701:
266:("street-corner kamishibai") would travel the country carrying a box that was roughly the size of a small television on the back of their bicycle, setting up along city streets to entertain local children who were often accompanied by their adult family members. The box typically featured decorations that made it look like a small theatre, and a rotating selection of illustrated slides were slid in and out of a large viewing window in sequence. The front of the slides featured illustrated paintings of different scenes and the back featured the text
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38:
388:, instead it was art for the lower classes (particularly children) and urban poor, who were typically uncomfortable with or suspicious of traditional educational settings. Yone argued that kamishibai was the perfect art for persuading viewers, as "the hearts of the performer and the viewers are unified" during the performance.
440:(printed kamishibai) to general stores at a low cost. This provided average parents and educators with the opportunity to affordably purchase the plays for community performances in their homes, schools, or churches. She even produced insatsu kamishibai stories that were printed in black and white, specifically intended to be
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kamishibai performers typically required children to purchase candy before allowing them to view the performance, but Imai Yone offered her stories for free. She also doubled the length of a typical show from ten slides to twenty, encouraging people of all ages and backgrounds to listen to her kamishibai performances.
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was no longer required, because the government was producing and distributing every play on the market. Young women were conscripted for the war effort to both assist in the creation of kashimibai and to travel the countryside performing the propaganda plays for as many
Japanese citizens as possible.
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of
Japanese educational kamishibai." The majority of kashimibai performers purchased pre-made slides from professional publishers, but Imai Yone employed artists to illustrate scripts that she wrote, and she often joined other performers in sharing stories of her own creation. In 1933, she organized
424:
called
Kamishibai Kankokai to produce her own stories on a larger scale. She immediately started hiring many artists to increase both the quantity and the quality of kamishibiai she was able to manufacture. Initially, kamishibai performers could rent particular sets of slides from Yone, who in turn
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to expedite the creation of kamishibai plays, drastically decreasing both the production cost and the cost to the customer in the process. Artists employed by Yone were instructed to outline their illustrations with dark, thick lines so children seated far away from the images could still see them.
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Before Imai Yone entered the scene, kamishibai performances featured 5 x 7 inch (12.7 x 17.8 cm) illustration slides. She quickly doubled the standard size to 10.5 x 15 inches (26.7 x 38 cm), dramatically increasing the maximum number of people that could view a single performance at once. Previous
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Imai Yone became the first person to experiment with kamishibai as a tool for educating children sometime around 1931. After noticing a sharp decrease in attendance at her Sunday school lessons, Yone followed the local children to a performance and immediately recognized the value such an art form
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in 1933, for an audience total of nearly one million children a day. During the height of the postwar period, approximately five million people watched a kamishibai show somewhere in Japan every day. Traditional street-corner kamishibai eventually went out of style in the 1960s following the
215:
to offer classes that were regularly attended by approximately fifty local children. Shortly after, she began a decades long career creating stories for religious street theatre performances intended for children. Her publications most often featured stories and characters from the Bible's
332:"On a Sunday, the regulars did not come to Sunday school, except for five or six children. Even those who came were impatient and asked, “Sensei! A kamishibai is coming. I would love to see it. Can I go? I will come back after kamishibai is over.” I lost all my children to kamishibai!"
403:
She even created kamishibai in the format of printed journals so they could be easily transported to rural areas and cheaply cut and pasted onto cardboard to create the typical slides. Upon seeing the success of cinema and radio, Imai also pioneered the production of kamishibai
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afforded by the art form. The performances could be carried out on the street by anyone capable of reading the illustrated cards, which could be made with cheap materials that were light enough to be carried for any length of time by nearly
587:(Japan Kamishibai Education Association; or NGKK) was established in 1932, in part to monitor the subject matter of kamishibai plays. The NGKK began threatening and intimidating specific educational publishing houses into promoting a
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was able to reduce costs by rotating the same stories between different performers across the city. Once the slides were made available for regular purchase by storytellers, a set of twenty could be acquired for less than three
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for the performer to follow, eliminating the need for memorization and allowing performers to carry many stories at one time. The slides were supplemented with the narrator's expressive performance, songs,
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or "electric kamishibai". Even though street kamishibai has long become unpopular, Imai Yone's invention of educational kamishibai still maintains a stronghold on
Japanese children's entertainment.
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646:
in
November 1940 to encourage young people to join the war effort. Imai Yone was involved with the organization's kashimibai group, one of several people responsible for leading the creation of
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spoke negatively about street-corner kamishibai, indicating it was a poor man's art, Imai Yone argued that exact point was one of its strengths. She agreed that it was not an art form for the
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level of children and a radio could cost upwards of a month's wages, so the availability of kamishibai at such a low cost was revolutionary for the dissemination of media and ideas.
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336:
Yone's idea to combine education with the performance of kamishibai was incredibly successful, and immediately drew crowds of eager children. This was the beginning of
716:'s Pedagogic Guidelines for Kindergarten. Educational kamishibai are still performed for children across Japan, but they are now typically reserved for preschool and
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in the late 1930s. Intended to be available at an affordable rate for consumers, the recordings of traditional kamishibai plays were often performed by famous
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615:, so it is likely her that her sudden willingness to contribute propaganda was connected to extreme societal pressure to avoid potential persecution or
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for several years beginning in 1927. She returned to Japan sometime before 1931, as that is when she singlehandedly opened a
Christian mission and
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For several decades beginning in the 1930s until 1967, kyouiku kamishibai was listed as one of the most important activities for children in the
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views prior to the late 1930s, her true politics are unknown. Many openly
Christian individuals experienced additional harassment under Japan's
1300:. ダマスコ途上のパウロ / 今井よね編 = Paul on his way to Damascus / by Yone Imai ; 画, Yasuo Itakura. (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Kamishibai kankōkai hakkō.
694:
740:, explored Japan's use of kamishibai and highlighted the innovations pioneered by Imai Yone. An archived copy of the film can be viewed
474:
Throughout the 1930s, Imai Yone published more than fifty kamishibai plays. She retired from kamishibai production following the end of
455:. She published a larger book that served as a broader evaluation of the state of kamishibai in missionary work and art in 1934, titled
1045:
Revisiting
Japanese Multimodal Drama Performance as Child-Centered Performance Ethnography: Picture-Mediated Reflection on 'Kamishibai'
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counts over a dozen examples of her work amongst their collections. Several of her works and original books are also held by the
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tool. It was far cheaper and more accessible to produce kamishibai slides than it was to record and distribute films or
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level students. As of 2022, educational kamishibai performances are additionally still commonly staged at libraries,
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1334:. Xマス物語 = Christmas story / 今井よね編 ; Yasuo Itakura画. (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Kamishibai kankōkai hakkō.
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and general hygiene for the government in the mid 1930s, eventually moving to plays with more explicitly
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Imai Yone's impacts on the creation of kamishibai have led to numerous scholars referring to her as the "
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and joined the earthquake relief efforts he was organizing from Tokyo. In 1926, she accompanied him to
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By pioneering the use of lithography in the kamishibai publishing process, Imai was able to introduce
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344:. In encouraging others to create educational kamishibai, Imai pointed to the extreme ease of
806:"Gospel and War Propaganda Take to the Streets! The Rise of "Educational Kamishibai" (教育紙芝居)"
467:. Yone's production facility became the official publishing house of the Tokyo branch of the
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87:
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Imai Yone's work in kamishibai directly influenced numerous others in her field, including
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broadcasts, which led to a record number of government sanctioned kimishibai performances.
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Imai Yone died in 1968 in Tokyo, after dedicating much of her life to kamishibai and the
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The following is a small selection of known propaganda kashimibai created by Imai Yone:
1211:
846:
Hoover
Institution Library and Archives, Fanning the Flames: Propaganda in Modern Japan
370:
1368:. 桑の樹のザアカイ : 聖書物語 / 今井よね編 ; 三浦浩画. (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Kamishibai kankōkai.
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1351:. アブラハム : 聖書物語 / 今井よね編 ; 三浦浩画. (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Kamishibai kankōkai.
588:
161:
1132:"The Many Faces of Kamishibai (Japanese Paper Theater): Past, Present, and Future"
1419:. ヨセフ : 聖書物語 / 今井よね編 ; 三浦浩畫. (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Kamishibai kankōkai.
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744:. Few known copies of Yone's kamishibai illustrated plays still remain, though
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149:
54:
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known to have been published and translated to kamishibai plays by Imai Yone:
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1207:
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460:
441:
380:
357:
345:
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of the 1930s, thanks in large part to the work of Imai Yone. A performer of g
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1385:. ョナ物語 / 今井よね編 ; 三浦浩画. (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Kamishibai kankōkai hakkō.
931:
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717:
616:
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475:
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280:
275:, and props, providing audiences with an experience that combined engaging
1402:. 幼児モーセ物語 / 今井よね子作 ; 柚月芳画. (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Kamishibai kankōkai.
705:
642:(National Association for Young Citizens' Culture) was established by the
1436:. 神の人モーゼ / 今井よね編 ; 齋藤敏夫畫. (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Kamishibai kankōkai.
459:. Several years later, she published at least nine kamishibai volumes of
396:
309:
276:
29:
1535:. 義農作兵衛 / 今井よね編 ; 京極佳夕畫. (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Kamishibai kankōkai.
1470:. ノアの洪水 / 今井よね編 ; 平澤定治画. (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Kamishibai kankōkai.
1215:
1191:
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Kuwa no ki no Zaakai: Seisho monogatari (Zacchaeus of the
Sycamore Tree)
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655:
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267:
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236:
208:
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136:
101:
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which advocated for the expansion of the use of theater in children's
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604:
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and led the efforts to open the Friends of Jesus Nursing Mission, or
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theater performance, Imai offered the following simple explanation:
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efforts. She soon began the first iteration of what is now known as
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An estimated 2,500 people performed ten times day on the streets of
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430:
337:
200:
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in the 1930s, the government saw the potential of kamishibai as a
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When she was later asked about her intentions behind creating a
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272:
654:" kashimbai. The group's kashimibai became so ubiquitous that
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a group of performers called the Kamishibiai Missionaries, or
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agenda in July 1937, including those belonging to Imai Yone,
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385:
378:. While contemporary articles from publications like Tokyo's
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291:
229:
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189:
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faith the next year when she was 21. She soon graduated from
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153:
76:
58:
1103:
Propaganda Performed: Kamishibai in Japan's Fifteen-Year War
505:
Aburahamu: Seisho monogatari (Abraham: Tales from the Bible)
429:. At the time, most Japanese printed media far exceeded the
1487:. 種子播の話 / 今井よね編. (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Kamishibai kankōkai.
468:
225:
529:
Yosefu: Seisho monogatari (Joseph: Tales from the Bible)
1018:. Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha International Ltd. p. 62.
804:
McGowan, Dr. Tara M. (2019-08-30). Chen, Minjie (ed.).
254:
or "paper performance" is a form of uniquely Japanese
487:
Damasuko tojō no Pauro (Paul on his way to Damascus)
1280:
Iesu den. 9 / Imai Yone hen ; Miura Hiroshi ga
901:"Kamishibai, What is it? Some Preliminary Findings"
842:"Kamishibai Defined: A Core Topic of Modern Japan"
541:Mōze: Kōkai o wataru (Moses: Crossing the Red Sea)
295:popularization of television, originally known as
736:directed by Jeffrey Dym, professor of history at
1561:
1136:Japan Society, About Japan: A Teacher's Resource
457:Kamishibai no jissai (The Reality of Kamishibai)
1314:Shishiana no Danieru (Daniel in the lion's den)
1063:"Kamishibai a japán kép alapú történet mesélés"
810:Cotsen Children’s Library, Princeton University
553:Tane maki no hanashi (The Parable of the Sower)
493:Shishiana no Danieru (Daniel in the Lion's Den)
120:
960:"Die For Japan: Wartime Propaganda Kamishibai"
114:
1549:Naman Shogun (General Naman of ancient Syria)
1365:Kuwa no ki no Zaakai : Seisho monogatari
1192:""Kamishibai" as Propaganda in Wartime Japan"
670:Naman Shogun (General Naman of Ancient Syria)
176:or Tokyo Women's Normal School, now known as
734:Die for Japan: Wartime Propaganda Kamishibai
724:, and festivals for audiences of all ages.
199:Yone traveled to the United States to study
1231:"Il Kamishibai ed il suo aspetto educativo"
499:Kurisumasu monogatari (The Christmas Story)
1552:(in Japanese). Tokyo: Kamishibai Kankokai.
1453:(in Japanese). Tōkyō: Kamishibai Kankōsha.
1317:(in Japanese). Tokyo: Kamishibai Kankokai.
1283:(in Japanese). Tokyo: Kamishibai kankōkai.
1016:Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics
36:
535:Kami no hito Mōze (Moses, the man of God)
523:Yōji Mōse monogatari (Tale of Baby Moses)
478:. The following is an incomplete list of
704:Modern educational kamisibai, staged at
699:
351:
16:Japanese Christian street theater artist
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1228:
1157:
1099:
929:
803:
758:Hoover Institution Library and Archives
738:California State University, Sacarmento
1562:
1189:
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449:Fukuin Kamishibai (Kamishibai gospel),
395:Imai Yone was the first person to use
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134:and educator who became a pioneer of
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644:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
283:and art in a way that echoes modern
184:, she met Christian social activist
42:Imai Yone performing in Tokyo, 1933.
1129:
898:
870:"Kamishibai: Japon Sokak Tiyatrosu"
517:Yona monogatari (The Tale of Jonah)
13:
1348:Aburahamu : Seisho monogatari
1331:Xmasu monogatari = Christmas story
1254:
1180:
1148:
1120:
1080:
989:. Contributor Frederik L. Schodt.
822:
626:kamishibai plays with themes like
603:. Though Imai Yone expressed some
14:
1626:
1022:
948:
920:
887:
858:
778:
549:, artist Hirasawa Sadaharu, 1939.
420:In 1933, Imai Yone established a
285:children's television programming
1100:Orbaugh, Sharalyn (2016-05-02).
469:Young Mens Christian Association
447:In 1933, she published the book
194:Furenzu obu jīzasu kango misshon
1605:University of California alumni
1595:Japanese Christian missionaries
1539:
1522:
1491:
1474:
1457:
1440:
1423:
1416:Yosefu : Seisho monogatari
1406:
1389:
1372:
1355:
1338:
1321:
1304:
1287:
1270:
1248:
1222:
1158:Lunning, Frenchy (2012-10-30).
1055:
964:Asian Educational Media Service
1007:
976:
727:
672:, artist Kaseki Kyōgoku, 1941.
666:, artist Kaseki Kyōgoku, 1941.
640:Nippon Shokokumin Bukna Kyokai
622:Yone began producing mundane,
501:, artist Yasuo Itakura, 1933.
364:
258:that gained popularity in the
174:Tōkyō Joshi Kōtō Shihan Gakkō,
148:Imai Yone was born in 1897 in
1:
1257:"Les pionniers du kamishibai"
1229:Aglieco, Sueli (2020-02-02).
958:Atkins, Taylor (2012-08-22).
771:
559:
531:, artist Hiroshi Miura, 1934.
519:, artist Hiroshi Miura, 1934.
513:, artist Hiroshi Miura, 1934.
507:, artist Hiroshi Miura, 1934.
495:, artist Yasuo Itakura, 1933.
489:, artist Yasuo Itakura, 1933.
415:
242:
1600:Ochanomizu University alumni
1190:Horner, Emily (2005-09-01).
1164:Mechademia 7: Lines of Sight
1038:"Brief Sketch of Kamishibai"
1014:Schody, Frederik L. (1997).
840:Naoro, Adachi (2018-03-01).
543:, artist Toshio Saito, 1939.
537:, artist Toshio Saito, 1939.
525:, artist Yuzuki Kaoru, 1934.
302:
143:
7:
1196:Storytelling, Self, Society
1166:. University of Minnesota.
585:Nippon Gageki Kyoiku Kyokai
547:Noa no kōzui (Noah's Flood)
182:1923 Great Kantō earthquake
121:
10:
1631:
1580:People from Mie Prefecture
1506:W. W. Norton & Company
1498:McClain, James L. (2002).
1450:Mōze : Kōkai o wataru
868:Orhan, Egzi (2022-07-23).
140:performance in the 1930s.
1255:Delmas, Marie-Charlotte.
1106:. BRILL. pp. 49–57.
746:Cotsen Children's Library
732:A 2012 short film titled
676:
115:
97:
83:
65:
47:
35:
28:
21:
899:Dym, Jeffery A. (2007).
708:'s public library, 2018.
463:biblical stories titled
356:Kamishibai performer at
205:University of California
92:University of California
1590:Japanese theatre people
1501:Japan: A Modern History
1235:Albero Azzurro Siracusa
555:, artist unknown, 1939.
239:of Japanese children.
1504:. New York, New York:
1297:Damasuko tojō no Pauro
983:Nash, Eric P. (2009).
930:Mathieu (2018-03-24).
709:
613:Peace Preservation Law
361:
334:
1130:McGowan, Dr. Tara M.
714:Ministry of Education
703:
444:at home by children.
355:
330:
308:could provide to her
178:Ochanomizu University
88:Ochanomizu University
1484:Tane maki no hanashi
1399:Yōji Mōse monogatari
1036:Ishiguro, Hiroaski.
750:Princeton University
376:kamishibai dendō dan
132:Christian missionary
125:, 1897 – 1968)
1610:Japanese Christians
1546:Imai, Yone (1941).
1529:Imai, Yone (1941).
1481:Imai, Yone (1939).
1464:Imai, Yone (1939).
1447:Imai, Yone (1939).
1430:Imai, Yone (1939).
1413:Imai, Yone (1934).
1396:Imai, Yone (1934).
1379:Imai, Yone (1934).
1362:Imai, Yone (1934).
1345:Imai, Yone (1934).
1328:Imai, Yone (1933).
1311:Imai, Yone (1933).
1294:Imai, Yone (1933).
1277:Imai, Yone (1935).
1160:"Kyoiku Kamishibai"
762:Stanford University
648:kokusaku kashimibai
453:religious education
438:insatsu kamishibiai
1585:Artists from Tokyo
1218:– via JSTOR.
710:
568:was preparing for
371:Johannes Gutenberg
362:
342:kyouiku Kamishibai
314:Fukuin Kamishibai,
156:. She traveled to
1515:978-0-393-04156-9
1433:Kami no hito Mōze
1173:978-1-4529-3331-3
1113:978-90-04-24944-8
1049:Rikkyo University
465:The Life of Jesus
386:elites of society
164:in 1917, and was
107:
106:
73:(aged 70–71)
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1615:Women in theatre
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1047:. Tokyo, Japan:
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986:Manga Kamishibai
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932:"Kamishibai 紙芝居"
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691:Matsunaga Ken’ya
601:Matsunaga Ken'ya
422:publishing house
406:voice recordings
297:denki kamishibai
180:. Following the
162:secondary school
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1508:. p. 390.
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687:Uchiyama Kenshō
683:Takahashi Gozan
679:
652:national policy
624:public interest
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418:
410:Japanese cinema
367:
340:kamishibai, or
305:
264:aito kamishibai
260:interwar period
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186:Toyohiko Kagawa
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1069:(in Hungarian)
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597:Takahasi Gozan
566:Imperial Japan
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381:Asahi Shimbun
377:
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359:
358:Kiyomizu-dera
354:
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218:Old Testament
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213:Sunday school
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27:
20:
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1541:
1532:Ginō Sakubee
1531:
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1467:Noa no kōzui
1466:
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1279:
1272:
1261:. Retrieved
1250:
1239:. Retrieved
1237:(in Italian)
1234:
1224:
1202:(1): 21–31.
1199:
1195:
1163:
1139:. Retrieved
1135:
1102:
1071:. Retrieved
1066:
1057:
1044:
1015:
1009:
985:
978:
967:. Retrieved
963:
939:. Retrieved
935:
911:. Retrieved
907:
878:. Retrieved
876:(in Turkish)
873:
849:. Retrieved
845:
813:. Retrieved
809:
733:
731:
718:kindergarten
711:
680:
669:
664:Ginō Sakubee
663:
647:
639:
636:totalitarian
632:militaristic
621:
584:
582:
563:
552:
546:
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510:
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476:World War II
473:
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402:
394:
390:
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368:
341:
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281:storytelling
263:
249:
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243:
234:
198:
193:
173:
147:
135:
109:
108:
77:Tokyo, Japan
71:(1968-00-00)
1575:1968 deaths
1570:1897 births
1259:(in French)
874:Karnavalesk
728:Collections
397:lithography
365:Innovations
277:performance
1564:Categories
1263:2022-11-11
1241:2022-11-12
1141:2022-11-12
1073:2022-11-11
969:2022-11-11
941:2022-11-11
913:2022-11-11
908:Kamishibai
880:2022-11-11
851:2022-11-11
815:2022-11-12
772:References
766:California
754:New Jersey
656:censorship
574:propaganda
560:Propaganda
416:Publishing
320:Kamishibai
251:Kamishibai
244:Kamishibai
237:catechesis
209:missionary
137:kamishibai
102:Kamishibai
1208:1550-5340
706:Tokamachi
695:Saki Akio
609:socialist
605:communist
595:educator
471:in 1935.
338:pedagogic
303:Education
170:Christian
144:Biography
122:Yone Imai
110:Imai Yone
23:Imai Yone
1216:41948951
593:Buddhist
431:literacy
412:actors.
360:in 2009.
326:biblical
201:theology
166:baptized
129:Japanese
589:pro-war
442:colored
349:anyone.
273:puppets
203:at the
168:in the
1512:
1214:
1206:
1170:
1110:
997:
693:, and
677:Legacy
650:, or "
346:access
318:Gospel
268:script
228:, and
127:was a
1212:JSTOR
1041:(PDF)
904:(PDF)
578:radio
292:Tokyo
279:with
230:David
222:Moses
220:like
190:Osaka
158:Tokyo
154:Japan
59:Japan
30:よね 今井
1510:ISBN
1204:ISSN
1168:ISBN
1108:ISBN
995:ISBN
742:here
634:and
607:and
583:The
287:.
226:Noah
196:.
160:for
116:今井よね
69:1968
66:Died
51:1897
48:Born
768:.
764:in
760:at
752:in
748:at
619:.
570:war
564:As
427:yen
316:or
232:.
152:of
1566::
1233:.
1210:.
1198:.
1194:.
1182:^
1162:.
1150:^
1134:.
1122:^
1082:^
1065:.
1043:.
1024:^
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922:^
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685:,
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1200:2
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1003:.
972:.
944:.
916:.
883:.
854:.
818:.
697:.
322:.
113:(
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