2738:
2745:
4128:
1982:
3689:
3694:
2731:
136:
1976:
1970:
4188:
109:
4134:
389:
disappeared and were replaced by other, though still somewhat similar, species of ichthyornitheans. The fact that ichthyornitheans appear to have existed virtually unchanged in their general size and anatomy for nearly the entire duration of the late
Cretaceous period suggests that their evolutionary
551:
from
Belgium are currently the only valid species of ichthyornitheans well-supported enough by distinctive fossil evidence to have received scientific names. However, isolated remains of other ichthyornithean species have been identified. For example, three isolated shoulder bone specimens (RSM
398:
that bisected North
America for much of the Cretaceous. It may be that while the flightless, aquatic hesperornitheans were much more sensitive to changes in shoreline extent and sea level during that time, driving their evolution and adaptation into more specialized forms, the flying, tern-like
988:
G. Mayr, V. L. De Pietri, L. Love, A. Mannering, and R. P. Scofield. 2019. Oldest, smallest, and phylogenetically most basal pelagornithid, from the early
Paleocene of New Zealand, sheds light on the evolutionary history of the largest flying birds. Papers in
384:
itself had a very long temporal range, and specimens referred to it or very similar species existed relatively unchanged (other than some fluctuations in average adult size) for nearly 10 million years, when species referable to
616:, they probably represent one or more new genera. Additional ichthyornithean remains have been described from Russia, suggesting that this group ranged across much of the northern hemisphere in the Cenomanian.
470:, but represents an independent lineage of toothed seabird-like animals. It was long believed that several similar Cretaceous species known from fragmentary remains, including
628:
below is the result of a 2014 analysis by
Michael Lee and colleagues that expanded on data from an earlier study by O’Connor & Zhou in 2012, showing the relationship of
898:
Tokaryk, T.T.; Cumbaa, S.L.; Storer, J.E. (1997). "Early Late
Cretaceous birds from Saskatchewan, Canada: the oldest diverse avifauna known from North America".
2737:
4050:
4021:
4078:
2806:
4298:
2987:
2907:
3978:
3362:
490:
1001:"Bird neurocranial and body mass evolution across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction: The avian brain shape left other dinosaurs behind"
2917:
404:
399:
ichthyornitheans were not as dependent on specific coastal or sea-level conditions, and they were able to inhabit basically the same
428:. The study still classifies pelagornithids as neognaths based on a few post-cranial features and recovers them in a polytomy with
123:
4288:
1128:
585:
1149:
4293:
349:
1981:
4127:
865:
3688:
2744:
135:
2730:
390:
pace was in relative stasis compared to other, contemporary species of closely related avialans, like the
445:
endocast reveals that it had a relatively "primitive" brain compared to modern birds, similar to that of
348:, are represented by complete enough fossils to have been named. Ichthyornitheans became extinct at the
609:
364:
The earliest known ichthyornitheans appear in the fossil record about 95 million years ago, during the
3693:
1048:
838:
436:, but does note that this link is worth investigating and that the pelagornithid palate is not known.
1921:
1121:
451:
and other non-avian theropods. Conversely, it had a palate remarkably convergent with that of modern
1975:
4246:
2274:
1219:
3813:
2678:
1969:
395:
4260:
415:
very close (within 300,000 years at least) of the K-Pg boundary, dated to 66 million years old.
394:. Both the ichthyornitheans and hesperornitheans were strongly linked to their ecosystem in the
4208:
4191:
3790:
3734:
4283:
4255:
2300:
1865:
527:
253:
1114:
943:
553:
412:
4133:
1049:
An
Ichthyornis-like bird from the earliest Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of European Russia
8:
3082:
2577:
2443:
2078:
569:
407:
that caused the extinction of many major land and marine animal groups at the end of the
947:
3210:
3159:
2546:
1769:
1246:
1025:
1000:
966:
931:
877:
812:
605:
547:
373:
296:
130:
118:
3930:
3189:
2432:
2217:
1821:
1188:
1092:
1030:
971:
816:
804:
600:. Two more species also represented only by fossil shoulder bones are known from the
424:
notes some "striking" similarities between the jaw structure of ichthyornitheans and
881:
4161:
4086:
4028:
3621:
3512:
3219:
2897:
2621:
2600:
1910:
1844:
1751:
1388:
1082:
1020:
1012:
961:
951:
911:
907:
869:
861:
796:
516:
420:
400:
632:
to other ornithurines. The clade names are positioned based on their definitions.
4108:
4101:
4064:
3985:
3969:
3549:
3521:
3168:
2796:
2655:
2586:
2458:
2421:
2263:
2248:
2167:
2123:
2102:
1879:
1758:
1715:
1540:
1471:
1204:
1071:"Morphological Clocks in Paleontology, and a Mid-Cretaceous Origin of Crown Aves"
580:-like avialan that inhabited this region of North America at the very end of the
561:
509:
425:
403:
for a very long period. The icthyornithean lineage finally became extinct in the
369:
28:
500:. However, these seem to have been more closely related to modern birds than to
4231:
4151:
4093:
4057:
3954:
3886:
3861:
3834:
3802:
3446:
3281:
3120:
3038:
2927:
2667:
2593:
2556:
2054:
1851:
1610:
1506:
1445:
1424:
800:
682:
391:
353:
4277:
4171:
4166:
4035:
3895:
3779:
3723:
3402:
3321:
3265:
3235:
3182:
3175:
3061:
3052:
2836:
2816:
2359:
2348:
2234:
2203:
2160:
2109:
2095:
1789:
1521:
1499:
1484:
1402:
581:
447:
66:
1087:
1070:
956:
783:
Benito, J.; Kuo, P.-C.; Widrig, K. E.; Jagt, J. W. M.; Field, D. J. (2022).
372:. Based on fragmentary fossil remains, the two known species present in the
4181:
4043:
3770:
3644:
3637:
3576:
3494:
3227:
3106:
3018:
2967:
2937:
2886:
2826:
2644:
2497:
2482:
2467:
2401:
2289:
2241:
2153:
2043:
1898:
1858:
1837:
1830:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1743:
1728:
1664:
1621:
1582:
1452:
1431:
1362:
1340:
1096:
1034:
1016:
975:
808:
573:
429:
408:
494:, were members of the Ichthyornithes in addition to the group's namesake,
4240:
4006:
3916:
3851:
3592:
3542:
3473:
3425:
3250:
3196:
3144:
3091:
2977:
2947:
2866:
2630:
2380:
2370:
2033:
1872:
1637:
1596:
1567:
1560:
1528:
1438:
1372:
1312:
1299:
1258:
1137:
1069:
Lee, Michael SY; Cau, Andrea; Darren, Naish; Gareth J., Dyke (May 2014).
656:
496:
464:
441:
356:, all other non-avian dinosaurs, and many other animal and plant groups.
338:
273:
41:
1047:
Nikita V. Zelenkov, Alexander O. Averianov & Evgeny V. Popov (2017)
4071:
3939:
3746:
3630:
3600:
3567:
3535:
3501:
3487:
3480:
3304:
3274:
3068:
3028:
2957:
2846:
2775:
2762:
2690:
2637:
2513:
2490:
2475:
2411:
2338:
2226:
2196:
2189:
2132:
2088:
1782:
1671:
1655:
1644:
1603:
1589:
1553:
1514:
1492:
639:
601:
452:
365:
333:
232:
193:
86:
51:
932:"Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary"
4176:
4156:
3992:
3947:
3909:
3902:
3459:
3392:
3372:
3352:
3342:
3332:
3136:
3129:
3098:
2563:
2390:
2182:
2064:
1736:
1678:
1630:
1574:
1460:
1329:
1231:
1179:
708:
625:
593:
484:
478:
472:
206:
147:
91:
35:
4202:
873:
784:
108:
4225:
3999:
3871:
3528:
3466:
3288:
3242:
2856:
2607:
2531:
2175:
2139:
1685:
1417:
1170:
1161:
785:"Cretaceous ornithurine supports a neognathous crown bird ancestor"
321:
180:
167:
81:
76:
61:
56:
46:
999:
Torres, Christopher R.; Norell, Mark A.; Clarke, Julia A. (2021).
4013:
3759:
3607:
3432:
3007:
2317:
2146:
2012:
1999:
1933:
597:
565:
557:
463:
Ichthyornitheans were close to the ancestry of modern birds, the
433:
344:
318:
283:
219:
96:
71:
3584:
3382:
2997:
2876:
1351:
1155:
329:
157:
1106:
930:
Longrich, N.R.; Tokaryk, T.; Field, D.J. (13 September 2011).
1409:
576:
have been identified as all belonging to a single species of
526:
Ichthyornithes, which in that paper was defined according to
523:
376:
have not been given names, but overall were very similar to
3711:
3656:
866:
10.1206/0003-0090(2004)286<0001:MPTASO>2.0.CO;2
724:
467:
325:
324:
very closely related to the common ancestor of all modern
588:
66 million years ago. Another unnamed species similar to
530:
as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of
839:"Morphology, phylogenetic taxonomy, and systematics of
1068:
3966:
3927:
3883:
3867:
3857:
3847:
3618:
3564:
3443:
3413:
3398:
3388:
3378:
3368:
3358:
3348:
3338:
3328:
3317:
3262:
3207:
3156:
3117:
3079:
3049:
3034:
3024:
3014:
3003:
2993:
2983:
2973:
2963:
2953:
2943:
2933:
2923:
2913:
2903:
2893:
2882:
2872:
2862:
2852:
2842:
2832:
2822:
2812:
2802:
2792:
2664:
2618:
2574:
2543:
2526:
2455:
2439:
2428:
2417:
2407:
2397:
2386:
2376:
2366:
2355:
2344:
2334:
2286:
2260:
2214:
2120:
2075:
2060:
2050:
2039:
2029:
1907:
1712:
1385:
1368:
1358:
1347:
1336:
1325:
929:
704:
679:
652:
411:. The last ichthyornithean fossils are found in the
279:
269:
897:
782:
998:
925:
923:
921:
893:
891:
854:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
336:period of North America, though only two genera,
4275:
936:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
918:
888:
552:P2992.1, UCMP 187207, AMNH 22002) found in the
1203:
1122:
612:. Though originally thought to be species of
836:
832:
830:
828:
826:
778:
776:
1310:
1129:
1115:
107:
2773:
1086:
1062:
1024:
965:
955:
823:
773:
592:is known from isolated remains found in
359:
124:Rocky Mountain Dinosaur Resource Center
4276:
2010:
4207:
4206:
3710:
3709:
2760:
1997:
1297:
1148:
1110:
586:Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event
405:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
504:. In Julia Clarke's 2004 review of
4299:Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh
13:
900:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
332:remains found throughout the late
14:
4310:
584:age, within 300,000 years of the
458:
4187:
4186:
4132:
4126:
3692:
3687:
2743:
2736:
2729:
1980:
1974:
1968:
619:
522:were considered synonyms of the
134:
39:
1298:
1136:
317:is an extinct group of toothed
2761:
1041:
992:
982:
912:10.1080/02724634.1997.10010961
1:
766:
350:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
4289:Cenomanian first appearances
7:
1998:
10:
4315:
801:10.1038/s41586-022-05445-y
610:Carrot River, Saskatchewan
537:
508:-like fossils, the former
16:Extinct clade of dinosaurs
4294:Maastrichtian extinctions
4215:
4146:
4124:
3965:
3926:
3882:
3843:
3832:
3801:
3778:
3769:
3754:
3745:
3722:
3718:
3705:
3685:
3655:
3617:
3563:
3511:
3454:
3442:
3412:
3313:
3302:
3261:
3206:
3155:
3116:
3078:
3048:
2788:
2784:
2769:
2756:
2727:
2689:
2663:
2654:
2617:
2573:
2542:
2522:
2511:
2454:
2330:
2326:
2315:
2285:
2259:
2213:
2119:
2074:
2025:
2021:
2006:
1993:
1966:
1932:
1906:
1897:
1820:
1777:
1768:
1723:
1711:
1707:
1654:
1620:
1548:
1539:
1479:
1470:
1397:
1383:
1321:
1306:
1293:
1257:
1239:
1230:
1212:
1199:
1144:
722:
702:
695:
677:
670:
650:
643:
302:
295:
266:
261:
131:Scientific classification
129:
115:
106:
23:
957:10.1073/pnas.1110395108
545:from North America and
396:Western Interior Seaway
1017:10.1126/sciadv.abg7099
847:(Avialae: Ornithurae)"
328:. They are known from
4256:Paleobiology Database
1866:Paralitherizinosaurus
1088:10.1093/sysbio/syt110
837:Clarke, J.A. (2004).
528:phylogenetic taxonomy
418:The study describing
554:Hell Creek Formation
413:Hell Creek Formation
360:Origin and evolution
304:Ichthyornithiformes
3083:Patagopterygiformes
2578:Confuciusornithidae
2444:Scansoriopterygidae
2079:Scansoriopterygidae
1053:Cretaceous Research
948:2011PNAS..10815253L
942:(37): 15253–15257.
570:Frenchman Formation
513:Ichthyornithiformes
3211:Songlingornithidae
3160:Hongshanornithidae
2547:Omnivoropterygidae
2459:Jeholornithiformes
1770:Therizinosauroidea
1075:Systematic Biology
606:Ashville Formation
548:Janavis finalidens
543:Ichthyornis dispar
534:and modern birds.
532:Ichthyornis dispar
502:Ichthyornis dispar
378:Ichthyornis dispar
374:Ashville Formation
119:Ichthyornis dispar
4271:
4270:
4209:Taxon identifiers
4200:
4199:
4142:
4141:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4022:Lutetodontopteris
3931:Gastornithiformes
3828:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3712:Aves / Neornithes
3701:
3700:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3657:Aves / Neornithes
3559:
3558:
3298:
3297:
3190:Parahongshanornis
2752:
2751:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2507:
2506:
2433:Archaeopterygidae
2311:
2310:
2218:Archaeopterygidae
1989:
1988:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1822:Therizinosauridae
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1189:Maniraptoriformes
795:(7938): 100–105.
763:
762:
754:
753:
745:
744:
736:
735:
312:
311:
307:
257:
4306:
4264:
4263:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4204:
4203:
4190:
4189:
4162:Deinonychosauria
4137:
4136:
4130:
4087:Protodontopteryx
4029:Macrodontopteryx
3968:
3929:
3885:
3869:
3859:
3849:
3841:
3840:
3776:
3775:
3752:
3751:
3720:
3719:
3707:
3706:
3696:
3691:
3622:Cimolopterygidae
3620:
3566:
3513:Hesperornithidae
3452:
3451:
3445:
3415:
3400:
3390:
3380:
3370:
3360:
3350:
3340:
3330:
3319:
3311:
3310:
3264:
3209:
3158:
3119:
3081:
3051:
3036:
3026:
3016:
3005:
2995:
2985:
2975:
2965:
2955:
2945:
2935:
2925:
2915:
2905:
2895:
2884:
2874:
2864:
2854:
2844:
2834:
2824:
2814:
2804:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2771:
2770:
2758:
2757:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2622:Jinguofortisidae
2620:
2601:Eoconfuciusornis
2576:
2545:
2528:
2520:
2519:
2457:
2441:
2430:
2419:
2409:
2399:
2388:
2378:
2368:
2357:
2346:
2336:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2288:
2262:
2216:
2122:
2077:
2062:
2052:
2041:
2031:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2008:
2007:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1922:Oviraptorosauria
1911:Oviraptorosauria
1909:
1904:
1903:
1845:Nanshiungosaurus
1775:
1774:
1752:Jianchangosaurus
1721:
1720:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1546:
1545:
1477:
1476:
1395:
1394:
1389:Alvarezsauroidea
1387:
1370:
1360:
1349:
1338:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1308:
1307:
1295:
1294:
1237:
1236:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1146:
1145:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1090:
1066:
1060:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1028:
1005:Science Advances
996:
990:
986:
980:
979:
969:
959:
927:
916:
915:
895:
886:
885:
851:
834:
821:
820:
780:
706:
698:
697:
681:
673:
672:
654:
646:
645:
636:
635:
596:-age rocks from
520:Ichthyornithidae
421:Protodontopteryx
401:ecological niche
392:hesperornitheans
354:enantiornitheans
306:Furbringer, 1888
305:
281:
271:
252:
247:
139:
138:
111:
101:
38:
27:Temporal range:
24:Ichthyornitheans
21:
20:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4259:
4254:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4211:
4201:
4196:
4138:
4131:
4114:
4109:Tympanonesiotes
4102:Pseudodontornis
4065:Palaeochenoides
3986:Caspiodontornis
3970:Pelagornithidae
3961:
3922:
3878:
3820:
3797:
3765:
3741:
3714:
3697:
3671:
3651:
3613:
3555:
3550:Parahesperornis
3522:Asiahesperornis
3507:
3438:
3408:
3307:
3294:
3257:
3202:
3169:Archaeornithura
3151:
3112:
3074:
3044:
2797:Archaeorhynchus
2778:
2765:
2748:
2735:
2705:
2685:
2656:Ornithothoraces
2650:
2613:
2587:Changchengornis
2569:
2538:
2516:
2503:
2450:
2422:Anchiornithidae
2320:
2307:
2281:
2275:Dromaeosauridae
2264:Dromaeosauridae
2255:
2249:Anchiornithidae
2209:
2168:Liaoningvenator
2124:Anchiornithidae
2115:
2103:Scansoriopteryx
2070:
2015:
2002:
1985:
1948:
1928:
1885:
1880:Therizinosaurus
1816:
1764:
1759:Lingyuanosaurus
1716:Therizinosauria
1691:
1650:
1616:
1541:Parvicursorinae
1535:
1472:Alvarezsauridae
1466:
1391:
1379:
1315:
1302:
1273:
1253:
1226:
1220:Avemetatarsalia
1205:Avemetatarsalia
1195:
1151:
1150:
1140:
1135:
1105:
1104:
1067:
1063:
1046:
1042:
997:
993:
987:
983:
928:
919:
896:
889:
849:
835:
824:
781:
774:
769:
764:
755:
746:
737:
727:(modern birds)
622:
562:Lance Formation
540:
461:
370:Late Cretaceous
362:
251:
245:
133:
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
33:
32:
29:Late Cretaceous
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4312:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4252:
4247:Ichthyornithes
4237:
4221:
4219:
4217:Ichthyornithes
4213:
4212:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4152:Archaeornithes
4147:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4094:Protopelicanus
4090:
4083:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4058:Osteodontornis
4054:
4047:
4040:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3974:
3972:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3955:Dromornithidae
3951:
3944:
3935:
3933:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3891:
3889:
3887:Dromornithidae
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3865:
3862:Perplexicervix
3855:
3844:
3838:
3835:Incertae sedis
3830:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3814:Pangalliformes
3807:
3805:
3803:Pangalliformes
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3784:
3782:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3728:
3726:
3716:
3715:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3641:
3634:
3626:
3624:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3589:
3581:
3572:
3570:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3517:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3455:
3449:
3447:Hesperornithes
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3429:
3421:
3419:
3417:Ichthyornithes
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3396:
3386:
3376:
3366:
3356:
3346:
3336:
3326:
3314:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3282:Similiyanornis
3278:
3270:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3215:
3213:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3164:
3162:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3123:
3121:Ambiortiformes
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3065:
3057:
3055:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3039:Zhongjianornis
3032:
3022:
3012:
3001:
2991:
2981:
2971:
2961:
2951:
2941:
2931:
2928:Jianchangornis
2921:
2911:
2901:
2891:
2880:
2870:
2860:
2850:
2840:
2830:
2820:
2810:
2800:
2789:
2779:
2774:
2767:
2766:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2679:Enantiornithes
2672:
2670:
2668:Enantiornithes
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2626:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2594:Confuciusornis
2590:
2582:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2557:Omnivoropteryx
2552:
2550:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2523:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2479:
2472:
2463:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2437:
2426:
2415:
2405:
2395:
2384:
2374:
2364:
2353:
2342:
2331:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2294:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2268:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2222:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2084:
2082:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2058:
2055:Pneumatoraptor
2048:
2037:
2026:
2016:
2011:
2004:
2003:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1915:
1913:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1852:Neimongosaurus
1848:
1841:
1834:
1826:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1740:
1733:
1724:
1718:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1626:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1611:Trierarchuncus
1607:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1507:Bonapartenykus
1503:
1496:
1489:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1446:Shishugounykus
1442:
1435:
1428:
1425:Bonapartenykus
1421:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1392:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1366:
1356:
1345:
1334:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1304:
1303:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1213:
1207:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1158:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1111:
1103:
1102:
1081:(3): 442–449.
1061:
1040:
991:
981:
917:
906:(1): 172–176.
887:
822:
771:
770:
768:
765:
761:
760:
757:
756:
752:
751:
748:
747:
743:
742:
739:
738:
734:
733:
730:
729:
721:
718:
717:
714:
713:
701:
696:
694:
691:
690:
687:
686:
683:Hesperornithes
676:
671:
669:
666:
665:
662:
661:
649:
644:
642:
634:
621:
618:
539:
536:
460:
459:Classification
457:
439:A study on an
426:pelagornithids
361:
358:
315:Ichthyornithes
310:
309:
300:
299:
293:
292:
288:
287:
277:
264:
263:
259:
258:
249:Ichthyornithes
243:
236:
235:
230:
223:
222:
217:
210:
209:
204:
197:
196:
191:
184:
183:
178:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
127:
126:
113:
112:
104:
103:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4311:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4193:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4172:Odontornithes
4170:
4168:
4167:Odontognathae
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4135:
4129:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3896:Barawertornis
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3873:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3792:
3791:Anserimorphae
3788:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3780:Anserimorphae
3777:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3736:
3735:Palaeognathae
3732:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3724:Palaeognathae
3721:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3695:
3690:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3562:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3403:Tingmiatornis
3397:
3395:
3394:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:Antarcticavis
3316:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3301:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3266:Yanornithidae
3260:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3236:Songlingornis
3233:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3183:Longicrusavis
3180:
3178:
3177:
3176:Hongshanornis
3173:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3062:Mengciusornis
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3053:Schizoouridae
3047:
3041:
3040:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2837:Changzuiornis
2831:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2817:Brevidentavis
2811:
2809:
2808:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2732:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:Cretaaviculus
2354:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2235:Archaeopteryx
2232:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2204:Yixianosaurus
2201:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2161:Fujianvenator
2158:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2096:Epidexipteryx
2093:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1790:Beipiaosaurus
1787:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1749:
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1734:
1731:
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1726:
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1722:
1719:
1717:
1710:
1706:
1688:
1687:
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1673:
1669:
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1661:
1659:
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1635:
1633:
1632:
1628:
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1613:
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1608:
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1599:
1598:
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1585:
1584:
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1576:
1572:
1570:
1569:
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1562:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1522:Heptasteornis
1519:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1500:Alvarezsaurus
1497:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:Achillesaurus
1482:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1403:Achillesaurus
1400:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1382:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
989:Palaeontology
985:
977:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
926:
924:
922:
913:
909:
905:
901:
894:
892:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
848:
846:
842:
833:
831:
829:
827:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
779:
777:
772:
759:
758:
750:
749:
741:
740:
732:
731:
728:
726:
720:
719:
716:
715:
712:
711:
710:
700:
699:
693:
692:
689:
688:
685:
684:
675:
674:
668:
667:
664:
663:
660:
659:
658:
648:
647:
641:
638:
637:
633:
631:
627:
620:Relationships
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:Maastrichtian
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
549:
544:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
518:
514:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:
493:
492:
487:
486:
481:
480:
475:
474:
469:
466:
456:
454:
450:
449:
448:Archaeopteryx
444:
443:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
393:
388:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
357:
355:
352:, along with
351:
347:
346:
341:
340:
335:
331:
327:
323:
320:
316:
308:
301:
298:
294:
291:
290:And see text
286:
285:
278:
276:
275:
268:
267:
265:
260:
255:
250:
244:
241:
238:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
128:
125:
121:
120:
114:
110:
105:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
37:
30:
22:
19:
4284:Euornitheans
4216:
4182:Unenlagiidae
4107:
4100:
4092:
4085:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4044:Odontopteryx
4042:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3953:
3946:
3938:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3870:
3860:
3850:
3833:
3771:Galloanserae
3758:
3645:Lamarqueavis
3643:
3638:Cimolopteryx
3636:
3629:
3606:
3599:
3591:
3583:
3577:Australornis
3575:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3500:
3495:Pasquiaornis
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3431:
3424:
3416:
3401:
3391:
3381:
3371:
3361:
3351:
3341:
3331:
3320:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3249:
3241:
3234:
3228:Piscivoravis
3226:
3218:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3143:
3135:
3128:
3107:Patagopteryx
3105:
3097:
3090:
3067:
3060:
3037:
3027:
3019:Xinghaiornis
3017:
3006:
2996:
2986:
2976:
2968:Khinganornis
2966:
2956:
2946:
2938:Jiuquanornis
2936:
2926:
2916:
2906:
2896:
2887:Gargantuavis
2885:
2875:
2865:
2855:
2845:
2835:
2827:Changmaornis
2825:
2815:
2805:
2795:
2734:
2645:Jinguofortis
2643:
2636:
2629:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2562:
2555:
2529:
2498:Neimengornis
2496:
2489:
2483:Jixiangornis
2481:
2474:
2468:Dalianraptor
2466:
2442:
2431:
2420:
2410:
2402:Yandangornis
2400:
2389:
2379:
2369:
2358:
2347:
2337:
2301:Troodontidae
2290:Troodontidae
2247:
2242:Wellnhoferia
2240:
2233:
2225:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2166:
2159:
2154:Eosinopteryx
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2063:
2053:
2044:Palaeopteryx
2042:
2032:
1973:
1899:Pennaraptora
1878:
1871:
1864:
1859:Nothronychus
1857:
1850:
1843:
1838:Erlikosaurus
1836:
1831:Erliansaurus
1829:
1811:Suzhousaurus
1809:
1804:Martharaptor
1802:
1797:Enigmosaurus
1795:
1788:
1781:
1757:
1750:
1744:Fukuivenator
1742:
1735:
1729:Eshanosaurus
1727:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1665:Albertonykus
1663:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:Ceratonykini
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1583:Nemegtonykus
1581:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1459:
1453:Tugulusaurus
1451:
1444:
1437:
1432:Haplocheirus
1430:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1401:
1371:
1363:Migmanychion
1361:
1350:
1341:Fukuivenator
1339:
1328:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1008:
1004:
994:
984:
939:
935:
903:
899:
857:
853:
844:
840:
792:
788:
723:
707:
703:
678:
655:
651:
629:
623:
613:
589:
577:
574:Saskatchewan
546:
542:
541:
531:
519:
512:
505:
501:
495:
489:
483:
477:
471:
462:
446:
440:
438:
430:Galloanserae
419:
417:
409:Mesozoic era
386:
381:
377:
363:
343:
337:
314:
313:
303:
289:
282:
272:
248:
239:
226:
213:
200:
187:
174:
117:
18:
4241:Wikispecies
4079:Proceriavis
4051:Odontoptila
4007:Gigantornis
3917:Ilbandornis
3852:Asteriornis
3593:Neogaeornis
3543:Hesperornis
3474:Chupkaornis
3426:Ichthyornis
3251:Yixianornis
3197:Tianyuornis
3145:Palintropus
3092:Alamitornis
2978:Meemannavis
2948:Juehuaornis
2867:Eogranivora
2807:Bellulornis
2631:Chongmingia
2381:Overoraptor
2371:Fukuipteryx
2034:Imperobator
1873:Segnosaurus
1638:Ceratonykus
1597:Parvicursor
1568:Khulsanurus
1561:Jaculinykus
1529:Patagonykus
1439:Patagonykus
1373:Yaverlandia
1313:Maniraptora
1300:Maniraptora
1259:Maniraptora
1138:Maniraptora
841:Ichthyornis
657:Ichthyornis
630:Ichthyornis
614:Ichthyornis
590:Ichthyornis
578:Ichthyornis
506:Ichthyornis
497:Ichthyornis
465:crown group
442:Ichthyornis
368:age of the
339:Ichthyornis
274:Ichthyornis
116:Cast of an
34:95–66
4278:Categories
4150:See also:
4072:Pelagornis
3940:Brontornis
3747:Neognathae
3666:see below↓
3631:Ceramornis
3601:Polarornis
3568:Vegaviidae
3536:Fumicollis
3502:Potamornis
3488:Judinornis
3481:Enaliornis
3305:Ornithurae
3275:Abitusavis
3069:Schizooura
3029:Yumenornis
2988:Platanavis
2958:Kaririavis
2908:Horezmavis
2847:Chaoyangia
2776:Euornithes
2763:Euornithes
2700:see below↓
2691:Euornithes
2638:Cratonavis
2514:Pygostylia
2491:Kompsornis
2476:Jeholornis
2412:Zhongornis
2339:Alcmonavis
2227:Alcmonavis
2197:Xiaotingia
2190:Serikornis
2133:Anchiornis
2089:Ambopteryx
1943:see below↓
1783:Alxasaurus
1672:Linhenykus
1656:Mononykini
1645:Xixianykus
1604:Qiupanykus
1590:Ondogurvel
1554:Dzharaonyx
1515:Bradycneme
1493:Alnashetri
1268:see below↓
1171:Dinosauria
767:References
640:Ornithurae
602:Cenomanian
366:Cenomanian
334:Cretaceous
262:Subgroups
233:Ornithurae
194:Saurischia
181:Dinosauria
122:skeleton,
4177:Sauriurae
4157:Carinatae
3993:Cyphornis
3979:Aequornis
3948:Gastornis
3910:Genyornis
3903:Dromornis
3460:Baptornis
3393:Limenavis
3373:Iaceornis
3363:Guildavis
3353:Gallornis
3343:Cerebavis
3333:Apatornis
3137:Apsaravis
3130:Ambiortus
3099:Kuszholia
2564:Sapeornis
2391:Rahonavis
2183:Pedopenna
2065:Rahonavis
1737:Falcarius
1679:Mononykus
1631:Albinykus
1461:Xiyunykus
1330:Elopteryx
1247:Theropoda
1232:Theropoda
1180:Theropoda
1154:Kingdom:
1059:: 94-100.
860:: 1–179.
845:Apatornis
817:254099216
709:Limenavis
626:cladogram
594:Campanian
491:Guildavis
485:Iaceornis
479:Apatornis
473:Ambiortus
453:neognaths
387:I. dispar
382:I. dispar
322:dinosaurs
207:Theropoda
154:Kingdom:
148:Eukaryota
4232:Q2114071
4226:Wikidata
4192:Category
4000:Dasornis
3872:Qinornis
3529:Canadaga
3467:Brodavis
3289:Yanornis
3243:Yanornis
3220:Hollanda
2918:Iteravis
2898:Hollanda
2857:Dingavis
2608:Yangavis
2532:Proornis
2176:Ostromia
2140:Aurornis
1686:Shuvuuia
1418:Bannykus
1162:Chordata
1160:Phylum:
1156:Animalia
1097:24449041
1035:34330706
976:21914849
882:84035285
874:2246/454
809:36450906
515:and the
297:Synonyms
168:Chordata
164:Phylum:
158:Animalia
144:Domain:
4014:Laornis
3760:Neoaves
3608:Vegavis
3433:Janavis
3008:Wyleyia
2318:Avialae
2147:Caihong
2013:Paraves
2000:Paraves
1934:Paraves
1026:8324052
967:3174646
944:Bibcode
598:Alberta
566:Wyoming
558:Montana
538:Species
434:Neoaves
345:Janavis
319:avialan
284:Janavis
220:Avialae
4261:471646
3585:Maaqwi
3383:Kookne
2998:Vorona
2877:Gansus
2349:Balaur
1352:Kakuru
1095:
1033:
1023:
1011:(31).
974:
964:
880:
815:
807:
789:Nature
568:, and
517:family
330:fossil
256:, 1873
1410:Aorun
1185:Clade
1176:Clade
1167:Clade
878:S2CID
850:(PDF)
813:S2CID
608:near
604:-age
524:clade
510:order
326:birds
254:Marsh
240:Clade
227:Clade
214:Clade
201:Clade
188:Clade
175:Clade
4036:Manu
3812:see
3789:see
3733:see
2677:see
2299:see
2273:see
1920:see
1245:see
1218:see
1093:PMID
1031:PMID
972:PMID
843:and
805:PMID
725:Aves
624:The
488:and
468:Aves
432:and
342:and
42:PreꞒ
1575:Kol
1083:doi
1021:PMC
1013:doi
962:PMC
952:doi
940:108
908:doi
870:hdl
862:doi
858:286
797:doi
793:612
572:of
564:of
556:of
4280::
4258::
4243::
4228::
2110:Yi
1187::
1178::
1169::
1091:.
1079:63
1077:.
1073:.
1057:75
1055:,
1051:.
1029:.
1019:.
1007:.
1003:.
970:.
960:.
950:.
938:.
934:.
920:^
904:17
902:.
890:^
876:.
868:.
856:.
852:.
825:^
811:.
803:.
791:.
787:.
775:^
560:,
482:,
476:,
455:.
380:.
242::
229::
216::
203::
190::
177::
92:Pg
36:Ma
31:,
4097:?
4082:?
4039:?
4017:?
3967:†
3958:?
3943:?
3928:†
3884:†
3875:?
3868:†
3858:†
3848:†
3648:?
3619:†
3596:?
3588:?
3580:?
3565:†
3444:†
3414:†
3399:†
3389:†
3379:†
3369:†
3359:†
3349:†
3339:†
3329:†
3325:?
3318:†
3263:†
3254:?
3246:?
3231:?
3223:?
3208:†
3157:†
3148:?
3140:?
3118:†
3102:?
3080:†
3050:†
3035:†
3025:†
3015:†
3011:?
3004:†
2994:†
2984:†
2974:†
2964:†
2954:†
2944:†
2934:†
2924:†
2914:†
2904:†
2894:†
2890:?
2883:†
2873:†
2863:†
2853:†
2843:†
2833:†
2823:†
2813:†
2803:†
2793:†
2665:†
2619:†
2575:†
2549:?
2544:†
2534:"
2530:"
2527:†
2486:?
2471:?
2456:†
2447:?
2440:†
2436:?
2429:†
2425:?
2418:†
2408:†
2398:†
2394:?
2387:†
2377:†
2367:†
2363:?
2356:†
2352:?
2345:†
2335:†
2287:†
2261:†
2252:?
2230:?
2215:†
2171:?
2121:†
2081:?
2076:†
2061:†
2051:†
2047:?
2040:†
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1908:†
1747:?
1732:?
1713:†
1578:?
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1456:?
1413:?
1386:†
1376:?
1369:†
1359:†
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1348:†
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1337:†
1333:?
1326:†
1130:e
1123:t
1116:v
1099:.
1085::
1037:.
1015::
1009:7
978:.
954::
946::
914:.
910::
884:.
872::
864::
819:.
799::
705:†
680:†
653:†
280:†
270:†
246:†
97:N
87:K
82:J
77:T
72:P
67:C
62:D
57:S
52:O
47:Ꞓ
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