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method to compute intermediate points for sloped lines without doing multiplies or divides. The long vector hardware similarly needed only an add/subtract circuit. If a long vector program was mistakenly run on a basic machine without that option, the display processor could go wild and potentially
754:
system had enhanced capability and usability if accessed from a PDS-1 system; the user could make hyperlinks with a light pen and create them simply with a couple of keystrokes. Multi-window editing on FRESS was also possible when using the PDS-1. PDS-1 systems were used to design
Arpanet's network
618:
The PDS-1 monitor face was rectangular and was available in portrait or landscape orientation. The 1K x 1K grid of points was stretched 33% in the longer direction to allow text and graphics to fill the screen. All graphics programs then had to account for the non-square pixels. If the system was
640:
form only. There was no support for rotations or arbitrary scaling on the fly. If a symbol crossed over an edge of the screen, the beam wrapped around to the other side rather than being clipped, making a smear. So higher levels of the application had to do the clipping test, using separate data
614:
which executed a sequence of short vector strokes for that letter. Each occurrence of a letter on the screen was a display processor call to that letter's subroutine. This scheme handled arbitrary fonts, extended character sets, and even cursive right-to-left languages like Arabic. The smaller,
771:
on an Imlac editor. But most graphics applications required strong floating point support, compilers, and a file system. Those applications ran mostly on an expensive timeshared computer, which sent digested image data to the Imlac, which ran a small assembler program emulating a generic graphics
729:
backplane connecting all cards. There was no uniform backplane bus. Customer documentation included complete schematics down to the gate level, so that customers could design their own interface boards. It was possible to see, touch, and understand every detail of how the whole system worked.
542:
displays. In vector displays, the CRT electron beam 'draws' only the lines and curves displayed. In raster scan displays, the image is a grid of pixel spots (a 'bitmapped' image), and the CRT beam repeatedly sweeps the entire screen in a fixed horizontal pattern (like in TV sets), regardless of
772:
terminal. A typical use was rendering architectural drawings and animated walkthroughs that had been previously drawn offline. PDS-1 use was held back for several years by not having a standard program library supporting animation or interactive drawing and dragging of objects.
841:. The limitations of refreshed or storage vector displays were accepted only in the era when those displays were much cheaper than raster-scan alternatives. Raster graphic displays inevitably took over when the price of 128 kilobytes no longer mattered.
596:, the accumulated image could be modified or moved only by flash-erasing the entire screen and then slowing redrawing everything with data resent from some large computer. This was much less interactive than the PDS-1 and could not show animations.
577:, and those coils fought against rapid changes to their current. The screen flickered when filled with more than 800 inches of lines or more than 1200 characters, because the beam then needed more than 1/40th of a second to retrace everything.
635:
instructions and never modified memory. Jumps supported subroutine calls for repeated objects like letters and symbols. Jumps also supported arranging displayed objects into linked lists for quick editing. XY positions were in
630:
Instructions for the display processor consisted of 1-byte short-stroke instructions for letters and curves, and 6-byte long vector instructions, and 2-byte unconditional jumps. The display processor had no conventional
572:
The PDS-1 screen was repeatedly refreshed or redrawn 40 times per second to avoid visible flickering. But irregular beam motion was slower than the steady motions on raster displays. The beam deflections were driven by
859:
The PDS-1 and similar vector terminals were supplanted in the 1980s by (non-programmable) raster graphics terminals such as the AED767. And by easily programmed personal workstations with raster graphics such as the
459:
1974: PDS-4 introduced. It ran twice as fast and displayed twice as much text or graphics without flicker. Its display processor supported instantaneous interactive magnification with clipping. It had an optional
746:
The PDS-1 and PDS-4 were bought in small numbers by R&D organizations and many universities. They developed pioneering computer applications and trained the next generation of graphics system designers. The
547:-level 1024x768 black/white resolution requires 96 kilobytes of video refresh memory, 12 times more than a basic PDS-1. In 1970, that much core memory cost about $ 8000. (It now costs only 0.05 cents of shared
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system using PDS-1 called CES. MCS's Anvil mechanical CAD system used later Imlac workstations to interactively design mechanical parts, which were then milled out automatically from metal stock.
733:
The basic PDS-1 did not include the optional hardware cards for long vectors. Instead, the minicomputer created a long sequence of short-stroke display instructions. The software used a quick
515:
board set as its local minicomputer. This automatically gave it a much bigger set of programming tools. But it too, was usually driven by applications running on larger PDP systems.
765:
Some simple applications such as text editors were entirely coded in Imlac assembler and could run without much involvement with a larger computer. Hofstadter composed his book
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Cycle time for the core memory was 2.0 microseconds for the PDS-1, and 1.8 microseconds for PDS-1D. TTL logic ran 10x faster, with 10 timing pulses per core memory cycle.
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But at night time, students were willing to write large amounts of assembler code just for fun. The PDS-1 applications most remembered today are the early interactive
1455:
758:
Imlac display systems were bundled into various larger commercial products involving visual design and specialized software. Imlac sold a newspaper layout and
565:
shapes, editing text, laying out printed pages, and playing simple games. But they did not handle colors, images, filled-in areas, black-on-white screens, or
1480:
615:
fastest-drawing fonts were ugly, with diamond-shaped approximations of rounded loops. The display subroutine scheme also handled electronic design symbols.
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moved freely in X and Y position and angle under program control to draw individual sloped lines and letter forms, much like the pen-on-paper motions of a
899:
In 2013, an Imlac emulator named sImlac was written. An update version of this emulator can be obtained from the GitHub repository of the
Seattle-based
725:
chip. Small printed circuit cards held up to 12 chips each. The shallow desk pedestal held three racks or rows of cards, with 25 cards per row, and a
527:, continually refreshed from local memory. Its normal resolution was 1024 by 1024 addressable points, and 2K x 2K in small-font scaling mode. The CRT
1475:
1445:
1435:
672:, except using 16-bit instructions and data instead of 12 bits. There were no integer multiply/divide instructions, no floating point instructions, no
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The PDS-1's built-in minicomputer was needed for responding to user keyboard and light pen interactions quickly, without delays in talking to a remote
379:
system of a highly interactive computer graphics display with motion. Selling for $ 8,300 before options, its price was equivalent to the cost of four
610:
But on the PDS-1, all letter shapes, sizes, and spacing were entirely controlled in software. Each desired form of the letter E had its own display
645:. Code for line drawings and overall layout was generated on the fly, by programs running on the local minicomputer or on a large remote computer.
113:
1420:
684:. The single form of address modification was via indirect address pointers held in memory. Certain pointer cells would auto-increment when used.
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large computer for help. The minicomputer's main task was to build and modify the display list as needed for the next refresh cycle. For text and
588:
CRT technology which required no continual refresh and hence no local computer display memory at all. The glowing image was remembered by the CRT
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machine in 1973, a decade before that much memory was affordable for non-research single-user machines. And Alto led to the GUI revolution.
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line graphics this was easy and did not involve much computing. To minimize costs, Imlac designed their own simple minicomputer with as few
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422:
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to be used mainly for graphics, the monitor could be installed with an unstretched grid leaving ends of the screen permanently unused.
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The density, capacity, and price of computer memory have improved steadily and exponentially for decades, an engineering trend called
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On other displays of this era, text fonts were hardwired and could not be changed. For example, the operator consoles of the
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1977: A total of about 700 PDS-4 systems had been sold in the US. They were built upon order rather than being mass-produced.
190:
182:
978:
402:, and a control panel on a small desk with most electronic logic in the desk pedestal. The electronics included a simple
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had a similar design and price point to the PDS-1D. Its desktop electronics were more compact and used a mass-produced
1229:
805:, was created on a pair of PDS-1's. Later, up to 8 players ran on PDS-1 stations or other terminals networked to the
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153:
70:
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1978: Dynagraphic 3250 introduced. It was designed to be used mainly by a proprietary
Fortran-coded graphics
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1301:
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CRT electron beam through a metallic stencil mask with an A-shaped hole, or through a B-shaped hole, etc.
1323:"DigiBarn Systems: Advanced Electronic Design AED 767 terminal an early graphics workstation (Prototype)"
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17:
685:
1368:. From the 1972 documentary Computer Networks - The Heralds Of Resource Sharing. Notice the five keys
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compatible with anything else and so had limited tool support. Imlac eventually added a self-hosted
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which dots are turned on. Bitmap raster graphics require much more memory than vector graphics.
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1981: Hazeltine's Imlac
Dynagraphic Series II introduced. It was designed to be compatible with
109:
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structures. (This was fixed in later models.) Programming the letter font subroutines was via
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The PDS-1's display processor and its minicomputer ran simultaneously, out of the same memory.
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31:
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compiler with hour-long compiles due to the cramped memory. Some PDS models had an optional
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http://www.digibarn.com/collections/presentations/maze-war/The-aMazing-History-of-Maze.ppt
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535:. The beam skipped blank areas of the screen. Things could be drawn in arbitrary order.
8:
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https://github.com/larsbrinkhoff/imlac-software/blob/master/washington/freeway.pdf
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1972: PDS-1D introduced. It was similar to the PDS-1 with improved circuits and
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impressed them with its interactivity and graphics. But its ugly text prompted
845:
838:
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Vector displays were good for showing data charts, modifying line drawings and
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The PDS-1 debuted in 1970. It was the first low-cost commercial realization of
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running on larger computers, without customer programming inside the terminal.
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supporting program overlays. The disks were dropped from later products.
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Programming of this minicomputer was via assembler language. It was not
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cartridge disk drive or 8-inch floppy drive. These ran a rudimentary
387:, which cost 30 times more. It was a significant step forward towards
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795:, was created on a PDS-1 as part of a psychology experiment in 1971.
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PDS-4 system reference manual: Preliminary. IMLAC Corporation, 1974.
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IMLAC is not an acronym but is the name of a poet-philosopher from
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http://www.cadhistory.net/15%20Patrick%20Hanratty%20and%20MCS.pdf
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quantities. It had 2Kx2K resolution,192 kilobytes of RAM, and an
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1968: Imlac founded. Their business plan was interactive
413:, and a display processor for driving CRT beam movements.
360:, that manufactured graphical display systems, mainly the
1392:. It preserves some scans of contemporary code printouts.
1176:
http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/imlac/PDS-1_TechnicalMan.pdf
544:
496:
116:
and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as
1366:
At 14:36 of this video a glimpse of the PDS-1 being used
383:. The PDS-1 was functionally similar to the much bigger
1187:
http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/imlac/PDS-1_Schematics.pdf
721:, with only a dozen logic gates or 4 register bits per
446:
1970: PDS-1 introduced for the general graphics market.
569:
fidelity to the fonts of professionally printed text.
1396:
1372:, a direct descendant of the one introduced for the
1338:"BitRot: sImlac v0.0 is ready for human consumption"
738:
burn the monitor phosphor or deflection amplifiers.
789:, an early predecessor of the popular arcade game
538:Vector displays are a now-obsolete alternative to
1461:Defunct computer companies based in Massachusetts
832:
1407:
1456:Defunct computer companies of the United States
603:formed each letter all at once by sending the
864:UCSD Pascal machine and the high performance
1481:Electronics companies disestablished in 1979
503:microprocessor, all inside the monitor unit.
423:The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia
97:, which are uninformative and vulnerable to
30:"Imlac" redirects here. For other uses, see
1335:
518:
112:and maintains a consistent citation style.
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1401:BitRot: An introduction to the Imlac PDS-1
1361:Tom Uban's Restored PDS-1D - Imlac Anatomy
495:library standard. Its cost was $ 9000 in
254:
245:
1476:Electronics companies established in 1968
1446:Computer companies disestablished in 1979
1436:American companies disestablished in 1979
1062:http://www.dvq.com/ads/imlac_mms_8_78.jpg
227:Learn how and when to remove this message
209:Learn how and when to remove this message
154:Learn how and when to remove this message
1021:Instruction set guides: imlac card color
1421:1979 disestablishments in Massachusetts
1390:Lars Brinkhoff's Imlac Software Library
429:
356:was an American electronics company in
14:
1441:Computer companies established in 1968
1431:American companies established in 1968
1408:
1282:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
984:from the original on 24 December 2023.
852:to develop the experimental bitmapped
710:The PDS-1 electronics were built from
584:graphics terminal used an alternative
960:from the original on 3 December 2021.
871:system. And those were supplanted by
523:The monitor was a 14-inch monochrome
1416:1968 establishments in Massachusetts
1380:sImlac, Josh Dersch's Imlac emulator
825:were a major data load on the early
480:1979: Imlac Corporation acquired by
165:
77:
36:
1466:Defunct computer hardware companies
104:Please consider converting them to
24:
1471:Defunct computer systems companies
1008:from the original on 7 March 2024.
933:from the original on 8 March 2024.
622:
477:????: Dynagraphic 6220 introduced.
181:tone or style may not reflect the
25:
1507:
1354:
1163:"ICF Terminals: Refresh Displays"
1138:"Section 3: The industry evolves"
1085:"Jim Michmerhuizen: Work History"
887:. And now by single chips inside
484:, a maker of text-only terminals.
52:This article has multiple issues.
817:program. Mazewar games between
191:guide to writing better articles
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901:Living Computers: Museum + Labs
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688:operations were not supported.
60:or discuss these issues on the
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833:Pixels replace vector displays
785:was ported from a PDP-1 demo.
443:traders, which did not happen.
108:to ensure the article remains
13:
1:
1426:1979 mergers and acquisitions
1385:Uban's Imlac Software Library
921:"The computer display review"
906:
813:computer running the Mazewar
664:as possible. It was a single-
1298:"The Minicomputer Orphanage"
1113:"Memory Prices 1957 to 2012"
972:"IMLAC PDS-1D advertisement"
894:
7:
1099:"Vector graphics terminals"
306:; 45 years ago
284:; 56 years ago
10:
1512:
1336:Josh Dersch (2013-07-11).
996:"PDS-1D Programming Guide"
265:running on an IMLAC PDS-1D
29:
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803:multiplayer computer game
580:The competing lower cost
394:The PDS-1 consisted of a
336:Graphical display systems
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1049:"USA Visit: August 1978"
668:machine much like a DEC
519:Refreshed vector display
456:1973: PDS-1G introduced.
27:Graphical display system
1035:"USA Visit: June 1976"
954:"USA Visit: June 1976"
358:Needham, Massachusetts
295:Needham, Massachusetts
32:Imlac (disambiguation)
1451:Computer workstations
1374:NLS (computer system)
482:Hazeltine Corporation
391:and modern displays.
389:computer workstations
344:Computer workstations
324:Hazeltine Corporation
592:itself. But like an
430:Timeline of products
411:magnetic-core memory
409:, 8-16 kilobytes of
1486:Graphical terminals
885:video game consoles
875:-based mass-market
801:, the first online
768:Gödel, Escher, Bach
755:graphics protocol.
719:integrated circuits
558:diagrams, tumbling
340:Graphical terminals
241:
1203:2015-08-30 at the
678:virtual addressing
643:assembler language
437:graphics terminals
381:Volkswagen Beetles
239:
1219:. 6 January 2018.
844:Imlac PDS-1's at
779:. The two-player
354:IMLAC Corporation
351:
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240:IMLAC Corporation
237:
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185:used on Knowledge
183:encyclopedic tone
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114:Several templates
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16:(Redirected from
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1496:16-bit computers
1370:Chorded keyboard
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1300:. Archived from
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1258:. Archived from
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787:Freeway Crossing
674:microprogramming
368:, in the 1970s.
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1253:"Archived copy"
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889:smartphones
877:Macintoshes
839:Moore's Law
760:typesetting
712:7400 series
693:object code
666:accumulator
662:logic gates
540:raster scan
533:pen plotter
493:3D graphics
396:CRT monitor
274:Electronics
18:Imlac PDS-1
1410:Categories
1343:2013-10-17
1308:2012-04-15
1269:2011-04-20
1148:2012-04-10
1123:2012-10-27
907:References
854:Xerox Alto
846:Xerox PARC
650:timeshared
612:subroutine
605:Charactron
563:wire-frame
420:'s novel,
110:verifiable
57:improve it
1217:"Frogger"
895:Emulation
883:PCs, and
782:Spacewar!
752:hypertext
735:Bresenham
727:wire wrap
680:, and no
658:registers
513:PDP 11/05
451:backplane
400:light pen
377:Sketchpad
199:July 2020
144:June 2022
95:bare URLs
63:talk page
1278:cite web
1201:Archived
1003:Archived
979:Archived
958:Archived
928:Archived
823:Stanford
701:IBM 2310
601:CDC 6600
590:phosphor
509:DEC GT40
489:SIGGRAPH
385:IBM 2250
330:Products
271:Industry
262:Maze War
99:link rot
881:Windows
827:Arpanet
798:Mazewar
792:Frogger
705:disk OS
697:Fortran
638:integer
567:WYSIWYG
472:library
464:add-on.
309: (
301:Defunct
287: (
279:Founded
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404:16-bit
119:reFill
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686:Stack
682:cache
676:, no
670:PDP-8
366:PDS-4
362:PDS-1
93:uses
1284:link
1073:IEEE
869:Unix
866:PERQ
821:and
660:and
549:DRAM
507:The
501:8086
439:for
364:and
319:Fate
311:1979
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127:and
819:MIT
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723:DIP
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