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48:, MITICA (Megavolt ITer Injector & Concept Advancement), and a smaller prototype of its ion source, SPIDER (Source for the Production of Ions of Deuterium Extracted from a Radio frequency plasma). SPIDER started its operation in June 2018. SPIDER will be used to optimize the ion beam source, to optimize the use of caesium vapor, and to verify the uniformity of the extracted ion beam also during long pulses.
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marked improvement of performances is found for higher operating pressures, but a low pressure is requried to minimise the heat loads due to stray particles, generated by interaction of the beam ions with the background gas along the multi-grid electrostatic accelerator of MITICA and ITER HNB sources.
285:
The capabilities of SPIDER and MITICA are listed in the following table in comparison with the objectives of the ITER Heating
Neutral Beam and with other existing devices based on RF-driven sources. The obtained results reported in table refers to the operation at low filling pressure of 0.3 Pa; a
276:
During 2018, the plasma discharge by eight ion source RF drivers were optimised. In 2019 the operation with hydrogen negative ion beam begun: for the first year, SPIDER will operate with a reduced number of beamlets (80 instead of 1280) due to limitations in the vacuum system. In 2021, the first
72:
MeV, thus increasing the neutral beam system complexity to an unprecedented level. This will be the main auxiliary heating system of the reactor. Due to its low conversion efficiency, the neutral beam injector first needs to start a precursor negative ion beam of
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158:
heat load on mechanical components: on the electrodes used for beam acceleration, and along the beam path, mechanical components are subject to very high thermal loads. These loads are continuously applied during long pulses, up to
131:
beam optics: the precursor ion beam is generated in a multigrid electrostatic accelerator, having 1280 apertures in each of the 7 grids composing it. Since the overall width of the beam along the beam drift (about
180:
SPIDER is the first large experimental devices to start the operation at the test facility (May 2018). The components of MITICA are currently under procurement, with its first operation expected in late 2023.
101:
Inside view of the neutral beam test facility; picture taken from the top of MITICA bioshield, during the maintenance of SPIDER (reassembly of SPIDER ongoing in the working area at the center of the picture)
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Sartori, E.; Agostini, M.; Barbisan, M.; Bigi, M.; Boldrin, M.; Brombin, M.; Casagrande, R.; Dal Bello, S.; Dan, M.; Duteil, B.P.; Fadone, M.; Grando, L.; Maistrello, A.; Pavei, M.; Pimazzoni, A. (2022).
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68:
m beamlines, up to the four-meter diameter container: in order to deposit sufficient heating power in the plasma core instead of the plasma edges, the beam particle energy shall be about 1
136:
m) is due to the optics of each of the 1280 beamlets, the grid alignment and the disturbances produced by magnetic fields and electrostatic error fields are to be carefully verified.
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negative ion formation: the requirement on the extracted current density from the cesiated ion source is at the limit of the present technology of plasma ion sources.
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during conditioning phases, or coupled with the plasma. Further reionization losses or interception with the mechanical components reduce its current to 17
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LR Grisham, P Agostinetti, G Barrera, P Blatchford, D Boilson, J Chareyre, et al., Recent improvements to the ITER neutral beam system design,
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658:
Heinemann, B.; Fantz, U.; Kraus, W.; Schiesko, L.; Wimmer, C.; Wünderlich, D.; Bonomo, F.; Fröschle, M.; Nocentini, R.; Riedl, R. (2017).
1965:
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Fantz, U.; Bonomo, F.; Fröschle, M.; Heinemann, B.; Hurlbatt, A.; Kraus, W.; Schiesko, L.; Nocentini, R.; Riedl, R.; Wimmer, C. (2019).
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m high cryopumps will be installed on each side of the vacuum vessel. The fatigue life of components operating with cycles between 4
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60%), and then by a residual ion dump (the remaining 40—20% negative, 20% positive). The neutralized beam is then dumped on a
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Negative ion extraction with reduced number of beamlets, in early volume operation of SPIDER (May/June 2019)
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World's largest test facility for negative ion sources opens to develop heating for ITER – December 2012
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611:"Advanced NBI beam characterization capabilities at the recently improved test facility BATMAN Upgrade"
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2019:
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V. Toigo, D. Boilson, T. Bonicelli, R. Piovan, M. Hanada, et al. 2015 Nucl. Fusion 55:8 083025
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h. These loads are anyhow lower than the heat loads expected on the ITER divertor plates.
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The role of the test facility includes research and development on the following topics:
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720:"Negative Hydrogen Ion Sources for Fusion: From Plasma Generation to Beam Properties"
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voltage holding: due to neutron environment, this will be the first beam source at -1
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A, and then neutralizes it by passing it through a gas cell (with an efficiency <
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660:"Towards large and powerful radio frequency driven negative ion sources for fusion"
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Number of beamlets and multi-beamlet beam pattern: 1280 beamlets separated into 4
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557:"ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility: Construction is progressing fast in Padova"
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Fantz, U.; Briefi, S.; Heiler, A.; Wimmer, C.; WĂĽnderlich, D. (2021).
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44:. The facility will host the full-scale prototype of the reactor's
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769:"First operations with caesium of the negative ion source SPIDER"
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Achieved single beamlet divergence at 0.3 Pa ±10% (gaussian 1/e)
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will be installed. They are designed to provide the power of 17
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To deliver power to the fusion plasma in ITER, two heating
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Target single beamlet divergence at 0.3 Pa (gaussian 1/e)
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11 mrad (core divergence including ~75% beamlet current)
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Plasma source: 8 cylindrical RF drivers, operated at 1
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negative ion beam current density (achieved/ target)
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MV with vacuum insulation instead of gas insulation (
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International Fusion
Materials Irradiation Facility
189:The design parameters of SPIDER are the following:
241:Electrodes and nominal voltages: Plasma Grid (-110
193:Type: caesiated surface-plasma negative ion source
504:Multi-grid multi-aperture concept (7 electrodes)
466:Multi-grid multi-aperture concept (7 electrodes)
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234:Extracted hydrogen negative ion beam current: 54
30:International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
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301:negative ion beam current (achieved/ target)
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501:RF-driven caesiated surface-plasma source
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345:RF-driven caesiated surface-plasma source
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492:880 kV (hydrogen) / 1000 kV (deuterium)
454:880 kV (hydrogen) / 1000 kV (deuterium)
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277:operation with caesium was performed.
20:View of the Neutral Beam Test Facility
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348:Multi-aperture electrostatic triode
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231:Process gas: hydrogen or deuterium
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319:Neutral beam equivalent current
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2450:ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility
635:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2018.12.020
380:~280 A/m / 330 A/m (hydrogen)
298:Beam energy (achieved/ target)
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26:ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility
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563:. 15 July 2013. Archived from
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200:MHz, connected to a single 0.8
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615:Fusion Engineering and Design
597:Fusion Engineering and Design
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420:225 A/m / 330 A/m (hydrogen)
342:350 A/m / 330 A/m (hydrogen)
1114:Field-reversed configuration
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708:. Retrieved on 2019-08-02.
245:kV), Extraction Grid (-100
52:ITER heating neutral beams
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685:10.1088/1367-2630/aa520c
893:, processes and devices
125:gas is typically used);
64:MW each, through the 23
664:New Journal of Physics
532:Neutral beam injection
498:-/ 330 A/m (hydrogen)
460:-/ 330 A/m (hydrogen)
417:~1 A/ 54 A (hydrogen)
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168:Prototypes at the NBTF
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58:neutral beam injectors
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846:45.39056°N 11.92778°E
818:Consorzio RFX website
264:4 beamlet groups of 5
249:kV), Grounded Grid (0
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46:neutral beam injector
19:
1030:Triple-alpha process
978:Magnetohydrodynamics
930:List of technologies
823:Page on ITER website
724:Frontiers in Physics
155:K is to be verified.
2108:Lockheed Martin CFR
1062:Proton–proton chain
925:List of experiments
842: /
785:2022NucFu..62h6022S
736:2021FrP.....9..473F
676:2017NJPh...19a5001H
627:2019FusED.146..212F
457:-/ 40 A (hydrogen)
228:m expansion chamber
139:vacuum pumps: two 8
1141:Dense plasma focus
851:45.39056; 11.92778
704:2019-08-02 at the
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1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1175:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1146:Reversed field
1143:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1082:Oxygen-burning
1079:
1074:
1069:
1067:Carbon-burning
1064:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1011:
1000:
994:
993:
991:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
963:Atomic nucleus
960:
955:
949:
946:
945:
943:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
915:Burning plasma
911:
909:
907:Nuclear fusion
900:
896:
895:
887:
886:
879:
872:
864:
826:
825:
820:
813:
812:External links
810:
807:
806:
773:Nuclear Fusion
751:
710:
691:
650:
601:
588:
577:
547:
546:
544:
541:
540:
539:
534:
527:
524:
521:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
483:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
443:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
414:50 kV/ 110 kV
412:
409:
403:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
365:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
327:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
282:
279:
274:
273:
254:
239:
232:
229:
194:
186:
183:
169:
166:
165:
164:
156:
137:
129:
126:
119:
94:
91:
53:
50:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2497:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2211:Fusion Engine
2209:
2207:
2206:FRX-L – FRCHX
2204:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2011:
2009:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:ASDEX Upgrade
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1506:
1498:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1404:Alcator C-Mod
1395:
1393:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:International
1350:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1298:Metal lattice
1296:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1253:Electrostatic
1250:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1025:Alpha process
1023:
1021:
1019:
1018:Gravitational
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1001:
995:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
953:Nuclear power
951:
950:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
910:
908:
904:
901:
897:
892:
885:
880:
878:
873:
871:
866:
865:
862:
858:
855:
824:
821:
819:
816:
815:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
779:(8): 086022.
778:
774:
770:
762:
760:
758:
756:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
714:
707:
703:
700:
695:
686:
681:
677:
673:
670:(1): 015001.
669:
665:
661:
654:
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
605:
598:
592:
586:
581:
567:on 2016-01-27
566:
562:
558:
552:
548:
538:
535:
533:
530:
529:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
484:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
448:
444:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
408:
404:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
366:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
339:? (hydrogen)
338:
335:
332:
328:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
290:
287:
278:
255:
240:
233:
230:
195:
192:
191:
190:
182:
174:
157:
138:
130:
127:
108:
107:
106:
99:
90:
84:
59:
49:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
18:
2449:
2008:Perhapsatron
1308:Pyroelectric
1238:Laser-driven
1077:Neon-burning
1045:Helium flash
891:Fusion power
827:
776:
772:
727:
723:
713:
694:
667:
663:
653:
618:
614:
604:
591:
580:
569:. Retrieved
565:the original
560:
551:
507:4 Gas cells
469:4 Gas cells
446:
406:
284:
281:Capabilities
275:
188:
179:
104:
55:
25:
23:
2223:confinement
1969: [
1899:Heliotron J
1803:Stellarator
1671: [
1588: [
1495: [
1335:confinement
1324:experiments
1279:Other forms
1163:Stellarator
1129:Bumpy torus
1007:Confinement
899:Core topics
849: /
621:: 212–215.
516:<7 mrad
478:<7 mrad
438:<7 mrad
292:Experiment
143:m long, 1.6
83:calorimeter
2469:Categories
1243:Ion-driven
997:Processes,
940:Aneutronic
935:Commercial
837:11°55′40″E
834:45°23′26″N
571:2023-11-05
561:EUROfusion
543:References
32:(ITER) in
2428:Z machine
2409:Non-laser
2320:GEKKO XII
2272:Long path
1966:Uragan-3M
1961:Uragan-2M
1458:Riggatron
1178:Spheromak
1173:Spherical
1097:S-process
1092:R-process
1035:CNO cycle
801:0029-5515
486:ITER HNB
411:May 2018
371:Feb 2013
151:K and 400
2372:LULI2000
2238:Americas
2221:Inertial
1811:Americas
1378:Americas
1333:Magnetic
1322:Devices,
1266:Polywell
1225:Inertial
1106:Magnetic
1055:remnants
920:Timeline
702:Archived
526:See also
510:~22.5 m
441:12 mrad
93:Purposes
2257:Cyclops
2189:SPECTOR
2160:Trisops
2020:Sceptre
1873:Oceania
1845:Model C
1731:IGNITOR
1663:COMPASS
1510:Oceania
1492:Novillo
1453:Pegasus
1344:Tokamak
1183:Dynomak
1168:Tokamak
999:methods
983:Neutron
781:Bibcode
732:Bibcode
730:: 473.
672:Bibcode
623:Bibcode
513:16.7 A
475:16.7 A
374:~60 kV
336:~60 kV
2396:Vulcan
2329:Europe
2103:Astron
2076:Mirror
1913:Europe
1779:MAST-U
1743:ISTTOK
1709:TEXTOR
1637:Europe
1563:ADITYA
1551:SUNIST
1421:DIII-D
1392:STOR-M
988:Plasma
799:
472:~13 m
447:MITICA
407:SPIDER
368:ELISE
270:
266:
262:
258:
251:
247:
243:
236:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
185:SPIDER
161:
153:
149:
145:
141:
134:
111:
87:
79:
75:
70:
66:
62:
38:Veneto
34:Padova
2423:PACER
2384:ISKRA
2343:HiPER
2297:Shiva
2292:OMEGA
2262:Janus
2252:Argus
2231:Laser
2201:Linus
2129:Other
1989:Pinch
1973:]
1949:TJ-II
1887:H-1NF
1871:Asia,
1862:SCR-1
1835:HIDRA
1784:START
1675:]
1668:GOLEM
1616:KSTAR
1604:GLAST
1592:]
1585:QUEST
1580:JT-60
1568:SST-1
1546:HL-2M
1541:HL-2A
1524:CFETR
1508:Asia,
1499:]
1480:TCABR
1414:SPARC
1369:PROTO
1291:Migma
1261:Fusor
1151:Theta
1136:Pinch
1040:Fusor
495:40 A
432:~5 m
392:~5 m
354:~3 m
42:Italy
2475:ITER
2306:Asia
2287:Nova
2282:Nike
2267:LIFE
2148:PFRC
2113:MFTF
2025:ZETA
1927:WEGA
1850:NCSX
1789:STEP
1755:T-15
1692:WEST
1628:TT-1
1534:HT-7
1529:EAST
1463:SSPX
1446:TFTR
1436:NSTX
1364:DEMO
1359:ITER
1156:Zeta
1050:Nova
1010:type
797:ISSN
537:ITER
489:TBD
224:0.25
24:The
2367:LMJ
2277:NIF
2143:LDX
2118:TMX
2091:GDT
2062:MST
2050:RFX
2035:RFP
1904:LHD
1840:HSX
1830:CTH
1825:CNT
1767:TCV
1726:FTU
1721:DTT
1687:TFR
1651:JET
1475:ETE
1441:PLT
1431:LTX
1409:ARC
789:doi
740:doi
680:doi
639:hdl
631:doi
619:146
212:1.6
89:A.
2471::
1971:uk
1673:cs
1590:ja
1497:es
795:.
787:.
777:62
775:.
771:.
754:^
738:.
726:.
722:.
678:.
668:19
666:.
662:.
637:.
629:.
617:.
613:.
559:.
519:-
481:-
435:-
429:-
401:-
398:-
395:-
389:-
360:-
357:-
351:-
253:V)
132:25
115:SF
73:40
40:,
36:,
883:e
876:t
869:v
803:.
791::
783::
748:.
742::
734::
728:9
688:.
682::
674::
647:.
641::
633::
625::
574:.
268:Ă—
260:Ă—
220:Ă—
216:m
208:Ă—
204:m
159:1
120:6
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