483:, and forced to a predetermined result. According to Kenna and Kuroda technetium content expected in a typical pitchblende (50% uranium) is about 10 g/kg of ore. F. Habashi pointed out that uranium was never more than about 5% in Noddacks' columbite samples, and the amount of element 43 could not exceed 3 × 10 μg/kg of ore. Such a low quantity could not be weighed, nor give X-ray lines of element 43 clearly distinguishable from the background noise. The only way to detect its presence was to carry out radioactive measurements, a technique the Noddacks were not able to employ, but Segrè and Perrier did.
1670:... P. H. Van Assche and J. T. Armstrong, cannot stand up to the well-documented assertion of the well-established physicist Paul K. Kuroda (1917 2001) in his paper, "A Note on the Discovery of Technetium" that the Noddacks did not discover technetium, then known as masurium. More about this matter can be found in Kuroda's book, The Origin of Chemical Elements and the Oklo Phenomenon, and the book Ida Noddack (1896 1978). Personal Recollections on the Occasion of 80th Anniversary of the Discovery of Rhenium recently published by the writer...Fathi Habashi
31:
255:. She was one of the first women in Germany to study chemistry, and she was a part of one of the first generations of female students in Germany. In addition, the percent of women studying chemistry increased from 3% before World War I to 35% during the war. After graduating, she worked in the chemistry laboratory of the Berlin turbine factory of
233:) in the northern Rhine region in 1896. She described how she picked her path of study by stating, "since I did not want to be a teacher at all, and research and industry employed proportionally fewer physicists at that time, I decided to become a chemist– a decision that was welcomed by my father who owned a small varnish factory in the
1472:"I simulated the X-ray spectra that would be expected for Van Assche's initial estimates of the Noddacks' residue compositions. ...Over the next couple of years, we refined our reconstruction of their analytical methods and performed more sophisticated simulations. The agreement between simulated and reported spectra improved further. "
419:
in honor of his. After scientists were sceptical of their results, the
Noddack's began to perform more experiments to confirm their discoveries. Only rhenium's discovery was confirmed. They were unable to isolate element 43 and their results were not reproducible. These achievements led to Ida being
309:
elements in his proofs, rather than only down to lead. The paper is considered historically significant today not simply because she correctly pointed out the flaw in Fermi's chemical proof but because she suggested the possibility that "it is conceivable that the nucleus breaks up into several large
1765:
In a recent evaluation of the discovery of "nipponium," supposed to be element 43 by
Masataka Ogawa in 1908, and confirmed but not published by his son Eijiro in the 1940s, Kenji Yoshihara remeasured a photographic plate of an X-ray spectrum taken by Ogawa and found the spectral lines were those of
546:
due to her discovery of rhenium and masurium. Noddack and her husband were repeatedly nominated for the Nobel Prize in 1932, 1933, 1935 and 1937 (once by
Walther Nernst and K. L. Wagner for 1933; both Noddacks were nominated by W. J. MĂĽller for 1935 and by A. Skrabal for 1937). The two of them were
1728:
Masataka Ogawa's discovery of nipponium was accepted once in the periodic table of chemical elements as the element 43, but disappeared later. However, nipponium clearly shows characteristics of rhenium (Z=75) by inspection of his papers from the modern chemical viewpoints...a record of X-ray
1680:, Fathi Habashi, Gunter Herrmann, and Jean Pierre Adloff, who provided me with additional information and convinced me to better consider the published material on the so-called Noddacks' rehabilitation and to correct with this letter my gross mistake, for which I apologize. Roberto Zingales
326:
and become housewives so that there would be more positions available for men. Noddack was able to escape this law due to her status as an "unpaid collaborator." This may have caused her to be looked down upon by men in the field as she was only able to work due to this loophole.
1851:
Noddack was also awarded the German
Chemical Society's prestigious Liebig Medal in 1931 along with her husband. In 1934, they received the Scheele Medal of the Swedish Chemical Society and in the same year they secured yet another German patent, for rhenium concentrate.
314:. However, Noddack's theory did not exhibit experimental proof or a theoretical basis for this possibility. Therefore, the paper was generally ignored and mocked by others, despite the fact that she was correct. Several German scientists, like
290:
bombarded uranium with neutrons in his laboratory in Rome, and identified a new type of radioactivity whose atomic chemistry differed greatly from uranium and similar elements. He published his findings claiming this to be evidence of a new
447:
due to its artificial source. No isotope of technetium has a half-life longer than 4.2 million years and was presumed to have disappeared on Earth as a naturally occurring element. In 1961 minute amounts of technetium in
1958:
1729:
spectrum of Ogawa's nipponium sample from thorianite was contained in a photographic plate reserved by his family. The spectrum was read and indicated the absence of the element 43 and the presence of the element 75
490:
who had made a prior claim to the
Noddacks. In 1908 he claimed to have isolated element 43, calling it Nipponium. Using an original plate (not a simulation), Kenji Yoshihara determined Ogawa had not found the
342:
in 1938 raised what they called "interpretational difficulties" when the supposed transuranics exhibited the properties of rare earths rather than those of adjacent elements. Ultimately on
December 17, 1938,
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might have been produced. This theory was widely accepted for a few years. However, Noddack's paper "On
Element 93" suggested a number of possibilities, but centered on Fermi's failure to chemically eliminate
1673:
Since the publication in this
Journal of my paper on the discovery of element 43 , I have received a few letters questioning the correctness of the next to last paragraph, in the section entitled Nemesis....
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By reanalysing the original experimental conditions, we conclude that the detection limit for their observing the X-rays of Z = 43 can be 1000 times lower than the 10 detection limit for the element Z = 75.
295:
Ida
Noddack quickly published a paper questioning Fermi’s conclusion. Noddack correctly criticized Enrico Fermi's chemical proofs in his 1934 neutron bombardment experiments, from which he postulated that
640:
Noddack, Ida, and Walter
Noddack. 1939. Die Häufigkeiten der Schwermetalle in Meerestieren. Arkiv för zoologi, Bd. 32, A, Nr. 4. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. (The frequency of heavy metals in marine
637:
Noddack, Walter, and Ida Noddack. 1937. Aufgaben und Ziele der Geochemie. Freiburger wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, Hft. 26. Freiburg im Breisgau: H. Speyer, H.F. Schulz. (Tasks and goals of Geochemistry)
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also awarded the German Chemical Society's prestigious Liebig Medal in 1931. In 1934, they received the Scheele Medal of the Swedish Chemical Society as well as the German patent for rhenium concentrate.
245:'s universities. Nine out of the eighty-five members of her class studied chemistry. In 1918, she graduated from the University with a degree in chemical and metallurgical engineering, specifically on
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Abstract: A careful study of the history of the element 43 covering a period of 63 years since 1925 reveals that there is no reason for believing the Noddacks and Berg have discovered element 43.
310:
fragments, which would of course be isotopes of known elements but would not be neighbors of the irradiated element." In doing so she presaged what would become known a few years later as
1768:
H. Kenji Yoshihra; Teiji Kobayashi; Masanori Kaji (November 2005). "Ogawa Family and Their'Nipponium' Research: Successful Separation of the Element 75 before Its Discovery by Noddacks".
456:. Based on this discovery, Belgian physicist Pieter van Assche constructed an analysis of their data to show that the detection limit of Noddacks' analytical method could have been
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than the 10 value reported in their paper, in order to show the Noddacks could have been the first to find measurable amounts of element 43, as the ores they had analyzed contained
1906:
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also experimentally verified the fission reaction by means of a cloud chamber, confirming the energy release. Therefore, Noddack's original hypothesis was finally accepted.
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while he was working as a researcher. They were married in 1926. Both before and after their marriage they worked as partners, an "Arbeitsgemeinschaft" or "work unit."
1212:
1882:
945:
B. Fernandez and Georges Ripka, Unravelling the Mystery of the Atomic Nucleus: A Sixty Year Journey 1896-1956 (New York, NY: Springer, 2013), 352, Google Books.
517:), preceding the Noddacks by 17 years. However this claim has been disputed by chemistry historian Eric Scerri in his book titled "A Tale of Seven Elements"
1731:
H. K. Yoshihara (31 August 2004). "Discovery of a new element 'nipponium': re-evaluation of pioneering works of Masataka Ogawa and his son Eijiro Ogawa".
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the original X-ray spectrum with a computer, and claimed that the results were "surprisingly close to their published spectrum!" Gunter Herrmann from the
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1988:
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because she was drawn to its long and demanding programs. She entered the school in 1915, six years after women were allowed to study in all of
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1953:
1983:
1963:
1193:
Bohr N.; Kalckar F. (1937). "On the Transmutation of Atomic Nuclei by Impact of Material Particles. I. General theoretical remarks".
1943:
621:, and Ida Tacke. 1925. Zwei neue Elemente der Mangangruppe, Chemischer Teil. . (Two new elements of the manganese chemical group)
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1070:(1938). "On the Nature of a Radioactive Element with 3.5-Hour Half-Life Produced in the Neutron Irradiation of Uranium".
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Noddack, Ida, and Walter Noddack. 1927. Das Rhenium. Ergebnisse Der Exakten Naturwissenschaften. 6. Bd. (1927) (Rhenium)
1688:
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Noddack's idea of nuclear fission was not confirmed until much later. Experiments along a similar line to Fermi's, by
1900:
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403:. In 1925, they published a paper (Zwei neue Elemente der Mangangruppe, Chemischer Teil) and called the new elements
1973:
1827:. pp. 278, 279, 283, 284, 292, 293, 300, 301, Memorial medal for discovery of Re – via www.pinterest.ru.
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318:, saw Noddack's work as "ridiculous." A woman's position in the workplace had been dwindling for years due to the
99:
559:
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The Nobel Population 1901-1950: A Census of the Nominations and Nominees for the Prizes in Physics and Chemistry
1824:
The Nobel Population 1901-1950: A Census of the Nominations and Nominees for the Prizes in Physics and Chemistry
1968:
1886:
1839:"95 Anniversary of the discovery of RHENIUM by Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke-Noddack and Otto Berg | Rhenium"
1543:
Ida Noddack (1896-1978):Personal Recollections on the Occasion of 80th Anniversary of the Discovery of Rhenium
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1978:
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Günter Herrmann (11 December 1989). "Technetium or masurium — a comment on the history of element 43".
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rhenium. Thus actually, rhenium was discovered many years before Noddack, Tacke, and Berg's work. .
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1092:"Concerning the Existence of Alkaline Earth Metals Resulting from Neutron Irradiation of Uranium"
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72:
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Noddack, Ida (1934). Ăśber das Element 93. Angewandte Chemie. 47(37): 653-655. (On Element 93).
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Noddack, Ida (1934). Ăśber das Element 93. Angewandte Chemie. 47(37): 653-655. (On Element 93).
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Following on the van Assche and Armstrong claims, an investigation was made into the works of
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Kenna, B. T.; Kuroda, P. K. (December 1961). "Isolation of naturally occurring technetium".
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in 1935) to provide a first theoretical model and mathematical proof of what Frisch coined
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Noddack and her husband-to-be looked for the then still unknown elements 43 and 75 at the
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Annotated Bibliography for Ida Noddack from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
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In 2020 a memorial medal of the discovery was issued by ISTR, designed by Igor Petrov.
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Pieter H. M. Van Assche (4 April 1988). "The ignored discovery of the element-Z=43".
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908:. Caroline L. Herzenberg. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. p. 30.
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1794:). From the modern chemical viewpoint it has to be considered to be element 75.
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from a discarded piece of molybdenum foil from a cyclotron which had undergone
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1306:"Physical Evidence for the Division of Heavy Nuclei under Neutron Bombardment"
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Starke, K. (1979). "The detours leading to the discovery of nuclear fission".
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Women In Their Element: Selected Women's Contributions To The Periodic System
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Annette Lykknes; Donald L. Opitz; Brigitte van Tiggelen, eds. (7 June 2012).
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In 1932, a German law, replicating others in Europe, was put into place that
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648:. Freiburg i.Br: Schulz. (The development and structure of chemical science)
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Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
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P. K. Kuroda (16 October 1989). "A Note on the Discovery of Technetium".
903:
842:"A tale of oblivion: Ida Noddack and the 'universal abundance' of matter"
611:. Berlin, TeH., Diss., 1921. (On higher aliphatic fatty acid anhydrides )
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388:
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produced from spontaneous U fission were discovered by B. T. Kenna and
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1355:
1250:"Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: a New Type of Nuclear Reaction"
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464:. Using Van Assche's estimates of the Noddacks' residue compositions,
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Matematisk-Fysiske Meddelelser Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab
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For better or for worse? : collaborative couples in the sciences
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Annette Lykknes, Donald L. Opitz, and Brigitte Van Tiggelen, eds.,
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examined van Assche's arguments, and concluded they were developed
408:
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1546:. Québec City, Canada: Métallurgie Extractive Québec. p. 59.
1213:"Report Of The Third Washington Conference On Theoretical Physics"
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Translation in American Journal of Physics, January 1964, p. 9-15
981:"Possible Production of Elements of Atomic Number Higher than 92"
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270:, was world-famous and resembled a turbine. She met her husband,
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Ida Tacke was born in Lackhausen (nowadays a part of the city of
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and named nipponium. He inadequately assigned it as element 43 (
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201:. In 1934 she was the first to mention the idea later named
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Noddack, W.; Tacke, I.; Berg, O (1925). "Die Ekamangane".
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160:, Berlin; Physikalische Technische Reichsanstalt, Berlin;
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For Better or for Worse? Collaborative Couples in Science
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Element 75 was isolated in 1908 by the Japanese chemist
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The Origin of Chemical Elements and the Oklo Phenomenon
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President's Papers/RG0002; Office of Public Relations
969:, last modified March 9, 2016, accessed May 15, 2018.
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wrote these exciting results to his exiled colleague
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provided chemical proof that the previously presumed
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Their Day in the Sun: Women of the Manhattan Project
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1858:. pp. 278, 279, 283, 284, 292, 293, 300, 301.
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764:Noddack, Ida Tacke (1934). "Ăśber das Element 93".
646:Entwicklung und Aufbau der chemischen Wissenschaft
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1687:Fathi Habashi; Roberto Zingales (February 2006).
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816:Lykknes, Opitz, and Van Tiggelen, For Better, 105
537:
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846:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
609:Über Anhydride höherer aliphatischer Fettesäuren
431:Element 43 was definitively isolated in 1937 by
168:; Staatliche Forschungs Institut fĂĽr Geochemie,
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1733:Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy
1730:
1689:"Letters The History of Element 43--Technetium"
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901:
972:
542:Ida Noddack was nominated three times for the
1013:
379:'s liquid drop hypothesis (first proposed by
259:, which is a company that is affiliated with
156:Allgemein Elektrizität Gesellschaft, Berlin;
1683:Zingales, R. J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 221227
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523:. New York;Oxford:Oxford University Press.
324:obligated married women to leave their jobs
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1411:Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry
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1146:"Neutron capture and nuclear constitution"
902:Howes, Ruth; Herzenberg, Caroline (1999).
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711:. University of Alabama Astronomy Program
1918:www.pinterest.ru/pin/747879081861611384/
1853:
1820:
627:Noddack, Ida, and Walter Noddack. 1933.
266:The building she worked in, designed by
217:. She was nominated three times for the
184:(25 February 1896 – 24 September 1978),
1802:Elementymology & Elements Multidict
1090:O. Hahn; F. Strassmann (January 1939).
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677:"Ida Noddack and the missing elements"
1048:. English Translation. Archived from
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401:Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt
1989:Technische Universität Berlin alumni
1954:20th-century German women scientists
1474:Armstrong, John T. (February 2003).
1143:
415:in respect of Ida's birthplace, and
394:
276:Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg
239:Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg
1607:. Berlin;New York:Springer-Verlag.
13:
1984:Scientists from the Rhine Province
804:(n.p.: Springer Basel, 2012), 105.
659:
631:. Leipzig: Leopold Foss. (Rhenium)
502:), but had successfully separated
281:
14:
2000:
1866:
1026:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Angewandte Chemie
766:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Angewandte Chemie
1964:Discoverers of chemical elements
1360:"Disintegration of Heavy Nuclei"
1219:. March 12, 1937. Archived from
607:Tacke, Ida, and D. Holde. 1921.
1909:from the original on 2021-02-12
1831:
1814:
1480:Chemical & Engineering News
1137:
1020:Noddack, Ida (September 1934).
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939:
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675:Habashi, Fathi (1 March 2009).
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1944:20th-century German physicists
881:(1st ed.). : Birkhäuser.
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792:
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538:Notable nominations and awards
411:(43). They named the elements
1:
1854:Crawford, E. (May 20, 2002).
1841:– via www.pinterest.ru.
1821:Crawford, E. (May 20, 2002).
1696:Journal of Chemical Education
731:Journal of Chemical Education
652:
355:were isotopes of barium, and
224:
213:, she discovered element 75,
100:Technische Universität Berlin
1949:20th-century German chemists
1590:10.1016/0375-9474(89)90260-1
1527:10.1016/0375-9474(89)90379-5
1460:10.1016/0375-9474(88)90393-4
1423:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80098-5
685:. Vol. 46, no. 2.
598:Resources in other libraries
579:Resources in other libraries
7:
237:." She chose to attend the
10:
2005:
687:Royal Society of Chemistry
443:. It was eventually named
16:German chemist (1896–1978)
1753:10.1016/j.sab.2003.12.027
1492:10.1021/cen-v081n036.p110
593:Resources in your library
574:Resources in your library
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21:
1676:I am deeply indebted to
1046:10.1002/ange.19340473707
956:"Ida and the Atom, 1934"
840:Gildo Magalhäes Santos,
786:10.1002/ange.19340473707
544:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
521:A Tale of Seven Elements
219:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
166:University of Strasbourg
1974:German women physicists
1096:Die Naturwissenschaften
864:Encyclopædia Britannica
422:German Chemical Society
320:1929 Wall Street crash.
682:Education in Chemistry
263:in the United States.
162:University of Freiburg
73:Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler
1969:German women chemists
1883:Brigitte Van Tiggelen
1796:Peter van der Krogt.
1603:P. K. Kuroda (1982).
1131:(English Translation)
519:E. R. Scerri (2013).
336:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
1770:Historia Scientiarum
1540:Habashi, F. (2005).
644:Noddack, Ida. 1942.
353:transuranic elements
298:transuranic elements
293:transuranic element.
158:Siemens & Halske
77:Rhineland-Palatinate
1745:2004AcSpe..59.1305Y
1716:10.1021/ed083p213.2
1708:2006JChEd..83..213Z
1642:1925NW.....13..567.
1630:Naturwissenschaften
1582:1989NuPhA.503..178K
1519:1989NuPhA.505..352H
1452:1988NuPhA.480..205V
1378:1939Natur.143..330B
1324:1939Natur.143..276F
1268:1969Natur.224..466M
1162:1936Natur.137..344B
1108:1939NW.....27...11H
1064:Joliot-Curie, Irène
1038:1934AngCh..47..653N
997:1934Natur.133..898F
778:1934AngCh..47..653N
743:1979JChEd..56..771S
477:University of Mainz
471:John T. Armstrong,
205:. With her husband
1678:George B. Kauffman
1650:10.1007/BF01558746
1302:Otto Robert Frisch
1290:on April 18, 2008.
1246:Otto Robert Frisch
1116:10.1007/BF01488241
979:FERMI, E. (1934).
961:2018-07-03 at the
332:Irène Joliot-Curie
235:Lower Rhine region
1979:People from Wesel
1614:978-0-387-11679-2
1570:Nuclear Physics A
1553:978-2-922686-08-1
1507:Nuclear Physics A
1440:Nuclear Physics A
1262:(5218): 239–240.
991:(3372): 898–899.
888:978-3-0348-0285-7
858:Gregersen, Erik.
751:10.1021/ed056p771
560:Library resources
530:978-0-19-539131-2
395:Element discovery
179:
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133:Scientific career
64:24 September 1978
1996:
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1893:World Scientific
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1739:(8): 1305–1310.
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1417:(1–2): 142–144.
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1387:10.1038/143330a0
1358:(Feb 25, 1939).
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1335:
1333:10.1038/143276a0
1304:(Feb 18, 1939).
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1291:
1286:. Archived from
1276:10.1038/224466a0
1248:(Feb 11, 1939).
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1173:
1171:10.1038/137344a0
1144:Bohr, N (1936).
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1126:. Archived from
1086:
1080:
1079:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:10.1038/133898a0
976:
970:
954:Miriam Grobman,
952:
946:
943:
937:
934:
928:
927:
899:
893:
892:
874:
868:
867:
855:
849:
838:
817:
814:
805:
796:
790:
789:
761:
755:
754:
726:
720:
719:
717:
716:
709:"Tacke, Ida Eva"
705:
699:
698:
696:
694:
689:. pp. 48–51
672:
534:
458:1000 times lower
349:Fritz Strassmann
261:General Electric
247:higher aliphatic
67:
45:25 February 1896
33:
19:
18:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1924:
1923:
1912:
1910:
1903:
1885:, eds. (2019).
1879:Annette Lykknes
1869:
1864:
1863:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1819:
1815:
1806:
1804:
1785:
1781:
1764:
1760:
1727:
1723:
1691:
1669:
1665:
1636:(26): 567–574.
1626:
1622:
1615:
1601:
1597:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1538:
1534:
1503:
1499:
1471:
1467:
1434:
1430:
1407:
1403:
1353:
1349:
1299:
1295:
1239:
1235:
1226:
1224:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1191:
1187:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1087:
1083:
1061:
1057:
1022:"On Element 93"
1018:
1014:
977:
973:
963:Wayback Machine
953:
949:
944:
940:
935:
931:
916:
900:
896:
889:
875:
871:
856:
852:
848:68 (2014): 374.
839:
820:
815:
808:
797:
793:
772:(37): 653–655.
762:
758:
727:
723:
714:
712:
707:
706:
702:
692:
690:
673:
660:
655:
615:Noddack, Walter
604:
603:
602:
584:
583:
568:
567:
563:
556:
540:
531:
507:Group 7 element
496:Group 7 element
424:'s prestigious
397:
385:nuclear fission
312:nuclear fission
284:
282:Nuclear fission
227:
203:nuclear fission
193:, was a German
126:
114:nuclear fission
96:Alma mater
83:
69:
65:
56:
46:
44:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2002:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
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1936:
1922:
1921:
1901:
1875:
1868:
1867:External links
1865:
1862:
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1830:
1813:
1788:Masataka Ogawa
1779:
1758:
1721:
1685:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1663:
1620:
1613:
1595:
1576:(1): 178–182.
1559:
1552:
1532:
1513:(2): 352–360.
1497:
1465:
1446:(2): 205–214.
1428:
1401:
1347:
1293:
1233:
1223:on May 2, 2007
1204:
1185:
1136:
1133:on 2007-02-05.
1081:
1072:Comptes Rendus
1055:
1052:on 2007-02-05.
1012:
971:
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938:
929:
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887:
869:
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632:
625:
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587:By Ida Noddack
585:
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488:Masataka Ogawa
454:Paul K. Kuroda
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107:
106:Known for
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93:
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84:
71:Bad Neuenahr,
70:
68:(aged 82)
62:
58:
57:
50:Rhine Province
47:
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34:
26:
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22:
15:
9:
6:
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1334:
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1325:
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1318:(3616): 276.
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1303:
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1159:
1156:(3461): 344.
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1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
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957:
951:
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933:
925:
921:
917:
915:0-585-38881-4
911:
907:
906:
898:
890:
884:
880:
873:
865:
861:
860:"Ida Noddack"
854:
847:
843:
837:
835:
833:
831:
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827:
825:
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813:
811:
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802:
795:
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771:
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748:
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736:
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571:
566:
561:
551:
548:
545:
535:
532:
526:
522:
516:
512:
511:dvi-manganese
508:
505:
501:
500:eka-manganese
497:
494:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
442:
438:
437:Carlo Perrier
434:
429:
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392:
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373:Fritz Kalckar
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328:
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321:
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305:lighter than
304:
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268:Peter Behrens
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127:Scheele Medal
125:
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111:
108:
104:
101:
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94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
63:
59:
55:
54:German Empire
51:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
1917:
1911:. Retrieved
1887:
1855:
1847:
1833:
1823:
1816:
1805:. Retrieved
1801:
1798:"75 Rhenium"
1782:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1699:
1695:
1666:
1633:
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1573:
1569:
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1542:
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1510:
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1500:
1483:
1479:
1476:"Technetium"
1468:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1369:
1363:
1350:
1315:
1309:
1296:
1288:the original
1259:
1253:
1242:Lise Meitner
1236:
1225:. Retrieved
1221:the original
1216:
1207:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1128:the original
1102:(1): 11–15.
1099:
1095:
1084:
1078:(906): 1643.
1075:
1071:
1068:Savić, Pavle
1058:
1050:the original
1029:
1025:
1015:
988:
984:
974:
950:
941:
932:
904:
897:
878:
872:
863:
853:
845:
800:
794:
769:
765:
759:
734:
730:
724:
713:. Retrieved
703:
691:. Retrieved
680:
645:
628:
608:
586:
564:
554:Bibliography
549:
541:
520:
485:
480:
472:
457:
433:Emilio Segrè
430:
426:Liebig Medal
420:awarded the
398:
381:George Gamow
361:Lise Meitner
329:
302:
288:Enrico Fermi
285:
265:
228:
190:
185:
181:
180:
153:Institutions
132:
124:Liebig Medal
81:West Germany
66:(1978-09-24)
48:Lackhausen,
1939:1978 deaths
1934:1896 births
1486:(36): 110.
1032:(37): 653.
737:(12): 771.
629:Das Rhenium
565:Ida Noddack
450:pitchblende
369:Otto Frisch
340:Pavle Savić
182:Ida Noddack
88:Citizenship
23:Ida Noddack
1928:Categories
1913:2021-02-11
1807:2007-04-03
1792:technetium
1702:(2): 213.
1356:Niels Bohr
1227:2007-04-01
715:2013-03-11
693:29 January
653:References
445:technetium
441:beta decay
377:Niels Bohr
253:anhydrides
250:fatty acid
225:Background
619:Otto Berg
473:simulated
469:scientist
428:in 1931.
407:(75) and
371:utilized
345:Otto Hahn
316:Otto Hahn
286:In 1934,
274:, at the
211:Otto Berg
199:physicist
147:physicist
42:Ida Tacke
1907:Archived
1658:32974087
1201:(10): 1.
959:Archived
924:40964725
641:animals)
504:Period 6
493:Period 5
417:masurium
409:masurium
1741:Bibcode
1704:Bibcode
1638:Bibcode
1578:Bibcode
1515:Bibcode
1448:Bibcode
1396:4090055
1374:Bibcode
1342:4076376
1320:Bibcode
1284:4188874
1264:Bibcode
1180:4117020
1158:Bibcode
1124:5920336
1104:Bibcode
1034:Bibcode
993:Bibcode
774:Bibcode
739:Bibcode
515:rhenium
462:uranium
413:rhenium
405:rhenium
365:Meitner
307:uranium
215:rhenium
195:chemist
170:Bamberg
143:Chemist
110:Rhenium
91:Germany
1899:
1656:
1611:
1550:
1394:
1365:Nature
1340:
1311:Nature
1282:
1255:Nature
1178:
1150:Nature
1122:
985:Nature
967:Medium
922:
912:
885:
562:about
527:
481:ad hoc
389:Frisch
243:Berlin
209:, and
139:Fields
120:Awards
1692:(PDF)
1654:S2CID
1392:S2CID
1338:S2CID
1280:S2CID
1176:S2CID
1120:S2CID
231:Wesel
191:Tacke
1897:ISBN
1776:(2).
1609:ISBN
1548:ISBN
920:OCLC
910:ISBN
883:ISBN
695:2018
525:ISBN
509:75 (
498:43 (
466:NIST
435:and
375:and
367:and
357:Hahn
347:and
338:and
197:and
145:and
61:Died
38:Born
1749:doi
1712:doi
1646:doi
1586:doi
1574:503
1523:doi
1511:505
1488:doi
1456:doi
1444:480
1419:doi
1382:doi
1370:143
1328:doi
1316:143
1272:doi
1260:143
1166:doi
1154:137
1112:doi
1076:208
1042:doi
1001:doi
989:133
782:doi
747:doi
513:) (
303:all
257:AEG
187:née
1930::
1916:.
1905:.
1895:.
1891:.
1881:;
1800:.
1774:15
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1199:14
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1100:27
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1030:47
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1024:.
999:.
987:.
983:.
965:,
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862:.
844:,
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770:47
768:.
745:.
735:56
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679:.
661:^
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533:.
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