46:
385:"—making no mention of the furnace—but the obvious assumption was that the iron had come from the company's blast furnace. In any case, the day after the telegram, the pigs were on the sea en route for Melbourne; there was virtually no opportunity for locals to see the pigs before they disappeared from the district. And, unusually, the blast furnace did not remain in continuous production after its supposed first tapping.
39:, which was erected but not used. Despite several design iterations, the steam-powered blast machinery was severely under-sized. Before this situation could be rectified, by raising more capital, the Oriental Bank foreclosed. The assets were sold cheaply; possibly, the new owner intended to restart operations. However, a large fall in the price of iron seems to have ended that possibility.
549:
collapsed upper part of the furnace, which sheared off the furnace structure when a large tree fell on it. The fallen tree lay over the furnace in 1969 but is now gone. The area immediately adjacent to the furnace base is strewn with fire bricks. An unused cast iron tapping block from the old furnace survives and is on display at the
Beaconsfield Mine & Heritage Centre.
409:
harder to explain. It therefore seems possible that the ongoing problem with the furnace—a mismatch between the relatively small capacity of the blast machinery and the size of the furnace—was enough to prevent the furnace reaching a suitable temperature to smelt iron ore and produce molten pig-iron. If so, the well-made furnace could never have produced any iron.
413:
come from the furnace. However, even this does not prove conclusively that the furnace made molten pig iron that was successfully tapped, on 27 November 1873. All that is known for certain is that the second and third attempts to smelt iron—on 16 and 23 December 1873—both failed. These were the last attempts made, because the company afterwards ran out of money.
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solid, in order to lessen the chances of the damp ascending into the body of the furnace. On the top of this masonry a large boiler plate cylinder 10 feet in diameter is erected, with a strong heavy cast iron ring at the base, from which through the masonry into the foundation holding down bolts are passed and fastened, thus firmly securing the upright cylinder
24:—which it extended at both ends to reach its iron ore mine and its jetty. The ruin of its blast furnace is significant, as one of the only three such ruins of 19th-Century iron-smelting blast furnaces in Australia and the only one in Tasmania. It is the only remaining ruin—in Australia—of a 19th-Century blast furnace that had an iron shell.
20:(I.I.C.) was an iron mining and smelting company that operated in Northern Tasmania in 1873 and 1874. The company's operations included a blast furnace, ore mine, water wheel, village, and jetty. The I.I.C. rebuilt a disused timber-haulage tramway, terminating at Ilfracombe—now the southern part of modern-day
512:
There was a disused timber tramway for the former
Ilfracombe saw-mill, which conveniently ran alongside the iron ore deposit. It had been laid down in 1857 and become overgrown and rotten by the 1870s, so the track needed total reconstruction. At the river end, it needed extension to the north to the
164:
The
Ilfracombe Iron Company was registered on 28 January 1873. It had an authorised capital of ÂŁ50,000 in 10,000 ÂŁ5 shares. 2000 of the shares were issued as fully paid, probably in exchange for properties, assets and services that the new company needed. The remaining shares were partly paid, to ÂŁ4.
489:
The waterwheel stood 120 feet from the furnace. It was 30 feet in diameter and 4 feet wide, with 64 buckets and heavy cast-iron bosses 3 feet in diameter through which the shaft passed. This large waterwheel apparently was never used by the
Ilfracombe Iron Co. but was later used to power a gold mine
441:
The foundation of the furnace is laid in concrete 4 feet deep, on the top of this is 6 feet 6 in. of solid substantial masonry. The masonry consists of four grand arches in the form of a cross, thus constituting a compact block 14 feet square the arches being used instead of building the block quite
471:
The original plan was for this blast machinery would be powered by a waterwheel but in fact all actual operation of the furnace used steam power. It was powered first by a steam engine that had been hired for the purpose but proved too small. Later a larger engine was used, but it apparently it—or
412:
Against this conclusion there is but one piece of physical evidence; an archaeological research map of the blast furnace site shows a 'bosh skull' located nearby to the furnace ruin. A bosh skull is a mass of solidified iron and slag. If it exists at the remote site, the bosh skull could only have
396:
If the iron was from another source—even allowing for the relatively remote location of the blast furnace—it would have been an elaborate deception, necessitating the involvement of at least some of the company's staff and management. The unlikelihood of such a deception has led some historians to
312:
The new vertical iron cylinders at the
Ilfracombe Iron Company's works have been completed, and found to answer admirably. The necessary repairs to the furnace have been carried out, and fire-bricks of the proper description substituted for the inferior ones which were at first unwittingly put in,
70:
There was an increase in pig-iron prices in the early 1870s, which led to the formation of a number of colonial era iron-making ventures in
Australia. The price of imported pig-iron increased, from ÂŁ4 10s per ton in 1870 to ÂŁ9 per ton in 1873 greatly advantaging locally manufactured iron. However,
341:
It was decided to create a new company of larger capital, and issue new shares to existing shareholders in exchange for the old company's assets. This suited
Longden and Major, who were unable to participate in any other kind of restructure, as both had run out of money by this time. However, the
333:
The company had exhausted its capital, wasting some of it on assets that it never put to use, such as its waterwheel. After the failure of attempts to smelt on 16 and 23 December 1873, it became apparent that a larger blast engine and larger blowing cylinders were necessary and would require more
548:
Approximately three metres of the lowest part of the blast furnace is still standing; the stone base and hearth—including the three tuyere ports and the three tuyere pipes—and the lowest part of the iron shell are in place. Lying on the ground, adjacent to the furnace, is the iron shell from the
524:
The original jetty that was the terminus of the timber-haulage tramway was further south from where the I. I. C. built its new jetty. The choice of the site of the new jetty was a good one, as the new jetty could—with some extension—reach water 30 feet deep, enough to accommodate a 500 ton ship.
375:
It is just twelve months since we recorded the partial success of the
Ilfracombe Iron Company, in smelting pig iron from the ore found on their property. We afterwards learnt, however, that this iron had not been fairly produced by any ordinary furnace process, and the subsequent collapse of the
408:
However, four different experts—examining the furnace ruin in 1883, 1982, 1988, and 2012—failed to find any iron in the hearth of the old blast furnace. An unused cast iron tapping block from the furnace also survives; perhaps that block was a spare, but the absence of iron in the hearth is far
304:, en-route to Melbourne, on 28 November 1873. Presumably, that was done by loading the pigs at the Ilfracombe Company's jetty. It seems that James Major accompanied the pigs to Melbourne, arriving on 29 November 1873, perhaps intending show off the iron to Victorian shareholders and others.
220:
The foundation stone of the furnace was laid on 12 May 1873, by David Spence, a
Melbourne merchant, who was a shareholder. Progress was rapid, with a visitor to the site, in September 1873, reporting extensive progress, with about 100 men working at the site and the work nearly completed.
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The furnace had provision for conversion to recycle the off-gases to heat the blast, although no stoves to heat the blast were ever built. This suggests another probable reason for its failure; a furnace and blower possibly sized for hot-blast operation, but used as a cold-blast furnace.
485:
with a fall of 97 feet. About halfway along the flume, a smaller horizontal waterwheel powered a sawmill, with the water continuing in the remaining part of the flume to the main waterwheel. After the waterwheel, the water ran through an underground passage to flow into the creek.
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It seems that the telegram announcement of 28 November 1873 was, most probably, part of a deliberate attempt to mislead—designed to help attract the additional capital that the company so desperately needed—as was the subsequent report of production recommencing in
December 1873.
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The on-site manager was a civil engineer, Benjamin Hawkins Dodds, who had experience in the Scottish iron industry. The construction of the furnace was the responsibility of a Swedish furnaceman, Karl Haine, with the advice of James Baird Thorneycroft from Scotland.
498:
There were two charcoal kilns, halfway between the dam and the furnace, each 200 feet long by 20 feet wide. The walls and roof were of sod, with cast-iron portholes along the sides to maintain the necessary restricted air flow for the charcoal-burning process.
173:
Before the Ilfracombe Iron Company was even registered, it had sent iron ore to Melbourne for a trial smelting, at the Railway Foundry, owned by Drysdale and Fraser. In November 1872, the iron ore was smelted with coke and limestone in a furnace—probably a
82:—both nearby on the Tamar estuary—and the Derwent Iron Company. A fifth venture, the Swedish Charcoal Iron Company never went beyond issuing a prospectus. There were also three commercial iron-smelting operations in mainland Australia during the 1870s, the
345:
There was no auction but the assets were sold to Ayde Douglas for ÂŁ805, roughly the amount owed to the bank. Douglas had secured the assets cheaply, but the other shareholders' interests were wiped out. The waterwheel was sold off and ended up powering a
158:(a Tasmanian lawyer and politician, who was also an owner of a previous, then dormant timber venture in the same area), James Major (of the Melbourne engineering firm Doyne, Major and Willet), James Bickerton, John Robb, David Spence, and two others.
353:
The low-key sale and the shunning of Major and Longden hints at conflict among the shareholders; it is likely that, as the people managing the site work and operations, Major and Longden were seen as responsible for the failure to enter production.
465:
double cylinders 15 inches in diameter, 24 inches stroke, having a minimum velocity of 60 strokes per minute, and discharge the air into a large wrought iron receiver, capable of contaiting 128 cubic feet, and thence. through the tuyeres into the
267:
WITH reference to iron mining in Tasmania, the Launceston Examiner reports :—' A quantity of iron has been run off most successfully at the works of the Ilfracombe Iron Company. The furnace answered admirably. The company begins work with
229:
A fire was lit in the furnace in August 1873 and maintained thereafter, to dry out the furnace to be ready for production. The company prepared a pattern to cast plaques to commemorate what it planned as its first casting of pig-iron in
286:
We believe the weight of the above is about two tons, and that the furnace was tapped on Thursday afternoon, a telegram having been sent to Mr Major that evening, asking him to arrange for shipping it by the Tamar, on her outward trip
480:
The plant was intended to make use of water power. A dam was constructed across Snowey's Creek, a perennial stream. The dam was about half a mile from the furnace and had a 50-foot wall. The water passed through a channel and into a
392:
had not come from the furnace—since no other furnace was working nearby—the pigs would either be Ilfracombe iron smelted from its ore elsewhere—like the iron smelted in Melbourne in November 1872—or not Ilfracombe iron at all.
27:
Iron ore from the company's mine was smelted at a foundry in Melbourne in 1873. Two bells were cast from this iron; the smaller one was exhibited at the Victorian Exhibition (1872–73) in Melbourne and the larger bell at the
62:
in 1804, colonial settlers found that there were extensive deposits of iron ore in the hills to the west of the Tamar estuary. Interest in the area was aroused again by the report in 1866 of the Government Geologist,
245:
In early November 1873, it emerged that the iron could not be run because the steam engine used to drive the blast machinery was too small. Another larger engine was on its way from Melbourne, which would be used,
544:
The ruin of the blast furnace lies on private property. It is only one of three 19th-Century blast furnace ruins in Australia, and the only one in Tasmania. It is the only such ruin with an iron outer-shell.
273:" There seems to have been nothing corresponding to it, in the local press in Northern Tasmania.This would be the beginnings of the mystery surrounding the first iron production of Ilfracombe Iron Company.
208:. It had the coat of arms of Melbourne on one side and, along the rim on the other side, the words "Ilfracombe Iron Company". The ability to cast bells directly from the pig-iron demonstrated its quality.
161:
The company was at work for some time before it was officially registered. During this period, it was mainly Longden and Major who were active. The two secured a 3,000 acre leasehold in 1872.
106:
in his report of 1866. It was located on private property at on a tributary of Middle Arm Creek, on the western flank of Peaked Hill, about 5 km south of the modern-day town of
71:
this high price did not last long, as iron-making capacity increased and pig-iron was once again imported cheaply as ballast in sailing ships returning from England to Australia.
365:
The first hint that the Ilfracombe Iron Company may have been concealing something about the outcome of its iron smelting came in an editorial, by T.C.Just, in the newspaper the
357:
As the price of iron was still high at the time of the sale, Douglas probably intended to restart the works, but the iron price later collapsed. The furnace site was abandoned.
196:
The smaller bell—weighing about 9 kg—was exhibited at the Victorian Exposition of 1872-1873. The larger bell—about 2 feet high, 18 inches wide at mouth, and weighing 210
289:." This seemed to be incompatible with the earlier announcement in Melbourne on 24 November 1873, and appears to be the first time that success was announced in Tasmania.
573:
was cast in Tasmania in 2017; it is on display at the Beaconsfield Mine & Heritage Centre. On its rim, the bell has cast lettering reading "Ilfracombe Iron Company".
310:
An optimistic report appeared, on 20 December 1873, stating that production had recommenced. It was reported—presumably based on a communication with the company—that, "
604:
342:
Oriental Bank took legal action to prevent the new company being formed and to secure repayment of its loan. An order went to the sheriff to sell off the assets.
325:
Another attempt at smelting took place on 23 December 1873, using still larger blast cylinders made of wood at the site, after which the furnace was never relit.
193:". It seems that a total of around 400 kg of iron was made, the first time that Tasmanian iron ore had been smelted in a significant quantity in Australia.
451:
A casting shed 95 feet long by 30 feet wide, with a wooden shingled roof was constructed; it was expected that casting of pig iron would occur every 12-hours.
83:
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The company constructed a blast furnace alongside a tributary of Middle Arm Creek. It originally intended to power the blast machinery from a large
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It remains questionable that the blast furnace actually produced any pig iron, although the company announced in an ambiguous telegram that it had.
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The Ilfracombe Iron Company was one of four ventures that smelted iron from local iron ore, in Tasmania during the 1870s; the others were, the
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company showed this to be only too true. When attempts were made to produce the article in bulk from the large furnace, they utterly failed
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709:. Light Railway Research Society of Australia. Melbourne, Australia: Light Railway Research Society of Australia. p. 14.
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The iron ore mining site is close by, as are the sites of the dam and the waterwheel, both of which can still be identified.
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till the water wheel is ready to perform the work, and will then standby to be used in time of emergency, should such arise
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The blowing cylinders were made by Messrs Robertson Bros. of Melbourne. The equipment was described, in an article in the
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It was soon apparent that the furnace had not stayed in service, as would be usual once production of iron had commenced.
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The ruin of the Ilfracombe Iron Company's blast furnace in February 2018 (Photograph: Launceston Historical Society).
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However, on the same day as that report of production commencing, 20 December 1873, a prominent shareholder,
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The pattern for plaques intended to commemorate the aborted casting of pig-iron in "October 1873" is in the
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No trace exists of the Ilfracombe Iron Company's jetty on the Tamar River. Its former site is close to the
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1346:"The Cornwall Chronicle WITH WHICH IS IN[?] THE LAUNCESTON TIMES. WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 9, 1874"
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The new tramway was horse-drawn and had wooden rails of 3-inch Ă— 2-inch timber set at 3-foot gauge.
322:, was on his way to the site to meet Major and Longden and find out for himself what was happening.
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Limestone was obtained from deposits nearby. The fuel used was charcoal, burnt from local timber.
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George Town, Nov. 28 Twelve pigs Ilfracombe iron shipped per Tamar. Everything progressing well.
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The ore deposit was the first of the deposits in the West Tamar area that were mentioned by
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The furnace was an open-top, cold-blast furnace. It was described, in an article in the
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1121:"MINING NOTES. - GOLD. - Launceston Examiner (Tas. : 1842 - 1899) - 4 Nov 1873"
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A measure of greatness : the origins of the Australian iron and steel industry
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Australasian Sketcher with Pen and Pencil (Melbourne, Vic. : 1873 - 1889)
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178:—and various castings were made, including two bells, seven 'pigs' weighing 2-
1985:
1730:. Cremin, Aedeen. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. pp. 49, 50.
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1453:. Cremin, Aedeen. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. pp. 46, 47.
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Furnace, fire & forge : Lithgow's iron and steel industry, 1874–1932
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A few days later, a telegram received from the manager of the I.I.C. read, "
1831:. Ward, R. G. Carlton South, Vic.: Melbourne University Press. p. 44.
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The announcement by telegram, on 28 November 1873, had merely said that, "
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If the twelve pigs (two tons) of iron despatched in November 1873 on the
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On 24 November 1873, a small article appeared in the Melbourne newspaper
36:
1507:. Cremin, Aedeen. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 49.
1073:. Cremin, Aedeen. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 46.
1019:. Cremin, Aedeen. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 47.
110:. The company later located its smelting site adjacent to this deposit.
1861:
347:
132:
Sulphur and phosphorus, though carefully sought for were not detected
1862:"Item No. LPIC33-2-80 Photograph - Blast Furnace Ilfracombe Iron Co"
253:
991:
Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth, Vic. : 1855 - 1918)
1961:"Largest bell reproduced as tribute to Beaconfield's history"
482:
292:
Arrangements had been made to load the pigs onto the steamer
601:- another 19th-Century blast furnace ruin in New South Wales
605:
List of 19th-century iron smelting operations in Australia
1889:
An iron will : mining at Beaconsfield - 1804 to 1877
1782:
An iron will : mining at Beaconsfield - 1804 to 1877
1681:
An iron will : mining at Beaconsfield - 1804 to 1877
1608:
An iron will : mining at Beaconsfield - 1804 to 1877
1561:
An iron will : mining at Beaconsfield - 1804 to 1877
1404:
An iron will : mining at Beaconsfield - 1804 to 1877
1271:
An iron will : mining at Beaconsfield - 1804 to 1877
915:
An iron will : mining at Beaconsfield - 1804 to 1877
863:
An iron will : mining at Beaconsfield - 1804 to 1877
758:
An iron will : mining at Beaconsfield - 1804 to 1877
168:
58:
Soon after the first settlement in Northern Tasmania, at
1350:
Cornwall Chronicle (Launceston, Tas. : 1835 - 1880)
1935:"Tapping block; unknown; c. 1873; BMHC_14377 on eHive"
1728:
Australia's age of iron : history and archaeology
1505:
Australia's age of iron : history and archaeology
1451:
Australia's age of iron : history and archaeology
1071:
Australia's age of iron : history and archaeology
1017:
Australia's age of iron : history and archaeology
472:
the blast cylinders themselves—was too small as well.
1231:
Weekly Examiner (Launceston, Tas. : 1872 - 1878)
595:- another 19th-Century blast furnace ruin in Victoria
704:
1176:Leader (Melbourne, Vic. : 1862 - 1918, 1935)
737:
660:
569:A replica of the iron bell that was shown at the
313:and active operations were commenced last Tuesday
1983:
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1502:
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1376:Tasmanian (Launceston, Tas. : 1871 - 1879)
1324:Tasmanian (Launceston, Tas. : 1871 - 1879)
865:(3rd ed.). . pp. 129, 130, 131, 132.
254:Announcements of success and subsequent closure
961:"THE VICTORIAN COURT AT THE VIENNA EXHIBITION"
401:", by Just who was a shareholder in the rival
397:dismiss Just's editorial; one seeing it as a "
204:, where it was inspected in September 1873 by
1826:
1658:Launceston Examiner (Tas. : 1842 - 1899)
835:Launceston Examiner (Tas. : 1842 - 1899)
745:. Queen Victoria Museum. pp. 16, 22, 23.
740:"TAMAR VALLEY INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE – a survey"
663:"TAMAR VALLEY INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE – a survey"
640:Launceston Examiner (Tas. : 1842 - 1899)
444:." The iron shell was lined with firebricks.
383:Twelve pigs Ilfracombe iron shipped per Tamar
1886:
1779:
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738:Morris-Nunn, Miranda; Tassel, C. B. (1984).
661:Morris-Nunn, Miranda; Tassel, C. B. (1984).
530:a substantial jetty, 133ft long by 15ft wide
334:capital. The company also had a debt to the
328:
284:, expanded on this announcement by adding, "
242:—but the casting in October never occurred.
145:
684:Launceston Examiner (Tas. : 1842–1899)
583:British and Tasmanian Charcoal Iron Company
403:British and Tasmanian Charcoal Iron Company
76:British and Tasmanian Charcoal Iron Company
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1563:(3rd ed.). . pp. 167, 168, 169.
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1273:(3rd ed.). . pp. 178, 179, 181.
1150:Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957)
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234:". The pattern still survives—held by the
2007:Australian companies established in 1873
1202:Age (Melbourne, Vic. : 1854 - 1954)
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140:
44:
564:Queen Victoria Museum & Art Gallery
1984:
1958:
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1496:
1314:
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1219:
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369:,(also reprinted as an article in the
182:(12.7 kg) and one pig weighing 3-
169:Trial smelting and exhibition castings
2047:Ironworks and steelworks in Australia
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1773:
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1406:(3rd ed.). . pp. 181, 182.
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760:(3rd ed.). . pp. 102, 103.
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236:Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery
150:The force behind the new company was
97:
53:
2037:Energy companies established in 1873
1859:
1683:(3rd ed.). . pp. 77, 245.
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668:. Queen Victoria Museum. p. 17.
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599:Bogolong iron mine and blast furnace
593:Lal Lal Iron Mine and Smelting Works
154:. The other major shareholders were
1997:1874 disestablishments in Australia
1959:Jordan, Tarlia (17 December 2017).
1493:
1309:
1216:
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559:training facility at Beauty Point.
463:of 20 September 1873, as follows, "
439:of 20 September 1873, as follows, "
13:
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200:(95 kg)—was exhibited at the
14:
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2012:Companies disestablished in 1874
430:
1952:
1927:
1891:(3rd ed.). . p. 181.
1880:
1853:
1820:
1784:(3rd ed.). . p. 180.
1719:
1672:
1654:"To the Editor of the Examiner"
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1326:. 19 September 1874. p. 10
1190:
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1113:
979:
953:
917:(3rd ed.). . p. 142.
373:), in December 1874. It read, "
211:
117:", had the following analysis:
2002:Defunct companies of Australia
1887:Burch, Nigel (13 March 2012).
1780:Burch, Nigel (13 March 2012).
1679:Burch, Nigel (13 March 2012).
1610:(3rd ed.). . p. 79.
1606:Burch, Nigel (13 March 2012).
1559:Burch, Nigel (13 March 2012).
1402:Burch, Nigel (13 March 2012).
1269:Burch, Nigel (13 March 2012).
1233:. 20 December 1873. p. 15
1178:. 29 November 1873. p. 19
1146:"THE REGULATION OF MINES BILL"
993:. 24 September 1873. p. 1
913:Burch, Nigel (13 March 2012).
861:Burch, Nigel (13 March 2012).
837:. 20 September 1873. p. 5
756:Burch, Nigel (13 March 2012).
749:
686:. 28 September 1866. p. 2
360:
1:
1827:Johnston-Liik, E. M. (1998).
1378:. 12 December 1874. p. 8
1152:. 24 November 1873. p. 5
967:. 4 October 1873. p. 119
642:. 29 November 1873. p. 5
610:
557:Australian Maritime College's
528:The jetty was described as, "
420:
2022:Metal companies of Australia
1660:. 4 February 1873. p. 4
1352:. 9 December 1874. p. 2
1204:. 1 December 1873. p. 2
705:McKillop, Robert F. (2006).
502:
7:
1992:Companies based in Tasmania
1860:Webb, Lloyd George (1969).
1320:"A TRIP TO THE LEURA REEFS"
680:"WEST TAMAR IRON FORMATION"
588:Tamar Hematite Iron Company
576:
80:Tamar Hematite Iron Company
10:
2063:
507:
2042:Water wheels in Australia
1726:Jack, Ian, 1935- (1994).
1503:Jack, Ian, 1935- (1994).
1449:Jack, Ian, 1935- (1994).
1227:"ILFRACOMBE IRON COMPANY"
1069:Jack, Ian, 1935- (1994).
1015:Jack, Ian, 1935- (1994).
636:"ILFRACOMBE IRON COMPANY"
571:Vienna Exposition of 1873
329:Demise and sale of assets
296:, as she passed down the
280:" A local newspaper, the
224:
202:Vienna Exposition of 1873
146:Foundation of the company
113:A sample, consisting of "
92:Lithgow Valley Iron Works
30:Vienna Exposition of 1873
2032:Iron mining in Australia
519:
987:"THE VIENNA EXHIBITION"
534:built of stone and logs
513:site of the new jetty.
18:Ilfracombe Iron Company
152:Captain Duncan Longden
115:hematite and brown ore
50:
426:Process and equipment
141:History of operations
127:Silica ........ 2.4
48:
1868:. Tasmanian Archives
206:Emperor Franz Joseph
186:(152 kg), and "
88:Lal Lal Iron Company
540:Legacy and remnants
461:Launceston Examiner
437:Launceston Examiner
399:political statement
350:at the Leura Mine.
282:Launceston Examiner
122:Iron ......... 60.6
476:Dam and waterwheel
367:Cornwall Chronicle
188:half-a-dozen 18lb.
98:Smelting materials
84:Fitzroy Iron Works
54:Historical context
51:
2027:Northern Tasmania
566:, in Launceston.
490:stamper battery.
2054:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1956:
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1949:
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1931:
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1918:
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1866:stors.tas.gov.au
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847:
846:
844:
842:
831:"OUR IRON MINES"
827:
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728:
702:
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1391:
1381:
1379:
1372:"IRON SMELTING"
1370:
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1355:
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579:
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510:
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478:
457:
455:Blast machinery
433:
428:
423:
363:
348:stamper battery
331:
256:
227:
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171:
148:
143:
100:
56:
12:
11:
5:
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2019:
2014:
2009:
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1978:
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1951:
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494:Charcoal kilns
492:
477:
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362:
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330:
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255:
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176:cupola furnace
170:
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147:
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139:
99:
96:
55:
52:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2018:
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1966:
1962:
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1898:9780987371362
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767:9780987371362
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716:0-909340-44-7
712:
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514:
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491:
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469:
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438:
431:Blast furnace
418:
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394:
391:
386:
384:
379:
377:
372:
368:
358:
355:
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349:
343:
339:
337:
336:Oriental Bank
326:
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321:
316:
314:
308:
305:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
283:
279:
274:
272:
269:
268:unexceptional
264:
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185:
184:hundredweight
181:
177:
166:
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159:
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138:
135:
133:
129:
128:
124:
123:
118:
116:
111:
109:
105:
104:Charles Gould
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
72:
68:
66:
65:Charles Gould
61:
47:
43:
40:
38:
33:
31:
25:
23:
19:
1968:. Retrieved
1965:The Examiner
1964:
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1938:
1929:
1888:
1882:
1870:. Retrieved
1865:
1855:
1828:
1822:
1781:
1727:
1721:
1680:
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1662:. Retrieved
1657:
1648:
1607:
1601:
1560:
1504:
1450:
1444:
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1380:. Retrieved
1375:
1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1349:
1340:
1328:. Retrieved
1323:
1270:
1235:. Retrieved
1230:
1206:. Retrieved
1201:
1192:
1180:. Retrieved
1175:
1166:
1154:. Retrieved
1149:
1140:
1128:. Retrieved
1124:
1115:
1070:
1016:
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990:
981:
969:. Retrieved
964:
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834:
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733:
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700:
688:. Retrieved
683:
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656:
644:. Retrieved
639:
568:
561:
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551:
547:
543:
533:
529:
527:
523:
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332:
324:
320:Ayde Douglas
317:
311:
309:
306:
293:
291:
285:
281:
277:
275:
270:
266:
259:
257:
247:
244:
232:October 1873
231:
228:
219:
215:
212:Construction
195:
191:cannon balls
190:
187:
172:
163:
160:
156:Ayde Douglas
149:
136:
131:
130:
126:
125:
121:
119:
114:
112:
108:Beaconsfield
101:
73:
69:
57:
41:
34:
26:
22:Beauty Point
17:
15:
690:3 September
361:Controversy
298:Tamar River
271:prospects.'
265:It read, "
37:water wheel
1986:Categories
1970:17 October
1944:6 December
1907:1048604685
1872:9 November
1838:0522847218
1800:1048604685
1737:0424001586
1699:1048604685
1664:18 October
1626:1048604685
1579:1048604685
1514:0424001586
1460:0424001586
1422:1048604685
1382:17 October
1356:17 October
1330:20 October
1289:1048604685
1237:27 October
1208:17 October
1198:"SHIPPING"
1182:29 October
1172:"TASMANIA"
1156:27 October
1130:27 October
1080:0424001586
1026:0424001586
997:18 October
971:18 October
933:1048604685
881:1048604685
841:18 October
776:1048604685
646:16 October
611:References
421:Technology
390:s.s. Tamar
302:Launceston
240:Launceston
90:, and the
1915:cite book
1808:cite book
1754:cite book
1707:cite book
1634:cite book
1587:cite book
1531:cite book
1477:cite book
1430:cite book
1297:cite book
1097:cite book
1043:cite book
941:cite book
889:cite book
784:cite book
725:156757606
503:Transport
371:Tasmanian
287:yesterday
261:The Argus
60:York Town
2017:Smelting
1847:39269488
1746:30791353
1523:30791353
1469:30791353
1089:30791353
1035:30791353
577:See also
532:" and "
508:Tramway
466:furnace
1905:
1895:
1845:
1835:
1798:
1788:
1744:
1734:
1697:
1687:
1624:
1614:
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1567:
1521:
1511:
1467:
1457:
1420:
1410:
1287:
1277:
1087:
1077:
1033:
1023:
931:
921:
879:
869:
774:
764:
723:
713:
225:Delays
86:, the
78:, the
1939:eHive
1125:Trove
743:(PDF)
666:(PDF)
520:Jetty
483:flume
300:from
294:Tamar
180:stone
1972:2019
1946:2019
1921:link
1903:OCLC
1893:ISBN
1874:2019
1843:OCLC
1833:ISBN
1814:link
1796:OCLC
1786:ISBN
1764:link
1760:link
1742:OCLC
1732:ISBN
1713:link
1695:OCLC
1685:ISBN
1666:2019
1640:link
1622:OCLC
1612:ISBN
1593:link
1575:OCLC
1565:ISBN
1541:link
1537:link
1519:OCLC
1509:ISBN
1487:link
1483:link
1465:OCLC
1455:ISBN
1436:link
1418:OCLC
1408:ISBN
1384:2019
1358:2019
1332:2019
1303:link
1285:OCLC
1275:ISBN
1239:2019
1210:2019
1184:2019
1158:2019
1132:2019
1107:link
1103:link
1085:OCLC
1075:ISBN
1053:link
1049:link
1031:OCLC
1021:ISBN
999:2019
973:2019
947:link
929:OCLC
919:ISBN
895:link
877:OCLC
867:ISBN
843:2019
790:link
772:OCLC
762:ISBN
721:OCLC
711:ISBN
692:2019
648:2019
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.