5252:
5259:
6642:
4496:
1067:
6203:
6208:
5245:
132:
4490:
686:
4484:
6702:
3568:
829:
3592:
740:
575:
111:
6648:
922:
3604:
1974:
3580:
727:, YPM 1450, had a humerus about 58 millimetres (2.3 in) long. In many geologically younger specimens like YPM 1742, the same wing bone was 71.5 millimetres (2.81 in) long. Both the older, smaller specimens, and the more recent, larger specimens show signs that they had reached skeletal maturity and were adults, and came from the same geographic area. It is likely that
798:, a rush to collect and identify fossils in the American West. Marsh wrote to Mudge in 1872 and offered to identify any important fossils free of charge, and to give Mudge sole credit for their discovery. Marsh had been a friend of Mudge when they were younger, so when Mudge learned of Marsh's request, he changed the address on the shipping crate containing the
996:, the current curator of the museum's vertebrate paleontology collection, authorized the dismantling of both panel mounts. This allowed the bones to be properly sorted out and studied in three dimensions, which had been impossible previously when they were embedded in plaster. A full re-description of these specimens was published by paleontologist
806:
However, Marsh did not initially recognize the true importance of the fossil. Soon after receiving it, he reported back to Mudge his opinion that the chalk slab contained the bones of two distinct animals: a small bird animal, and the toothed jaws of some unknown reptile. Marsh considered the unusual
912:
from the public because it lent too much support to evolutionary theory. Many accused Marsh of having tampered with the fossils or intentionally created a hoax by associating reptilian jaws with the body of a bird, accusations that continued to surface even as late as 1967. However, an overwhelming
757:
ever found and the first one known to have had teeth, making it an important discovery in the early history of paleontology. It remains important today, as it represents one of the closest non-avian relatives of modern birds, and one of a handful of
Mesozoic bird relatives represented by numerous
907:
was the first known
Mesozoic avialan and is now known to have also had teeth, the first specimen with a skull was not described until 1884). Others at the time also recognized the implications of a nearly modern bird with reptilian teeth, and feared the controversy it caused. One Yale student
606:, 24 centimetres (9.4 in) long, with a skeletal wingspan (not taking feathers into account) of around 43 centimetres (17 in), though there is considerable size variation among known specimens, with some smaller and some much larger than the type specimen of
844:
By early in 1873, Marsh had recognized his error. Through further preparation and exposure of skull bones from the rock, he found that the toothed jaws must have come from the bird itself and not a marine reptile. Due to the previously unknown features of
616:
is notable primarily for its combination of vertebrae which are concave both in front and back (similar to some fish, which is where it gets its name) and several more subtle features of its skeleton which set it apart from its close relatives.
952:
specimens were housed, began placing many of its most interesting or important specimens on display in the museum's Great Hall. Two panel mounts (that is, pieces where the skeleton is arranged and set into a plaster slab) were created for
802:
specimen (which had already been addressed to Cope and was ready to be sent), and shipped it to Marsh instead. Marsh had narrowly won the prestige of studying and naming the important fossil at the expense of his rival.
1469:
Thomas J. C. Bertin et al, Current
Perspectives on Tooth Implantation, Attachment, and Replacement in Amniota, Front. Physiol., 21 November 2018 Sec. Craniofacial Biology and Dental Research Volume 9 - 2018 |
1169:
below is the result of a 2014 analysis by
Michael Lee and colleagues that expanded on data from an earlier study by O’Connor & Zhou in 2012. The clade names are positioned based on their definitions.
621:
is perhaps most well known for its teeth. The teeth were present only in the middle portion of the upper and lower jaws. The jaw tips had no teeth and were covered in a beak. The beak of
778:, United States. Mudge was a prolific fossil collector who shipped his discoveries to prominent scientists for study. Mudge had previously had a close partnership with paleontologist
849:(vertebrae concave on either side and teeth), Marsh chose to classify it in an entirely new sub-class of birds he called the Odontornithes (or "toothed birds"), and in the new order
988:" type specimen was mistakenly reassigned to the panel mount. Later reports of the specimen, even by the Peabody Museum's staff, therefore mistakenly stated that the original "
977:" mount was a composite incorporating a variety of different specimens to make the piece appear more complete (it did not, however, contain any part of the actual "
1603:
Carpenter, K. (2003). Harries, P. J (ed.). "Vertebrate
Biostratigraphy of the Smoky Hill Chalk (Niobrara Formation) and the Sharon Springs Member (Pierre Shale)".
1100:
as the type species and so must be considered a junior synonym even though it was named first. However, Michael
Mortimer pointed out that this is incorrect; while
5251:
1015:, but represents an independent lineage. It was long believed that it was closely related to some other Cretaceous taxa known from very fragmentary remains –
1809:
Switek, B. (2010). "Thomas Henry Huxley and the reptile to bird transition." pp. 251–264 in Moody, R.T.J., Buffetaut, E., Naish, D. and
Martill, D.M. (eds.)
6564:
6859:
6535:
582:
specimens: YPM 1742, blue, and YPM 1450, green, compared with a human. Both specimens were adult, but YPM 1450 is approximately one million years older.
885:
was recognized for its significance to the theory of evolution recently published by
Charles Darwin. Darwin himself told Marsh in an 1880 letter that
2480:
1532:
6808:
648:
The wings and breastbone were very modern in appearance, suggesting strong flight ability and placing it with modern birds in the advanced group
819:
is so great that as late as 1952, J.T. Gregory argued that it really belonged to a diminutive species or young individual related to the genus
913:
majority of researchers have demonstrated that Marsh's interpretation of the fossils was correct, and he was fully vindicated by later finds.
6592:
5320:
1089:
6884:
5501:
5421:
6492:
5876:
1035:
1917:
Chiappe, Luis M.; Lamb, James P. Jr.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2002). "New enantiornithine bird from the marine Upper
Cretaceous of Alabama".
1548:"Bird neurocranial and body mass evolution across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction: The avian brain shape left other dinosaurs behind"
6864:
5431:
992:" specimen comprised most of the skeleton, when it was in fact only three bones. By 1997, the situation had become so confused that
6795:
2475:
1080:, is currently recognized, following the seminal review by Julia Clarke. Marsh had previously named a specimen now attributed to
119:
641:, though they became wider towards the base of the crown. The tips of the teeth were curved backward and lacked any serrations.
6879:
3642:
1624:
3663:
6869:
1643:
Williston, S.W. (1898). "A brief history of fossil collecting in the
Niobrara Chalk prior to 1900. Addenda to Part I".
941:
934:
767:
4495:
560:
6641:
1717:
731:
as a species increased in size over the several million years it inhabited the Western Interior Seaway ecosystem.
2019:
1930:
1375:
1818:
6202:
1417:
6854:
5258:
811:, or "fish bird." Later in 1872, Marsh described the toothed jaws as a new species of marine reptile, named
5244:
3608:
2465:
783:
131:
2247:
1796:
Mudge, B.F. (1877). "Annual Report of the committee on Geology, for the year ending November 1, 1876."
6207:
1348:
878:, flying reptiles which were only known to have had teeth in other regions of the world at that time.
871:, which was found to also have teeth by 1877), and the irony of their association with the remains of
6874:
6774:
4435:
3635:
2162:
2152:
673:
and other non-avian theropods. Conversely, it had a palate remarkably convergent with that of modern
4489:
1831:
853:(later Ichthyornithiformes). The only other bird Marsh included in these groups was the newly named
4788:
3733:
2488:
2470:
965:". Both were created by Hugh Gibb, who prepared many of Marsh's fossils for study and display. The
897:
667:
endocast reveals that it had a relatively basal brain compared to modern birds, similar to that of
6327:
5192:
4483:
2493:
763:
699:
fossils have been found in almost all levels of the Niobrara Chalk, from beds dating to the late
511:
2167:
6826:
6722:
6705:
6304:
6248:
3584:
2460:
2272:
2222:
1404:
sp. (Aves: Ichthyornithiformes) from the lower Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) of western Kansas".
6813:
6849:
6821:
6760:
4814:
4379:
2297:
1946:
1526:
1056:
791:
288:
264:
6782:
3628:
2925:
1559:
1504:
642:
6647:
660:, the species appears to have matured to adulthood in a rather short, continuous process.
8:
5596:
5091:
4957:
4592:
2455:
2347:
2287:
2232:
2012:
779:
712:
495:
1563:
1508:
1092:
state that a type species for a genus must have originally been included in that genus,
5724:
5673:
5060:
4283:
3760:
3238:
2302:
2262:
2227:
1934:
1898:
1748:
1580:
1547:
1421:
1379:
1143:
637:
as in most modern birds. The teeth were more flattened than the rounded teeth found in
531:
313:
126:
723:
from earlier eras were, on average, smaller than later ones. The holotype specimen of
6444:
5703:
4946:
4731:
4335:
3702:
3591:
3364:
3311:
3261:
2404:
2394:
2337:
2137:
2132:
2072:
1950:
1875:
1814:
1620:
1585:
1108:, the ICZN does not preclude it from becoming the senior synonym of the type species
339:
1938:
1425:
1383:
895:
offered "the best support for the theory of evolution" since he had first published
6675:
6600:
6542:
6135:
6026:
5733:
5411:
5135:
5114:
4424:
4358:
4265:
3902:
3230:
2372:
2044:
1979:
1926:
1865:
1779:
1740:
1675:
1612:
1575:
1567:
1512:
1456:
1452:
1413:
1371:
1048:
993:
626:
1066:
867:. Mudge later noted the rare and unique quality of these toothed birds (including
6622:
6615:
6578:
6499:
6483:
6063:
6035:
5682:
5310:
5169:
5100:
4972:
4935:
4777:
4762:
4681:
4637:
4616:
4393:
4272:
4229:
4054:
3985:
3718:
3462:
3290:
2760:
2282:
2267:
2205:
2104:
2032:
1987:
1854:"Morphological Clocks in Paleontology, and a Mid-Cretaceous Origin of Crown Aves"
1044:
945:
629:, was compound and made up of several distinct plates, similar to the beak of an
30:
6665:
6607:
6571:
6468:
6400:
6375:
6348:
6316:
5960:
5930:
5795:
5634:
5552:
5441:
5181:
5107:
5070:
4568:
4365:
4124:
4020:
3959:
3938:
3572:
3502:
3454:
3388:
3327:
3282:
3269:
3143:
3106:
2957:
2731:
2568:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2292:
2277:
2172:
2147:
2142:
2124:
2005:
1218:
1052:
850:
790:. However, as described by S.W. Williston in 1898, Mudge was soon contacted by
657:
599:
545:
541:
244:
1783:
1694:
1679:
1663:
1616:
815:
after their discoverer. The similarity of the lower jaw and teeth to those of
6843:
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6685:
6680:
6549:
6409:
6293:
6237:
5916:
5835:
5779:
5749:
5696:
5689:
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5566:
5350:
5330:
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4717:
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4623:
4609:
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4013:
3998:
3916:
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3494:
3417:
3409:
3243:
3041:
2891:
2778:
2736:
2536:
2528:
2450:
2414:
2332:
2256:
2084:
1988:
Ichthyornis dispar: A toothed, flying bird from the Late Cretaceous of Kansas
903:
771:
669:
544:. It was the first known prehistoric bird relative preserved with teeth, and
471:
68:
1870:
1853:
6695:
6557:
6284:
6158:
6151:
6090:
6008:
5741:
5620:
5532:
5481:
5451:
5400:
5340:
5158:
5011:
4996:
4981:
4915:
4803:
4755:
4667:
4557:
4412:
4372:
4351:
4344:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4257:
4242:
4178:
4135:
4096:
3966:
3945:
3876:
3854:
3596:
3340:
3185:
3001:
2839:
2787:
2659:
2620:
2389:
2377:
2367:
2357:
2054:
1879:
1589:
1571:
1517:
1484:
1471:
997:
787:
685:
503:
1088:. Clarke argued that because the rules for naming animals laid out by the
6754:
6520:
6430:
6365:
6106:
6056:
5987:
5764:
5710:
5658:
5605:
5491:
5461:
5380:
5144:
4894:
4884:
4547:
4386:
4151:
4110:
4081:
4074:
4042:
3952:
3886:
3826:
3813:
3772:
3651:
3401:
3248:
3054:
3033:
3022:
2987:
2854:
2844:
2802:
2693:
2560:
2362:
2187:
2182:
2114:
2099:
2067:
1959:
1852:
Lee, Michael SY; Cau, Andrea; Darren, Naish; Gareth J., Dyke (May 2014).
1482:
1134:
1129:
891:
343:
43:
6800:
6585:
6453:
6260:
6144:
6114:
6081:
6049:
6015:
6001:
5994:
5818:
5788:
5582:
5542:
5471:
5360:
5289:
5276:
5204:
5151:
5027:
5004:
4989:
4925:
4852:
4740:
4710:
4703:
4646:
4602:
4296:
4185:
4169:
4158:
4117:
4103:
4067:
4028:
4006:
3518:
3380:
3319:
3298:
3130:
3114:
3049:
2994:
2966:
2898:
2863:
2741:
2589:
2424:
2399:
2157:
1752:
1177:
1151:
1039:– but these seem to be closer to the ancestors of modern birds than to
872:
828:
707:
age (about 83.5 million years ago). Even earlier remains attributed to
674:
638:
563:
499:
467:
463:
361:
228:
189:
88:
53:
1997:
6690:
6670:
6506:
6461:
6423:
6416:
5973:
5906:
5886:
5866:
5856:
5846:
5650:
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5612:
5077:
4904:
4696:
4578:
4250:
4192:
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3974:
3843:
3745:
3693:
3478:
3433:
3222:
3015:
2932:
2916:
2905:
2815:
2751:
2710:
2409:
2210:
2197:
2177:
2077:
1767:
1242:
1166:
1147:
1116:
should have been considered the correct name for the only recognized
1029:
1023:
1017:
875:
855:
821:
795:
739:
704:
700:
649:
630:
549:
519:
202:
143:
93:
37:
6716:
1744:
590:
was the Cretaceous ecological equivalent of modern seabirds such as
574:
110:
6739:
6513:
6385:
6042:
5980:
5802:
5756:
5370:
5121:
5045:
4689:
4653:
4199:
3931:
3684:
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3446:
3176:
3151:
3097:
3008:
2980:
2870:
2834:
2826:
2808:
2703:
2688:
2672:
2419:
2382:
2215:
1798:
Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, Ninth Annual Meeting
970:
921:
816:
754:
716:
557:
515:
454:(meaning "fish bird", after its fish-like vertebrae) is an extinct
176:
163:
83:
78:
63:
58:
48:
1546:
Torres, Christopher R.; Norell, Mark A.; Clarke, Julia A. (2021).
807:
vertebrae of the bird to resemble those of a fish, so he named it
6787:
6769:
6527:
6273:
6121:
5946:
5521:
4831:
4660:
4526:
4513:
4447:
3356:
3209:
3088:
2973:
2939:
2877:
2698:
2552:
2544:
2237:
2109:
2094:
653:
634:
487:
483:
459:
215:
98:
73:
1952:
Odontornithes, a Monograph on the Extinct Birds of North America
6098:
5896:
5511:
5390:
3865:
3669:
3486:
3425:
3201:
3193:
3122:
3062:
2946:
2884:
2767:
2434:
2429:
2307:
984:
At some point before 1937, the catalogue number of the actual "
775:
603:
595:
548:
noted its significance during the early years of the theory of
491:
475:
153:
3620:
1811:
Dinosaurs and Other Extinct Saurians: A Historical Perspective
3923:
3372:
3159:
2722:
770:
who recovered the initial fossils from the North Fork of the
507:
479:
455:
1899:"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification – Genus Phoebetria –"
6225:
6170:
3348:
2715:
2678:
2648:
2062:
2028:
1931:
10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0170:NEBFTM]2.0.CO;2
1376:
10.1206/0003-0090(2004)286<0001:MPTASO>2.0.CO;2
1258:
1012:
591:
1399:
3470:
2327:
2089:
1418:
10.1660/0022-8443(2006)109[21:ISAIFT]2.0.CO;2
1059:
as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of
523:
1605:
High-Resolution Approaches in Stratigraphic Paleontology
1483:
Chinsamy, A., Martin, L.D. and Dobson, P. (April 1998).
908:
described various men and women urging Marsh to conceal
1349:"Morphology, phylogenetic taxonomy, and systematics of
1851:
540:
has been historically important in shedding light on
6480:
6441:
6397:
6381:
6371:
6361:
6132:
6078:
5957:
5927:
5912:
5902:
5892:
5882:
5872:
5862:
5852:
5842:
5831:
5776:
5721:
5670:
5631:
5593:
5563:
5548:
5538:
5528:
5517:
5507:
5497:
5487:
5477:
5467:
5457:
5447:
5437:
5427:
5417:
5407:
5396:
5386:
5376:
5366:
5356:
5346:
5336:
5326:
5316:
5306:
5178:
5132:
5088:
5057:
5040:
4969:
4953:
4942:
4931:
4921:
4911:
4900:
4890:
4880:
4869:
4858:
4848:
4800:
4774:
4728:
4634:
4589:
4574:
4564:
4553:
4543:
4421:
4226:
3899:
3882:
3872:
3861:
3850:
3839:
1969:
1768:"On a new sub-class of fossil birds (Odontornithes)"
1190:
2619:
1055:, which in the paper was also defined according to
1916:
1545:
1364:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
1051:Ichthyornithidae are now superseded by the clade
569:
6841:
859:, which he had previously named as a species of
556:remains important today as it is one of the few
1642:
1638:
1636:
1476:
1128:, for example, actually belongs into the early
1124:have not been supported as valid. The presumed
925:Cast of the original composite panel mount of "
719:age (about 93 million years ago). Specimens of
534:fauna, and numerous specimens have been found.
3717:
1813:. Geological Society Special Publication 343,
1438:
1011:is close to the ancestry of modern birds, the
832:Skeletal restoration based on the holotype of
743:Skeletal restoration based on the holotype of
3636:
2013:
1715:
1695:"Notice of a new reptile from the Cretaceous"
1602:
1406:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
1395:
1393:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
2527:
1765:
1664:"Notice of a new and remarkable fossil bird"
1661:
1633:
1596:
1531:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1346:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1154:, is probably an enantiornithine. All other
1074:Of the several described species, only one,
1718:"The jaws of the Cretaceous toothed birds,
1709:
1692:
6860:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America
3824:
3643:
3629:
2020:
2006:
1845:
1803:
1759:
1686:
1645:The University Geological Survey of Kansas
1493:from the Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas"
1390:
109:
5287:
1955:. Washington: Government Printing Office.
1869:
1790:
1655:
1579:
1516:
1439:Lamb, J.P. Jr. (1997). "Marsh was right:
1307:
680:
1472:https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01630
1065:
920:
827:
738:
703:age (about 89 million years ago) to the
684:
602:. An average specimen was the size of a
573:
2027:
1824:
1120:species. All other supposed species of
510:, in strata that were laid down in the
120:Rocky Mountain Dinosaur Resource Center
6842:
4524:
1896:
1400:Shimada, K.; Fernandes, M.V. (2006). "
1043:. In Clarke's 2004 review, the former
645:, much like those of marine reptiles.
566:known from more than a few specimens.
6721:
6720:
6224:
6223:
5274:
4511:
3811:
3662:
3624:
2512:
2001:
1945:
940:At the turn of the 20th century, the
3579:
916:
16:Extinct genus of bird-like dinosaurs
6885:Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh
3603:
1485:"Bone microstructure of the diving
1432:
734:
13:
1919:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1890:
1445:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1104:cannot become the type species of
14:
6896:
6865:Coniacian genus first appearances
2481:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
1965:
1897:Brands, Sheila (14 August 2008).
1003:
942:Peabody Museum of Natural History
935:Peabody Museum of Natural History
768:Kansas State Agricultural College
6701:
6700:
6646:
6640:
6206:
6201:
5257:
5250:
5243:
4494:
4488:
4482:
3602:
3590:
3578:
3567:
3566:
3457:(New World vultures and condors)
1972:
794:, Cope's rival in the so-called
633:, rather than a single sheet of
130:
41:
3812:
3650:
1864:(3). Oxford Journals: 442–449.
715:of Kansas, dating to the early
5275:
2513:
1994:website. Retrieved 2006-09-16.
1842:Accessed online 23 April 2016.
1539:
1463:
1457:10.1080/02724634.1997.10011028
881:Soon after these discoveries,
753:was one of the first Mesozoic
643:They were arranged in a groove
570:Description of the Ichthyornis
1:
6880:Fossil taxa described in 1872
1300:
530:is a common component of the
1158:species are synonymous with
1047:Ichthyornithiformes and the
7:
6870:Campanian genus extinctions
4512:
3521:(woodpeckers and relatives)
1772:American Journal of Science
1699:American Journal of Science
1668:American Journal of Science
784:Academy of Natural Sciences
478:remains are known from the
431:(Wetmore, 1962) Kashin 1972
10:
6901:
3383:(cormorants and relatives)
2476:Extinct species since 1500
762:was discovered in 1870 by
439:(Wetmore, 1962) Olson 1975
6729:
6660:
6638:
6479:
6440:
6396:
6357:
6346:
6315:
6292:
6283:
6268:
6259:
6236:
6232:
6219:
6199:
6169:
6131:
6077:
6025:
5968:
5956:
5926:
5827:
5816:
5775:
5720:
5669:
5630:
5592:
5562:
5302:
5298:
5283:
5270:
5241:
5203:
5177:
5168:
5131:
5087:
5056:
5036:
5025:
4968:
4844:
4840:
4829:
4799:
4773:
4727:
4633:
4588:
4539:
4535:
4520:
4507:
4480:
4446:
4420:
4411:
4334:
4291:
4282:
4237:
4225:
4221:
4168:
4134:
4062:
4053:
3993:
3984:
3911:
3897:
3835:
3820:
3807:
3771:
3753:
3744:
3726:
3713:
3658:
3562:
3513:(kingfishers and rollers)
3445:
3400:
3367:(albatrosses and petrels)
3339:
3310:
3281:
3260:
3251:(swifts and hummingbirds)
3233:(nightjars and relatives)
3221:
3184:
3175:
3142:
3105:
3096:
3087:
3083:
3057:(pheasants and relatives)
3032:
2956:
2915:
2853:
2825:
2801:
2777:
2750:
2671:
2658:
2615:
2588:
2584:
2523:
2519:
2508:
2504:
2443:
2346:
2246:
2196:
2123:
2053:
2040:
1784:10.1080/00222937308696804
1680:10.1080/00222937308696769
1617:10.1007/978-1-4020-9053-0
1256:
1238:
1231:
1215:
1208:
1188:
1181:
1096:is ineligible to replace
969:mount contained only the
399:(Marsh, 1873b) Marsh 1880
375:(Marsh 1872a) Marsh 1872b
319:
312:
294:
287:
127:Scientific classification
125:
117:
108:
23:
3412:(seriemas and relatives)
3391:(pelicans and relatives)
1903:Project: The Taxonomicon
1607:. Topics in Geobiology.
1140:"Ichthyornis" minusculus
898:On the Origin of Species
3505:(hornbills and hoopoes)
3420:(falcons and relatives)
764:Benjamin Franklin Mudge
711:have been found in the
512:Western Interior Seaway
428:Angelinornis antecessor
3489:(trogons and quetzals)
3301:(cranes and relatives)
2571:(emus and cassowaries)
2461:Glossary of bird terms
2273:Confuciusornithiformes
1947:Marsh, Othniel Charles
1840:The Theropod Database.
1830:Mortimer, M. (2010). "
1716:Gregory, J.T. (1952).
1572:10.1126/sciadv.abg7099
1518:10.1006/cres.1997.0102
1357:(Avialae: Ornithurae)"
1071:
981:" holotype specimen).
937:
841:
747:
693:
681:Timespan and evolution
583:
436:Ichthyornis antecessor
420:Plegadornis antecessor
6822:Paleobiology Database
4380:Paralitherizinosaurus
3330:(kagu and sunbittern)
3293:(gulls and relatives)
2298:Songlingornithiformes
2263:Omnivoropterygiformes
1871:10.1093/sysbio/syt110
1766:Marsh, O.C. (1873a).
1662:Marsh, O.C. (1872b).
1347:Clarke, J.A. (2004).
1146:(Late Cretaceous) of
1070:Mandible and vertebra
1069:
1057:phylogenetic taxonomy
924:
831:
792:Othniel Charles Marsh
742:
688:
578:Relative size of two
577:
6855:Transitional fossils
3152:Phoenicopteriformes
1693:Marsh, O.C. (1872).
1126:"Ichthyornis" lentos
973:fossils, while the "
522:ages, about 95–83.5
5597:Patagopterygiformes
5092:Confuciusornithidae
4958:Scansoriopterygidae
4593:Scansoriopterygidae
3123:Mesitornithiformes
3117:(doves and pigeons)
2451:Families and orders
2313:Ichthyornithiformes
2288:Patagopterygiformes
1564:2021SciA....7.7099T
1509:1998CrRes..19..225C
1497:Cretaceous Research
813:Colonosaurus mudgei
780:Edward Drinker Cope
766:, a professor from
713:Greenhorn Formation
586:It is thought that
496:Greenhorn Limestone
412:Ichthyornis validus
380:Colonosaurus mudgei
5725:Songlingornithidae
5674:Hongshanornithidae
5061:Omnivoropterygidae
4973:Jeholornithiformes
4284:Therizinosauroidea
3465:(eagles and hawks)
3365:Procellariiformes
3270:Opisthocomiformes
3239:Steatornithiformes
2466:List by population
2303:Hongshanornithidae
2228:Evolution of birds
1990:by Mike Everhart,
1858:Systematic Biology
1144:Bissekty Formation
1094:Ichthyornis anceps
1077:Ichthyornis dispar
1072:
1063:and modern birds.
1061:Ichthyornis dispar
1041:Ichthyornis dispar
938:
842:
748:
729:Ichthyornis dispar
725:Ichthyornis dispar
694:
584:
532:Niobrara Formation
404:Ichthyornis victor
396:Ichthyornis agilis
372:Ichthyornis anceps
301:Ichthyornis dispar
6837:
6836:
6723:Taxon identifiers
6714:
6713:
6656:
6655:
6636:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6536:Lutetodontopteris
6445:Gastornithiformes
6342:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6226:Aves / Neornithes
6215:
6214:
6197:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6171:Aves / Neornithes
6073:
6072:
5812:
5811:
5704:Parahongshanornis
5266:
5265:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5021:
5020:
4947:Archaeopterygidae
4825:
4824:
4732:Archaeopterygidae
4503:
4502:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4336:Therizinosauridae
4217:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4208:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3703:Maniraptoriformes
3618:
3617:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3351:(loons or divers)
3320:Phaethontiformes
3312:Phaethontimorphae
3262:Opisthocomiformes
3231:Caprimulgiformes
3171:
3170:
3160:Podicipediformes
3079:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3070:
2797:
2796:
2580:
2579:
2537:Struthioniformes
2405:Waterfowl hunting
2338:Gastornithiformes
2333:Aepyornithiformes
2323:Lithornithiformes
1832:Ornithuromorpha:
1626:978-1-4020-1443-7
1297:
1296:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1086:Graculavus anceps
917:Mounted specimens
652:. Unlike earlier
524:million years ago
447:
446:
440:
432:
424:
416:
408:
400:
392:
388:Graculavus agilis
384:
376:
368:
355:
347:
333:
326:
268:
6892:
6875:Mooreville Chalk
6830:
6829:
6817:
6816:
6804:
6803:
6791:
6790:
6778:
6777:
6775:FC03E346AF3223C8
6765:
6764:
6763:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6718:
6717:
6704:
6703:
6676:Deinonychosauria
6651:
6650:
6644:
6601:Protodontopteryx
6543:Macrodontopteryx
6482:
6443:
6399:
6383:
6373:
6363:
6355:
6354:
6290:
6289:
6266:
6265:
6234:
6233:
6221:
6220:
6210:
6205:
6136:Cimolopterygidae
6134:
6080:
6027:Hesperornithidae
5966:
5965:
5959:
5929:
5914:
5904:
5894:
5884:
5874:
5864:
5854:
5844:
5833:
5825:
5824:
5778:
5723:
5672:
5633:
5595:
5565:
5550:
5540:
5530:
5519:
5509:
5499:
5489:
5479:
5469:
5459:
5449:
5439:
5429:
5419:
5409:
5398:
5388:
5378:
5368:
5358:
5348:
5338:
5328:
5318:
5308:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5285:
5284:
5272:
5271:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5247:
5180:
5175:
5174:
5136:Jinguofortisidae
5134:
5115:Eoconfuciusornis
5090:
5059:
5042:
5034:
5033:
4971:
4955:
4944:
4933:
4923:
4913:
4902:
4892:
4882:
4871:
4860:
4850:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4802:
4776:
4730:
4636:
4591:
4576:
4566:
4555:
4545:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4522:
4521:
4509:
4508:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4436:Oviraptorosauria
4425:Oviraptorosauria
4423:
4418:
4417:
4359:Nanshiungosaurus
4289:
4288:
4266:Jianchangosaurus
4235:
4234:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4060:
4059:
3991:
3990:
3909:
3908:
3903:Alvarezsauroidea
3901:
3884:
3874:
3863:
3852:
3841:
3833:
3832:
3822:
3821:
3809:
3808:
3751:
3750:
3724:
3723:
3715:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3660:
3659:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3622:
3621:
3606:
3605:
3594:
3582:
3581:
3570:
3569:
3522:
3514:
3506:
3498:
3495:Leptosomiformes
3490:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3463:Accipitriformes
3458:
3437:
3436:(perching birds)
3429:
3421:
3413:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3357:Sphenisciformes
3352:
3331:
3323:
3302:
3294:
3291:Charadriiformes
3273:
3252:
3234:
3213:
3205:
3202:Musophagiformes
3197:
3182:
3181:
3163:
3155:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3103:
3102:
3094:
3093:
3085:
3084:
3058:
3045:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2812:
2725:
2718:
2682:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2586:
2585:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2373:Bird collections
2328:Dinornithiformes
2233:Darwin's finches
2223:Origin of flight
2163:Seabird breeding
2153:Sexual selection
2022:
2015:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1992:Oceans of Kansas
1982:
1980:Dinosaurs portal
1977:
1976:
1975:
1956:
1942:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1849:
1843:
1828:
1822:
1807:
1801:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1730:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1583:
1552:Science Advances
1543:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1522:
1520:
1480:
1474:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1361:
1344:
1234:
1233:
1211:
1210:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1174:
1173:
994:Jacques Gauthier
901:in 1859. (While
840:) by O.C. Marsh.
735:History of study
658:enantiornithines
438:
430:
422:
414:
406:
398:
390:
382:
374:
366:
354:Species synonymy
353:
338:
331:
324:
303:
299:
263:
256:
243:
135:
134:
113:
103:
40:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
6900:
6899:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6889:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6833:
6825:
6820:
6812:
6807:
6799:
6794:
6786:
6781:
6773:
6768:
6759:
6758:
6753:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6725:
6715:
6710:
6652:
6645:
6628:
6623:Tympanonesiotes
6616:Pseudodontornis
6579:Palaeochenoides
6500:Caspiodontornis
6484:Pelagornithidae
6475:
6436:
6392:
6334:
6311:
6279:
6255:
6228:
6211:
6185:
6165:
6127:
6069:
6064:Parahesperornis
6036:Asiahesperornis
6021:
5952:
5922:
5821:
5808:
5771:
5716:
5683:Archaeornithura
5665:
5626:
5588:
5558:
5311:Archaeorhynchus
5292:
5279:
5262:
5249:
5219:
5199:
5170:Ornithothoraces
5164:
5127:
5101:Changchengornis
5083:
5052:
5030:
5017:
4964:
4936:Anchiornithidae
4834:
4821:
4795:
4789:Dromaeosauridae
4778:Dromaeosauridae
4769:
4763:Anchiornithidae
4723:
4682:Liaoningvenator
4638:Anchiornithidae
4629:
4617:Scansoriopteryx
4584:
4529:
4516:
4499:
4462:
4442:
4399:
4394:Therizinosaurus
4330:
4278:
4273:Lingyuanosaurus
4230:Therizinosauria
4205:
4164:
4130:
4055:Parvicursorinae
4049:
3986:Alvarezsauridae
3980:
3905:
3893:
3829:
3816:
3787:
3767:
3740:
3734:Avemetatarsalia
3719:Avemetatarsalia
3709:
3665:
3664:
3654:
3649:
3619:
3614:
3526:
3520:
3512:
3504:
3503:Bucerotiformes
3497:(cuckoo-roller)
3496:
3488:
3480:
3472:
3464:
3456:
3455:Cathartiformes
3441:
3435:
3427:
3426:Psittaciformes
3419:
3411:
3396:
3390:
3389:Pelecaniformes
3382:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3335:
3329:
3328:Eurypygiformes
3321:
3306:
3300:
3292:
3277:
3271:
3256:
3250:
3232:
3217:
3211:
3203:
3195:
3167:
3161:
3153:
3138:
3132:
3131:Pterocliformes
3124:
3116:
3067:
3056:
3043:
3028:
2952:
2911:
2849:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2805:
2793:
2773:
2746:
2723:
2716:
2676:
2675:
2663:
2662:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2576:
2570:
2569:Casuariiformes
2562:
2561:Apterygiformes
2554:
2546:
2538:
2515:
2500:
2471:Lists by region
2439:
2349:
2342:
2283:Chaoyangiformes
2268:Jeholornithidae
2242:
2206:Origin of birds
2192:
2173:Brood parasites
2119:
2049:
2036:
2026:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1907:
1905:
1893:
1891:Further reading
1888:
1887:
1850:
1846:
1829:
1825:
1808:
1804:
1795:
1791:
1778:(63): 233–234.
1764:
1760:
1745:10.2307/1364594
1728:
1714:
1710:
1691:
1687:
1660:
1656:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1601:
1597:
1544:
1540:
1524:
1523:
1489:and the volant
1481:
1477:
1468:
1464:
1437:
1433:
1398:
1391:
1359:
1345:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1261:(modern birds)
1006:
961:, and one for "
946:Yale University
919:
737:
689:Restoration of
683:
627:hesperornithids
572:
443:
357:
356:
348:
334:
327:
308:
305:
297:
296:
283:
262:
254:
241:
129:
118:Cast skeleton,
104:
102:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
35:
34:
31:Late Cretaceous
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6898:
6888:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6831:
6818:
6805:
6792:
6779:
6766:
6751:
6735:
6733:
6727:
6726:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6708:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6666:Archaeornithes
6661:
6658:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6626:
6619:
6612:
6608:Protopelicanus
6604:
6597:
6589:
6582:
6575:
6572:Osteodontornis
6568:
6561:
6554:
6546:
6539:
6532:
6524:
6517:
6510:
6503:
6496:
6488:
6486:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6469:Dromornithidae
6465:
6458:
6449:
6447:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6434:
6427:
6420:
6413:
6405:
6403:
6401:Dromornithidae
6394:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6379:
6376:Perplexicervix
6369:
6358:
6352:
6349:Incertae sedis
6344:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6328:Pangalliformes
6321:
6319:
6317:Pangalliformes
6313:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6298:
6296:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6269:
6263:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6253:
6252:
6251:
6242:
6240:
6230:
6229:
6217:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6175:
6173:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6155:
6148:
6140:
6138:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6118:
6111:
6103:
6095:
6086:
6084:
6075:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6060:
6053:
6046:
6039:
6031:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6019:
6012:
6005:
5998:
5991:
5984:
5977:
5969:
5963:
5961:Hesperornithes
5954:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5943:
5935:
5933:
5931:Ichthyornithes
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5910:
5900:
5890:
5880:
5870:
5860:
5850:
5840:
5828:
5822:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5799:
5796:Similiyanornis
5792:
5784:
5782:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5761:
5753:
5746:
5738:
5729:
5727:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5686:
5678:
5676:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5655:
5647:
5639:
5637:
5635:Ambiortiformes
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5617:
5609:
5601:
5599:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5579:
5571:
5569:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5553:Zhongjianornis
5546:
5536:
5526:
5515:
5505:
5495:
5485:
5475:
5465:
5455:
5445:
5442:Jianchangornis
5435:
5425:
5415:
5405:
5394:
5384:
5374:
5364:
5354:
5344:
5334:
5324:
5314:
5303:
5293:
5288:
5281:
5280:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5209:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5193:Enantiornithes
5186:
5184:
5182:Enantiornithes
5172:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5140:
5138:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5118:
5111:
5108:Confuciusornis
5104:
5096:
5094:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5074:
5071:Omnivoropteryx
5066:
5064:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5037:
5031:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4993:
4986:
4977:
4975:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4951:
4940:
4929:
4919:
4909:
4898:
4888:
4878:
4867:
4856:
4845:
4835:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4808:
4806:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4782:
4780:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4736:
4734:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4642:
4640:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4598:
4596:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4572:
4569:Pneumatoraptor
4562:
4551:
4540:
4530:
4525:
4518:
4517:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4452:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4429:
4427:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4366:Neimongosaurus
4362:
4355:
4348:
4340:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4254:
4247:
4238:
4232:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4174:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4125:Trierarchuncus
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4063:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4021:Bonapartenykus
4017:
4010:
4003:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3963:
3960:Shishugounykus
3956:
3949:
3942:
3939:Bonapartenykus
3935:
3928:
3920:
3912:
3906:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3880:
3870:
3859:
3848:
3836:
3830:
3825:
3818:
3817:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3727:
3721:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3696:
3687:
3678:
3672:
3656:
3655:
3648:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3625:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3600:
3588:
3576:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3516:
3511:Coraciiformes
3508:
3500:
3492:
3487:Trogoniformes
3484:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3451:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3434:Passeriformes
3431:
3423:
3418:Falconiformes
3415:
3410:Cariamiformes
3406:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3373:Ciconiiformes
3370:
3362:
3354:
3345:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3325:
3316:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3296:
3287:
3285:
3283:Cursorimorphae
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3266:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3227:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3190:
3188:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3157:
3148:
3146:
3144:Mirandornithes
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3128:
3120:
3115:Columbiformes
3111:
3109:
3107:Columbimorphae
3100:
3091:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3052:
3047:
3042:Meleagridinae
3038:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2962:
2960:
2958:Odontophoridae
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2921:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2859:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2820:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2737:Stictonettinae
2734:
2732:Dendrocygninae
2729:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2685:
2683:
2666:
2653:
2610:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2533:
2531:
2517:
2516:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2485:Notable birds
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2435:Egg collecting
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2318:Hesperornithes
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2293:Ambiortiformes
2290:
2285:
2280:
2278:Enantiornithes
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2252:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1984:
1983:
1967:
1966:External links
1964:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1943:
1925:(1): 170–174.
1914:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1844:
1823:
1802:
1789:
1758:
1708:
1685:
1654:
1632:
1625:
1595:
1538:
1503:(2): 225–235.
1475:
1462:
1431:
1412:(1/2): 21–26.
1389:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:Hesperornithes
1214:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1172:
1053:Ichthyornithes
1005:
1004:Classification
1002:
918:
915:
851:Ichthyornithes
736:
733:
682:
679:
663:A study on an
571:
568:
546:Charles Darwin
542:bird evolution
466:from the late
445:
444:
442:
441:
433:
425:
417:
409:
401:
393:
385:
377:
369:
352:
351:
350:
317:
316:
310:
309:
306:
292:
291:
285:
284:
280:I. dispar
276:
274:
270:
269:
252:
248:
247:
245:Ichthyornithes
239:
232:
231:
226:
219:
218:
213:
206:
205:
200:
193:
192:
187:
180:
179:
174:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
123:
122:
115:
114:
106:
105:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6897:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6828:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6771:
6767:
6762:
6756:
6752:
6747:
6741:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6719:
6707:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6686:Odontornithes
6684:
6682:
6681:Odontognathae
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6662:
6659:
6649:
6643:
6625:
6624:
6620:
6618:
6617:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6605:
6603:
6602:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6583:
6581:
6580:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6562:
6560:
6559:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6525:
6523:
6522:
6518:
6516:
6515:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6504:
6502:
6501:
6497:
6495:
6494:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6485:
6478:
6471:
6470:
6466:
6464:
6463:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6439:
6433:
6432:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6421:
6419:
6418:
6414:
6412:
6411:
6410:Barawertornis
6407:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6395:
6388:
6387:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6318:
6314:
6306:
6305:Anserimorphae
6302:
6301:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6295:
6294:Anserimorphae
6291:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6276:
6275:
6271:
6270:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6258:
6250:
6249:Palaeognathae
6246:
6245:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6239:
6238:Palaeognathae
6235:
6231:
6227:
6222:
6218:
6209:
6204:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6168:
6161:
6160:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6149:
6147:
6146:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6076:
6066:
6065:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6024:
6018:
6017:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5917:Tingmiatornis
5911:
5909:
5908:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5836:Antarcticavis
5830:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5820:
5815:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5780:Yanornithidae
5774:
5767:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5750:Songlingornis
5747:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5697:Longicrusavis
5694:
5692:
5691:
5690:Hongshanornis
5687:
5685:
5684:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5576:Mengciusornis
5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5567:Schizoouridae
5561:
5555:
5554:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5351:Changzuiornis
5345:
5343:
5342:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5331:Brevidentavis
5325:
5323:
5322:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5273:
5269:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5246:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5055:
5049:
5047:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5024:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4959:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4874:Cretaaviculus
4868:
4865:
4864:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4828:
4816:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4798:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4749:Archaeopteryx
4746:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4718:Yixianosaurus
4715:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4675:Fujianvenator
4672:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4610:Epidexipteryx
4607:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4510:
4506:
4497:
4493:
4491:
4485:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4304:Beipiaosaurus
4301:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4224:
4220:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4036:Heptasteornis
4033:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4014:Alvarezsaurus
4011:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3999:Achillesaurus
3996:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3917:Achillesaurus
3914:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3896:
3889:
3888:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3641:
3639:
3634:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3611:
3610:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3523:
3517:
3515:
3509:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3485:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3471:Strigiformes
3469:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3322:(tropicbirds)
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3244:Podargiformes
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3194:Cuculiformes
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3158:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2892:Macrocephalon
2889:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2779:Anseranatidae
2776:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2553:Tinamiformes
2551:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2529:Palaeognathae
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2415:Pigeon racing
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2257:Archaeopteryx
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1970:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1827:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1799:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1637:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1528:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1479:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1443:had a beak".
1442:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1112:. Therefore,
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
948:, where most
947:
943:
936:
932:
928:
923:
914:
911:
906:
905:
904:Archaeopteryx
900:
899:
894:
893:
888:
884:
879:
877:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
857:
852:
848:
839:
835:
830:
826:
824:
823:
818:
814:
810:
804:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
772:Solomon River
769:
765:
761:
756:
752:
746:
741:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
692:
687:
678:
676:
672:
671:
670:Archaeopteryx
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
581:
576:
567:
565:
562:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:North America
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:
437:
434:
429:
426:
423:Wetmore, 1962
421:
418:
413:
410:
405:
402:
397:
394:
389:
386:
381:
378:
373:
370:
365:
363:
359:
358:
349:
345:
341:
337:
330:
323:
318:
315:
311:
307:(Marsh, 1872)
304:
302:
293:
290:
289:Binomial name
286:
282:
281:
275:
272:
271:
266:
261:
260:
253:
250:
249:
246:
240:
237:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
133:
128:
124:
121:
116:
112:
107:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
39:
36:95–83.5
32:
26:
22:
19:
6850:Euornitheans
6730:
6696:Unenlagiidae
6621:
6614:
6606:
6599:
6591:
6584:
6577:
6570:
6563:
6558:Odontopteryx
6556:
6548:
6541:
6534:
6526:
6519:
6512:
6505:
6498:
6491:
6467:
6460:
6452:
6429:
6422:
6415:
6408:
6384:
6374:
6364:
6347:
6285:Galloanserae
6272:
6159:Lamarqueavis
6157:
6152:Cimolopteryx
6150:
6143:
6120:
6113:
6105:
6097:
6091:Australornis
6089:
6062:
6055:
6048:
6041:
6034:
6014:
6009:Pasquiaornis
6007:
6000:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5972:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5915:
5905:
5895:
5885:
5875:
5865:
5855:
5845:
5834:
5801:
5794:
5787:
5763:
5755:
5748:
5742:Piscivoravis
5740:
5732:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5688:
5681:
5657:
5649:
5642:
5621:Patagopteryx
5619:
5611:
5604:
5581:
5574:
5551:
5541:
5533:Xinghaiornis
5531:
5520:
5510:
5500:
5490:
5482:Khinganornis
5480:
5470:
5460:
5452:Jiuquanornis
5450:
5440:
5430:
5420:
5410:
5401:Gargantuavis
5399:
5389:
5379:
5369:
5359:
5349:
5341:Changmaornis
5339:
5329:
5319:
5309:
5248:
5159:Jinguofortis
5157:
5150:
5143:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5076:
5069:
5043:
5012:Neimengornis
5010:
5003:
4997:Jixiangornis
4995:
4988:
4982:Dalianraptor
4980:
4956:
4945:
4934:
4924:
4916:Yandangornis
4914:
4903:
4893:
4883:
4872:
4861:
4851:
4815:Troodontidae
4804:Troodontidae
4761:
4756:Wellnhoferia
4754:
4747:
4739:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4680:
4673:
4668:Eosinopteryx
4666:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4577:
4567:
4558:Palaeopteryx
4556:
4546:
4487:
4413:Pennaraptora
4392:
4385:
4378:
4373:Nothronychus
4371:
4364:
4357:
4352:Erlikosaurus
4350:
4345:Erliansaurus
4343:
4325:Suzhousaurus
4323:
4318:Martharaptor
4316:
4311:Enigmosaurus
4309:
4302:
4295:
4271:
4264:
4258:Fukuivenator
4256:
4249:
4243:Eshanosaurus
4241:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4179:Albertonykus
4177:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4136:Ceratonykini
4123:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4097:Nemegtonykus
4095:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3997:
3973:
3967:Tugulusaurus
3965:
3958:
3951:
3946:Haplocheirus
3944:
3937:
3930:
3922:
3915:
3885:
3877:Migmanychion
3875:
3864:
3855:Fukuivenator
3853:
3842:
3698:
3689:
3680:
3607:
3595:
3583:
3571:
3481:(mousebirds)
3479:Coliiformes
3349:Gaviiformes
3341:Aequornithes
3249:Apodiformes
3210:Otidiformes
3186:Otidimorphae
3133:(sandgrouse)
3055:Phasianinae
3021:
3014:
3007:
3002:Odontophorus
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2840:Oreophasinae
2786:
2766:
2759:
2664:(waterfowls)
2660:Anseriformes
2410:Cockfighting
2395:Conservation
2390:Bird feeding
2378:Birdwatching
2368:Ornithomancy
2308:Gansuiformes
2255:
2248:Fossil birds
2138:Intelligence
1991:
1951:
1922:
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1902:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1839:
1833:
1826:
1810:
1805:
1797:
1792:
1775:
1774:. Series 4.
1771:
1761:
1739:(2): 73–88.
1736:
1732:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1702:
1701:. Series 3.
1698:
1688:
1671:
1670:. Series 3.
1667:
1657:
1648:
1644:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1527:cite journal
1500:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1465:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1367:
1363:
1354:
1350:
1257:
1240:
1239:
1216:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1139:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1060:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1008:
1007:
998:Julia Clarke
989:
985:
983:
978:
974:
966:
962:
958:
954:
949:
939:
930:
926:
909:
902:
896:
890:
886:
882:
880:
868:
864:
860:
854:
846:
843:
837:
833:
820:
812:
808:
805:
799:
788:Philadelphia
759:
750:
749:
744:
728:
724:
720:
708:
696:
695:
690:
668:
664:
662:
656:such as the
647:
639:crocodilians
622:
618:
613:
612:
607:
587:
585:
579:
553:
537:
536:
527:
504:Saskatchewan
450:
449:
448:
435:
427:
419:
411:
403:
395:
391:Marsh, 1873b
387:
383:Marsh, 1872c
379:
371:
367:Marsh, 1872a
360:
335:
332:Marsh, 1872c
329:Colonosaurus
328:
322:Angelinornis
321:
320:
300:
295:
279:
278:
258:
257:
235:
222:
209:
196:
183:
170:
24:
18:
6761:Ichthyornis
6755:Wikispecies
6731:Ichthyornis
6593:Proceriavis
6565:Odontoptila
6521:Gigantornis
6431:Ilbandornis
6366:Asteriornis
6107:Neogaeornis
6057:Hesperornis
5988:Chupkaornis
5940:Ichthyornis
5765:Yixianornis
5711:Tianyuornis
5659:Palintropus
5606:Alamitornis
5492:Meemannavis
5462:Juehuaornis
5381:Eogranivora
5321:Bellulornis
5145:Chongmingia
4895:Overoraptor
4885:Fukuipteryx
4548:Imperobator
4387:Segnosaurus
4152:Ceratonykus
4111:Parvicursor
4082:Khulsanurus
4075:Jaculinykus
4043:Patagonykus
3953:Patagonykus
3887:Yaverlandia
3827:Maniraptora
3814:Maniraptora
3773:Maniraptora
3652:Maniraptora
3609:WikiProject
3519:Piciformes
3402:Australaves
3381:Suliformes
3299:Gruiformes
3154:(flamingos)
3063:Tetraoninae
3034:Phasianidae
3023:Rhynchortyx
2988:Dactylortyx
2855:Megapodidae
2845:Penelopinae
2803:Galliformes
2545:Rheiformes
2539:(ostriches)
2489:individuals
2363:Ornithology
2350:interaction
2105:Preen gland
1960:Asteriornis
1834:Ichthyornis
1724:Hesperornis
1720:Ichthyornis
1674:(22): 344.
1611:: 421–437.
1491:Ichthyornis
1487:Hesperornis
1441:Ichthyornis
1402:Ichthyornis
1351:Ichthyornis
1195:Ichthyornis
1156:Ichthyornis
1135:Austinornis
1122:Ichthyornis
1118:Ichthyornis
1106:Ichthyornis
1009:Ichthyornis
955:Ichthyornis
950:Ichthyornis
910:Ichthyornis
892:Hesperornis
887:Ichthyornis
883:Ichthyornis
869:Hesperornis
861:Ichthyornis
847:Ichthyornis
809:Ichthyornis
800:Ichthyornis
760:Ichthyornis
758:specimens.
751:Ichthyornis
721:Ichthyornis
709:Ichthyornis
697:Ichthyornis
665:Ichthyornis
625:, like the
623:Ichthyornis
619:Ichthyornis
614:Ichthyornis
588:Ichthyornis
564:ornithurans
554:Ichthyornis
538:Ichthyornis
528:Ichthyornis
514:during the
451:Ichthyornis
415:Marsh, 1880
407:Marsh, 1876
344:preoccupied
336:Plegadornis
325:Kashin 1972
259:Ichthyornis
25:Ichthyornis
6844:Categories
6664:See also:
6586:Pelagornis
6454:Brontornis
6261:Neognathae
6180:see below↓
6145:Ceramornis
6115:Polarornis
6082:Vegaviidae
6050:Fumicollis
6016:Potamornis
6002:Judinornis
5995:Enaliornis
5819:Ornithurae
5789:Abitusavis
5583:Schizooura
5543:Yumenornis
5502:Platanavis
5472:Kaririavis
5422:Horezmavis
5361:Chaoyangia
5290:Euornithes
5277:Euornithes
5214:see below↓
5205:Euornithes
5152:Cratonavis
5028:Pygostylia
5005:Kompsornis
4990:Jeholornis
4926:Zhongornis
4853:Alcmonavis
4741:Alcmonavis
4711:Xiaotingia
4704:Serikornis
4647:Anchiornis
4603:Ambopteryx
4457:see below↓
4297:Alxasaurus
4186:Linhenykus
4170:Mononykini
4159:Xixianykus
4118:Qiupanykus
4104:Ondogurvel
4068:Dzharaonyx
4029:Bradycneme
4007:Alnashetri
3782:see below↓
3685:Dinosauria
3359:(penguins)
3212:(bustards)
3050:Perdicinae
2995:Dendrortyx
2967:Callipepla
2899:Megapodius
2864:Aepypodius
2742:Tadorninae
2724:true geese
2555:(tinamous)
2514:Neornithes
2425:Pheasantry
2400:Aviculture
2168:Incubation
2158:Lek mating
1819:1862393117
1800:, pp. 4–5.
1705:(23): 406.
1301:References
1178:Ornithurae
1152:Uzbekistan
957:; one for
876:pterosaurs
500:New Mexico
470:period of
468:Cretaceous
464:ornithuran
458:of toothy
362:Graculavus
229:Ornithurae
190:Saurischia
177:Dinosauria
6691:Sauriurae
6671:Carinatae
6507:Cyphornis
6493:Aequornis
6462:Gastornis
6424:Genyornis
6417:Dromornis
5974:Baptornis
5907:Limenavis
5887:Iaceornis
5877:Guildavis
5867:Gallornis
5857:Cerebavis
5847:Apatornis
5651:Apsaravis
5644:Ambiortus
5613:Kuszholia
5078:Sapeornis
4905:Rahonavis
4697:Pedopenna
4579:Rahonavis
4251:Falcarius
4193:Mononykus
4145:Albinykus
3975:Xiyunykus
3844:Elopteryx
3761:Theropoda
3746:Theropoda
3694:Theropoda
3668:Kingdom:
3428:(parrots)
3272:(hoatzin)
3223:Strisores
3204:(turacos)
3196:(cuckoos)
3125:(mesites)
3044:(turkeys)
3016:Philortyx
2933:Agelastes
2926:Acryllium
2917:Numididae
2906:Talegalla
2816:gamebirds
2809:landfowls
2788:Anseranas
2752:Anhimidae
2711:Anserinae
2494:fictional
2216:dinosaurs
2211:Theropoda
2198:Evolution
2143:Migration
2125:Behaviour
1370:: 1–179.
1355:Apatornis
1243:Limenavis
1167:cladogram
1160:I. dispar
1148:Kyzyl Kum
1142:from the
1130:galliform
1114:I. anceps
1110:I. dispar
1102:I. anceps
1098:I. dispar
1082:I. dispar
1036:Guildavis
1030:Iaceornis
1024:Apatornis
1018:Ambiortus
1000:in 2004.
990:I. victor
986:I. victor
979:I. victor
975:I. victor
967:I. dispar
963:I. victor
959:I. dispar
931:I. dispar
927:I. victor
873:toothless
856:Apatornis
838:I. dispar
834:I. victor
822:Clidastes
817:mosasaurs
796:Bone Wars
745:I. dispar
705:Campanian
701:Coniacian
691:I. dispar
675:neognaths
650:Carinatae
631:albatross
608:I. dispar
580:I. dispar
550:evolution
520:Campanian
273:Species:
203:Theropoda
150:Kingdom:
144:Eukaryota
6788:52571599
6740:Wikidata
6706:Category
6514:Dasornis
6386:Qinornis
6043:Canadaga
5981:Brodavis
5803:Yanornis
5757:Yanornis
5734:Hollanda
5432:Iteravis
5412:Hollanda
5371:Dingavis
5122:Yangavis
5046:Proornis
4690:Ostromia
4654:Aurornis
4200:Shuvuuia
3932:Bannykus
3676:Chordata
3674:Phylum:
3670:Animalia
3573:Category
3447:Afroaves
3375:(storks)
3177:Passerea
3162:(grebes)
3098:Columbea
3009:Oreortyx
2981:Cyrtonyx
2871:Alectura
2835:Cracinae
2827:Cracidae
2704:Oxyurini
2694:Aythyini
2689:Anatinae
2673:Anatidae
2420:Falconry
2383:big year
2238:Seabirds
2148:Foraging
2095:Feathers
1949:(1880).
1939:55026727
1880:24449041
1651:: 28–32.
1590:34330706
1426:86151155
1384:84035285
971:holotype
865:I. celer
755:avialans
717:Turonian
654:avialans
600:skimmers
558:Mesozoic
518:through
516:Turonian
314:Synonyms
164:Chordata
160:Phylum:
154:Animalia
140:Domain:
6814:1342853
6801:4852429
6770:Avibase
6746:Q132820
6528:Laornis
6274:Neoaves
6122:Vegavis
5947:Janavis
5522:Wyleyia
4832:Avialae
4661:Caihong
4527:Paraves
4514:Paraves
4448:Paraves
3585:Commons
3089:Neoaves
2974:Colinus
2940:Guttera
2878:Eulipoa
2699:Mergini
2563:(kiwis)
2547:(rheas)
2358:Ringing
2183:Hybrids
2178:Nesting
2133:Singing
2110:Plumage
2085:Dactyly
2055:Anatomy
2045:Outline
2035:: Aves)
1908:12 June
1753:1364594
1581:8324052
1560:Bibcode
1505:Bibcode
1451:: 59A.
929:" (now
782:of the
635:keratin
596:petrels
488:Alabama
484:Alberta
460:seabird
340:Wetmore
298:†
277:†
251:Genus:
216:Avialae
6099:Maaqwi
5897:Kookne
5512:Vorona
5391:Gansus
4863:Balaur
3866:Kakuru
3597:Portal
3473:(owls)
2947:Numida
2885:Leipoa
2768:Chauna
2761:Anhima
2456:Genera
2430:Imping
2348:Human
2188:Colony
2115:Vision
2100:Flight
1937:
1878:
1817:
1751:
1733:Condor
1623:
1588:
1578:
1558:(31).
1424:
1382:
1132:genus
1049:family
776:Kansas
604:pigeon
598:, and
506:, and
492:Kansas
480:chalks
476:fossil
474:. Its
462:-like
364:anceps
342:1962 (
267:, 1873
6827:36624
6809:IRMNG
3924:Aorun
3699:Clade
3690:Clade
3681:Clade
2717:swans
2679:ducks
2649:fowls
2444:Lists
2068:Brain
2033:class
2029:Birds
1935:S2CID
1749:JSTOR
1729:(PDF)
1422:S2CID
1380:S2CID
1360:(PDF)
1045:order
836:(now
592:gulls
508:Texas
456:genus
265:Marsh
236:Clade
223:Clade
210:Clade
197:Clade
184:Clade
171:Clade
6796:GBIF
6550:Manu
6326:see
6303:see
6247:see
5191:see
4813:see
4787:see
4434:see
3759:see
3732:see
2090:Eggs
2078:milk
2073:Crop
2063:Beak
1910:2012
1876:PMID
1815:ISBN
1722:and
1621:ISBN
1586:PMID
1533:link
1353:and
1259:Aves
1165:The
1090:ICZN
1033:and
1013:Aves
889:and
44:PreꞒ
6783:EoL
4089:Kol
1927:doi
1866:doi
1780:doi
1741:doi
1676:doi
1613:doi
1576:PMC
1568:doi
1513:doi
1453:doi
1414:doi
1410:109
1372:doi
1368:286
1084:as
944:at
933:),
786:in
774:in
561:era
498:),
482:of
6846::
6824::
6811::
6798::
6785::
6772::
6757::
6742::
4624:Yi
3701::
3692::
3683::
1933:.
1923:22
1921:.
1901:.
1874:.
1862:63
1860:.
1856:.
1838:"
1776:11
1770:.
1747:.
1737:54
1735:.
1731:.
1697:.
1666:.
1647:.
1635:^
1619:.
1609:21
1584:.
1574:.
1566:.
1554:.
1550:.
1529:}}
1525:{{
1511:.
1501:19
1499:.
1495:.
1449:17
1447:.
1420:.
1408:.
1392:^
1378:.
1366:.
1362:.
1309:^
1162:.
1150:,
1138:.
1027:,
1021:,
863:,
825:.
677:.
610:.
594:,
552:.
526:.
502:,
490:,
486:,
238::
225::
212::
199::
186::
173::
94:Pg
38:Ma
33:,
6611:?
6596:?
6553:?
6531:?
6481:†
6472:?
6457:?
6442:†
6398:†
6389:?
6382:†
6372:†
6362:†
6162:?
6133:†
6110:?
6102:?
6094:?
6079:†
5958:†
5928:†
5913:†
5903:†
5893:†
5883:†
5873:†
5863:†
5853:†
5843:†
5839:?
5832:†
5777:†
5768:?
5760:?
5745:?
5737:?
5722:†
5671:†
5662:?
5654:?
5632:†
5616:?
5594:†
5564:†
5549:†
5539:†
5529:†
5525:?
5518:†
5508:†
5498:†
5488:†
5478:†
5468:†
5458:†
5448:†
5438:†
5428:†
5418:†
5408:†
5404:?
5397:†
5387:†
5377:†
5367:†
5357:†
5347:†
5337:†
5327:†
5317:†
5307:†
5179:†
5133:†
5089:†
5063:?
5058:†
5048:"
5044:"
5041:†
5000:?
4985:?
4970:†
4961:?
4954:†
4950:?
4943:†
4939:?
4932:†
4922:†
4912:†
4908:?
4901:†
4891:†
4881:†
4877:?
4870:†
4866:?
4859:†
4849:†
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4766:?
4744:?
4729:†
4685:?
4635:†
4595:?
4590:†
4575:†
4565:†
4561:?
4554:†
4544:†
4422:†
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3927:?
3900:†
3890:?
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3862:†
3858:?
3851:†
3847:?
3840:†
3644:e
3637:t
3630:v
2818:)
2811:-
2807:(
2681:)
2677:(
2651:)
2647:(
2643:e
2641:a
2639:r
2637:e
2635:s
2633:n
2631:a
2629:o
2627:l
2625:l
2623:a
2621:G
2608:e
2606:a
2604:h
2602:t
2600:a
2598:n
2596:g
2594:o
2592:e
2590:N
2031:(
2021:e
2014:t
2007:v
1941:.
1929::
1912:.
1882:.
1868::
1836:.
1821:.
1786:.
1782::
1755:.
1743::
1726:"
1703:4
1682:.
1678::
1672:4
1649:4
1629:.
1615::
1592:.
1570::
1562::
1556:7
1535:)
1521:.
1515::
1507::
1459:.
1455::
1428:.
1416::
1386:.
1374::
1241:†
1217:†
1191:†
494:(
346:)
255:†
242:†
99:N
89:K
84:J
79:T
74:P
69:C
64:D
59:S
54:O
49:Ꞓ
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
