102:
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126:. That compositionality is the key notion for the analysis of idioms emphasized in most accounts of idioms. This principle states that the meaning of a whole should be constructed from the meanings of the parts that make up the whole. In other words, one should be in a position to understand the whole if one understands the meanings of each of the parts that make up the whole.
133:" is understood compositionally, it means that Fred has literally kicked an actual, physical bucket. The idiomatic reading, however, is non-compositional: it means that Fred has died. Arriving at the idiomatic reading from the literal reading is unlikely for most speakers. What this means is that the idiomatic reading is, rather, stored as a single
355:(to do everything possible in order to achieve or find something) are not entirely literally interpretable but involve only a slight metaphorical broadening. Another category of idioms is a word having several meanings, sometimes simultaneously, sometimes discerned from the context of its usage. This is seen in the (mostly uninflected)
542:-based account. The catena unit was introduced to linguistics by William O'Grady in 1998. Any word or any combination of words that are linked together by dependencies qualifies as a catena. The words constituting idioms are stored as catenae in the lexicon, and as such, they are concrete units of syntax. The
587:
are not part of the respective proverb and their appearance does not interrupt the fixed words of the proverb. A caveat concerning the catena-based analysis of idioms concerns their status in the lexicon. Idioms are lexical items, which means they are stored as catenae in the lexicon. In the actual
530:
etc. What this means is that theories of syntax that take the constituent to be the fundamental unit of syntactic analysis are challenged. The manner in which units of meaning are assigned to units of syntax remains unclear. This problem has motivated a tremendous amount of discussion and debate in
416:
According to the German linguist
Elizabeth Piirainen, the idiom "to get on one's nerves" has the same figurative meaning in 57 European languages. She also says that the phrase "to shed crocodile tears", meaning to express insincere sorrow, is similarly widespread in European languages but is also
92:
expression to wish a person good luck just prior to their giving a performance or presentation, which apparently wishes injury on them. It may have arisen from the superstition that one ought not utter the words "good luck" to an actor because it is believed that doing so will cause the opposite
432:
usage in which speakers incorporate expressions from their own native tongue, which exposes them to speakers of other languages. Other theories suggest they come from a shared ancestor language or that humans are naturally predisposed to develop certain metaphors.
81:. For instance, the phrase "spill the beans" (meaning to reveal a secret) is first attested in 1919, but has been said to originate from an ancient method of voting by depositing beans in jars, which could be spilled, prematurely revealing the results.
562:
The fixed words of the idiom (in orange) in each case are linked together by dependencies; they form a catena. The material that is outside of the idiom (in normal black script) is not part of the idiom. The following two trees illustrate proverbs:
598:
Various studies have investigated methods to develop the ability to interpret idioms in children with various diagnoses including Autism, Moderate
Learning Difficulties, Developmental Language Disorder and typically developing weak readers.
269:
allow variation for nouns that elicit a similar literal meaning. These types of changes can occur only when speakers can easily recognize a connection between what the idiom is meant to express and its literal meaning, thus an idiom like
171:. For example, a person may be left "high and dry", but never "dry and high". Not all irreversible binomials are idioms, however: "chips and dip" is irreversible, but its meaning is straightforwardly derived from its components.
397:
collected 40 examples of bizarre idioms that cannot be translated literally. They include the
Swedish saying "to slide in on a shrimp sandwich", which refers those who did not have to work to get where they are.
76:
Many idiomatic expressions were meant literally in their original use, but sometimes the attribution of the literal meaning changed and the phrase itself grew away from its original roots—typically leading to a
554:
289:
which cannot be interrupted by non-idiomatic content. Although syntactic modifications introduce disruptions to the idiomatic structure, this continuity is only required for idioms as lexical entries.
571:
179:
Idioms possess varying degrees of mobility. Whereas some idioms are used only in a routine form, others can undergo syntactic modifications such as passivization, raising constructions, and
261:. While most idioms that do not display semantic composition generally do not allow non-adjectival modification, those that are also motivated allow lexical substitution. For example,
253:
The types of movement allowed for certain idioms also relate to the degree to which the literal reading of the idiom has a connection to its idiomatic meaning. This is referred to as
164:. Idioms usually do not translate well; in some cases, when an idiom is translated directly word-for-word into another language, either its meaning is changed or it is meaningless.
518:
The fixed words of this idiom (in bold) do not form a constituent in any theory's analysis of syntactic structure because the object of the preposition (here
538:
A relatively recent development in the syntactic analysis of idioms departs from a constituent-based account of syntactic structure, preferring instead the
405:) is translated as "in the same boat", and it carries the same figurative meaning as the equivalent idiom in English. Another example would be the Japanese
363:, the common use of the same word for an activity, for those engaged in it, for the product used, for the place or time of an activity, and sometimes for a
1322:
Mel’čuk, I. 1995. "Phrasemes in language and phraseology in linguistics". In M. Everaert, E.-J. van der Linden, A. Schenk and R. Schreuder (eds.),
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969:
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704:
370:
Idioms tend to confuse those unfamiliar with them; students of a new language must learn its idiomatic expressions as vocabulary. Many
1629:
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Mashal, Nira; Kasirer, Anat (2011). "Thinking maps enhance metaphoric competence in children with autism and learning disabilities".
56:
attached to the phrase. Some phrases which become figurative idioms, however, do retain the phrase's literal meaning. Categorized as
413:), which is translated as "one stone, two birds". This is, of course, analogous to "to kill two birds with one stone" in English.
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can in fact be maintained. Units of meaning are being assigned to catenae, whereby many of these catenae are not constituents.
502:
The non-compositionality of meaning of idioms challenges theories of syntax. The fixed words of many idioms do not qualify as
1294:
Lundblom, E.; Woods, J. (2012). "Working in the
Classroom: Improving Idiom Comprehension Through Classwide Peer Tutoring".
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Some idioms are transparent. Much of their meaning gets through if they are taken (or translated) literally. For example,
1710:
1644:
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148:, the meaning of which is not the regular sum of the meanings of its component parts. John Saeed defines an idiom as
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382:'to know by heart', with the same meaning as in English, was shortened to 'saber de cor', and, later, to the verb
456:
61:
50:
1278:
Speech and language processing: An introduction to natural language processing, computational linguistics, and
1138:"Investigating the effectiveness of idiom intervention for 9-16 year olds with developmental language disorder"
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Certain idioms, allowing unrestricted syntactic modification, can be said to be metaphors. Expressions such as
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all represent their meaning independently in their verbs and objects, making them compositional. In the idiom
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592:
123:
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The catena-based analysis of idioms provides a basis for an understanding of meaning compositionality. The
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Conversely, idioms may be shared between multiple languages. For example, the Arabic phrase في نفس المركب (
347:
meaning to reveal previously unknown intentions or to reveal a secret. Transparency is a matter of degree;
1388:
Osborne, T.; Groß, T. (2012). "Constructions are catenae: Construction
Grammar meets Dependency Grammar".
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153:
110:—an idiom meaning a person who is in love can see no faults or imperfections in the person whom they love
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31:
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the saying is generally used to mean that a person is often unable to see faults in the one they love.
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of an opaque idiom will most likely not convey the same meaning in other languages. The
English idiom
250:. Semantically composite idioms have a syntactic similarity between their surface and semantic forms.
226:, meaning that the idiom contains the semantic role of a verb, but not of any object. This is true of
503:
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involves joining something and a 'bandwagon' can refer to a collective cause, regardless of context.
17:
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but are assimilated and so lose their figurative senses. For example, in
Portuguese, the expression
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of the idiom). One can know that it is not part of the idiom because it is variable; for example,
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The origin of cross-language idioms is uncertain. One theory is that cross-language idioms are a
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When two or three words are conventionally used together in a particular sequence, they form an
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How do we get to the bottom of this situation / the claim / the phenomenon / her statement /
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The fixed words of the proverbs (in orange) again form a catena each time. The adjective
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used in Arabic, Swahili, Persian, Chinese, Vietnamese, Mongolian, and several others.
106:
1732:
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1476:– Online cross-language idioms dictionary in English, Spanish, French and Portuguese.
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syntax, however, some idioms can be broken up by various functional constructions.
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Keizer, Evelien (2016). "Idiomatic expressions in
Functional Discourse Grammar".
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trees of a few sentences containing non-constituent idioms illustrate the point:
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Gibbs, R (1987). "Linguistic factors in children's understanding of idioms".
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alone there are an estimated twenty-five thousand idiomatic expressions.
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words that became affixed to each other until metamorphosing into a
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180:
1187:"Teaching Idiom Comprehension To Children with Mental Retardation"
833:
Horn, George (2003). "Idioms, Metaphors, and
Syntactic Mobility".
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187:, allowing such movement, maintain their idiomatic meaning where
156:. This collocation of words redefines each component word in the
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phenomenon, resulting from a word-for-word translation called a
1482:
1025:"40 brilliant idioms that simply can't be translated literally"
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46:
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International
Journal of Language and Communication Disorders
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linguistics circles and it is a primary motivator behind the
89:
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364:
183:, demonstrating separable constituencies within the idiom.
895:
Mostafa, Massrura (2010). "Variation in V+the+N idioms".
685:
The Oxford companion to the English language (1992:495f.)
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has a variety of equivalents in other languages, such as
30:
For the realized structure particular to a language, see
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The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
137:
that is now largely independent of the literal reading.
84:
Other idioms are deliberately figurative. For example, "
1471:
1438:
Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries (2011).
64:
meaning. Idioms occur frequently in all languages; in
60:, an idiom's figurative meaning is different from the
1283:. Dorling Kindersley (India): Pearson Education, Inc.
991:"Translation of the idiom kick the bucket in Italian"
1135:
966:"Translation of the idiom kick the bucket in French"
467:
436:
1410:What is meaning?: Fundamentals of formal semantics
27:Combination of words that has a figurative meaning
1442:(5th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Trade.
1324:Idioms: Structural and psychological perspectives
930:O'Grady, William (1998). "The Syntax of Idioms".
759:
1747:
1174:, 4th edition. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
522:) is not part of the idiom (but rather it is an
428:. Piirainen says that may happen as a result of
234:. By contrast, the semantically composite idiom
1184:
705:"The Mavens' Word of the Day: Spill the Beans"
1498:
1329:
1326:, 167–232. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
1293:
1136:Benjamin, L.; Ebbels, S.; Newton, C. (2020).
351:(to let secret information become known) and
1419:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
818:For Saeed's definition, see Saeed (2003:60).
242:, contains both a semantic verb and object,
1387:
1359:O'Grady, W (1998). "The syntax of idioms".
1358:
1288:In the know: Understanding and using idioms
929:
1505:
1491:
470:. Please do not remove this message until
1212:
1202:
1172:A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics
1153:
762:The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable
490:Learn how and when to remove this message
1268:The architecture of the language faculty
466:Relevant discussion may be found on the
100:
1290:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1177:Culicover, P. and R. Jackendoff. 2005.
894:
733:
14:
1748:
1361:Natural Language and Linguistic Theory
1332:Research in Developmental Disabilities
1270:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
1181:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
932:Natural Language and Linguistic Theory
859:
336:("to break one’s pipe") in French and
203:The beans were spilled on our project.
144:, idioms are defined as a sub-type of
49:or expression that usually presents a
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340:("pulling the leathers") in Italian.
1191:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
1077:Culicver and Jackendoff (2005:32ff.)
832:
440:
118:, idioms are usually presumed to be
1711:International scientific vocabulary
1468:– Online English idioms dictionary.
1412:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
199:I spilled the beans on our project.
96:
24:
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711:. 23 February 2001. Archived from
25:
1777:
1457:
1426:. 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell.
1296:Communication Disorders Quarterly
1185:Ezell, H.; Goldstein, H. (1992).
1113:Benjamin, Ebbels and Newton, 2020
437:Dealing with non-compositionality
332:("kick the calendar") in Polish,
129:For example, if the phrase "Fred
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1417:English syntax: An introduction
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1035:from the original on 2016-04-09
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997:from the original on 2018-01-07
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972:from the original on 2022-05-19
958:
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760:Elizabeth Knowles, ed. (2006).
742:from the original on 2015-04-02
1630:Language-for-specific-purposes
1086:Osborne and Groß (2012:173ff.)
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285:, idioms are represented as a
212:The old man kicked the bucket.
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1:
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662:Principle of compositionality
593:Principle of Compositionality
218:(by the old man). (confusing)
124:principle of compositionality
345:lay one's cards on the table
7:
1721:List of online dictionaries
1060:(in Vietnamese). 2011-11-16
602:
506:in any sense. For example:
472:conditions to do so are met
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1344:10.1016/j.ridd.2011.08.012
32:Idiom (language structure)
29:
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1244:10.1017/s0305000900010291
1232:Journal of Child Language
1104:Ezell and Goldstein, 1992
909:10.1017/s0266078410000325
847:10.1017/s0022226703002020
1308:10.1177/1525740111404927
1204:10.1901/jaba.1992.25-181
1122:Lundblom and Woods, 2012
1095:Mashal and Kasirer, 2011
322:word-by-word translation
281:From the perspective of
1373:10.1023/A:1005932710202
1155:10.1111/1460-6984.12519
993:. www.idiommaster.com.
968:. www.idiommaster.com.
944:10.1023/a:1005932710202
809:Mel'čuk (1995:167–232).
766:Oxford University Press
637:English-language idioms
632:Comprehension of idioms
353:leave no stone unturned
222:Many fixed idioms lack
51:figurative, non-literal
1716:List of lexicographers
874:10.1515/ling-2016-0022
835:Journal of Linguistics
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111:
36:Idiom (disambiguation)
34:. For other uses, see
1645:Monolingual learner's
1402:10.1515/cog-2012-0006
1390:Cognitive Linguistics
1276:and J. Martin. 2008.
1266:Jackendoff, R. 1997.
738:. The Phrase Finder.
508:
306:jump on the bandwagon
294:jump on the bandwagon
216:The bucket was kicked
169:irreversible binomial
104:
791:Radford (2004:187f.)
652:Multiword expression
610:Catena (linguistics)
533:Construction Grammar
224:semantic composition
162:idiomatic expression
1685:Spelling dictionary
1595:Defining vocabulary
1031:. 20 January 2015.
1014:Gibbs, R. W. (1987)
800:Portner (2005:33f).
459:of this section is
1737:Linguistics portal
1570:Advanced learner's
1408:Portner, P. 2005.
1280:speech recognition
768:. pp. 302–3.
694:Jackendoff (1997).
544:dependency grammar
514:of this situation?
330:kopnąć w kalendarz
283:dependency grammar
122:contradicting the
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58:formulaic language
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1286:Leaney, C. 2005.
1054:"Nước mắt cá sấu"
667:Rhetorical device
512:get to the bottom
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403:fi nafs al-markeb
376:idiomatic origins
267:grease the wheels
131:kicked the bucket
120:figures of speech
16:(Redirected from
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1585:Biographical
1562:dictionaries
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1650:Multi-field
1615:Explanatory
1546:Phrase book
1058:scov.gov.vn
862:Linguistics
627:Collocation
535:framework.
374:words have
316:Translation
142:phraseology
116:linguistics
86:break a leg
72:Derivations
1750:Categories
1620:Historical
1600:Electronic
1590:Conceptual
1531:Dictionary
1465:The Idioms
1064:2024-07-10
1039:2016-04-08
1001:2018-01-06
976:2018-01-06
746:2015-03-29
674:References
510:How do we
457:neutrality
407:yojijukugo
386:, meaning
255:motivation
238:, meaning
158:word-group
150:collocated
1690:Sub-field
1580:Bilingual
1560:Types of
1551:Thesaurus
1521:Types of
1424:Semantics
1381:170903210
1316:143858683
1170:Crystal,
952:170903210
917:145266570
882:151574119
468:talk page
393:In 2015,
361:polysemes
18:Idiomatic
1536:Glossary
1352:21985987
1164:31867833
1033:Archived
1029:TED Blog
995:Archived
970:Archived
740:Archived
647:Metaphor
603:See also
524:argument
461:disputed
388:memorize
191:do not:
181:clefting
175:Mobility
146:phraseme
93:result.
88:" is an
1665:Rhyming
1660:Reverse
1655:Picture
1640:Medical
1575:Anagram
1541:Lexicon
1260:6544015
1252:2447110
1223:1582965
1214:1279665
719:28 July
616:Chengyu
384:decorar
310:jump on
205:(valid)
66:English
62:literal
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622:Cliché
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426:calque
409:一石二鳥 (
300:, and
287:catena
248:secret
244:reveal
195:Mobile
90:ironic
47:phrase
1704:Other
1625:Idiom
1377:S2CID
1312:S2CID
1256:S2CID
948:S2CID
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208:Fixed
45:is a
43:idiom
1670:Rime
1444:ISBN
1348:PMID
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1219:PMID
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770:ISBN
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214:→ *
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