms under
1032:
1407:Indian National Congress (Organisation)
843:Part XVIII of the Constitution of India
1533:
1068:
1157:
986:During an emergency, the term of the
963:Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens
1510:Maintenance of Internal Security Act
1474:State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain
1041:
933:National emergency under Article 352
885:between 25 June 1975 to January 1977
794:
1495:Turkman gate demolition and rioting
13:
1432:People's Union for Civil Liberties
1392:Communist Party of India (Marxist)
961:During a national emergency, many
897:ruling in the Allahabad High Court
14:
1562:
1062:
994:President Rule, under Article 356
1185:
1132:D'Souza, Jos Peter (June 2001).
799:
44:
1125:
1107:
1089:
851:financial situations of crisis
1:
1520:Indian general election, 1977
1048:. Routledge. pp. 62–64.
1026:
719:Constituent Assembly of India
1412:Indian National Congress (R)
1042:Bari, M. Ehteshamul (2017).
905:1971 Indian general election
7:
1468:State of Emergency in India
1437:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
812:to comply with Knowledge's
10:
1567:
1192:The Emergency of 1975–1977
1069:Austin, Granville (1999).
724:Constitution bench (India)
17:
1460:
1397:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
1374:
1198:
1138:A D M Jabalpur vs. Shukla
1447:Socialist Party of India
1417:Indian National Congress
825:may contain suggestions.
810:may need to be rewritten
749:Basic structure doctrine
1541:Emergency laws in India
1256:Harchand Singh Longowal
883:The third proclamation
1356:Siddhartha Shankar Ray
1149:State of Emergency law
1546:Constitution of India
1211:Basawon Singh (Sinha)
38:Constitution of India
20:The Emergency (India)
1500:Baroda dynamite case
1382:Bharatiya Jana Sangh
1331:Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
1241:Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
1206:Atal Bihari Vajpayee
943:Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
909:Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
1442:Shiromani Akali Dal
1286:Jayaprakash Narayan
970:by dispensing with
1311:M. G. Ramachandran
1291:Jivatram Kripalani
983:for its approval.
855:fundamental rights
847:President of India
754:Uniform civil code
1528:
1527:
1402:Dravidar Kazhagam
1387:Bharatiya Lok Dal
1361:Subramanian Swamy
1281:Jagmohanlal Sinha
1017:Jammu and Kashmir
878:Indo-Pakistan war
859:citizens of India
840:
839:
814:quality standards
793:
792:
1558:
1341:Pranab Mukherjee
1246:George Fernandes
1221:C. Achutha Menon
1190:
1189:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1155:
1154:
1142:
1141:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1117:. Archived from
1111:
1105:
1104:
1099:. Archived from
1093:
1087:
1086:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1039:
1001:President's Rule
967:Right to Freedom
917:Emergency period
835:
832:
826:
803:
795:
785:
778:
771:
48:
25:
24:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1505:Shah Commission
1456:
1452:Swatantra Party
1370:
1251:Hans Raj Khanna
1236:Devakanta Barua
1231:Chandra Shekhar
1194:
1184:
1182:
1145:
1130:
1126:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1040:
1033:
1029:
996:
976:Hans Raj Khanna
935:
836:
830:
827:
817:
804:
789:
760:
759:
758:
744:Judicial review
739:Concurrent List
713:
705:
704:
275:
265:
264:
243:
233:
232:
220:
204:
183:
173:
172:
168:
136:
100:
67:
23:
12:
11:
5:
1564:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1490:42nd Amendment
1487:
1485:39th Amendment
1482:
1480:38th Amendment
1477:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1316:M. Karunanidhi
1313:
1308:
1303:
1301:K. Karunakaran
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1261:H. N. Bahuguna
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1143:
1124:
1121:on 2010-06-13.
1106:
1103:on 2010-06-13.
1088:
1081:
1061:
1054:
1030:
1028:
1025:
995:
992:
947:Prime Minister
934:
931:
913:
912:
881:
874:
838:
837:
807:
805:
798:
791:
790:
788:
787:
780:
773:
765:
762:
761:
757:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
715:
714:
712:Related topics
711:
710:
707:
706:
276:
271:
270:
267:
266:
244:
239:
238:
235:
234:
184:
179:
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175:
174:
68:
63:
62:
59:
58:
50:
49:
41:
40:
34:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1563:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
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1475:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1422:Janata Morcha
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:Organisations
1373:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1351:Sanjay Gandhi
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1326:Narendra Modi
1324:
1322:
1321:Morarji Desai
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:Indira Gandhi
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:Personalities
1197:
1193:
1188:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1084:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1055:9781351685917
1051:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1004:
1002:
991:
989:
984:
980:
977:
973:
972:Habeas corpus
968:
964:
959:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
930:
927:
925:
922:In 1978, the
920:
918:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
889:Indira Gandhi
886:
882:
879:
875:
872:
868:
867:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
834:
824:
820:
815:
811:
808:This article
806:
802:
797:
796:
786:
781:
779:
774:
772:
767:
766:
764:
763:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
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722:
720:
717:
716:
709:
708:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
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611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
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571:
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563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
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495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
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431:
427:
423:
419:
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399:
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367:
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359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
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56:
52:
51:
47:
43:
42:
39:
36:
35:
31:
27:
26:
21:
16:
1551:Law of India
1472:
1427:Janata Party
1306:L. K. Advani
1271:Jagjivan Ram
1226:Charan Singh
1137:
1127:
1119:the original
1109:
1101:the original
1091:
1071:
1064:
1044:
1021:
1009:
1005:
997:
985:
981:
960:
936:
928:
921:
916:
914:
841:
828:
819:You can help
809:
53:
15:
955:Rajya Sabha
915:The phrase
893:premiership
871:India-China
1535:Categories
1515:Rajan case
1366:Zail Singh
1346:Raj Narain
1296:K. Kamaraj
1082:0195648889
1027:References
974:. Justice
901:Rae Bareli
863:federation
734:State List
729:Union List
273:Amendments
241:Appendices
1216:Bansi Lal
988:Lok Sabha
951:Lok Sabha
823:talk page
181:Schedules
1336:Niren De
1276:Jagmohan
831:May 2022
226:Eleventh
55:Preamble
30:a series
28:Part of
903:in the
857:to the
230:Twelfth
210:Seventh
1461:Events
1079:
1052:
1013:Punjab
821:. The
214:Eighth
198:Fourth
190:Second
32:on the
939:India
222:Tenth
218:Ninth
206:Sixth
202:Fifth
194:Third
186:First
154:XVIII
65:Parts
1077:ISBN
1050:ISBN
1015:and
278:List
170:XXII
150:XVII
138:XIVA
130:XIII
102:VIII
891:'s
702:106
698:105
694:104
690:103
686:102
682:101
678:100
256:∙
254:III
166:XXI
158:XIX
146:XVI
134:XIV
126:XII
114:IXB
110:IXA
98:VII
86:IVA
84:∙
78:III
1537::
1136:.
1034:^
1019:.
700:∙
696:∙
692:∙
688:∙
684:∙
680:∙
676:∙
674:99
672:∙
670:98
668:∙
666:97
664:∙
662:96
660:∙
658:95
656:∙
654:94
652:∙
650:93
648:∙
646:92
644:∙
642:91
640:∙
638:90
636:∙
634:89
632:∙
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70:I
22:.
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