561:. Avatar literally means "descent, alight, to make one's appearance", and refers to the embodiment of the essence of a superhuman being or a deity in another form. The word also implies "to overcome, to remove, to bring down, to cross something". In Hindu traditions, the "crossing or coming down" is symbolism, states Daniel Bassuk, of the divine descent from "eternity into the temporal realm, from unconditioned to the conditioned, from infinitude to finitude". An avatar, states Justin Edwards Abbott, is a
98:
357:. This is evident in the Druze creed, which deifies al-Hākim bi Amrillāh. The initiation text, "Mīthāq Walī al-Zamān" (Pact of Time Custodian), which begins with, “I rely on our Moula Al-Hakim the lonely God, the individual, the eternal,... Obedience of almighty Moulana Al-Hākim, exalted be him and that obedience is worship and that he does not have any partners ever, present or coming”, closely resembles Christian beliefs about
493:
478:. According to Tulku Thond, there are three main types of tulkus. They are the emanations of buddhas, the manifestations of highly accomplished adepts, and rebirths of highly virtuous teachers or spiritual friends. There are also authentic secondary types, which include unrecognized tulkus, blessed tulkus, and tulkus fallen from the path.
345:
and considered him divine; he also defines the Druzes as a religion that deviated from Islam. He also added that as a result of this deviation, the Druze faith "seems as different from Islam as Islam is from
Christianity or Christianity is from Judaism".
662:
The translation of avatar as "incarnation" has been questioned by
Christian theologians, who state that an incarnation is in flesh and imperfect, while avatar is mythical and perfect. The theological concept of Christ as an
679:. Sheth disagrees and states that this claim is an incorrect understanding of the Hindu concept of avatar. Avatars are true embodiments of spiritual perfection, one driven by noble goals, in Hindu traditions such as
654:
are also mentioned in medieval Hindu texts, this is minor and occasional. The incarnation doctrine is one of the important differences between
Vaishnavism and Shaivism traditions of Hinduism.
635:
texts, those composed after the sixth century CE, that the noun version of avatar appears, where it means embodiment of a deity. The incarnation idea proliferates thereafter, in the
405:, God is not seen to be incarnated into this world and is not seen to be part of creation as he cannot be divided and does not descend to the condition of his creatures. The
1131:
Zaman, Muhammad Qasim; Stewart, Devin J.; Mirza, Mahan; Kadi, Wadad; Crone, Patricia; Gerhard, Bowering; Hefner, Robert W.; Fahmy, Khaled; Kuran, Timur (2013).
675:
and H. M. Vroom state that this is different from the Hindu concept of avatar because avatars in
Hinduism are unreal and the Christian concept is similar to
142:. This foundational Christian position holds that the divine nature of the Son of God was perfectly united with human nature in one divine Person,
604:, used with double meaning, one as action of the divine descending, another as "laying down the burden of man" suffering from the forces of evil.
754:
611:. The earliest mention of Vishnu manifested in a human form to empower the good and fight against evil, uses other terms such as the word
596:, do appear in ancient post-Vedic Hindu texts, but as "action of descending", but not as an incarnated person (avatara). The related verb
377:. They believe al-Hākim will return at the end of times to judge the world and establish his kingdom, while Hamza ibn Ali is considered a
409:
are also not seen as incarnations of God but are instead understood to be like perfect mirrors reflecting the attributes of God onto the
406:
130:(or Incarnation) is the central Christian doctrine that God became flesh, assumed of human nature, and became a man in the form of
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and the primary author of the Druze manuscripts, he proclaimed that God had become human and taken the form of man,
731:) act as intermediaries between the living world and the divine. When the Serers speak of incarnation, it is these
396:
2094:
2037:
1535:
Tulku
Thondup (2011) Incarnation: The History and Mysticism of the Tulku Tradition of Tibet. Boston: Shambhala.
1684:
James
Lochtefeld (2002), "Avatar" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing,
1740:
James
Lochtefeld (2002), "Shiva" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing,
31:
920:""He appeared to him as a [X]": Talmudic Stories of Incarnations of God, Eliyahu, Satan, and Demons"
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17:
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38:
158:. Biblical passages traditionally referenced in connection with the doctrine of the Incarnation include
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Minorities in the Middle East: A History of
Struggle and Self-expression - Page 95 by Mordechai Nisan
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The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status - Page 41 by Nissim Dana
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159:
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The
Origins of the Druze Religion: An Edition of Ḥamza's Writings and an Analysis of His Doctrine
919:
904:
309:
844:
70:, or Divine Being in human or animal form on Earth. The proper noun, Incarnation, refers to the
1545:
Thangaraj, M. Thomas (2008). "Religious
Pluralism, Dialogue and Asian Christian Responses". In
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155:
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1582:
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The World's Greatest Religious Leaders: How Religious Figures Helped Shape World History
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447:(gods), demi-gods, human beings, animals, hungry ghosts or hellish beings, in a cycle of
1852:
One gospel – many cultures: case studies and reflections on cross-cultural theology
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they refer to, who are themselves holy by virtue of their intercession with the divine.
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2001:
1930:
1927:, « La religiosité des Seereer, avant et pendant leur islamisation », in
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Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics
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444:
555:, incarnation refers to its rebirth doctrine, and in its theistic traditions to
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view of God was anthropomorphic. God could sometimes appear in bodily form. The
1948:
1249:
1020:
Ismail K. Poonawala. "Review - The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning".
692:
563:
222:
1200:
1101:
778:
Buddha, a real person, is included as an avatar of Vishnu in many Hindu texts.
146:, making him both truly God and truly human. The theological term for this is
2150:
2085:
Sheth, Noel (2002). "Hindu Avatāra and Christian Incarnation: A Comparison".
1546:
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into the womb of the Virgin Mary and by work of the Holy Spirit, as found in
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has mostly rejected any possibility of an incarnation of God in any form.
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rejects any notions of incarnation or manifestation of the supreme deity
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680:
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632:
410:
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or any incarnation of a creator deity. However, Buddhism does teach the
2110:
727:, is a well-held principle in Serer religion. These Pangool (singular:
529:
261:
135:
2048:
Krishna, Lord or Avatara?: the relationship between Krishna and Vishnu
1827:
Krishna, Lord or Avatara?: the relationship between Krishna and Vishnu
1351:. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. pp. 202–203.
1041:
1236:
1187:
1088:
759:
537:
329:
304:
154:, became flesh when he was miraculously conceived in the womb of the
884:
and Osman Eskicioğlu translation to Turkish, Yağmur, İstanbul, 1970.
1033:
676:
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58:
and the embodiment of a deity or spirit in some earthly form or an
2133:
1072:
Encyclopaedic Survey of Islamic Culture - Page 94 by Mohamed Taher
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1663:
1616:
Incarnation in Hinduism and Christianity: The Myth of the God-Man
871:
867:
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647:
517:
383:
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265:
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completely rejects the doctrine of the incarnation (Mu'jassimā /
139:
1764:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. p. 221.
607:
The term is most commonly found in the context of the Hindu god
1383:
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doctrine and asserts that living beings are reborn, endlessly,
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195:
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127:
113:
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An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
905:"Some Notes on the Anthropomorphization of God in the Talmud"
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of Isma'ilism, since they exaggerated the cult of the caliph
325:
285:
254:
250:
213:. In Islam, God is one and "neither begets nor is begotten".
200:
187:
179:
143:
131:
75:
67:
1784:
1643:
Life of Tukaram: Translation from Mahipati's Bhaktalilamrita
1461:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–33, 38–39, 46–49.
1386:: Canadian Association for Studies on the Baháʼí Faith: 1–38
533:
469:
492:
1700:
1698:
1403:
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are deeply embedded in Druze beliefs, introduced through
207:
Tajsīm) of God in any form, as the concept is defined as
63:
1805:
1680:
1678:
2008:. Short introduction and bibliography of sources about
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The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
1695:
1580:
1955:, vol.1, Nouvelles Editions africaines (1983), p 33,
1675:
1639:
1374:"The Concept of Manifestation in the Baháʼí Writings"
1130:
1905:, Les Nouvelles Edition Africaines (1983), pp 9-10,
1865:
1569:
1529:
1880:
1591:
1482:Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013).
30:"Incarnations" redirects here. For other uses, see
27:
Deity or divine being in human/animal form on Earth
335:Historian David R. W. Bryer defines the Druzes as
332:proclaimed him as the incarnation of God in 1018.
1232:"The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung)"
671:, presents the Christian concept of incarnation.
639:stories for many deities, and with ideas such as
2148:
2066:Paul Hacker (1978). Lambert Schmithausen (ed.).
1929:Éthiopiques, no. 54, volume 7, 2e semestre 1991
1555:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 169–176.
1488:. Princeton University Press. pp. 708–709.
1475:
1408:. San Francisco: Harper & Row. p. 118.
1341:
1135:. Princeton University Press. pp. 139–140.
996:
245:contains stories of earthly appearances of God,
1778:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1019:
755:List of people who have been considered deities
289:is God's essence itself put into the body of a
1406:The Baháʼí Faith: The Emerging Global Religion
1321:. Princeton University Press. pp. 15–16.
1279:
1277:
1275:
866:İslâm’da Siyâsî ve İ’tikadî Mezhepler Tarihi,
472:) is believed to reincarnate, and is called a
1953:La civilisation sereer, Cosaan: les origines
1448:
1365:
1286:"The Christian Influences in Ismaili Thought"
969:Hendrix, Scott; Okeja, Uchenna, eds. (2018).
1751:
1603:
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1013:
968:
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592:as a noun. The verb roots and form, such as
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1728:
1716:
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1435:, Oxford University Press, pp. 61–64,
1272:
1160:. University of Oxford Press. p. 239.
1155:
1757:
1538:
1397:
719:ancient Serer saints and ancestral spirits
567:(with form, attributes) embodiment of the
1646:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 335–336.
1544:
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1022:Journal of the American Oriental Society
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96:
1995:
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1785:Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006).
1428:
646:While avatars of other deities such as
275:believe in a somewhat similar concept.
233:According to many modern scholars, the
14:
2149:
1998:Oxford Bibliographies Online: Hinduism
1731:, pp. 424, also 405-409, 414–417.
1587:. Oxford University Press. p. 90.
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229:Chabad-Lubavitch related controversies
81:
2084:
1886:
1874:
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1619:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 2–4.
1512:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1485:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
1404:Hatcher, W.S.; Martin, J.D. (1998).
1371:
797:
795:
468:, an enlightened spiritual teacher (
453:that stops only for those who reach
387:, closely associated with al-Hākim.
150:: the second person of the Trinity,
62:form of a god. It is used to mean a
2139:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1335:
1183:"The Origins of the Druze Religion"
1084:"The Origins of the Druze Religion"
987:
827:"Cambridge Dictionary: Incarnation"
361:. The Druze also view figures like
24:
1984:. Inner Traditions, Vermont, USA.
1393:– via Bahá'í Library Online.
1317:Hanna Batatu (17 September 2012).
25:
2173:
2126:
1903:Mort et Naissance Le Monde Sereer
1850:Mercy Amba Oduyoye, H. M. Vroom,
917:
902:
792:
686:
623:, as well as other words such as
312:is considered the founder of the
2070:(in German). Otto Harrassowitz.
2068:Zur Entwicklung der Avataralehre
1761:Religious Diversity in Singapore
1996:Coleman, T. (2011). "Avatāra".
1969:
1942:
1844:
1734:
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1581:Monier Monier-Williams (1923).
1432:Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide
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72:union of divinity with humanity
2006:10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0009
1640:Justin Edwards Abbott (1980).
1290:The Journal of Iranian Studies
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937:
911:
896:
887:
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837:
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328:faith whose eponymous founder
324:is an important figure in the
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13:
1:
2157:Religious belief and doctrine
1584:A Sanskrit-English Dictionary
833:. Cambridge University Press.
785:
431:: it denies the concept of a
381:of Jesus, the Universal Mind
138:and the second person of the
32:Incarnations (disambiguation)
1830:. 9780700712816. p. 4.
365:, al-Hākim bi Amrillāh, and
7:
2095:University of Hawai'i Press
1981:The myths and gods of India
1284:Mahmut, R. İbrahim (2023).
1230:Bryer, David R. W. (1975).
1181:Bryer, David R. W. (1975).
1156:R. W. Bryer, David (1979).
1082:Bryer, David R. W. (1975).
803:"Definition of Incarnation"
738:
481:
416:
39:Epic cycles of incarnations
10:
2178:
1552:Christian Theology in Asia
1515:. Routledge. p. 402.
1250:10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239
947:p. 24. N.Y.: Berman House
615:in verse 4.6 and the word
546:Victoria and Albert Museum
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420:
394:
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277:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
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220:
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122:Incarnation (Christianity)
119:
88:God in Abrahamic religions
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36:
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1791:. Infobase. p. 474.
1201:10.1515/islm.1975.52.1.47
1102:10.1515/islm.1975.52.1.47
1001:. Bodley Head. p. ?.
997:Willi Frischauer (1970).
705:(also called Koox in the
658:Avatar versus incarnation
271:However, some modern-day
108:, shown in a mosaic from
2087:Philosophy East and West
2045:Matchett, Freda (2001).
2012:(subscription required).
1824:Matchett, Freda (2001).
1788:Encyclopedia of Hinduism
1613:Daniel E Bassuk (1987).
1303:10.33201/iranian.1199758
973:. ABC-CLIO. p. 11.
765:
709:language). However, the
643:or partial embodiments.
173:
2036:CS1 maint: postscript (
1429:Trainor, Kevin (2004),
1348:Some Answered Questions
849:Encyclopædia Britannica
807:www.merriam-webster.com
588:ever mentions the word
397:God in the Baháʼí Faith
310:Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad
104:, God incarnate in the
959:, Vol. 2, pp. 510-511.
548:
349:Some scholars believe
283:leader, said that the
117:
2103:10.1353/pew.2002.0005
1509:Edward Craig (1998).
1455:Peter Harvey (2012).
1379:Études Baháʼí Studies
619:in verse 9.11 of the
495:
407:Manifestations of God
395:Further information:
343:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
322:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
318:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
100:
37:Further information:
1547:Kim, Sebastian C. H.
831:Cambridge Dictionary
631:elsewhere. It is in
586:Principal Upanishads
496:Ten incarnations of
429:nontheistic religion
305:Druze § Beliefs
1992:. pp. 164–187.
1901:Faye, Louis Diène,
1814:, pp. 107–109.
1758:Lai Ah Eng (2008).
1719:, pp. 405–409.
1672:, pp. 415–417.
1372:Cole, Juan (1982).
882:Fığlalı, Ethem Ruhi
355:Isma’ili traditions
126:The incarnation of
82:Abrahamic religions
2162:Conceptions of God
1935:2019-09-25 at the
924:www.ezrabrand.com/
862:Muhammad Abu Zahra
673:Mercy Amba Oduyoye
549:
423:Rebirth (Buddhism)
351:Christian elements
260:Since the time of
118:
102:Christ Pantocrator
2025:Missing or empty
1860:978-90-420-0897-7
1837:978-0-7007-1281-6
1798:978-0-8160-7564-5
1771:978-981-230-754-5
1707:, pp. 98–99.
1653:978-81-208-0170-7
1626:978-1-349-08642-9
1562:978-1-139-47206-7
1522:978-0-415-18715-2
1495:978-1-4008-4805-8
1468:978-0-521-85942-4
1442:978-0-19-517398-7
1328:978-1-4008-4584-2
945:A Jewish Theology
893:Quran, (112:1-4).
540:). Painting from
243:Babylonian Talmud
168:Philippians 2:7–8
48:embodied in flesh
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60:anthropomorphic
52:taking on flesh
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1997:
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1970:Bibliography
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1388:. Retrieved
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1343:`Abdu'l-Bahá
1337:
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1195:(1): 52–65.
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184:God in Islam
125:
93:Christianity
76:Jesus Christ
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18:Incarnations
1922:(in French)
1005:Which page?
745:Arahitogami
697:West Africa
681:Vaishnavism
669:Christology
665:incarnation
602:Paul Hacker
600:is, states
314:Druze faith
299:Druze faith
160:John 3:1–21
156:Virgin Mary
152:God the Son
44:Incarnation
2151:Categories
2097:: 98–125.
2027:|url=
1887:Sheth 2002
1875:Sheth 2002
1812:Sheth 2002
1748:, page 635
1705:Sheth 2002
1598:Sheth 2002
1390:2020-10-11
1028:(3): 542.
929:10 January
812:2022-05-28
786:References
613:sambhavāmi
530:Parshurama
421:See also:
303:See also:
262:Maimonides
227:See also:
178:See also:
136:Son of God
56:conception
2119:170278631
1978:(1991) .
1862:, p. 111.
1345:(1981) .
1266:162363556
1258:1613-0928
1237:Der Islam
1217:201807131
1209:1613-0928
1188:Der Islam
1118:201807131
1110:1613-0928
1089:Der Islam
760:Theophany
721:, called
717:) of the
598:avatarana
594:avatarana
538:Narasimha
330:ad-Darazi
205:(Tajseem)
2018:cite web
1933:Archived
872:Madhhabs
739:See also
677:Docetism
584:nor the
553:Hinduism
482:Hinduism
417:Buddhism
239:Talmudic
235:Biblical
2111:1400135
2010:Avatāra
1549:(ed.).
868:History
733:Pangool
729:Fangool
724:Pangool
648:Ganesha
637:Puranic
576:(soul).
518:Krishna
459:nibbana
455:nirvana
450:samsara
437:rebirth
401:In the
371:Messiah
369:as the
281:Hasidic
273:Hasidim
266:Judaism
217:Judaism
140:Trinity
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514:Vamana
510:Varaha
502:Matsya
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488:Avatar
338:ghulat
292:tzadik
255:demons
253:, and
247:Elijah
196:Tanzih
194:, and
192:Tawhid
166:, and
134:, the
128:Christ
114:Greece
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2115:S2CID
2107:JSTOR
1262:S2CID
1213:S2CID
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1038:JSTOR
876:Islam
766:Notes
652:Shiva
582:Vedas
574:Atman
522:Kalki
506:Kurma
475:tulku
445:devas
375:Mahdi
363:Jesus
326:Druze
286:Rebbe
251:Satan
210:shirk
201:Islam
188:Kalam
180:Allah
174:Islam
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132:Jesus
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