3792:
1350:. The LS2, LS3, LS1R, LS2R and LS3R shifts are registered as single control functions and are always encoded as the escape sequences listed below, whereas the others are part of a C0 or C1 control code set (as shown below, SI (LS0) and SO (LS1) are C0 controls and SS2 and SS3 are C1 controls), meaning that their coding and availability may vary depending on which control sets are designated: they must be present in the designated control sets if their functionality is used. The C1 controls themselves, as mentioned above, may be represented using escape sequences or 8-bit bytes, but not both.
753:'s property that a seven-bit character representation will normally be able to represent 94 graphic (printable) characters (in addition to space and 33 control characters); if only the C0 control codes (narrowly defined) are excluded, this can be expanded to 96 characters. Using two bytes, it is thus possible to represent up to 8,836 (94×94) characters; and, using three bytes, up to 830,584 (94×94×94) characters. Though the standard defines it, no registered character set uses three bytes (although
12036:
14594:
11947:
5045:. It is based on ISO 2022, and only character sets which conform to the ISO 2022 structure can have EUC forms. Up to four coded character sets can be represented (in G0, G1, G2 and G3). The G0 set is invoked over GL, the G1 set is invoked over GR, and the G2 and G3 sets are (if present) invoked using the single shifts SS2 and SS3, which are used as CR bytes (i.e. 0x8E and 0x8F respectively) and invoke over GR (not GL). Locking shift codes are not used.
4850:
1820:" (DRCS) defined by prior agreement, which is also considered private use. A graphical set being considered a DRCS implies that it represents a font of exact glyphs, rather than a set of abstract characters. The manner in which DRCS sets and associated fonts are transmitted, allocated and managed is not stipulated by ISO/IEC 2022 / ECMA-35 itself, although it recommends allocating them sequentially starting with
5662:
that if a stream that ends in a multi-byte character is concatenated with one that starts with a multi-byte character, a pair of escape codes are generated switching to ASCII and immediately away from it. However, as stipulated in
Unicode Technical Report #36 ("Unicode Security Considerations"), pairs of ISO 2022 escape sequences with no characters between them should generate a
1361:. This coding is currently recommended by ISO/IEC 2022 / ECMA-35 for applications requiring 7-bit single-byte representations of SS2 and SS3, and may also be used for SS2 only, although older code sets with SS2 at 0x1C also exist, and were mentioned as such in an earlier edition of the standard. The 0x8E and 0x8F coding of the single shifts as shown below is mandatory for
987:, appear in the C0 set, they are required to appear at their ISO 6429 / ECMA-48 locations. Inclusion of transmission control characters in the C0 set, besides the ten included by ISO 6429 / ECMA-48 (namely SOH, STX, ETX, EOT, ENQ, ACK, DLE, NAK, SYN and ETB), or inclusion of any of those ten in the C1 set, is also prohibited by the ISO/IEC 2022 / ECMA-35 standard.
4551:. The additions made by JIS X 0213 compared to the base JIS X 0208 standard resulted in a new registration being made for the extended JIS plane 1, while the new plane 2 received its own registration. The further additions to plane 1 in the 2004 edition of the standard resulted in an additional registration being added to a further revision of the profile, dubbed
808:, where two decimal numbers in the range 00–15 (each corresponding to a single hexadecimal digit) are separated by a slash. Hence, for instance, codes 2/0 (0x20) through 2/15 (0x2F) inclusive may be referred to as "column 02". This is the notation used in the ISO/IEC 2022 / ECMA-35 standard itself. They may be described elsewhere using
968:, on the basis that it leaves the graphical character repertoire undefined. ISO/IEC 4873 / ECMA-43 does, however, permit the use of the GCC function provided that the sequence of characters is kept the same and merely displayed in one space, rather than being over-stamped to form a character with a different meaning.
2929:) is included in the designation sequences of codes which do not use that byte sequence to return to ISO 2022; they may have their own means to return to ISO 2022 (such as a different or padded sequence) or none at all. All existing registrations of the latter type (as of 2019) are either transparent raw data,
4950:
Character set designation escape sequences are used for identifying or switching between versions during information interchange only if required by a further protocol, in which case the standard requires an ISO/IEC 2022 announcer sequence specifying the ISO/IEC 4873 level, followed by a complete set
1650:
The names "locking shift zero" (LS0) and "locking shift one" (LS1) refer to the same pair of C0 control characters (0x0F and 0x0E) as the names "shift in" (SI) and "shift out" (SO). However, the standard refers to them as LS0 and LS1 when they are used in 8-bit environments and as SI and SO when they
5661:
Concatenation can pose issues. Profiles such as ISO-2022-JP specify that the stream starts in the ASCII state and must end in the ASCII state. This is necessary to ensure that characters in concatenated ISO-2022-JP and/or ASCII streams will be interpreted in the correct set. This has the consequence
4935:
In cases where duplicate characters are available in different sets, the current edition of ISO/IEC 4873 / ECMA-43 only permits using these characters in the lowest numbered working set which they appear in. For instance, if a character appears in both the G1 set and the G3 set, it must be used from
1685:
Registration of coded character sets with the ISO-IR registry identifies the documents specifying the character set or control function associated with an ISO/IEC 2022 non‑private-use escape sequence. This may be a standard document; however, registration does not create a new ISO standard, does not
979:
A C0 control set must contain the ESC (escape) control character at 0x1B (a C0 set containing only ESC is registered as ISO-IR-104), whereas a C1 control set may not contain the escape control whatsoever. Hence, they are entirely separate registrations, with a C0 set being only a C0 set and a C1 set
668:
A specific implementation does not have to implement all of the standard; the conformance level and the supported character sets are defined by the implementation. Although many of the mechanisms defined by the ISO/IEC 2022 standard are infrequently used, several established encodings are based on a
5616:
Due to the stateful nature of ISO/IEC 2022, an identical and equivalent character may be encoded in different character sets, which may be designated to any of G0 through G3, which may be invoked using single shifts or by using locking shifts to GL or GR. Consequently, characters can be represented
1858:
There are additional (rarely used) features for switching control character sets, but this is a single-level lookup, in that (as noted above) the C0 set is always invoked over CL, and the C1 set is always invoked over CR or by using escape codes. As noted above, it is required that any C0 character
912:
In a 96- or 96-character set, the bytes 0x20 through 0x7F when GL-invoked, or 0xA0 through 0xFF when GR-invoked, are allocated to and may be used by the set. In a 94- or 94-character set, the bytes 0x20 and 0x7F are not used. When a 96- or 96-character set is invoked in the GL region, the space and
5612:
Since ISO/IEC 2022 is a stateful encoding, a program cannot jump in the middle of a block of text to search, insert or delete characters. This makes manipulation of the text very cumbersome and slow when compared to non-stateful encodings. Any jump in the middle of the text may require a backup to
5590:
As ISO/IEC 2022's entire range of graphical character encodings can be invoked over GL, the available glyphs are not significantly limited by an inability to represent GR and C1, such as in a system limited to 7-bit encodings. It accordingly enables the representation of large set of characters in
3931:
Use of the two characters added in JIS X 0208-1990 is permitted, but without including the IRR sequence, i.e. using the same escape sequence as JIS X 0208-1983. Also, due to being registered before designating multi-byte sets except to G0 was possible, the escapes for JIS X 0208 do not include the
4175:
implements nine 7-bit ISO 2022 based encodings for
Japanese, each using a different set of escape sequences: IBM-956, IBM-957, IBM-958, IBM-959, IBM-5052, IBM-5053, IBM-5054, IBM-5055 and ISO-2022-JP, which are collectively termed "TCP/IP Japanese coded character sets". CCSID 9148 is the standard
3316:
a specific code structure, or a specific group of ISO 2022 facilities which are used in a particular code version. Although announcements can be combined, certain contradictory combinations (specifically, using locking shift announcements 16–23 with announcements 1, 3 and 4) are prohibited by the
734:
Specific profiles such as ISO-2022-JP may impose extra conditions, such as that the current character set is reset to US-ASCII before the end of a line. Furthermore, the escape sequences declaring the national character sets may be absent if a specific ISO-2022-based encoding permits or requires
990:
A C0 control set is invoked over the CL range 0x00 through 0x1F, whereas a C1 control function may be invoked over the CR range 0x80 through 0x9F (in an 8-bit environment) or by using escape sequences (in a 7-bit or 8-bit environment), but not both. Which style of C1 invocation is used must be
1630:
Although officially considered shift codes and named accordingly, single-shift codes are not always viewed as shifts, and they may simply be viewed as prefix bytes (i.e. the first bytes in a multi-byte sequence), since they do not require the encoder to keep the currently active set as
782:
number is included at the beginning. The escape sequences do not only declare which character set is being used, but also whether the set is single-byte or multi-byte (although not how many bytes it uses if it is multi-byte), and also whether each byte has 94 or 96 permitted values.
4642:
are defined in RFC 1922, dated 1996. They are 7-bit encodings making use both of the Shift Out and Shift In functions (to shift between G0 and G1), and of the 7-bit escape code forms of the single-shift functions SS2 and SS3 (to access G2 and G3). They support the character sets
731:) and follow the patterns defined within the standard. Character encodings making use of these escape sequences require data to be processed sequentially in a forward direction, since the correct interpretation of the data depends on previously encountered escape sequences.
3065:) formats which do not follow the ISO/IEC 2022 structure. These include UTF-8 (which does not reserve the range 0x80–0x9F for control characters), its predecessor UTF-1 (which mixes GR and GL bytes in multi-byte codes), and UTF-16 and UTF-32 (which use wider coding units).
1323:
By default, GL codes specify G0 characters and GR codes (where available) specify G1 characters; this may be otherwise specified by prior agreement. The set invoked over each area may also be modified with control codes referred to as shifts, as shown in the table below.
4884:
Level 2, which includes a (94-character or 96-character) single-byte G2 and/or G3 set in addition to a mandatory G1 set. Only the single-shift functions SS2 and SS3 are permitted (i.e. locking shifts are forbidden), and they invoke over the GL region (including
916:
Registration of a set as a 96-character set does not necessarily mean that the 0x20/A0 and 0x7F/FF bytes are actually assigned by the set; some examples of graphical character sets which are registered as 96-sets but do not use those bytes include the G1 set of
897:", which can be represented using an escape sequence, is followed by zero or more bytes in the range 0x30–0x3F, then zero or more bytes in the range 0x20–0x2F, then by a single byte in the range 0x40–0x7E, the entire sequence being called a "control sequence".
812:, as is often used in this article, or using the corresponding ASCII characters, although the escape sequences are actually defined in terms of byte values, and the graphic assigned to that byte value may be altered without affecting the control sequence.
5646:) is masked until it is decoded to Unicode, which may allow it to bypass sanitisation. Use of this encoding is thus treated as suspicious by malware protection suites, and 7-bit ISO 2022 data (except for ISO-2022-JP) is mapped in its entirety to the
4946:
should be used instead for levels 2 and 3 of ISO/IEC 4873. ISO/IEC 10367:1991 includes G0 and G1 sets matching those used by the first 9 parts of ISO/IEC 8859 (i.e. those which existed as of 1991, when it was published), and some supplementary sets.
4051:. The WHATWG/HTML5 variant permits decoding JIS X 0201 katakana in ISO-2022-JP input, but converts the characters to their JIS X 0208 equivalents upon encoding. Microsoft's code page for ISO-2022-JP with JIS X 0201 kana additionally permitted is
843:
SP (0x20) are designated "fixed" coded characters and are always available when G0 is invoked over GL, irrespective of what character sets are designated. They may not be included in graphical character sets, although other sizes or types of
1035:), although no "3Ft" sequences are currently assigned (as of 2019). Some of these are specified in ECMA-35 (ISO 2022 / ANSI X3.41), others in ECMA-48 (ISO 6429 / ANSI X3.64). ECMA-48 refers to these as "independent control functions".
1666:(ISO-IR) lists graphical character sets, control code sets, single control codes and so forth which have been registered for use with ISO/IEC 2022. The procedure for registering codes and sets with the ISO-IR registry is specified by
4662:
The basic ISO-2022-CN profile uses ASCII as its G0 (shift in) set, and also includes GB 2312 and the first two planes of CNS 11643 (due to these two planes being sufficient to represent all traditional
Chinese characters from common
800:
allow any of a large registry of graphic character sets to be "designated" into one of four working sets, named G0 through G3, and shorter control sequences specify the working set that is "invoked" to interpret bytes in the stream.
4829:
and related attacks, which utilize a difference in encoding support between the client and server. Although the same security concern (allowing sequences of ASCII bytes to be interpreted differently) also applies to ISO-2022-JP and
3072:. However, the only codes currently specified by ISO/IEC 10646 are the level-3 codes for UTF-8, UTF-16 and UTF-32 and the unspecified-level code for UTF-8, with the rest being listed as deprecated. ISO/IEC 10646 stipulates that the
823:. The terms "CL" (0x00–0x1F) and "CR" (0x80–0x9F) are defined for the control ranges, but the CL range always invokes the primary (C0) controls, whereas the CR range always either invokes the secondary (C1) controls or is unused.
998:
In the latter case, single control functions from the C1 control code set are invoked using "type Fe" escape sequences, meaning those where the ESC control character is followed by a byte from columns 04 or 05 (that is to say,
4880:
Level 1, which includes a C0 set, the ASCII G0 set, an optional C1 set and an optional single-byte (94-character or 96-character) G1 set. G0 is invoked over GL, and G1 is invoked over GR. Use of shift functions is not
5624:
and several e-mail clients, use a variant of ISO-2022 (e.g. "ISO 2022 IR 100") in addition to supporting several other encodings. This type of variation makes it difficult to portably transfer text between computer
5098:
The EUC code itself does not make use of the announcer or designation sequences from ISO 2022; however, it corresponds to the following sequence of four announcer sequences, with meanings breaking down as follows.
7877:, pp. 229–230, Chapter 4 ("Encoding Methods"), section "ISO-2022 encoding" "Those encodings that have been extensively used in the past, or continue to be used today for some purposes, have been highlighted."
4927:
IRV (synchronised with ASCII since 1991) at ISO/IEC 4873 Level 1 with no C1 or G1 set, i.e. using the IRV in an 8-bit environment in which shift codes are not used and the high bit is always zero, is known as
991:
specified in the definition of the code version. For example, ISO/IEC 4873 specifies CR bytes for the C1 controls which it uses (SS2 and SS3). If necessary, which invocation is used may be communicated using
653:
Specific escape code formats for identifying individual character sets, for announcing the use of particular encoding features or subsets, and for interacting with or switching to other encoding systems.
643:
A format for encoding these sets in the same encoding system when only 7 bits are available per byte, and a method for transforming any conformant character data to pass through such a 7-bit environment,
8827:
8061:
1635:, unlike locking shift codes. In 8-bit environments, either GL or GR, but not both, may be used as the single-shift area. This must be specified in the definition of the code version. For instance,
15263:
13920:
5591:
such a system. Generally, this 7-bit compatibility is not really an advantage, except for backwards compatibility with older systems. The vast majority of modern computers use 8 bits for each byte.
3286:
for UTF-16), i.e. the coding of the standard return sequence does not conform exactly to ISO/IEC 2022. For this reason, the designations for UTF-16 and UTF-32 use a without-standard-return syntax.
521:) do not. Control codes in ISO 2022 are always represented with a single byte, regardless of the number of bytes used for graphical characters. CJK encodings used in 7-bit environments which use
3282:
Although use of a variant of the standard return sequence from UTF-16 and UTF-32 is permitted, the bytes of the escape sequence must be padded to the size of the code unit of the encoding (i.e.
1859:
set include the ESC character at position 0x1B, so that further changes are possible. The control set designation sequences (as opposed to the graphical set ones) may also be used from within
5598:
by using sequence codes to switch between discrete encodings for different East Asian languages. This avoids the issues associated with unification, such as difficulty supporting multiple
1717:
to identify
Unicode. The textual representation of the escape sequence, included in the third element of the FPI, will be recognised by SGML implementations for supported character sets.
1353:
Alternative encodings of the single-shifts as C0 control codes are available in certain control code sets. For example, SS2 and SS3 are usually available at 0x19 and 0x1D respectively in
941:
Characters are expected to be spacing characters, not combining characters, unless specified otherwise by the graphical set in question. ISO 2022 / ECMA-35 also recognizes the use of the
882:
byte, or absence thereof, determines the type of escape sequence; it might, for instance, designate a working set, or denote a single control function. In all types of escape sequences,
6091:
In earlier editions, 96-character sets did not exist, and the escape codes now used for 96-character sets were reserved as space for additional 94-character sets. Accordingly, the
7124:
4889:
20 and 0x7F in the case of a 96-set). SS2 and SS3 must be available in C1 at 0x8E and 0x8F respectively. This minimal required C1 set for ISO 4873 is registered as ISO-IR-105.
913:
delete characters (codes 0x20 and 0x7F) are not available until a 94- or 94-character set (such as the G0 set) is invoked in GL. 96-character sets cannot be designated to G0.
6082:, adjusted to the range 1-63, indicates which (upwardly compatible) revision of the immediately-following registration is needed, so that old systems know that they are old.
1023:); these have permanently assigned meanings rather than depending on the C0 or C1 designations. Registration of control functions to type "Fs" sequences must be approved by
491:"), are written using far more characters than the maximum of 256 which can be represented in a single byte, and were first represented on computers with language-specific
11565:
7678:
6765:
6095:
sequence was defined in early editions of the standard as designating further 94-character sets to G0. Since 96-character sets cannot be designated to G0, this first
6423:
4097:
is a multilingual extension of ISO-2022-JP, defined in RFC 1554 (dated 1993), which permits the following escape sequences in addition to the ISO-2022-JP ones. The
2907:
A sequence is also defined for returning to ISO/IEC 2022; the registrations which support this sequence as encoded in ISO/IEC 2022 comprise (as of 2019) various
349:
control code, which can likewise be used for in-band instructions. Specific sets of control codes and escape sequences designed to be used with ISO 2022 include
11981:
4892:
Level 3, which permits the GR locking-shift functions LS1R, LS2R and LS3R in addition to the single shifts, but otherwise has the same restrictions as level 2.
778:
form, which comprises two numbers between 1 and 94 inclusive, specifying a row and cell of that character within the zone. For a three-byte set, an additional
6226:
4074:
or setting the eighth bit (GR-invoked), respectively. They are not widely used; JIS X 0208 support in extended 8-bit JIS X 0201 is more commonly achieved via
8831:
8053:
1339:), although some instead have GR codes specifying G2 characters, with the corresponding 7-bit code using a single-shift code to access the second set (e.g.
10410:
8806:
4951:
of escapes specifying the character set designations for C0, C1, G0, G1, G2 and G3 respectively (but omitting G2 and G3 designations for level 1), with an
4809:
ISO-2022-KR and ISO-2022-CN are used less frequently than ISO-2022-JP, and are sometimes deliberately not supported due to security concerns. Notably, the
264:
4101:
parts are 96-character sets which cannot be designated to G0, and are accessed from G2 using the 7-bit escape sequence form of the single-shift code SS2:
15133:
13432:
8013:
8921:
815:
Byte values from the 7-bit ASCII graphic range (hexadecimal 0x20–0x7F), being on the left side of a character code table, are referred to as "GL" codes
10247:
1643:
specifies GR. In 7-bit environments, only GL is used as the single-shift area. If necessary, which single-shift area is used may be communicated using
8962:
735:
this, and dictates that particular national character sets are to be used. For example, ISO-8859-1 states that no defining escape sequence is needed.
1847:
were all registered when the contemporary version of the standard allowed multi-byte sets only in G0, so must be accepted in place of the sequences
15128:
13427:
11356:
6197:
4900:
invariant positions were preserved, that the other positions were assigned to spacing (not combining) characters, that 0x23 was assigned to either
568:
Using 8-bit bytes, but not representing the C1 codes in their single-byte forms specified in ISO 2022 (most UTFs, one exception being the obsolete
14630:
13649:
9547:
9455:
9416:
9377:
9282:
9190:
9158:
9127:
7059:
13437:
8090:
4790:(for multi-byte character sets) specifies the type of character set and working set that is designated to. In the above examples, the character
12932:
12310:
10355:
9897:
9329:
8949:
8663:
8414:
8388:
8362:
8336:
8206:
1751:
byte (or, for a multi-byte set, the first two) identifies the type of character set and the working set it is to be designated to, whereas the
976:
Control character sets are classified as "primary" or "secondary" control code sets, respectively also called "C0" and "C1" control code sets.
284:
8863:
8310:
8284:
8258:
8232:
5635:
transformation format compatible with ISO/IEC 2022's representation of 8-bit control characters, has various disadvantages in comparison with
4942:
defines complete encodings at level 1 of ISO/IEC 4873, and does not allow for use of multiple ISO/IEC 8859 parts together. It stipulates that
12010:
10430:
9944:
1761:
bytes) identify the character set itself, as assigned in the ISO-IR register (or, for the private-use escape sequences, by prior agreement).
8618:
3815:, of which ISO-2022-JP and ISO-2022-KR have been extensively used in the past. A number of other variants are defined by vendors, including
384:). It is designed to be usable in both 8-bit environments and 7-bit environments (those where only seven bits are usable in a byte, such as
7890:
5674:, has led to interoperability issues, with unexpected "�" characters being generated where two ISO-2022-JP streams have been concatenated.
3811:
Six 7-bit ISO 2022 code versions (ISO-2022-CN, ISO-2022-CN-EXT, ISO-2022-JP, ISO-2022-JP-1, ISO-2022-JP-2 and ISO-2022-KR) are defined by
1303:) are reserved for single private use control codes, by prior agreement between parties. Several such sequences of both types are used by
727:
registry (except for those set apart for private use, the meanings of which are defined by vendors, or by protocol specifications such as
13154:
7863:
2884:(which happens to be the NATS control set for newspaper text transmission) is not the same as the C1 control character set designated by
7457:
4920:
is compliant with earlier editions. This was subsequently changed to fully specify the ISO/IEC 646:1991 IRV / ISO-IR No. 6 set (ASCII).
11974:
9919:: a document on encoding Chinese, Japanese, and Korean (CJK) languages, including a discussion of the various variants of ISO/IEC 2022.
4955:-byte of 0x7E denoting an empty set. Each ISO/IEC 4873 level has its own single ISO/IEC 2022 announcer sequence, which are as follows:
1686:
commit the ISO or IEC to adopt it as an international standard, and does not commit the ISO or IEC to add any of its characters to the
14124:
7118:
1785:
have been assigned. At the other extreme, no multibyte 96-sets have been registered, so the sequences below are strictly theoretical.
15487:
14229:
14149:
13940:
13935:
13781:
8775:
288:
4040:
819:
while bytes from the "high ASCII" range (0xA0–0xFF), if available (i.e. in an 8-bit environment), are referred to as the "GR" codes
13947:
8461:
257:
8595:, p. 23, annex E ("Main differences between the second edition (1985) and the present (third) edition of this ECMA Standard")
1792:
bytes, in this case for private-use character set definitions (which might include unregistered sets defined by protocols such as
12301:
11657:
11411:
9907:
9652:
9639:
9631:
9610:
9589:
9568:
9533:
9512:
9494:
9476:
9441:
9402:
9363:
9342:
9321:
9308:
9300:
9268:
9207:
8891:
8710:
7041:
5654:
to prevent attacks. Restricted ISO 2022 8-bit code versions which do not use designation escapes or locking shift codes, such as
8790:
14937:
14480:
12670:
11647:
9069:
9035:
9018:
9001:
7670:
3827:
encoding standard retains support for it, in contrast to mapping ISO-2022-KR, ISO-2022-CN and ISO-2022-CN-EXT entirely to the
15523:
12842:
11967:
11396:
10350:
9463:
9141:
ISO/IEC FDIS 8859-10: Information
Technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 10: Latin alphabet No. 6
8984:
6757:
5556:
for fixed-length encodings using one through four bytes respectively. Rather than using another escape sequence to return to
364:
ISO 2022 itself also defines particular control codes and escape sequences which can be used for switching between different
8182:
3321:
level announcements 12–14 (which fully specify the permissible structural features). Announcement sequences are as follows:
3068:
Several codes were also registered for subsets (levels 1 and 2) of UTF-8, UTF-16 and UTF-32, as well as for three levels of
15238:
14549:
14350:
13873:
13256:
12847:
12817:
11530:
9170:
5560:, the two bytes following the initial escape sequence specify the remaining length in bytes, coded in base-128 using bytes
1670:. Each registration receives a unique escape sequence, and a unique registry entry number to identify it. For example, the
9052:
4547:
standard, first published in 2000, defines an updated version of ISO-2022-JP, without the ISO-2022-JP-2 extensions, named
3959:, but stipulates that the escape sequences should not be changed by systems simply relaying messages such as e-mails. The
14623:
14194:
13524:
13321:
8111:
7648:
6415:
1817:
250:
9883:
9878:
9086:
5642:
Because of its escape sequences, it is possible to construct attack byte sequences in which a malicious string (such as
321:
ISO 2022 specifies a general structure which character encodings can conform to, dedicating particular ranges of bytes (
12645:
11924:
11435:
11238:
9982:
8745:
5639:, and switching from or to other charsets, as supported by ISO/IEC 2022, is typically unnecessary in Unicode documents.
5617:
in multiple ways, meaning that two visually identical and equivalent strings can not be reliably compared for equality.
5235:
CSI sequence being used for bidirectional text control. It is an 8-bit code using G0 and G1 for GL and GR, and follows
4160:
ISO-2022-JP with the ISO-2022-JP-2 representation of JIS X 0212, but not the other extensions, was subsequently dubbed
1793:
1654:
The ISO/IEC 2022 / ECMA-35 standard permits, but discourages, invoking G1, G2 or G3 in both GL and GR simultaneously.
889:
Control functions from some sets may make use of further bytes following the escape sequence proper. For example, the
460:), and include additional characters for a most significant bit of 1 (i.e. bytes 0x80–FF). Some of these, such as the
13721:
12745:
11480:
11096:
11091:
10594:
10425:
9972:
9937:
9862:
9825:
6509:, pp. 19–20, Chapter 1 ("CJKV Information Processing Overview"), section "What are Row-Cell and Plane-Row-Cell?"
5186:
defined an ISO 2022 profile named
Compound Text as an interchange format in 1989. This uses only four control codes:
4617:
4071:
886:
bytes in the range 0x30–0x3F are reserved for unregistered private uses defined by prior agreement between parties.
14285:
13457:
13301:
10514:
9109:
ISO/IEC 2375:2003: Information technology — Procedure for registration of escape sequences and coded character sets
8857:"(UNSUBMITTED DRAFT) No U+FFFD Generation for Zero-Length ASCII-State Content between ISO-2022-JP Escape Sequences"
8760:
6218:
8142:, pp. 236–238, Chapter 4 ("Encoding Methods"), section "The predecessor of ISO-2022-JP encoding—JIS encoding"
2481:
11732:
11667:
11421:
11401:
4765:
graphical sets as being permitted, but conditional on their being assigned registered ISO 2022 escape sequences:
3879:
2679:
8802:
15383:
14616:
14380:
14375:
14134:
14082:
12182:
12015:
11485:
10078:
5971:
5883:
5801:
3987:
for JIS X 0208 when encoding. The RFC also notes that some past systems had made erroneous use of the sequence
669:
subset of the ISO/IEC 2022 system. In particular, 7-bit encoding systems using ISO/IEC 2022 mechanisms include
8913:
8005:
6117:
4078:. Microsoft's code page for JIS X 0201-based ISO 2022 with single-byte katakana via Shift Out and Shift In is
15143:
14673:
14174:
13504:
13017:
12665:
12187:
11599:
11570:
11220:
8119:
7636:
5845:
5763:
5091:
includes characters represented by up to three bytes (i.e. SS3 plus two bytes) whereas a single character in
4036:
4020:
2930:
2018:
1977:
1715:
ISO Registration Number 177//CHARSET ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993 UCS-4 with implementation level 3//ESC 2/5 2/15 4/6
1687:
1347:
1304:
984:
557:
77:
2880:
Also note that C0 and C1 control character sets are independent; the C0 control character set designated by
1828:); however, a manner for transmitting DRCS fonts is defined within some telecommunication protocols such as
12025:
11662:
11550:
11510:
9930:
8953:
312:
17:
945:
and carriage return control characters as means of combining otherwise spacing characters, as well as the
629:
An infrastructure of multiple character sets with particular structures which may be included in a single
525:
mechanisms to switch between character sets are often given names starting with "ISO-2022-", most notably
408:), and does not provide good support for languages which use additional letters, or which use a different
14519:
13997:
12294:
12206:
11904:
11515:
11445:
11431:
11416:
11320:
11233:
11205:
11171:
9082:
1867:
is appropriate, provided that each byte in the sequence is padded to the code unit size of the encoding.
9888:
6185:
15518:
15058:
15053:
14755:
14683:
14179:
14087:
14037:
13796:
13129:
13124:
12523:
12145:
11878:
11823:
11744:
11525:
11181:
11176:
10529:
1346:
The codes shown in the table below are the most common encodings of these control codes, conforming to
1327:
An 8-bit code may have GR codes specifying G1 characters, i.e. with its corresponding 7-bit code using
728:
553:
11520:
2873:, and so on; the final bytes must be interpreted in context. (Indeed, without any intermediate bytes,
14445:
14390:
14169:
14154:
13412:
12832:
12328:
12050:
11585:
11540:
11376:
10925:
10629:
10574:
10539:
8082:
5569:
5209:
4834:, they could not be given this treatment due to being much more frequently used in deployed content.
4555:. In addition to the basic ISO-2022-JP designation codes, the following designations are recognized:
723:
The escape sequences for switching to particular character sets or encodings are registered with the
492:
346:
9894:
9216:
8655:
8426:
8400:
8374:
8348:
8218:
4019:
Kana set (1 byte per character) is not part of the ISO-2022-JP profile, but is also sometimes used.
942:
796:
ISO/IEC 2022 coding specifies a two-layer mapping between character codes and displayed characters.
744:
15408:
14493:
14400:
14189:
14164:
13376:
13371:
12232:
11100:
10609:
10589:
10584:
10524:
10519:
10028:
9356:
ISO-IR-36: The set of control characters of ISO 646, with IS4 replaced by Single Shift for G2 (SS2)
9198:
8856:
8322:
8296:
8270:
8244:
5997:
5909:
5827:
5752:
1694:
1632:
906:
401:
377:
97:
11475:
4896:
Earlier editions of the standard permitted non-ASCII assignments in the G0 set, provided that the
15513:
15508:
15048:
14047:
13589:
13579:
13574:
13149:
13134:
13074:
12508:
12503:
12463:
11950:
11934:
11861:
11856:
11818:
11789:
11754:
11186:
10920:
10619:
10504:
8609:
7944:
5699:
4048:
634:
549:
496:
326:
4936:
the G1 set. However, use from other sets is noted as having been permitted in earlier editions.
2904:
The standard also defines a way to specify coding systems that do not follow its own structure.
1027:. Other single control functions may be registered to type "3Ft" escape sequences (in the range
14597:
14365:
14355:
13484:
12902:
12483:
12287:
12269:
11545:
11535:
11391:
11381:
10915:
10624:
10069:
10056:
9992:
9603:
ISO-IR-195: UCS Transformation Format (UTF-16), implementation level 3, without standard return
9424:
9385:
9350:
9255:
9200:
ISO-IR: ISO/IEC International
Register of Coded Character Sets To Be Used With Escape Sequences
7902:
7028:
5613:
the previous escape sequence before the bytes following the escape sequence can be interpreted.
5534:
For specifying encodings by labels, X11 Compound Text defines five private-use DOCS sequences:
5220:
894:
9582:
ISO-IR-192: UCS Transformation Format (UTF-8), implementation level 3, without standard return
8528:
7426:, p. 10, chapter 2.2 ("94-Character graphic character set with second Intermediate byte")
946:
754:
345:. It also specifies a syntax for escape sequences, multiple-byte sequences beginning with the
15188:
15078:
14639:
13786:
13296:
12518:
12488:
12381:
12371:
12332:
12324:
12135:
12130:
12103:
11722:
11560:
11495:
11371:
10910:
10064:
7449:
5663:
5647:
4822:
4000:
3828:
1829:
10940:
6385:, pp. 253–255, Chapter 4 ("Encoding Methods"), section "EUC versus ISO-2022 encodings".
15456:
15423:
15288:
14857:
14544:
14450:
14184:
14159:
14002:
13843:
13594:
13281:
13084:
12957:
12740:
12140:
12055:
11883:
11555:
11315:
10935:
5667:
5643:
4826:
3836:
3804:
1801:
845:
587:
453:
436:
or letters absent from the ISO Basic Latin alphabet, have historically been represented on
8:
15388:
14385:
12065:
12060:
11838:
11465:
10950:
10835:
10825:
10820:
6193:
6009:
5921:
5839:
5671:
4656:
2849:
bytes is independent for the different types. The 94-character graphic set designated by
805:
514:
365:
8454:
7924:
6101:
byte is not used by the current edition of the standard. However, it is still listed by
1778:
byte range. This is currently only used with 94-character sets, where codes of the form
905:
Each of the four working sets G0 through G3 may be a 94-character set or a 94-character
15363:
15343:
14330:
14265:
12605:
12196:
11991:
11919:
11767:
11580:
11575:
11500:
10499:
10473:
9997:
9953:
9908:
History of
Character Codes in North America, Europe, and East Asia from 1999, rev. 2004
9618:
9597:
9576:
9520:
9428:
9389:
9184:
9166:
9152:
9135:
9121:
9103:
9065:
9048:
9031:
9014:
8997:
8980:
6222:
5724:
5655:
5042:
5030:
5024:
4866:
4648:
3843:
1675:
1640:
1024:
690:
630:
500:
376:) so as to use multiple in a single document, effectively combining them into a single
296:
292:
237:
101:
65:
8887:
8803:"DICOM PS3.2 2016d - Conformance; D.6.2 Character Sets; D.6 Support of Character Sets"
8700:
1015:
Additional control functions are assigned to "type Fs" escape sequences (in the range
13159:
11909:
11848:
11828:
11490:
11470:
11450:
11078:
10554:
10534:
10046:
9858:
9854:
9847:
9821:
9817:
9541:
9505:
ISO-IR-149: Korean
Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange (KS C 5601:1987)
9449:
9410:
9371:
9276:
9230:
9139:
7053:
5988:
5900:
5818:
5743:
5034:
4837:
In April 2024, a security flaw was found in the implementation of ISO-2022-CN-EXT in
1788:
As with other escape sequence types, the range 0x30–0x3F is reserved for private-use
1312:
647:
605:
480:
437:
358:
342:
15013:
13893:
13634:
12962:
12279:
12070:
12005:
11866:
11440:
11406:
11116:
10945:
9788:
9763:
9734:
9707:
9680:
7402:
5927:
4841:, which lead to recommendations to disable the encoding entirely on Linux systems.
4762:
1864:
1664:
ISO International register of coded character sets to be used with escape sequences
836:
832:
600:
ISO 2022 escape sequences do, however, exist for switching to and from UTF-8 as a "
590:
set and unset within the coded representation for a single code point (e.g. UTF-1,
476:
405:
11959:
7847:, p. 20, chapter 12.5 ("Identification of the coding system of ISO/IEC 2022")
6050:
encoding, use additional escapes of this form for non-ISO-2022-compliant purposes.
15243:
14503:
14224:
14129:
13883:
13811:
13806:
13801:
13286:
13249:
13244:
13239:
13234:
13229:
13224:
13219:
12020:
11914:
11833:
10564:
10559:
10549:
10494:
10179:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10144:
9901:
8955:
ARIB STD-B24: Data Coding and
Transmission Specification for Digital Broadcasting
8514:
8175:"PQ02042: New Function to Provide C/370 iconv() Support for Japanese ISO-2022-JP"
8174:
5951:
5863:
5781:
5602:
languages with their associated character variants in a single document and font.
5595:
5038:
3800:
840:
797:
484:
425:
9487:
ISO-IR-140: The C0 Set of Control Characters of ISO 646, with EM replaced by SS2
8040:
7966:
4612:
is defined in RFC 1557, dated 1993. It encodes ASCII and the Korean double-byte
575:
Representing all characters, including control codes, with multiple bytes (e.g.
13791:
13539:
13351:
13214:
13204:
13199:
13194:
13189:
13184:
13179:
13174:
13169:
12538:
12528:
12237:
11366:
11361:
11351:
11346:
11341:
11336:
11300:
11295:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11111:
11068:
11063:
11058:
11053:
11048:
11043:
11038:
11033:
11028:
11023:
11018:
11013:
11008:
11003:
10998:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10885:
10880:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10634:
10219:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10109:
10104:
10099:
9967:
9895:
International Register of Coded Character Sets to be Used with Escape Sequences
8888:"935453 - Gather telemetry about HZ and other encodings we might try to remove"
6497:, pp. 228–234, Chapter 4 ("Encoding Methods"), section "ISO-2022 encoding"
6190:
MARC 21 Specifications for Record Structure, Character Sets, and Exchange Media
5709:
5704:
5599:
5188:
4151:
4139:
4027:(which also incorporates JIS X 0212 as described below, completing coverage of
3832:
3796:
3462:
C1 controls in CR region in 8-bit environments, as escape sequences otherwise.
488:
449:
409:
10614:
9071:
ECMA-144: 8-Bit Single-Byte Coded Graphic Character sets: Latin Alphabet No. 6
7640:
4704:
The ISO-2022-CN-EXT profile permits the following additional sets and planes.
3803:
as of 2004. (This support has been reduced in later versions to avoid certain
3408:
G0 in GL, G1 in GR if 8-bit, no locking shifts unless in a 7-bit environment.
640:
A format for encoding these sets, assuming that 8 bits are available per byte,
633:
system, including multiple graphical character sets and multiple sets of both
15502:
15466:
15461:
15451:
15446:
15441:
15433:
15428:
15418:
15403:
15398:
15353:
15338:
15333:
15328:
15318:
15308:
15298:
15293:
15273:
15268:
15258:
15233:
15223:
15213:
15178:
15173:
15163:
15158:
15148:
15123:
15118:
14579:
14554:
14539:
14475:
14470:
14465:
14460:
14455:
14300:
14245:
14214:
14204:
14067:
14057:
14027:
14022:
13972:
13952:
13930:
13915:
13868:
13833:
13776:
13771:
13761:
13639:
13584:
13559:
13554:
13534:
13407:
12947:
12386:
12356:
12211:
11686:
11106:
10993:
10988:
10983:
10978:
10973:
10968:
10845:
10840:
10830:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10775:
10770:
10765:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10735:
10730:
10725:
10720:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10665:
10660:
10655:
10650:
10569:
10544:
10509:
10468:
10214:
4943:
4616:, previously named KS C 5601-1987. Unlike ISO-2022-JP-2, it makes use of the
3294:
3058:
1860:
1561:
GL or GR (see below) encodes G3 for the immediately following character only
1520:
GL or GR (see below) encodes G2 for the immediately following character only
922:
465:
421:
338:
218:
181:
163:
59:
6788:, p. 5, chapter 7 ("Specification of the characters of the 8-bit code")
1835:
There are also three special cases for multi-byte codes. The code sequences
15413:
15393:
15113:
15088:
15073:
15068:
15063:
15043:
15038:
15033:
15028:
15023:
15018:
15008:
15003:
14698:
14440:
14410:
14270:
13614:
13609:
13472:
13467:
13462:
13381:
13326:
13276:
13209:
13164:
13139:
13069:
13064:
13059:
13054:
13049:
13007:
12972:
12882:
12877:
12513:
12161:
11706:
11701:
11696:
11691:
11426:
11166:
11161:
11156:
11151:
11146:
11141:
11136:
11131:
11126:
11121:
10604:
10599:
10579:
10463:
10088:
9222:
9172:
ISO/IEC 10646: Information technology — Universal Coded Character Set (UCS)
8918:
Unicode Technical Report #36: Unicode Security Considerations (revision 15)
6753:
5183:
4939:
4870:
4098:
3847:
3597:
3575:
3553:
3318:
3290:
1636:
1362:
965:
961:
686:
682:
674:
429:
413:
350:
232:
159:
12035:
9107:
6366:, pp. 242–245, Chapter 4 ("Encoding Methods"), section "EUC encoding"
5666:("�") to prevent them from being used to mask malicious sequences such as
4861:
A subset of ISO 2022 applied to 8-bit single-byte encodings is defined by
863:, where the ESC character is followed by zero or more intermediate bytes (
564:
generally deviate from the ISO 2022 structure in various ways, including:
468:
do not, usually due to not reserving the bytes 0x80–9F for control codes.
412:
altogether. Other writing systems with relatively few characters, such as
14988:
14780:
14750:
14743:
14738:
14415:
14112:
14107:
14102:
13686:
13603:
12575:
12125:
10021:
10004:
9748:
Zhu, HF.; Hu, DY.; Wang, ZG.; Kao, TC.; Chang, WCH.; Crispin, M. (1996).
7573:, pp. 19–20, chapter 12.4 ("Identification of control function set")
5689:
5075:
G1 is used for a 94x94 coded character set represented in two bytes. The
4924:
4909:
4905:
4897:
4886:
4070:
and allow use of JIS X 0201 kana from G1 without escape sequences, using
3883:
3823:, legacy content in ISO-2022-JP remains sufficiently widespread that the
2836:
1876:
bytes and the designation or other function which they perform is below.
957:
809:
750:
670:
457:
322:
213:
208:
203:
154:
7813:, pp. 18–19, chapter 12.1 ("Purpose and context of identification")
7384:
3850:
encodings also follow ISO 2022, in a subset stipulated in ISO/IEC 4873.
2865:. And neither of those is related to the 94-character set designated by
1703:
ISO 646-1983//CHARSET International Reference Version (IRV)//ESC 2/5 4/0
956:
Use of the backspace and carriage return in this manner is permitted by
281:
Information technology—Character code structure and extension techniques
15358:
15283:
15198:
15138:
14405:
14310:
14017:
13992:
13756:
13711:
13447:
13104:
12917:
12810:
12805:
12800:
12760:
12735:
12610:
12366:
12216:
12200:
12192:
11871:
11779:
11632:
11310:
10405:
10375:
10370:
10365:
10360:
10325:
10209:
10204:
10194:
10189:
9987:
9977:
9916:
6219:"ECMA-35: Character code structure and extension techniques (web page)"
5694:
5565:
5509:
5471:
5453:
5435:
5417:
5399:
5381:
5363:
5345:
5327:
5289:
5236:
5057:
4917:
4818:
4712:
4593:
4583:
4573:
4563:
4544:
4129:
4067:
4016:
3924:
3914:
3904:
3874:. It was introduced for use on the JUNET network and later codified in
3076:
formats of UTF-16 and UTF-32 are designated by their escape sequences.
3073:
3069:
2795:
2754:
2597:
2256:
2215:
1679:
1336:
926:
765:
545:
537:
472:
373:
139:
134:
129:
124:
11812:
9922:
9776:
9750:
9722:
9695:
9668:
9643:
9622:
9601:
9580:
9559:
9524:
9503:
9485:
9467:
9432:
9393:
9354:
9333:
9312:
9291:
9259:
7801:, p. 19, chapter 12.2 ("Identification of a UCS encoding scheme")
7772:, p. 21, chapter 2.8.2 ("Coding systems without Standard return")
7032:
4794:(0x28) designates a 94-character set to the G0 character set, whereas
3390:
G0 in GL, G1 in GR, no locking shifts, requires an 8-bit environment.
15471:
15248:
15183:
14972:
14967:
14962:
14957:
14952:
14942:
14932:
14927:
14917:
14912:
14907:
14902:
14892:
14887:
14882:
14867:
14862:
14852:
14847:
14842:
14832:
14827:
14822:
14817:
14812:
14807:
14802:
14797:
14775:
14770:
14760:
14733:
14728:
14718:
14713:
14708:
14703:
14693:
14688:
14678:
14663:
14658:
14653:
14574:
14569:
14564:
14559:
14534:
14524:
14485:
14435:
14430:
14425:
14420:
14325:
14320:
14315:
14305:
14295:
14280:
14260:
14255:
14250:
14199:
14144:
14139:
14119:
14097:
14077:
14032:
14012:
13967:
13962:
13957:
13925:
13888:
13878:
13863:
13858:
13853:
13838:
13823:
13818:
13746:
13741:
13736:
13716:
13706:
13701:
13696:
13681:
13676:
13624:
13619:
13599:
13569:
13544:
13529:
13499:
13452:
13442:
13422:
13417:
13402:
13397:
13311:
13032:
13027:
12922:
12568:
12563:
12558:
12553:
12548:
12456:
12451:
12446:
12441:
12177:
11759:
11737:
11642:
11455:
10484:
10415:
10395:
10390:
10315:
10310:
9912:
9842:
9809:
9793:
9767:
9739:
9712:
9685:
5526:
5198:
5061:
5053:
4853:
Relationship between ECMA-43 (ISO/IEC 4873) editions and levels, and
4687:
4652:
4075:
3992:
2133:
2064:
1430:
1332:
694:
433:
149:
144:
31:
9234:
8686:, pp. 10–11, chapter 10 ("Identification of version and level")
5048:
The code assigned to the G0 set is ASCII, or the country's national
4849:
1816:
byte (for a double-byte set) is 0x20 (space), the set denoted is a "
1697:
to identify character sets used for numeric character references in
1158:
Used when interacting with an outer coding / representation system,
714:
15323:
14897:
14877:
14837:
14792:
14723:
14668:
14209:
13987:
13691:
13519:
13356:
13346:
13331:
13306:
13291:
13266:
13261:
13144:
13119:
13114:
13099:
13094:
13089:
13079:
13044:
13039:
13022:
13002:
12997:
12992:
12987:
12982:
12977:
12967:
12952:
12942:
12937:
12927:
12912:
12907:
12897:
12892:
12887:
12872:
12867:
12862:
12857:
12852:
12837:
12822:
12795:
12790:
12785:
12780:
12775:
12770:
12765:
12755:
12750:
12730:
12725:
12715:
12710:
12700:
12695:
12685:
12680:
12675:
12650:
12640:
12533:
12436:
12431:
12426:
12421:
12416:
12411:
12406:
12401:
12396:
12097:
11929:
11784:
11749:
11727:
11637:
11460:
10400:
10385:
10345:
10340:
10335:
10320:
10279:
10274:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10051:
10041:
10037:
10011:
9904:, a full list of assigned character sets and their escape sequences
9624:
ISO-IR-196: UCS Transformation Format (UTF-8), with standard return
7732:, p. 20, chapter 2.8.1 ("Coding systems with Standard return")
6812:, p. 3, chapter 6 ("Specification of the coded character set")
6800:, p. 3, chapter 6 ("Specification of the coded character set")
6043:
5714:
5684:
5069:
5065:
4769:
4031:); this is close in both name and structure to an encoding denoted
3875:
3812:
2908:
2893:
2638:
1936:
1804:). However, in a graphical set designation sequence, if the second
1693:
ISO-IR registered escape sequences are also used encapsulated in a
1403:
1358:
1354:
1340:
1328:
1074:
Disables some or all of the manual input facilities of the device.
918:
890:
592:
461:
417:
389:
354:
112:
6042:) only, for historical reasons. Some implementations, such as the
3890:. It starts in ASCII and includes the following escape sequences:
1657:
15348:
15313:
15303:
14872:
14785:
14498:
14290:
14275:
14072:
14062:
14052:
13828:
13644:
13489:
13477:
12635:
12630:
12625:
12620:
12615:
12600:
12595:
12590:
12585:
12580:
12543:
12498:
12493:
12478:
12473:
12468:
11799:
11595:
11505:
11386:
10960:
10330:
10305:
10295:
10033:
9645:
ISO-IR-208: Ogham coded character set for information interchange
7516:, p. 103, chapter 14 ("Dynamically Re-definable Characters")
5632:
5492:
5049:
4675:
4644:
4613:
4119:
4109:
3996:
3991:
to switch away from JIS X 0208, which is actually registered for
3726:
LS3R used in 8-bit environments, LS3 used in 7-bit environments.
3690:
LS2R used in 8-bit environments, LS2 used in 7-bit environments.
3062:
2174:
1706:
702:
697:
languages. More specialised applications of ISO 2022 include the
541:
505:
381:
334:
330:
185:
119:
83:
14608:
9696:"RFC 1554: ISO-2022-JP-2: Multilingual Extension of ISO-2022-JP"
7389:
SP: an SGML System Conforming to International Standard ISO 8879
3654:
LS1R used in 8-bit environments, SO used in 7-bit environments.
3372:
G0 and G1 invoked to GL by locking shifts, GR absent or unused.
2857:
is not related in any way to the 96-character set designated by
909:. Additionally, G1 through G3 may be a 96- or 96-character set.
15378:
15373:
15368:
15278:
15218:
15208:
15203:
15193:
15153:
15103:
14360:
14345:
14340:
14335:
14007:
13982:
13910:
13766:
13751:
13731:
13726:
13671:
13664:
13659:
13654:
13549:
13514:
13361:
13012:
12827:
12391:
12118:
12092:
11804:
11794:
11772:
11652:
11627:
11622:
11305:
11196:
11086:
10445:
10435:
10420:
10237:
9240:
8123:
8083:"codecs — Codec registry and base classes § Standard Encodings"
7217:
7045:
6580:
6547:
6102:
6060:
5935:
5853:
5771:
5307:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5076:
4831:
4810:
4028:
3960:
3871:
3824:
3516:
Uses a 7-bit code, even if an eighth bit is available for use.
3233:
3166:
1797:
1705:
can be used to identify the International Reference Version of
698:
678:
580:
576:
530:
385:
6186:"Technique 2: Using standard alternate graphic character sets"
4817:
maps ISO-2022-KR, ISO-2022-CN and ISO-2022-CN-EXT (as well as
4667:, to which the RFC provides a correspondence in an appendix):
15228:
15108:
15098:
15093:
15083:
14993:
14922:
14395:
14370:
14092:
13977:
13848:
13629:
13494:
13366:
13341:
13336:
13316:
12690:
12660:
12655:
12376:
12361:
12351:
12346:
12113:
12108:
11899:
11617:
11612:
11607:
11224:
10930:
10440:
10380:
10242:
10016:
9777:"RFC 2237: Japanese Character Encoding for Internet Messages"
9669:"RFC 1468: Japanese Character Encoding for Internet Messages"
9555:
7936:
7934:
7932:
7114:
6047:
5961:
5873:
5791:
5651:
5636:
5628:
5621:
5272:
4838:
4814:
3964:
3943:
The RFC notes that some existing systems did not distinguish
3820:
3276:
3119:
3099:
2916:
2912:
2889:
2556:
2443:
1671:
1308:
930:
804:
Encoding byte values ("bit combinations") are often given in
774:
758:
609:
569:
561:
369:
318:. Originating in 1971, it was most recently revised in 1994.
9751:"RFC 1922: Chinese Character Encoding for Internet Messages"
8116:
DIGITAL UNIX Technical Reference for Using Japanese Features
4821:) to the "replacement" decoder, which maps all input to the
4755:
to switch to CNS 11643-1992 Plane 7 (2 bytes per character)
4747:
to switch to CNS 11643-1992 Plane 6 (2 bytes per character)
4739:
to switch to CNS 11643-1992 Plane 5 (2 bytes per character)
4731:
to switch to CNS 11643-1992 Plane 4 (2 bytes per character)
4723:
to switch to CNS 11643-1992 Plane 3 (2 bytes per character)
4698:
to switch to CNS 11643-1992 Plane 2 (2 bytes per character)
757:'s unregistered G2 does, as does the similarly unregistered
681:. 8-bit encoding systems conforming to ISO/IEC 2022 include
15253:
15168:
14765:
14042:
13905:
13898:
13564:
13509:
13109:
12720:
12258:
11210:
10300:
9784:
9759:
9730:
9723:"RFC 1557: Korean Character Encoding for Internet Messages"
9703:
9676:
9095:
8605:
5719:
4873:
defines 8-bit codes for ISO/IEC 4873 (or ECMA-43) level 1.
4664:
4066:
build directly on the 7-bit and 8-bit encodings defined by
3030:
selects an 8-bit code; there is no standard way to return.
1725:
Escape sequences to designate character sets take the form
1710:
1698:
518:
445:
304:
71:
9561:
ISO-IR-164: Hebrew Supplementary Set of Graphic Characters
9293:
ISO-IR-7: NATS Control set for newspaper text transmission
9003:
ECMA-35: Character Code Structure and Extension Techniques
8656:"8. Code Extension, ISO 2022 and 2375, ISO 4873 and 10367"
8644:, pp. 10, chapter 9.2 ("Unique coding of characters")
8580:, p. 11, chapter 10.3 ("Identification of a version")
7929:
4913:
4901:
4624:
once at the start of a line to designate KS X 1001 to G1.
3791:
2432:
1159:
749:
To represent large character sets, ISO/IEC 2022 builds on
601:
14947:
14529:
14219:
13271:
12076:
11677:
9176:
9113:
8705:
8696:
8422:
8396:
8370:
8344:
8318:
8292:
8266:
8240:
8214:
8178:
7898:
7410:
5243:
ISO 2022 designation sequences used in X11 Compound Text
4876:
ISO/IEC 4873 / ECMA-43 defines three levels of encoding:
4172:
3870:
is a widely used encoding for Japanese, in particular in
3816:
3426:
Shift functions preserved during 7-bit/8-bit conversion.
3317:
standard, as is using additional announcements on top of
3057:
Of particular interest are the sequences which switch to
3024:
Designate other coding system ("without standard return")
983:
If codes from the C0 set of ISO 6429 / ECMA-48, i.e. the
856:
Sequences using the ESC (escape) character take the form
441:
7448:
Mascheck, Sven; Le Breton, Stefan; Hamilton, Richard L.
7222:
7220:
2899:
9314:
ISO-IR-14: The Japanese Roman graphic set of characters
8942:
5095:
can take up to four bytes (i.e. SS2 plus three bytes).
4142:
high part, Extended Latin 1 set (1 byte per character)
1137:
Resets the device to its state after being powered on.
380:
encoding (a feature less important since the advent of
9660:
9335:
ISO-IR-26: Control set for newspaper text transmission
9261:
ISO-IR-1: The set of control characters of the ISO 646
9037:
ECMA-43: 8-Bit Coded Character Set Structure and Rules
9020:
ECMA-43: 8-Bit Coded Character Set Structure and Rules
7958:
7956:
7954:
7952:
6994:, p. 19, chapter 2.7 ("Single control functions")
6824:, p. 19, annex C ("Composite graphic characters")
6002:
5914:
5832:
5757:
5239:
in its initial state. The following F-bytes are used:
4596:
Plane 1 (2 bytes per character, ISO-2022-JP-2004 only)
2993:
Designate other coding system ("with standard return")
715:§ Registration of graphical and control code sets
677:), which has primarily been used in Japanese-language
27:
Higher-level 7-bit and 8-bit character encoding system
9891:, equivalent to ISO/IEC 2022 and freely downloadable.
7447:
4761:
The ISO-2022-CN-EXT profile further lists additional
1924:
Specifies code features used, e.g. working sets (see
1741:) bytes are from the range 0x20–0x2F, and the final (
851:
768:
of each character is normally specified in so-called
12309:
9469:
ISO-IR-106: Teletex Primary Set of Control Functions
9229:
9134:
8507:
8036:
7962:
7940:
7920:
6797:
6319:
5975:
5887:
5805:
5029:
Extended Unix Code (EUC) is an 8-bit variable-width
4806:(0x29–0x2B) designates to the G1–G3 character sets.
11989:
9054:
ECMA-48: Control Functions for Coded Character Sets
8986:
ECMA-35: Extension of the 7-bit Coded Character Set
8701:"Character Data Representation Architecture (CDRA)"
8419:
IBM Globalization - Coded Character Set Identifiers
8393:
IBM Globalization - Coded Character Set Identifiers
8367:
IBM Globalization - Coded Character Set Identifiers
8341:
IBM Globalization - Coded Character Set Identifiers
8315:
IBM Globalization - Coded Character Set Identifiers
8289:
IBM Globalization - Coded Character Set Identifiers
8263:
IBM Globalization - Coded Character Set Identifiers
8237:
IBM Globalization - Coded Character Set Identifiers
8211:
IBM Globalization - Coded Character Set Identifiers
8032:
8030:
7949:
7916:
7914:
7912:
7895:
IBM Globalization - Coded Character Set Identifiers
4006:
3051:Denotes the end of an ISO/IEC 2022 coded sequence.
1116:Enables the manual input facilities of the device.
9846:
9749:
9290:Sveriges Standardiseringskommission (1975-12-01).
8588:
8586:
5579:
4154:high part, Basic Greek set (1 byte per character)
3354:G0 in GL, GR absent or unused, no locking shifts.
2877:is a way of specifying the C1 control code 0x81.)
464:series, conform to ISO 2022, while others such as
9667:Murai, J.; Crispin, M.; van der Poel, E. (1993).
8521:
7855:
7853:
7450:"About the 'alternate linedrawing character set'"
3907:(ISO/IEC 646:JP) Roman set (1 byte per character)
3878:1468, dated 1993. It has an advantage over other
3498:94-character and/or 96-character graphical sets.
2969:Designate other coding system ("standard return")
1925:
1644:
992:
15500:
11879:Unicode control, format and separator characters
8054:"Modules/cjkcodecs/_codecs_iso2022.c, line 1122"
8027:
7909:
7891:"Additional Coding-related Required Information"
7794:
7792:
7790:
3297:format defines five private-use DOCS sequences.
869:) from the range 0x20–0x2F, and one final byte (
8850:
8848:
8583:
8135:
8133:
7838:
7765:
7763:
7761:
7759:
7757:
7109:
7107:
6022:
6020:
5594:As compared to Unicode, ISO/IEC 2022 sidesteps
3300:
2473:Prefixes designation escape to denote revision.
2051:(Reserved for sequences for control functions,
1658:Registration of graphical and control code sets
718:
708:
663:
325:00–1F and 0x7F–9F) to be used for non-printing
9802:
7868:
7850:
7564:
6414:Moy, Edward; Gildea, Stephen; Dickey, Thomas.
6336:
6334:
6332:
6330:
6328:
5052:character set such as KS-Roman (KS X 1003) or
3819:. Although UTF-8 is the preferred encoding in
2972:Return to ISO/IEC 2022 from another encoding.
2010:selects a C1 control character set to be used.
1969:selects a C0 control character set to be used.
1745:) byte is from the range 0x30–0x7E. The first
745:JIS X 0208 § Code points and code numbers
456:is 0 (i.e. bytes 0x00–7F, when represented in
14624:
12295:
11975:
9938:
9248:
9165:
8911:
8571:
7844:
7810:
7798:
7787:
7570:
6393:
6391:
6378:
6376:
6374:
6372:
5568:before the encoded text, and terminated with
3786:
2828:selects a 96-character set to be used for G3.
2787:selects a 96-character set to be used for G2.
2746:selects a 96-character set to be used for G1.
2671:selects a 94-character set to be used for G3.
2630:selects a 94-character set to be used for G2.
2589:selects a 94-character set to be used for G1.
2548:selects a 94-character set to be used for G0.
2397:selects a 96-character set to be used for G3.
2360:selects a 96-character set to be used for G2.
2323:selects a 96-character set to be used for G1.
2248:selects a 94-character set to be used for G3.
2207:selects a 94-character set to be used for G2.
2166:selects a 94-character set to be used for G1.
2125:selects a 94-character set to be used for G0.
1720:
635:primary (C0) and secondary (C1) control codes
602:coding system different from that of ISO 2022
556:besides the ISO 2022 control codes. However,
258:
9774:
9747:
9720:
9693:
9666:
9484:Úřad pro normalizaci a měřeni (1987-07-31).
9102:
9088:ETS 300 706: Enhanced Teletext specification
8948:
8912:Davis, Mark; Suignard, Michel (2014-09-19).
8845:
8635:
8559:
8529:"GLIBC Vulnerability on Servers Serving PHP"
8201:
8199:
8130:
7754:
7435:
7369:
7104:
6987:
6985:
6983:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6017:
5965:
5955:
5877:
5867:
5795:
5785:
4932:, in which DV stands for "Default Version".
2052:
1863:(UCS/Unicode), in contexts where processing
925:, and ISO-IR-164 (a subset of the G1 set of
791:
685:(ECMA-43), which is in turn conformed to by
529:, although some other CJK encodings such as
395:
9546:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
9454:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
9415:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
9376:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
9281:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
9189:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
9157:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
9126:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
9081:
8677:
8556:, pp. 7–11, chapter 7.3 ("The G0 set")
8498:
8496:
8494:
8492:
8438:
8436:
7984:
7982:
7980:
7978:
7976:
7974:
7885:
7883:
7816:
7645:VT510 Video Terminal Programmer Information
7513:
7058:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
6926:
6803:
6752:
6413:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6325:
6180:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6172:
5945:
3853:
900:
14631:
14617:
12302:
12288:
11982:
11968:
9945:
9931:
9638:
9617:
9596:
9575:
9554:
9519:
9501:
9483:
9462:
9423:
9384:
8653:
8647:
8535:
8484:
7833:
7822:
7725:
7723:
7721:
7719:
7554:
7552:
7550:
7548:
7546:
7544:
7542:
7417:
7226:
7167:
7144:
6943:
6941:
6880:
6791:
6726:
6715:
6704:
6500:
6397:
6388:
6369:
6115:
1810:byte (for a single-byte set) or the third
1010:
265:
251:
15488:International Electrotechnical Commission
9792:
9738:
9711:
9684:
9349:
9328:
9307:
9214:
9094:(European Telecommunications Standards).
8786:
8771:
8756:
8741:
8730:
8660:Character sets. Letters, tokens and codes
8598:
8196:
7859:
7641:"DECDWL—Double-Width, Single-Height Line"
7540:
7538:
7536:
7534:
7532:
7530:
7528:
7526:
7524:
7522:
7200:
7189:
7099:
7083:
7081:
7027:
6980:
6657:
6655:
6653:
6543:
6488:
6402:
6304:
6279:
6277:
5087:are examples of such two-byte EUC codes.
4289:(JIS X 0208, 1983+, long escape sequence)
4214:(JIS X 0208, 1983+, long escape sequence)
3897:to switch to ASCII (1 byte per character)
971:
826:
9502:Korea Bureau of Standards (1988-10-01).
9289:
9254:
9064:
8502:
8489:
8442:
8433:
8162:
8151:
8104:
7988:
7971:
7880:
7744:
7742:
7740:
7738:
7668:
7385:"Handling of the SGML declaration in SP"
7293:
7291:
7289:
7259:
7257:
7255:
7253:
7240:
7238:
7236:
7234:
7178:
6958:
6956:
6916:
6914:
6901:
6899:
6891:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6847:
6845:
6832:
6830:
6809:
6736:
6734:
6688:
6686:
6684:
6682:
6576:
6346:
6340:
6169:
4848:
4620:to switch between them, after including
4327:(JIS X 0208, 1978, long escape sequence)
4251:(JIS X 0208, 1978, long escape sequence)
3790:
3305:The sequence "announce code structure" (
3289:For specifying encodings by labels, the
1735:. As mentioned above, the intermediate (
817:(with "GL" standing for "graphics left")
738:
9952:
9640:National Standards Authority of Ireland
9434:ISO-IR-105: Minimum C1 Set for ISO 4873
9395:ISO-IR-104: Minimum C0 set for ISO 4873
9309:Japanese Industrial Standards Committee
9047:
9030:
9013:
8996:
8979:
8854:
8683:
8641:
8592:
8577:
8565:
8553:
8541:
8000:
7998:
7996:
7781:
7748:
7716:
7710:
7698:
7623:
7611:
7599:
7595:
7593:
7591:
7582:
7558:
7501:
7489:
7477:
7360:, p. 2, chapter 1 ("Introduction")
7351:
7345:
7333:
7321:
7309:
7297:
7280:
7263:
7244:
7211:
7155:
7087:
7072:
7015:
7003:
6974:
6962:
6947:
6938:
6932:
6920:
6905:
6868:
6851:
6836:
6821:
6785:
6740:
6692:
6673:
6661:
6644:
6632:
6620:
6608:
6596:
6563:
6530:
6518:
6482:
6478:
6476:
6467:
6455:
6443:
6298:
6283:
6268:
6253:
6163:
6151:
4908:, and that 0x24 was assigned to either
4854:
4600:
4023:allows it in a variant which it labels
949:"Graphic Character Combination" (GCC) (
936:
452:encodings, which follow ASCII when the
353:, portions of which are implemented by
104:(with stateless pre-configured subsets)
14:
15501:
8961:(ARIB Standard). 5.2-E1. Vol. 1.
8820:
8568:, pp. 6–8, chapter 7.4 ("G0 set")
7864:§ Non-Standard Character Set Encodings
7617:
7605:
7576:
7519:
7495:
7483:
7276:
7274:
7272:
7161:
7138:
7120:Recommendation T.51 (1992) Amendment 1
7078:
6650:
6294:
6292:
6274:
6264:
6262:
5177:
4916:. For instance, the 8-bit encoding of
3275:is the one supported by, for example,
1855:to designate to the G0 character set.
625:ISO/IEC 2022 specifies the following:
533:also make use of ISO 2022 mechanisms.
14612:
12283:
11963:
9926:
9841:
9808:
9721:Choi, U.; Chon, K.; Park, H. (1993).
9147:(Final Draft International Standard).
8689:
8544:, pp. 9–10, chapter 8 ("Levels")
8139:
7874:
7775:
7735:
7692:
7504:, p. 36, chapter 14.4.2, note 47
7492:, p. 36, chapter 14.4.2, note 48
7379:
7377:
7327:
7286:
7250:
7231:
7194:
7183:
7113:
7066:
6997:
6968:
6953:
6911:
6896:
6857:
6842:
6827:
6731:
6679:
6579:, defining the G0 designation of the
6546:, defining the G0 designation of the
6506:
6494:
6382:
6363:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6243:
5670:. Implementing this measure, e.g. in
5544:) for variable-length encodings, and
5018:
3271:Of the sequences switching to UTF-8,
3104:(UTF-1 not in current ISO/IEC 10646.)
2900:Interaction with other coding systems
1818:dynamically redefinable character set
764:For the two-byte character sets, the
400:The ASCII character set supports the
8943:Standards and registry indices cited
8604:
8478:
8447:
8112:"2: Codesets and Codeset Conversion"
7993:
7943:, chapter 4.2 ("Names and labels"),
7588:
7471:
7315:
7172:
6638:
6473:
6127:for a more recent system which uses
5564:. The encoding label is included in
5064:in US-ASCII) is used to represent a
4786:(for single-byte character sets) or
4039:, which furthermore adds a two-byte
3444:C1 controls using escape sequences.
1701:(ISO 8879). For example, the string
1279:
1255:
1231:
1207:
1183:
9661:Internet Requests For Comment cited
8611:The IPTC Recommended Message Format
7635:
7303:
7269:
7021:
6935:, p. 8, chapter 7.6 ("C1 set")
6762:ANSI escape sequence library for Go
6289:
6259:
4167:
24:
11289:Norwegian and Danish (alternative)
9835:
9526:ISO-IR-155: Basic Box-Drawings Set
9197:
8776:§ Standard Character Set Encodings
7769:
7729:
7423:
7374:
7357:
7158:, p. 15, chapter 7.3, note 23
7090:, p. 14, chapter 7.3, table 2
6991:
6240:
6119:OKI® Programmer's Reference Manual
5259:GZD4, G1D4 (for 94-character sets)
5126:ISO-8 (8-bit, G0 in GL, G1 in GR)
3480:94-character graphical sets only.
1800:, or vendor-specific sets such as
1318:
852:General syntax of escape sequences
604:", which are supported by certain
548:, Unicode inherits the concept of
115:and, depending on implementation:
25:
15535:
14638:
9872:
8914:"3.6.2 Some Output For All Input"
8051:
7925:section 2 ("Security background")
5068:in some versions of EUC-JP and a
4825:(�), in order to prevent certain
4618:Shift Out and Shift In characters
3886:transmission. Microsoft calls it
1335:to switch between the sets (e.g.
786:
719:§ Character set designations
664:§ ISO/IEC 2022 code versions
14593:
14592:
12034:
11946:
11945:
8905:
8880:
8795:
8780:
8765:
8750:
8735:
8724:
8547:
8407:
8381:
8355:
8329:
8303:
8277:
8251:
8225:
8167:
8156:
8145:
8075:
8045:
7827:
7804:
7704:
7662:
7561:, pp. 35–36, chapter 14.3.2
7403:"20: SGML Declaration of HTML 4"
6343:, p. 1, chapter 1 ("Scope")
6322:, p. 1, chapter 1 ("Scope")
6108:
6085:
6073:
6053:
5606:
4690:Plane 1 (2 bytes per character)
4085:
4007:Versions with halfwidth katakana
3963:Encoding Standard referenced by
1651:are used in 7-bit environments.
1095:Interrupts the current process.
657:
552:from ISO 2022, although it adds
526:
11733:Digital encoding of APL symbols
11668:Comparison of Unicode encodings
10186:Proposed but not approved
9175:(ISO Standard) (5th ed.).
9077:(ECMA Standard) (3rd ed.).
9060:(ECMA Standard) (5th ed.).
9043:(ECMA Standard) (3rd ed.).
9026:(ECMA Standard) (2nd ed.).
9009:(ECMA Standard) (6th ed.).
8992:(ECMA Standard) (2nd ed.).
8968:from the original on 2017-07-10
8924:from the original on 2019-02-22
8894:from the original on 2017-05-19
8869:from the original on 2019-02-21
8809:from the original on 2020-02-16
8713:from the original on 2019-06-23
8695:
8666:from the original on 2020-08-01
8624:from the original on 2022-01-25
8617:(5th ed.). IPTC TEC 7901.
8467:from the original on 2007-09-26
8185:from the original on 2022-01-04
8093:from the original on 2019-07-28
8064:from the original on 2022-04-30
8016:from the original on 2019-06-16
7713:, pp. 14–15, chapter 5.3.7
7681:from the original on 2022-04-30
7651:from the original on 2020-08-02
7629:
7507:
7460:from the original on 2019-12-29
7441:
7438:, p. 39, part 2, Table 7-3
7429:
7395:
7363:
7339:
7205:
7149:
7127:from the original on 2020-08-02
7093:
7009:
6885:
6874:
6815:
6779:
6768:from the original on 2022-04-30
6746:
6720:
6709:
6698:
6667:
6626:
6614:
6602:
6590:
6569:
6557:
6536:
6524:
6512:
6461:
6449:
6437:
6426:from the original on 2019-10-10
6229:from the original on 2022-04-25
6200:from the original on 2020-07-22
6131:to switch to ASCII from a DBCS.
5982:
5894:
5812:
5737:
5580:Comparison with other encodings
5573:
5561:
5552:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5520:
5516:
5503:
5499:
5486:
5482:
5465:
5461:
5447:
5443:
5429:
5425:
5411:
5407:
5393:
5389:
5375:
5371:
5357:
5353:
5339:
5335:
5321:
5317:
5301:
5297:
5283:
5279:
5266:
5262:
5230:
5224:
5214:
5203:
5192:
4844:
4586:Plane 2 (2 bytes per character)
4576:Plane 1 (2 bytes per character)
4566:Kana set (1 byte per character)
4526:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4470:
4450:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4318:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4260:
4254:
4248:
4242:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4205:
4058:Other, older variants known as
3937:
3336:Code version feature announced
1714:
1702:
1287:Escape sequences of type "Fp" (
929:with only the letters, used by
337:or formatting instructions for
12016:Common Language Infrastructure
8089:. Python Software Foundation.
8060:. Python Software Foundation.
7751:, pp. 41–42, chapter 15.4
7701:, pp. 36–37, chapter 14.5
7602:, pp. 37–41, chapter 15.2
6211:
6157:
6145:
5966:
5956:
5940:
5878:
5868:
5858:
5849:
5796:
5786:
5776:
5767:
5479:GZDM4, G1DM4 (for 2-byte sets)
3858:
3780:Single-shifts invoke over GR.
1770:bytes may be added before the
558:Unicode transformation formats
13:
1:
9215:Scheifler, Robert W. (1989).
8855:Sivonen, Henri (2018-12-17).
8791:§ Approved Standard Encodings
8120:Digital Equipment Corporation
7671:"Encode::JP::Emoji::Encoding"
7312:, pp. 23–24, chapter 9.4
6676:, pp. 24–26, chapter 5.4
6416:"Controls beginning with ESC"
6256:, pp. 15–16, chapter 8.1
6138:
5584:
5223:(in its 8-bit representation
5171:Single-shifts invoke over GR
4538:
3983:when decoding, and uses only
2470:Identify revised registration
2428:Designate other coding system
2391:G3-designate multibyte 96-set
2354:G2-designate multibyte 96-set
2317:G1-designate multibyte 96-set
2242:G3-designate multibyte 94-set
2201:G2-designate multibyte 94-set
2160:G1-designate multibyte 94-set
2119:G0-designate multibyte 94-set
1688:Universal Coded Character Set
554:other non-printing characters
499:; some of these (such as the
15524:Encodings of Asian languages
9884:ISO/IEC 2022:1994/Cor 1:1999
9853:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
9694:Ohta, M.; Handa, K. (1993).
8654:van Wingen, Johan W (1999).
8041:section 12.2 ("ISO-2022-JP")
7967:section 14.1 ("replacement")
7626:, p. 34, chapter 14.2.3
7614:, p. 34, chapter 14.2.2
7034:Reset to Initial State (RIS)
6950:, p. 29, chapter 13.2.1
6664:, p. 33, chapter 13.3.3
6635:, p. 4, definition 4.14
6623:, p. 4, definition 4.17
6533:, p. 5, definition 4.18
6521:, p. 4, definition 4.11
5730:
5658:, do not share this problem.
5314:G1D6 (for 96-character sets)
5072:in some versions of EUC-KR.
4180:IBM variants of ISO-2022-JP
4047:to complete the coverage of
3882:in that it does not require
3842:8-bit code versions include
3301:Code structure announcements
1311:, and are thus supported by
873:) from the range 0x30–0x7E.
709:Designation escape sequences
513:, while others (such as the
313:Japanese Industrial Standard
7:
11905:Character encodings in HTML
11239:National Replacement (NRCS)
11206:Japanese language in EBCDIC
9849:CJKV Information Processing
9814:CJKV Information Processing
9803:Other published works cited
9083:European Broadcasting Union
7336:, p. 17, chapter 8.3.3
7300:, p. 17, chapter 8.3.2
7266:, p. 23, chapter 9.3.1
7247:, p. 17, chapter 8.3.1
7075:, p. 12, chapter 6.5.3
7006:, p. 12, chapter 6.5.4
6977:, p. 12, chapter 6.5.2
6965:, p. 12, chapter 6.5.1
6923:, p. 19, chapter 8.5.2
6908:, p. 19, chapter 8.5.1
6871:, p. 11, chapter 6.4.2
6854:, p. 11, chapter 6.4.4
6839:, p. 10, chapter 6.4.1
6798:ISO/IEC FDIS 8859-10 (1998)
6743:, p. 10, chapter 6.3.3
6695:, p. 11, chapter 6.4.3
6611:, p. 10, chapter 6.3.2
6320:ISO/IEC FDIS 8859-10 (1998)
6003:
5976:
5915:
5888:
5833:
5806:
5758:
5678:
3795:Various ISO 2022 and other
2999:selects an 8-bit code; use
1870:A table of escape sequence
921:, the box drawing set from
895:Control Sequence Introducer
724:
620:
615:
10:
15540:
12146:Holographic Versatile Disc
9249:Registered code sets cited
9239:(WHATWG Living Standard).
8828:"DICOM ISO 2022 variation"
8087:Python 3.7.4 documentation
7784:, p. 41, chapter 15.3
7480:, p. 36, chapter 14.4
7324:, p. 27, chapter 11.1
7214:, p. 8, chapter 5.1.7
6647:, p. 28, chapter 13.1
5033:system used primarily for
5022:
4813:Encoding Standard used by
4191:Escape sequences for ACRI
3787:ISO/IEC 2022 code versions
2892:attribute control set for
2845:Note that the registry of
1721:Character set designations
1624:GR encodes G3 from now on
1603:GR encodes G2 from now on
1582:GR encodes G1 from now on
1479:GL encodes G3 from now on
1458:GL encodes G2 from now on
1437:GL encodes G1 from now on
1410:GL encodes G0 from now on
742:
712:
661:
428:, as well as forms of the
295:. It is equivalent to the
29:
15480:
14981:
14646:
14588:
14512:
14238:
13390:
12339:
12321:
12267:
12246:
12225:
12170:
12154:
12085:
12051:Advanced Intelligent Tape
12043:
12032:
11998:
11943:
11892:
11847:
11715:
11676:
11594:
11329:
11219:
11195:
11077:
10959:
10643:
10482:
10454:
10288:
10230:
10087:
9960:
9855:O'Reilly & Associates
9221:(X Consortium Standard).
7669:Kawasaki, Yusuke (2010).
7283:, p. 19, chapter 8.4
5992:
5931:
5904:
5822:
5747:
5478:
5313:
5258:
4778:GB 7590 or GB 13132 in G3
4775:GB 7589 or GB 13131 in G2
4164:by RFC 2237, dated 1997.
3951:, or did not distinguish
3103:
2965:
2046:(Single control function)
1755:byte (and any additional
1621:Locking shift three right
1227:Locking shift three right
792:Notation and nomenclature
646:The general structure of
396:Encodings and conformance
291:standard in the field of
246:
193:Other related encoding(s)
192:
177:
108:
93:
52:
44:
11935:Variable-length encoding
11716:Miscellaneous code pages
10474:Extended Unix Code / EUC
10165:-15 (New Western Europe)
9961:Early telecommunications
9236:WHATWG Encoding Standard
9206:(Registry Index). ITSCJ/
8037:WHATWG Encoding Standard
7963:WHATWG Encoding Standard
7941:WHATWG Encoding Standard
7921:WHATWG Encoding Standard
6599:, p. 7, chapter 6.2
6566:, p. 5, chapter 5.1
6114:See also, for instance,
4782:The character after the
4715:(2 bytes per character)
4678:(2 bytes per character)
4176:(RFC 1468) ISO-2022-JP.
3854:Japanese e-mail versions
3831:, due to concerns about
3534:Requires an 8-bit code.
2431:Switches coding system,
2370:
2333:
2296:
2221:
2180:
2139:
2070:
1713:4.01 specification uses
1695:Formal Public Identifier
901:Graphical character sets
701:encoding system used in
497:variable-width encodings
475:languages, specifically
402:ISO Basic Latin alphabet
30:Not to be confused with
11862:C0 and C1 control codes
8006:"Code Page Identifiers"
7407:HTML 4.01 Specification
6420:XTerm Control Sequences
5700:C0 and C1 control codes
5111:Feature of EUC denoted
4132:(2 bytes per character)
4122:(2 bytes per character)
4112:(2 bytes per character)
3975:distinctly, but treats
3927:(2 bytes per character)
3917:(2 bytes per character)
3799:encodings supported by
3048:Coding method delimiter
2954:
2801:
2760:
2719:
2644:
2603:
2562:
2521:
1921:Announce code structure
1606:
1600:Locking shift two right
1585:
1579:Locking shift one right
1564:
1275:Locking shift one right
1251:Locking shift two right
1155:Coding method delimiter
1011:Other control functions
550:C0 and C1 control codes
226:Pre-configured versions
12270:List of Ecma standards
11999:Application interfaces
10110:-3 (Maltese/Esperanto)
10061:World System Teletext
9218:Compound Text Encoding
8920:. Unicode Consortium.
5197:NL (newline, coded as
5156:G3 accessed using SS3
5141:G2 accessed using SS2
4858:
4188:ACRI definition number
4072:Shift Out and Shift In
3995:(a Swedish variant of
3880:encodings for Japanese
3808:
3033:
2933:, or subsets thereof.
2449:
1983:
1942:
1639:specifies GL, whereas
1523:
1482:
1461:
1440:
1307:terminals such as the
1301:ESC 0x23 (#) 0x3F (?)
1297:ESC 0x23 (#) 0x30 (0)
1134:Reset to initial state
1119:
1098:
1077:
1056:
1033:ESC 0x23 (#) 0x7E (~)
1029:ESC 0x23 (#) 0x40 (@)
972:Control character sets
951:CSI 0x20 (SP) 0x5F (_)
827:Fixed coded characters
586:Mixing bytes with the
368:(for example, between
333:instructions (such as
12226:Radio link interfaces
12171:Programming languages
12136:Ultra Density Optical
11884:Whitespace characters
11561:Ventura International
9781:Requests for Comments
9756:Requests for Comments
9727:Requests for Comments
9700:Requests for Comments
9673:Requests for Comments
7585:, p. 32, table 5
7348:, p. 47, annex B
6166:, p. 51, annex D
6070:below for background.
5664:replacement character
5648:replacement character
4852:
4823:replacement character
4485:(JIS X 0201 Katakana)
4447:(JIS X 0201 Katakana)
4409:(JIS X 0201 Katakana)
4371:(JIS X 0201 Katakana)
4333:(JIS X 0201 Katakana)
4295:(JIS X 0201 Katakana)
4257:(JIS X 0201 Katakana)
4220:(JIS X 0201 Katakana)
4001:World System Teletext
3829:replacement character
3794:
1830:World System Teletext
1413:
1386:
980:being only a C1 set.
743:Further information:
739:Multi-byte characters
713:Further information:
662:Further information:
493:double-byte encodings
12141:Universal Media Disc
11279:Norwegian and Danish
9521:ISO/IEC/JTC1/SC2/WG3
8746:§ Control Characters
8709:. pp. 157–162.
7945:anchor "replacement"
7845:ISO/IEC 10646 (2017)
7811:ISO/IEC 10646 (2017)
7799:ISO/IEC 10646 (2017)
7571:ISO/IEC 10646 (2017)
6581:JIS X 0201 Roman set
6548:JIS X 0201 Roman set
5950:'position';
5668:cross-site scripting
5644:cross-site scripting
5248:Escape sequence type
4865:, also published by
4827:cross-site scripting
4601:Other 7-bit versions
3837:cross-site scripting
3805:cross site scripting
2477:ESC & @ ESC $ B
1802:DEC Special Graphics
1295:) or of type "3Fp" (
1071:Disable manual input
937:Combining characters
846:whitespace character
806:column-line notation
693:, which is used for
588:most significant bit
536:Since the first 256
454:most significant bit
366:coded character sets
343:graphical characters
109:Transforms / Encodes
12086:File systems (disk)
12044:File systems (tape)
11839:Unified Hangul Code
11511:PostScript Standard
11234:Multinational (MCS)
10105:-2 (Central Europe)
10100:-1 (Western Europe)
9954:Character encodings
9775:Tamaru, K. (1997).
8058:cPython source tree
7436:ARIB STD-B24 (2008)
7370:ISO/IEC 2375 (2003)
6758:"ansi.go, line 134"
6575:See, for instance,
6542:See, for instance,
6194:Library of Congress
6116:Printronix (2012),
6063:. See footnote for
5672:Mozilla Thunderbird
5620:Some systems, like
5244:
5178:Compound Text (X11)
5105:Individual sequence
5056:(the lower half of
4657:traditional Chinese
4529:(JIS X 0208, 1983+)
4441:(JIS X 0208, 1983+)
4365:(JIS X 0208, 1983+)
4181:
4041:user-defined region
3600:(ECMA-43) level 3.
3578:(ECMA-43) level 2.
3556:(ECMA-43) level 1.
2931:Unicode/UCS formats
2822:G3-designate 96-set
2781:G2-designate 96-set
2740:G1-designate 96-set
2665:G3-designate 94-set
2624:G2-designate 94-set
2583:G1-designate 94-set
2542:G0-designate 94-set
1774:byte to extend the
1645:announcer sequences
1476:Locking shift three
1203:Locking shift three
1113:Enable manual input
993:announcer sequences
985:ASCII control codes
839:ESC (0x1B) and the
515:Traditional Chinese
404:(equivalent to the
329:for formatting and
41:
12315:by standard number
11992:Ecma International
11920:Hardware code page
11680:typesetting system
11516:PostScript Latin 1
11172:Cyrillic + Finnish
11079:Windows code pages
10961:IBM AIX code pages
10289:National standards
10220:Ukrainian Cyrillic
9900:2022-05-13 at the
9231:van Kesteren, Anne
9167:ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2
9136:ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2
9104:ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2
8010:Windows Dev Center
7514:ETS 300 706 (1997)
6223:Ecma International
5725:ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2
5656:Extended Unix Code
5242:
5043:simplified Chinese
5031:character encoding
5025:Extended Unix Code
5019:Extended Unix Code
4867:Ecma International
4859:
4649:simplified Chinese
4523:(JIS X 0208, 1978)
4517:(JIS X 0201 Roman)
4479:(JIS X 0208, 1978)
4403:(JIS X 0208, 1978)
4397:(JIS X 0201 Roman)
4359:(JIS X 0201 Roman)
4245:(JIS X 0201 Roman)
4208:(JIS X 0201 Roman)
4179:
3844:Extended Unix Code
3809:
2063:(private use: DEC
1676:Simplified Chinese
1674:character set for
1558:Single shift three
1407:Locking shift zero
1313:terminal emulators
1025:ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2
960:but prohibited by
893:control function "
821:("graphics right")
691:Extended Unix Code
631:character encoding
606:terminal emulators
501:Simplified Chinese
438:personal computers
359:terminal emulators
293:character encoding
39:
15519:ISO/IEC standards
15496:
15495:
14606:
14605:
12329:ISO romanizations
12277:
12276:
11957:
11956:
11910:Charset detection
11849:Control character
11531:Sharp calculators
11402:Casio calculators
11330:Platform specific
11182:Cyrillic + German
11177:Cyrillic + French
10595:Maltese/Esperanto
10231:Bibliographic use
10115:-4 (North Europe)
10047:T.51/ISO/IEC 6937
10005:Baudot and Murray
9879:ISO/IEC 2022:1994
9425:ISO/TC97/SC2/WG-7
9386:ISO/TC97/SC2/WG-7
8485:ISO-IR-149 (1988)
8052:Chang, Hye-Shik.
7834:ISO-IR-195 (1996)
7823:ISO-IR-192 (1996)
7227:ISO-IR-105 (1985)
7168:ISO-IR-140 (1987)
7145:ISO-IR-106 (1985)
6881:ISO-IR-104 (1985)
6727:ISO-IR-164 (1992)
6716:ISO-IR-155 (1990)
6705:ISO-IR-208 (1999)
6398:ISO-IR-196 (1996)
6286:, chapters 12, 14
6013:
6001:
5948:
5926:'point';
5925:
5913:
5843:
5831:
5756:
5631:, the multi-byte
5532:
5531:
5175:
5174:
5016:
5015:
5012:ISO 4873 Level 3
4997:ISO 4873 Level 2
4982:ISO 4873 Level 1
4536:
4535:
4185:Code page / CCSID
4015:to switch to the
3784:
3783:
3269:
3268:
3055:
3054:
2843:
2842:
2019:ISO 6429 C1 codes
1865:ANSI escape codes
1628:
1627:
1455:Locking shift two
1434:Locking shift one
1285:
1284:
1179:Locking shift two
964:/ ECMA-43 and by
705:library records.
648:ANSI escape codes
466:DOS code page 437
440:with different 8-
372:and the Japanese
275:
274:
16:(Redirected from
15531:
14633:
14626:
14619:
14610:
14609:
14596:
14595:
12316:
12304:
12297:
12290:
12281:
12280:
12272:(1961 – present)
12071:Linear Tape-Open
12038:
12006:ANSI escape code
11984:
11977:
11970:
11961:
11960:
11949:
11948:
11441:DG International
11316:Special Graphics
11117:Extended Latin-8
10515:Central European
10505:Barents Cyrillic
10210:Barents Cyrillic
10180:-12 (Devanagari)
10176:Abandoned parts
9947:
9940:
9933:
9924:
9923:
9868:
9852:
9831:
9816:(2nd ed.).
9798:
9796:
9794:10.17487/rfc2237
9771:
9768:10.17487/rfc1922
9753:
9744:
9742:
9740:10.17487/rfc1557
9717:
9715:
9713:10.17487/rfc1554
9690:
9688:
9686:10.17487/rfc1468
9656:
9650:
9635:
9629:
9614:
9608:
9593:
9587:
9572:
9566:
9551:
9545:
9537:
9531:
9516:
9510:
9498:
9492:
9480:
9474:
9459:
9453:
9445:
9439:
9420:
9414:
9406:
9400:
9381:
9375:
9367:
9361:
9346:
9340:
9325:
9319:
9304:
9298:
9286:
9280:
9272:
9266:
9244:
9226:
9211:
9205:
9194:
9188:
9180:
9162:
9156:
9148:
9146:
9131:
9125:
9117:
9099:
9093:
9078:
9076:
9061:
9059:
9044:
9042:
9027:
9025:
9010:
9008:
8993:
8991:
8976:
8974:
8973:
8967:
8960:
8933:
8932:
8930:
8929:
8909:
8903:
8902:
8900:
8899:
8884:
8878:
8877:
8875:
8874:
8868:
8861:
8852:
8843:
8842:
8840:
8839:
8830:. Archived from
8824:
8818:
8817:
8815:
8814:
8799:
8793:
8787:Scheifler (1989)
8784:
8778:
8772:Scheifler (1989)
8769:
8763:
8761:§ Directionality
8757:Scheifler (1989)
8754:
8748:
8742:Scheifler (1989)
8739:
8733:
8731:Scheifler (1989)
8728:
8722:
8721:
8719:
8718:
8693:
8687:
8681:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8671:
8651:
8645:
8639:
8633:
8632:
8630:
8629:
8623:
8616:
8602:
8596:
8590:
8581:
8575:
8569:
8563:
8557:
8551:
8545:
8539:
8533:
8532:
8525:
8519:
8518:
8511:
8505:
8500:
8487:
8482:
8476:
8475:
8473:
8472:
8466:
8459:
8455:"KS X 1001:1992"
8451:
8445:
8440:
8431:
8430:
8425:. Archived from
8411:
8405:
8404:
8399:. Archived from
8385:
8379:
8378:
8373:. Archived from
8359:
8353:
8352:
8347:. Archived from
8333:
8327:
8326:
8321:. Archived from
8307:
8301:
8300:
8295:. Archived from
8281:
8275:
8274:
8269:. Archived from
8255:
8249:
8248:
8243:. Archived from
8229:
8223:
8222:
8217:. Archived from
8203:
8194:
8193:
8191:
8190:
8171:
8165:
8160:
8154:
8149:
8143:
8137:
8128:
8127:
8108:
8102:
8101:
8099:
8098:
8079:
8073:
8072:
8070:
8069:
8049:
8043:
8034:
8025:
8024:
8022:
8021:
8002:
7991:
7986:
7969:
7960:
7947:
7938:
7927:
7918:
7907:
7906:
7901:. Archived from
7887:
7878:
7872:
7866:
7860:Scheifler (1989)
7857:
7848:
7842:
7836:
7831:
7825:
7820:
7814:
7808:
7802:
7796:
7785:
7779:
7773:
7767:
7752:
7746:
7733:
7727:
7714:
7708:
7702:
7696:
7690:
7689:
7687:
7686:
7666:
7660:
7659:
7657:
7656:
7633:
7627:
7621:
7615:
7609:
7603:
7597:
7586:
7580:
7574:
7568:
7562:
7556:
7517:
7511:
7505:
7499:
7493:
7487:
7481:
7475:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7465:
7445:
7439:
7433:
7427:
7421:
7415:
7414:
7399:
7393:
7392:
7381:
7372:
7367:
7361:
7355:
7349:
7343:
7337:
7331:
7325:
7319:
7313:
7307:
7301:
7295:
7284:
7278:
7267:
7261:
7248:
7242:
7229:
7224:
7215:
7209:
7203:
7201:ISO-IR-36 (1977)
7198:
7192:
7190:ISO-IR-26 (1976)
7187:
7181:
7176:
7170:
7165:
7159:
7153:
7147:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7111:
7102:
7100:ISO-IR-14 (1975)
7097:
7091:
7085:
7076:
7070:
7064:
7063:
7057:
7049:
7039:
7025:
7019:
7013:
7007:
7001:
6995:
6989:
6978:
6972:
6966:
6960:
6951:
6945:
6936:
6930:
6924:
6918:
6909:
6903:
6894:
6889:
6883:
6878:
6872:
6866:
6855:
6849:
6840:
6834:
6825:
6819:
6813:
6807:
6801:
6795:
6789:
6783:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6773:
6750:
6744:
6738:
6729:
6724:
6718:
6713:
6707:
6702:
6696:
6690:
6677:
6671:
6665:
6659:
6648:
6642:
6636:
6630:
6624:
6618:
6612:
6606:
6600:
6594:
6588:
6586:
6573:
6567:
6561:
6555:
6553:
6544:ISO-IR-14 (1975)
6540:
6534:
6528:
6522:
6516:
6510:
6504:
6498:
6492:
6486:
6480:
6471:
6465:
6459:
6453:
6447:
6441:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6411:
6400:
6395:
6386:
6380:
6367:
6361:
6344:
6338:
6323:
6317:
6302:
6296:
6287:
6281:
6272:
6266:
6257:
6251:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6205:
6182:
6167:
6161:
6155:
6149:
6132:
6130:
6126:
6124:
6112:
6106:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6071:
6069:
6057:
6051:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6024:
6015:
6008:
6006:
5996:
5994:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5969:
5968:
5959:
5958:
5949:
5946:
5942:
5933:
5920:
5918:
5908:
5906:
5898:
5892:
5891:
5881:
5880:
5871:
5870:
5860:
5851:
5844:'zone';
5838:
5836:
5826:
5824:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5799:
5798:
5789:
5788:
5778:
5769:
5761:
5751:
5749:
5741:
5575:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5539:
5538:
5522:
5518:
5505:
5501:
5488:
5484:
5467:
5463:
5449:
5445:
5431:
5427:
5413:
5409:
5395:
5391:
5377:
5373:
5359:
5355:
5341:
5337:
5323:
5319:
5308:JIS X 0201 Roman
5303:
5299:
5285:
5281:
5268:
5264:
5245:
5241:
5234:
5232:
5227:), with the SDS
5226:
5218:
5216:
5207:
5205:
5196:
5194:
5168:
5163:
5153:
5148:
5138:
5133:
5123:
5118:
5102:
5101:
5082:
5060:). Hence, 0x5C (
5009:
5004:
4994:
4989:
4979:
4974:
4958:
4957:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4763:Guobiao standard
4754:
4746:
4738:
4730:
4722:
4710:
4697:
4685:
4673:
4640:
4639:
4632:
4631:
4623:
4610:
4609:
4591:
4581:
4571:
4561:
4553:ISO-2022-JP-2004
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4490:
4484:
4478:
4472:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4414:
4408:
4402:
4396:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4300:
4294:
4288:
4282:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4182:
4178:
4168:IBM Japanese TCP
4149:
4137:
4127:
4117:
4107:
4095:
4094:
4046:
4014:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3922:
3912:
3902:
3896:
3868:
3867:
3835:attacks such as
3777:
3772:
3759:
3754:
3741:
3736:
3723:
3718:
3705:
3700:
3687:
3682:
3669:
3664:
3651:
3646:
3633:
3628:
3615:
3610:
3593:
3588:
3571:
3566:
3549:
3544:
3531:
3526:
3513:
3508:
3495:
3490:
3477:
3472:
3459:
3454:
3441:
3436:
3423:
3418:
3405:
3400:
3387:
3382:
3369:
3364:
3351:
3346:
3324:
3323:
3311:
3285:
3274:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3114:
3109:
3091:Deprecated codes
3079:
3078:
3042:
3037:
3021:
3013:
3002:
2990:
2982:
2963:
2958:
2936:
2935:
2928:
2923:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2833:
2816:
2808:
2792:
2775:
2767:
2751:
2734:
2726:
2700:
2692:
2676:
2659:
2651:
2635:
2618:
2610:
2594:
2577:
2569:
2553:
2536:
2528:
2502:
2494:
2478:
2464:
2456:
2440:
2422:
2414:
2402:
2385:
2377:
2365:
2348:
2340:
2328:
2311:
2303:
2277:
2269:
2253:
2236:
2228:
2212:
2195:
2187:
2171:
2154:
2146:
2130:
2110:
2102:
2088:
2080:
2061:
2039:
2031:
2015:
1998:
1990:
1974:
1957:
1949:
1933:
1915:
1907:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1827:
1814:
1808:
1784:
1768:
1759:
1749:
1739:
1734:
1716:
1704:
1615:
1610:
1594:
1589:
1573:
1568:
1552:
1545:
1537:
1530:
1517:Single shift two
1511:
1504:
1496:
1489:
1470:
1465:
1449:
1444:
1422:
1417:
1395:
1390:
1368:
1367:
1365:levels 2 and 3.
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1278:Shift function,
1269:
1264:
1254:Shift function,
1245:
1240:
1230:Shift function,
1221:
1216:
1206:Shift function,
1197:
1192:
1182:Shift function,
1173:
1168:
1149:
1144:
1128:
1123:
1107:
1102:
1086:
1081:
1065:
1060:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1006:
1002:
952:
880:
867:
862:
837:escape character
835:DEL (0x7F), the
833:delete character
798:Escape sequences
595:
544:were taken from
524:
512:
508:
406:English alphabet
267:
260:
253:
197:Stateful subsets
42:
38:
21:
15539:
15538:
15534:
15533:
15532:
15530:
15529:
15528:
15499:
15498:
15497:
15492:
15476:
14977:
14642:
14637:
14607:
14602:
14584:
14508:
14234:
13386:
12335:
12317:
12314:
12308:
12278:
12273:
12263:
12242:
12221:
12166:
12150:
12081:
12039:
12030:
12021:Office Open XML
11994:
11988:
11958:
11953:
11939:
11915:Han unification
11888:
11843:
11711:
11672:
11590:
11412:Compucolor 8001
11325:
11321:Technical (TCS)
11244:French Canadian
11215:
11191:
11187:Polytonic Greek
11073:
10955:
10639:
10625:Turkic Cyrillic
10540:Font X (Kermit)
10535:Farsi (Persian)
10487:
10478:
10450:
10284:
10226:
10096:Approved parts
10083:
9956:
9951:
9902:Wayback Machine
9875:
9865:
9838:
9836:Further reading
9828:
9805:
9663:
9648:
9627:
9606:
9585:
9564:
9539:
9538:
9529:
9508:
9490:
9472:
9447:
9446:
9437:
9408:
9407:
9398:
9369:
9368:
9359:
9338:
9317:
9296:
9274:
9273:
9264:
9251:
9203:
9182:
9181:
9150:
9149:
9144:
9119:
9118:
9091:
9074:
9057:
9040:
9023:
9006:
8989:
8971:
8969:
8965:
8958:
8945:
8939:
8937:
8936:
8927:
8925:
8910:
8906:
8897:
8895:
8886:
8885:
8881:
8872:
8870:
8866:
8859:
8853:
8846:
8837:
8835:
8826:
8825:
8821:
8812:
8810:
8801:
8800:
8796:
8785:
8781:
8770:
8766:
8755:
8751:
8740:
8736:
8729:
8725:
8716:
8714:
8694:
8690:
8682:
8678:
8669:
8667:
8652:
8648:
8640:
8636:
8627:
8625:
8621:
8614:
8603:
8599:
8591:
8584:
8576:
8572:
8564:
8560:
8552:
8548:
8540:
8536:
8527:
8526:
8522:
8515:"CVE-2024-2961"
8513:
8512:
8508:
8503:RFC 1922 (1996)
8501:
8490:
8483:
8479:
8470:
8468:
8464:
8457:
8453:
8452:
8448:
8443:RFC 1557 (1993)
8441:
8434:
8413:
8412:
8408:
8387:
8386:
8382:
8361:
8360:
8356:
8335:
8334:
8330:
8309:
8308:
8304:
8283:
8282:
8278:
8257:
8256:
8252:
8231:
8230:
8226:
8205:
8204:
8197:
8188:
8186:
8173:
8172:
8168:
8163:RFC 2237 (1997)
8161:
8157:
8152:RFC 1554 (1993)
8150:
8146:
8138:
8131:
8110:
8109:
8105:
8096:
8094:
8081:
8080:
8076:
8067:
8065:
8050:
8046:
8035:
8028:
8019:
8017:
8004:
8003:
7994:
7989:RFC 1468 (1993)
7987:
7972:
7961:
7950:
7939:
7930:
7919:
7910:
7889:
7888:
7881:
7873:
7869:
7858:
7851:
7843:
7839:
7832:
7828:
7821:
7817:
7809:
7805:
7797:
7788:
7780:
7776:
7768:
7755:
7747:
7736:
7728:
7717:
7709:
7705:
7697:
7693:
7684:
7682:
7675:Encode-JP-Emoji
7667:
7663:
7654:
7652:
7634:
7630:
7622:
7618:
7610:
7606:
7598:
7589:
7581:
7577:
7569:
7565:
7557:
7520:
7512:
7508:
7500:
7496:
7488:
7484:
7476:
7472:
7463:
7461:
7454:~sven_mascheck/
7446:
7442:
7434:
7430:
7422:
7418:
7401:
7400:
7396:
7383:
7382:
7375:
7368:
7364:
7356:
7352:
7344:
7340:
7332:
7328:
7320:
7316:
7308:
7304:
7296:
7287:
7279:
7270:
7262:
7251:
7243:
7232:
7225:
7218:
7210:
7206:
7199:
7195:
7188:
7184:
7179:ISO-IR-7 (1975)
7177:
7173:
7166:
7162:
7154:
7150:
7143:
7139:
7130:
7128:
7112:
7105:
7098:
7094:
7086:
7079:
7071:
7067:
7051:
7050:
7037:
7026:
7022:
7014:
7010:
7002:
6998:
6990:
6981:
6973:
6969:
6961:
6954:
6946:
6939:
6931:
6927:
6919:
6912:
6904:
6897:
6892:ISO-IR-1 (1975)
6890:
6886:
6879:
6875:
6867:
6858:
6850:
6843:
6835:
6828:
6820:
6816:
6810:ECMA-144 (2000)
6808:
6804:
6796:
6792:
6784:
6780:
6771:
6769:
6751:
6747:
6739:
6732:
6725:
6721:
6714:
6710:
6703:
6699:
6691:
6680:
6672:
6668:
6660:
6651:
6643:
6639:
6631:
6627:
6619:
6615:
6607:
6603:
6595:
6591:
6584:
6577:RFC 1468 (1993)
6574:
6570:
6562:
6558:
6551:
6541:
6537:
6529:
6525:
6517:
6513:
6505:
6501:
6493:
6489:
6481:
6474:
6466:
6462:
6454:
6450:
6446:, chapters 6, 7
6442:
6438:
6429:
6427:
6412:
6403:
6396:
6389:
6381:
6370:
6362:
6347:
6341:ECMA-144 (2000)
6339:
6326:
6318:
6305:
6297:
6290:
6282:
6275:
6267:
6260:
6252:
6241:
6232:
6230:
6217:
6216:
6212:
6203:
6201:
6184:
6183:
6170:
6162:
6158:
6154:, Brief History
6150:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6135:
6128:
6122:
6113:
6109:
6100:
6097:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6081:
6078:
6074:
6068:
6064:
6058:
6054:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6018:
5987:
5983:
5899:
5895:
5817:
5813:
5742:
5738:
5733:
5681:
5609:
5596:Han unification
5587:
5582:
5557:
5551:
5545:
5535:
5228:
5212:
5202:
5187:
5180:
5166:
5161:
5151:
5146:
5136:
5131:
5121:
5116:
5080:
5027:
5021:
5007:
5002:
4992:
4987:
4977:
4972:
4954:
4923:The use of the
4847:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4752:
4744:
4736:
4728:
4720:
4708:
4695:
4683:
4671:
4638:ISO-2022-CN-EXT
4637:
4636:
4629:
4628:
4621:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4594:JIS X 0213-2004
4589:
4584:JIS X 0213-2000
4579:
4574:JIS X 0213-2000
4569:
4564:JIS X 0201-1976
4559:
4541:
4532:
4494:
4456:
4418:
4380:
4342:
4304:
4266:
4228:
4170:
4147:
4135:
4130:JIS X 0212-1990
4125:
4115:
4105:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4080:Code page 50222
4053:Code page 50221
4049:Super DEC Kanji
4044:
4025:ISO-2022-JP-EXT
4017:JIS X 0201-1976
4012:
4009:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3935:
3925:JIS X 0208-1983
3920:
3915:JIS X 0208-1978
3910:
3905:JIS X 0201-1976
3900:
3894:
3888:Code page 50220
3865:
3864:
3861:
3856:
3801:Mozilla Firefox
3789:
3775:
3770:
3757:
3752:
3739:
3734:
3721:
3716:
3703:
3698:
3685:
3680:
3667:
3662:
3649:
3644:
3636:SO / LS1 used.
3631:
3626:
3618:SI / LS0 used.
3613:
3608:
3591:
3586:
3569:
3564:
3547:
3542:
3529:
3524:
3511:
3506:
3493:
3488:
3475:
3470:
3457:
3452:
3439:
3434:
3421:
3416:
3403:
3398:
3385:
3380:
3367:
3362:
3349:
3344:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3283:
3272:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3112:
3107:
3094:Deprecated hex
3040:
3035:
3029:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3000:
2998:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2961:
2956:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2902:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2482:JIS X 0208:1990
2479:
2476:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2438:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2062:
2059:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2013:
2009:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1931:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1875:
1872:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1825:
1823:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1709:-1983, and the
1660:
1613:
1608:
1592:
1587:
1571:
1566:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1468:
1463:
1447:
1442:
1433:
1426:
1420:
1415:
1406:
1399:
1393:
1388:
1321:
1319:Shift functions
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1267:
1262:
1243:
1238:
1219:
1214:
1195:
1190:
1171:
1166:
1147:
1142:
1126:
1121:
1105:
1100:
1084:
1079:
1063:
1058:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1004:
1000:
974:
950:
939:
903:
885:
881:
878:
872:
868:
865:
861:
857:
854:
841:space character
829:
794:
789:
747:
741:
721:
711:
666:
660:
623:
618:
591:
522:
510:
504:
487:(collectively "
398:
341:), rather than
271:
242:
224:
223:
173:
89:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15537:
15527:
15526:
15521:
15516:
15514:Ecma standards
15511:
15509:Character sets
15494:
15493:
15491:
15490:
15484:
15482:
15478:
15477:
15475:
15474:
15469:
15464:
15459:
15454:
15449:
15444:
15439:
15436:
15431:
15426:
15421:
15416:
15411:
15406:
15401:
15396:
15391:
15386:
15381:
15376:
15371:
15366:
15361:
15356:
15351:
15346:
15341:
15336:
15331:
15326:
15321:
15316:
15311:
15306:
15301:
15296:
15291:
15286:
15281:
15276:
15271:
15266:
15261:
15256:
15251:
15246:
15241:
15236:
15231:
15226:
15221:
15216:
15211:
15206:
15201:
15196:
15191:
15186:
15181:
15176:
15171:
15166:
15161:
15156:
15151:
15146:
15141:
15136:
15131:
15126:
15121:
15116:
15111:
15106:
15101:
15096:
15091:
15086:
15081:
15076:
15071:
15066:
15061:
15056:
15051:
15046:
15041:
15036:
15031:
15026:
15021:
15016:
15011:
15006:
15001:
14996:
14991:
14985:
14983:
14979:
14978:
14976:
14975:
14970:
14965:
14960:
14955:
14950:
14945:
14940:
14935:
14930:
14925:
14920:
14915:
14910:
14905:
14900:
14895:
14890:
14885:
14880:
14875:
14870:
14865:
14860:
14855:
14850:
14845:
14840:
14835:
14830:
14825:
14820:
14815:
14810:
14805:
14800:
14795:
14790:
14789:
14788:
14783:
14773:
14768:
14763:
14758:
14753:
14748:
14747:
14746:
14741:
14731:
14726:
14721:
14716:
14711:
14706:
14701:
14696:
14691:
14686:
14681:
14676:
14671:
14666:
14661:
14656:
14650:
14648:
14644:
14643:
14636:
14635:
14628:
14621:
14613:
14604:
14603:
14601:
14600:
14589:
14586:
14585:
14583:
14582:
14577:
14572:
14567:
14562:
14557:
14552:
14547:
14542:
14537:
14532:
14527:
14522:
14516:
14514:
14510:
14509:
14507:
14506:
14501:
14496:
14491:
14488:
14483:
14478:
14473:
14468:
14463:
14458:
14453:
14448:
14443:
14438:
14433:
14428:
14423:
14418:
14413:
14408:
14403:
14398:
14393:
14388:
14383:
14378:
14373:
14368:
14363:
14358:
14353:
14348:
14343:
14338:
14333:
14328:
14323:
14318:
14313:
14308:
14303:
14298:
14293:
14288:
14283:
14278:
14273:
14268:
14263:
14258:
14253:
14248:
14242:
14240:
14236:
14235:
14233:
14232:
14227:
14222:
14217:
14212:
14207:
14202:
14197:
14192:
14187:
14182:
14177:
14172:
14167:
14162:
14157:
14152:
14147:
14142:
14137:
14132:
14127:
14122:
14117:
14116:
14115:
14110:
14100:
14095:
14090:
14085:
14080:
14075:
14070:
14065:
14060:
14055:
14050:
14045:
14040:
14035:
14030:
14025:
14020:
14015:
14010:
14005:
14000:
13995:
13990:
13985:
13980:
13975:
13970:
13965:
13960:
13955:
13950:
13945:
13944:
13943:
13933:
13928:
13923:
13918:
13913:
13908:
13903:
13902:
13901:
13896:
13886:
13881:
13876:
13871:
13866:
13861:
13856:
13851:
13846:
13841:
13836:
13831:
13826:
13821:
13816:
13815:
13814:
13809:
13804:
13799:
13794:
13789:
13784:
13779:
13774:
13764:
13759:
13754:
13749:
13744:
13739:
13734:
13729:
13724:
13719:
13714:
13709:
13704:
13699:
13694:
13689:
13684:
13679:
13674:
13669:
13668:
13667:
13662:
13652:
13647:
13642:
13637:
13632:
13627:
13622:
13617:
13612:
13607:
13597:
13592:
13587:
13582:
13577:
13572:
13567:
13562:
13557:
13552:
13547:
13542:
13537:
13532:
13527:
13522:
13517:
13512:
13507:
13502:
13497:
13492:
13487:
13482:
13481:
13480:
13475:
13470:
13465:
13460:
13450:
13445:
13440:
13435:
13430:
13425:
13420:
13415:
13410:
13405:
13400:
13394:
13392:
13388:
13387:
13385:
13384:
13379:
13374:
13369:
13364:
13359:
13354:
13349:
13344:
13339:
13334:
13329:
13324:
13319:
13314:
13309:
13304:
13299:
13294:
13289:
13284:
13279:
13274:
13269:
13264:
13259:
13254:
13253:
13252:
13247:
13242:
13237:
13232:
13227:
13222:
13217:
13212:
13207:
13202:
13197:
13192:
13187:
13182:
13177:
13172:
13162:
13157:
13152:
13147:
13142:
13137:
13132:
13127:
13122:
13117:
13112:
13107:
13102:
13097:
13092:
13087:
13082:
13077:
13072:
13067:
13062:
13057:
13052:
13047:
13042:
13037:
13036:
13035:
13025:
13020:
13015:
13010:
13005:
13000:
12995:
12990:
12985:
12980:
12975:
12970:
12965:
12960:
12955:
12950:
12945:
12940:
12935:
12930:
12925:
12920:
12915:
12910:
12905:
12900:
12895:
12890:
12885:
12880:
12875:
12870:
12865:
12860:
12855:
12850:
12845:
12840:
12835:
12830:
12825:
12820:
12815:
12814:
12813:
12808:
12803:
12793:
12788:
12783:
12778:
12773:
12768:
12763:
12758:
12753:
12748:
12743:
12738:
12733:
12728:
12723:
12718:
12713:
12708:
12703:
12698:
12693:
12688:
12683:
12678:
12673:
12668:
12663:
12658:
12653:
12648:
12643:
12638:
12633:
12628:
12623:
12618:
12613:
12608:
12603:
12598:
12593:
12588:
12583:
12578:
12573:
12572:
12571:
12566:
12561:
12556:
12551:
12541:
12536:
12531:
12526:
12521:
12516:
12511:
12506:
12501:
12496:
12491:
12486:
12481:
12476:
12471:
12466:
12461:
12460:
12459:
12454:
12449:
12444:
12439:
12434:
12429:
12424:
12419:
12414:
12409:
12404:
12399:
12389:
12384:
12379:
12374:
12369:
12364:
12359:
12354:
12349:
12343:
12341:
12337:
12336:
12322:
12319:
12318:
12307:
12306:
12299:
12292:
12284:
12275:
12274:
12268:
12265:
12264:
12262:
12261:
12256:
12250:
12248:
12244:
12243:
12241:
12240:
12235:
12229:
12227:
12223:
12222:
12220:
12219:
12214:
12209:
12204:
12190:
12185:
12180:
12174:
12172:
12168:
12167:
12165:
12164:
12158:
12156:
12152:
12151:
12149:
12148:
12143:
12138:
12133:
12128:
12123:
12122:
12121:
12116:
12111:
12101:
12098:CD File System
12095:
12089:
12087:
12083:
12082:
12080:
12079:
12074:
12068:
12063:
12058:
12053:
12047:
12045:
12041:
12040:
12033:
12031:
12029:
12028:
12023:
12018:
12013:
12008:
12002:
12000:
11996:
11995:
11987:
11986:
11979:
11972:
11964:
11955:
11954:
11951:Character sets
11944:
11941:
11940:
11938:
11937:
11932:
11927:
11922:
11917:
11912:
11907:
11902:
11896:
11894:
11893:Related topics
11890:
11889:
11887:
11886:
11881:
11876:
11875:
11874:
11869:
11859:
11857:Morse prosigns
11853:
11851:
11845:
11844:
11842:
11841:
11836:
11831:
11826:
11821:
11816:
11809:
11808:
11807:
11802:
11797:
11787:
11782:
11777:
11776:
11775:
11770:
11762:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11742:
11741:
11740:
11730:
11725:
11719:
11717:
11713:
11712:
11710:
11709:
11704:
11699:
11694:
11689:
11683:
11681:
11674:
11673:
11671:
11670:
11665:
11660:
11655:
11650:
11645:
11640:
11635:
11630:
11625:
11620:
11615:
11610:
11604:
11602:
11592:
11591:
11589:
11588:
11583:
11578:
11573:
11568:
11563:
11558:
11553:
11551:TI calculators
11548:
11543:
11538:
11533:
11528:
11523:
11518:
11513:
11508:
11503:
11498:
11493:
11488:
11483:
11478:
11473:
11468:
11463:
11458:
11453:
11448:
11443:
11438:
11429:
11424:
11419:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11394:
11389:
11384:
11379:
11374:
11369:
11364:
11359:
11354:
11349:
11344:
11339:
11333:
11331:
11327:
11326:
11324:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11292:
11291:
11286:
11281:
11276:
11271:
11266:
11261:
11259:United Kingdom
11256:
11251:
11246:
11236:
11230:
11228:
11217:
11216:
11214:
11213:
11208:
11202:
11200:
11193:
11192:
11190:
11189:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11169:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11114:
11109:
11104:
11094:
11089:
11083:
11081:
11075:
11074:
11072:
11071:
11066:
11061:
11056:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11036:
11031:
11026:
11021:
11016:
11011:
11006:
11001:
10996:
10991:
10986:
10981:
10976:
10971:
10965:
10963:
10957:
10956:
10954:
10953:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10933:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10908:
10903:
10898:
10893:
10888:
10883:
10878:
10873:
10868:
10863:
10858:
10853:
10848:
10843:
10838:
10833:
10828:
10823:
10818:
10813:
10808:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10788:
10783:
10778:
10773:
10768:
10763:
10758:
10753:
10748:
10743:
10738:
10733:
10728:
10723:
10718:
10713:
10708:
10703:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10683:
10678:
10673:
10668:
10663:
10658:
10653:
10647:
10645:
10644:DOS code pages
10641:
10640:
10638:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10622:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10597:
10592:
10590:Latin (Kermit)
10587:
10582:
10577:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10491:
10489:
10480:
10479:
10477:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10460:
10458:
10452:
10451:
10449:
10448:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10428:
10423:
10418:
10413:
10408:
10403:
10398:
10393:
10388:
10383:
10378:
10373:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10318:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10298:
10292:
10290:
10286:
10285:
10283:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10257:
10252:
10251:
10250:
10245:
10234:
10232:
10228:
10227:
10225:
10224:
10223:
10222:
10217:
10212:
10207:
10199:
10198:
10197:
10192:
10190:KOI-8 Cyrillic
10184:
10183:
10182:
10174:
10173:
10172:
10170:-16 (Romanian)
10167:
10162:
10157:
10152:
10147:
10142:
10137:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10093:
10091:
10085:
10084:
10082:
10081:
10076:
10075:
10074:
10073:
10072:
10067:
10059:
10054:
10049:
10031:
10026:
10025:
10024:
10014:
10009:
10008:
10007:
10002:
10001:
10000:
9995:
9990:
9985:
9975:
9968:Telegraph code
9964:
9962:
9958:
9957:
9950:
9949:
9942:
9935:
9927:
9921:
9920:
9910:
9905:
9892:
9886:
9881:
9874:
9873:External links
9871:
9870:
9869:
9863:
9837:
9834:
9833:
9832:
9826:
9818:O'Reilly Media
9804:
9801:
9800:
9799:
9772:
9745:
9718:
9691:
9662:
9659:
9658:
9657:
9642:(1999-12-07).
9636:
9621:(1996-04-22).
9615:
9600:(1996-04-22).
9594:
9579:(1996-04-22).
9573:
9558:(1992-07-13).
9552:
9523:(1990-04-16).
9517:
9499:
9481:
9466:(1985-08-01).
9460:
9431:(1985-08-01).
9421:
9392:(1985-08-01).
9382:
9353:(1977-10-15).
9351:ISO/TC 97/SC 2
9347:
9332:(1976-03-25).
9326:
9311:(1975-12-01).
9305:
9287:
9258:(1975-12-01).
9256:ISO/TC 97/SC 2
9250:
9247:
9246:
9245:
9227:
9212:
9195:
9163:
9138:(1998-02-12).
9132:
9100:
9079:
9062:
9045:
9028:
9011:
8994:
8977:
8944:
8941:
8935:
8934:
8904:
8879:
8844:
8819:
8794:
8779:
8764:
8749:
8734:
8723:
8688:
8684:ECMA-43 (1991)
8676:
8646:
8642:ECMA-43 (1991)
8634:
8597:
8593:ECMA-43 (1991)
8582:
8578:ECMA-43 (1991)
8570:
8566:ECMA-43 (1991)
8558:
8554:ECMA-43 (1985)
8546:
8542:ECMA-43 (1991)
8534:
8520:
8506:
8488:
8477:
8446:
8432:
8429:on 2014-11-29.
8406:
8403:on 2014-11-29.
8380:
8377:on 2014-11-29.
8354:
8351:on 2014-11-29.
8328:
8325:on 2014-12-02.
8302:
8299:on 2014-12-01.
8276:
8273:on 2014-11-30.
8250:
8247:on 2014-12-02.
8224:
8221:on 2014-11-29.
8195:
8181:. 2021-01-19.
8166:
8155:
8144:
8129:
8103:
8074:
8044:
8026:
7992:
7970:
7948:
7928:
7908:
7905:on 2015-01-07.
7879:
7867:
7849:
7837:
7826:
7815:
7803:
7786:
7782:ECMA-35 (1994)
7774:
7753:
7749:ECMA-35 (1994)
7734:
7715:
7711:ECMA-35 (1980)
7703:
7699:ECMA-35 (1994)
7691:
7661:
7628:
7624:ECMA-35 (1994)
7616:
7612:ECMA-35 (1994)
7604:
7600:ECMA-35 (1994)
7587:
7583:ECMA-35 (1994)
7575:
7563:
7559:ECMA-35 (1994)
7518:
7506:
7502:ECMA-35 (1994)
7494:
7490:ECMA-35 (1994)
7482:
7478:ECMA-35 (1994)
7470:
7440:
7428:
7416:
7394:
7373:
7362:
7350:
7346:ECMA-35 (1994)
7338:
7334:ECMA-35 (1994)
7326:
7322:ECMA-35 (1994)
7314:
7310:ECMA-35 (1994)
7302:
7298:ECMA-35 (1994)
7285:
7281:ECMA-35 (1994)
7268:
7264:ECMA-35 (1994)
7249:
7245:ECMA-35 (1994)
7230:
7216:
7212:ECMA-35 (1980)
7204:
7193:
7182:
7171:
7160:
7156:ECMA-35 (1994)
7148:
7137:
7117:(1995-08-11).
7103:
7092:
7088:ECMA-35 (1994)
7077:
7073:ECMA-35 (1994)
7065:
7031:(1976-12-30).
7029:ISO/TC 97/SC 2
7020:
7016:ECMA-48 (1991)
7008:
7004:ECMA-35 (1994)
6996:
6979:
6975:ECMA-35 (1994)
6967:
6963:ECMA-35 (1994)
6952:
6948:ECMA-35 (1994)
6937:
6933:ECMA-43 (1991)
6925:
6921:ECMA-35 (1994)
6910:
6906:ECMA-35 (1994)
6895:
6884:
6873:
6869:ECMA-35 (1994)
6856:
6852:ECMA-35 (1994)
6841:
6837:ECMA-35 (1994)
6826:
6822:ECMA-43 (1991)
6814:
6802:
6790:
6786:ECMA-43 (1991)
6778:
6745:
6741:ECMA-35 (1994)
6730:
6719:
6708:
6697:
6693:ECMA-35 (1994)
6678:
6674:ECMA-48 (1991)
6666:
6662:ECMA-35 (1994)
6649:
6645:ECMA-35 (1994)
6637:
6633:ECMA-35 (1994)
6625:
6621:ECMA-35 (1994)
6613:
6609:ECMA-35 (1994)
6601:
6597:ECMA-35 (1994)
6589:
6568:
6564:ECMA-35 (1994)
6556:
6535:
6531:ECMA-35 (1994)
6523:
6519:ECMA-35 (1994)
6511:
6499:
6487:
6483:ECMA-35 (1994)
6472:
6468:ECMA-35 (1994)
6460:
6456:ECMA-35 (1994)
6448:
6444:ECMA-35 (1994)
6436:
6401:
6387:
6368:
6345:
6324:
6303:
6299:ECMA-35 (1994)
6288:
6284:ECMA-35 (1994)
6273:
6269:ECMA-35 (1994)
6258:
6254:ECMA-35 (1994)
6239:
6210:
6196:. 2007-12-05.
6168:
6164:ECMA-35 (1994)
6156:
6152:ECMA-35 (1994)
6143:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6107:
6096:
6084:
6079:
6072:
6066:
6052:
6027:
6026:Specified for
6016:
6014:'face'
5981:
5893:
5811:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5710:MARC standards
5707:
5705:CJK characters
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5659:
5640:
5626:
5618:
5614:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5592:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5553:ESC % / 4
5547:ESC % / 1
5537:ESC % / 0
5530:
5529:
5524:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5480:
5476:
5475:
5469:
5458:
5457:
5451:
5440:
5439:
5433:
5422:
5421:
5415:
5404:
5403:
5397:
5386:
5385:
5379:
5368:
5367:
5361:
5350:
5349:
5343:
5332:
5331:
5325:
5315:
5311:
5310:
5305:
5294:
5293:
5287:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5260:
5256:
5255:
5254:Graphical set
5252:
5249:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5023:Main article:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4952:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4882:
4846:
4843:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4759:
4758:
4750:
4742:
4734:
4726:
4718:
4702:
4701:
4693:
4688:CNS 11643-1992
4681:
4614:KS X 1001-1992
4602:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4587:
4577:
4567:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4448:
4442:
4436:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4169:
4166:
4158:
4157:
4152:ISO/IEC 8859-7
4145:
4140:ISO/IEC 8859-1
4133:
4123:
4120:KS X 1001-1992
4113:
4087:
4084:
4043:accessed with
4033:ISO-2022-JPext
4008:
4005:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3918:
3908:
3898:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3833:code injection
3788:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3308:
3307:ESC SP (0x20)
3302:
3299:
3284:001B 0025 0040
3267:
3266:
3256:
3254:ESC % / D
3249:ESC % / A
3246:
3241:
3239:ESC % / F
3236:
3230:
3229:
3204:
3202:ESC % / K
3197:ESC % / J
3192:ESC % / E
3187:ESC % / C
3182:ESC % / @
3179:
3174:
3172:ESC % / L
3169:
3163:
3162:
3152:
3150:ESC % / H
3145:ESC % / G
3142:
3132:
3130:ESC % / I
3122:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3082:Unicode Format
3053:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3004:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2925:byte of 0x2F (
2920:
2901:
2898:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2436:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2404:(private use)
2398:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2367:(private use)
2361:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2330:(private use)
2324:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2057:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1978:ASCII C0 codes
1970:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1871:
1821:
1811:
1805:
1789:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1659:
1656:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1538:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1497:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1320:
1317:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1012:
1009:
973:
970:
938:
935:
907:multi-byte set
902:
899:
883:
877:
870:
864:
859:
853:
850:
828:
825:
793:
790:
788:
787:Code structure
785:
740:
737:
710:
707:
659:
656:
655:
654:
651:
644:
641:
638:
622:
619:
617:
614:
598:
597:
584:
573:
450:extended ASCII
410:writing system
397:
394:
339:text terminals
273:
272:
270:
269:
262:
255:
247:
244:
243:
241:
240:
235:
229:
222:
221:
216:
211:
206:
200:
194:
190:
189:
179:
175:
174:
172:
171:
169:various others
166:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
116:
110:
106:
105:
95:
94:Classification
91:
90:
88:
87:
81:
75:
69:
63:
56:
54:
50:
49:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15536:
15525:
15522:
15520:
15517:
15515:
15512:
15510:
15507:
15506:
15504:
15489:
15486:
15485:
15483:
15479:
15473:
15470:
15468:
15465:
15463:
15460:
15458:
15455:
15453:
15450:
15448:
15445:
15443:
15440:
15437:
15435:
15432:
15430:
15427:
15425:
15422:
15420:
15417:
15415:
15412:
15410:
15407:
15405:
15402:
15400:
15397:
15395:
15392:
15390:
15387:
15385:
15382:
15380:
15377:
15375:
15372:
15370:
15367:
15365:
15362:
15360:
15357:
15355:
15352:
15350:
15347:
15345:
15342:
15340:
15337:
15335:
15332:
15330:
15327:
15325:
15322:
15320:
15317:
15315:
15312:
15310:
15307:
15305:
15302:
15300:
15297:
15295:
15292:
15290:
15287:
15285:
15282:
15280:
15277:
15275:
15272:
15270:
15267:
15265:
15262:
15260:
15257:
15255:
15252:
15250:
15247:
15245:
15242:
15240:
15237:
15235:
15232:
15230:
15227:
15225:
15222:
15220:
15217:
15215:
15212:
15210:
15207:
15205:
15202:
15200:
15197:
15195:
15192:
15190:
15187:
15185:
15182:
15180:
15177:
15175:
15172:
15170:
15167:
15165:
15162:
15160:
15157:
15155:
15152:
15150:
15147:
15145:
15142:
15140:
15137:
15135:
15132:
15130:
15127:
15125:
15122:
15120:
15117:
15115:
15112:
15110:
15107:
15105:
15102:
15100:
15097:
15095:
15092:
15090:
15087:
15085:
15082:
15080:
15077:
15075:
15072:
15070:
15067:
15065:
15062:
15060:
15057:
15055:
15052:
15050:
15047:
15045:
15042:
15040:
15037:
15035:
15032:
15030:
15027:
15025:
15022:
15020:
15017:
15015:
15012:
15010:
15007:
15005:
15002:
15000:
14997:
14995:
14992:
14990:
14987:
14986:
14984:
14980:
14974:
14971:
14969:
14966:
14964:
14961:
14959:
14956:
14954:
14951:
14949:
14946:
14944:
14941:
14939:
14936:
14934:
14931:
14929:
14926:
14924:
14921:
14919:
14916:
14914:
14911:
14909:
14906:
14904:
14901:
14899:
14896:
14894:
14891:
14889:
14886:
14884:
14881:
14879:
14876:
14874:
14871:
14869:
14866:
14864:
14861:
14859:
14856:
14854:
14851:
14849:
14846:
14844:
14841:
14839:
14836:
14834:
14831:
14829:
14826:
14824:
14821:
14819:
14816:
14814:
14811:
14809:
14806:
14804:
14801:
14799:
14796:
14794:
14791:
14787:
14784:
14782:
14779:
14778:
14777:
14774:
14772:
14769:
14767:
14764:
14762:
14759:
14757:
14754:
14752:
14749:
14745:
14742:
14740:
14737:
14736:
14735:
14732:
14730:
14727:
14725:
14722:
14720:
14717:
14715:
14712:
14710:
14707:
14705:
14702:
14700:
14697:
14695:
14692:
14690:
14687:
14685:
14682:
14680:
14677:
14675:
14672:
14670:
14667:
14665:
14662:
14660:
14657:
14655:
14652:
14651:
14649:
14645:
14641:
14640:IEC standards
14634:
14629:
14627:
14622:
14620:
14615:
14614:
14611:
14599:
14591:
14590:
14587:
14581:
14578:
14576:
14573:
14571:
14568:
14566:
14563:
14561:
14558:
14556:
14553:
14551:
14548:
14546:
14543:
14541:
14538:
14536:
14533:
14531:
14528:
14526:
14523:
14521:
14518:
14517:
14515:
14511:
14505:
14502:
14500:
14497:
14495:
14492:
14489:
14487:
14484:
14482:
14479:
14477:
14474:
14472:
14469:
14467:
14464:
14462:
14459:
14457:
14454:
14452:
14449:
14447:
14444:
14442:
14439:
14437:
14434:
14432:
14429:
14427:
14424:
14422:
14419:
14417:
14414:
14412:
14409:
14407:
14404:
14402:
14399:
14397:
14394:
14392:
14389:
14387:
14384:
14382:
14379:
14377:
14374:
14372:
14369:
14367:
14364:
14362:
14359:
14357:
14354:
14352:
14349:
14347:
14344:
14342:
14339:
14337:
14334:
14332:
14329:
14327:
14324:
14322:
14319:
14317:
14314:
14312:
14309:
14307:
14304:
14302:
14299:
14297:
14294:
14292:
14289:
14287:
14284:
14282:
14279:
14277:
14274:
14272:
14269:
14267:
14264:
14262:
14259:
14257:
14254:
14252:
14249:
14247:
14244:
14243:
14241:
14237:
14231:
14228:
14226:
14223:
14221:
14218:
14216:
14213:
14211:
14208:
14206:
14203:
14201:
14198:
14196:
14193:
14191:
14188:
14186:
14183:
14181:
14178:
14176:
14173:
14171:
14168:
14166:
14163:
14161:
14158:
14156:
14153:
14151:
14148:
14146:
14143:
14141:
14138:
14136:
14133:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14123:
14121:
14118:
14114:
14111:
14109:
14106:
14105:
14104:
14101:
14099:
14096:
14094:
14091:
14089:
14086:
14084:
14081:
14079:
14076:
14074:
14071:
14069:
14066:
14064:
14061:
14059:
14056:
14054:
14051:
14049:
14046:
14044:
14041:
14039:
14036:
14034:
14031:
14029:
14026:
14024:
14021:
14019:
14016:
14014:
14011:
14009:
14006:
14004:
14001:
13999:
13996:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13974:
13971:
13969:
13966:
13964:
13961:
13959:
13956:
13954:
13951:
13949:
13946:
13942:
13939:
13938:
13937:
13934:
13932:
13929:
13927:
13924:
13922:
13919:
13917:
13914:
13912:
13909:
13907:
13904:
13900:
13897:
13895:
13892:
13891:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13880:
13877:
13875:
13872:
13870:
13867:
13865:
13862:
13860:
13857:
13855:
13852:
13850:
13847:
13845:
13842:
13840:
13837:
13835:
13832:
13830:
13827:
13825:
13822:
13820:
13817:
13813:
13810:
13808:
13805:
13803:
13800:
13798:
13795:
13793:
13790:
13788:
13785:
13783:
13780:
13778:
13775:
13773:
13770:
13769:
13768:
13765:
13763:
13760:
13758:
13755:
13753:
13750:
13748:
13745:
13743:
13740:
13738:
13735:
13733:
13730:
13728:
13725:
13723:
13720:
13718:
13715:
13713:
13710:
13708:
13705:
13703:
13700:
13698:
13695:
13693:
13690:
13688:
13685:
13683:
13680:
13678:
13675:
13673:
13670:
13666:
13663:
13661:
13658:
13657:
13656:
13653:
13651:
13648:
13646:
13643:
13641:
13638:
13636:
13633:
13631:
13628:
13626:
13623:
13621:
13618:
13616:
13613:
13611:
13608:
13605:
13601:
13598:
13596:
13593:
13591:
13588:
13586:
13583:
13581:
13578:
13576:
13573:
13571:
13568:
13566:
13563:
13561:
13558:
13556:
13553:
13551:
13548:
13546:
13543:
13541:
13538:
13536:
13533:
13531:
13528:
13526:
13523:
13521:
13518:
13516:
13513:
13511:
13508:
13506:
13503:
13501:
13498:
13496:
13493:
13491:
13488:
13486:
13483:
13479:
13476:
13474:
13471:
13469:
13466:
13464:
13461:
13459:
13456:
13455:
13454:
13451:
13449:
13446:
13444:
13441:
13439:
13436:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13406:
13404:
13401:
13399:
13396:
13395:
13393:
13389:
13383:
13380:
13378:
13375:
13373:
13370:
13368:
13365:
13363:
13360:
13358:
13355:
13353:
13350:
13348:
13345:
13343:
13340:
13338:
13335:
13333:
13330:
13328:
13325:
13323:
13320:
13318:
13315:
13313:
13310:
13308:
13305:
13303:
13300:
13298:
13295:
13293:
13290:
13288:
13285:
13283:
13280:
13278:
13275:
13273:
13270:
13268:
13265:
13263:
13260:
13258:
13255:
13251:
13248:
13246:
13243:
13241:
13238:
13236:
13233:
13231:
13228:
13226:
13223:
13221:
13218:
13216:
13213:
13211:
13208:
13206:
13203:
13201:
13198:
13196:
13193:
13191:
13188:
13186:
13183:
13181:
13178:
13176:
13173:
13171:
13168:
13167:
13166:
13163:
13161:
13158:
13156:
13153:
13151:
13148:
13146:
13143:
13141:
13138:
13136:
13133:
13131:
13128:
13126:
13123:
13121:
13118:
13116:
13113:
13111:
13108:
13106:
13103:
13101:
13098:
13096:
13093:
13091:
13088:
13086:
13083:
13081:
13078:
13076:
13073:
13071:
13068:
13066:
13063:
13061:
13058:
13056:
13053:
13051:
13048:
13046:
13043:
13041:
13038:
13034:
13031:
13030:
13029:
13026:
13024:
13021:
13019:
13016:
13014:
13011:
13009:
13006:
13004:
13001:
12999:
12996:
12994:
12991:
12989:
12986:
12984:
12981:
12979:
12976:
12974:
12971:
12969:
12966:
12964:
12961:
12959:
12956:
12954:
12951:
12949:
12946:
12944:
12941:
12939:
12936:
12934:
12931:
12929:
12926:
12924:
12921:
12919:
12916:
12914:
12911:
12909:
12906:
12904:
12901:
12899:
12896:
12894:
12891:
12889:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12876:
12874:
12871:
12869:
12866:
12864:
12861:
12859:
12856:
12854:
12851:
12849:
12846:
12844:
12841:
12839:
12836:
12834:
12831:
12829:
12826:
12824:
12821:
12819:
12816:
12812:
12809:
12807:
12804:
12802:
12799:
12798:
12797:
12794:
12792:
12789:
12787:
12784:
12782:
12779:
12777:
12774:
12772:
12769:
12767:
12764:
12762:
12759:
12757:
12754:
12752:
12749:
12747:
12744:
12742:
12739:
12737:
12734:
12732:
12729:
12727:
12724:
12722:
12719:
12717:
12714:
12712:
12709:
12707:
12704:
12702:
12699:
12697:
12694:
12692:
12689:
12687:
12684:
12682:
12679:
12677:
12674:
12672:
12669:
12667:
12664:
12662:
12659:
12657:
12654:
12652:
12649:
12647:
12644:
12642:
12639:
12637:
12634:
12632:
12629:
12627:
12624:
12622:
12619:
12617:
12614:
12612:
12609:
12607:
12604:
12602:
12599:
12597:
12594:
12592:
12589:
12587:
12584:
12582:
12579:
12577:
12574:
12570:
12567:
12565:
12562:
12560:
12557:
12555:
12552:
12550:
12547:
12546:
12545:
12542:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12530:
12527:
12525:
12522:
12520:
12517:
12515:
12512:
12510:
12507:
12505:
12502:
12500:
12497:
12495:
12492:
12490:
12487:
12485:
12482:
12480:
12477:
12475:
12472:
12470:
12467:
12465:
12462:
12458:
12455:
12453:
12450:
12448:
12445:
12443:
12440:
12438:
12435:
12433:
12430:
12428:
12425:
12423:
12420:
12418:
12415:
12413:
12410:
12408:
12405:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12395:
12394:
12393:
12390:
12388:
12385:
12383:
12380:
12378:
12375:
12373:
12370:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12355:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12345:
12344:
12342:
12338:
12334:
12333:IEC standards
12330:
12326:
12325:ISO standards
12320:
12312:
12305:
12300:
12298:
12293:
12291:
12286:
12285:
12282:
12271:
12266:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12252:
12251:
12249:
12245:
12239:
12236:
12234:
12231:
12230:
12228:
12224:
12218:
12215:
12213:
12212:Minimal BASIC
12210:
12208:
12205:
12202:
12198:
12194:
12191:
12189:
12186:
12184:
12181:
12179:
12176:
12175:
12173:
12169:
12163:
12160:
12159:
12157:
12153:
12147:
12144:
12142:
12139:
12137:
12134:
12132:
12129:
12127:
12124:
12120:
12117:
12115:
12112:
12110:
12107:
12106:
12105:
12102:
12099:
12096:
12094:
12091:
12090:
12088:
12084:
12078:
12075:
12072:
12069:
12067:
12064:
12062:
12059:
12057:
12054:
12052:
12049:
12048:
12046:
12042:
12037:
12027:
12024:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12014:
12012:
12009:
12007:
12004:
12003:
12001:
11997:
11993:
11990:Standards of
11985:
11980:
11978:
11973:
11971:
11966:
11965:
11962:
11952:
11942:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11898:
11897:
11895:
11891:
11885:
11882:
11880:
11877:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11864:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11854:
11852:
11850:
11846:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11814:
11810:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11796:
11793:
11792:
11791:
11788:
11786:
11783:
11781:
11778:
11774:
11771:
11769:
11766:
11765:
11763:
11761:
11758:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11739:
11736:
11735:
11734:
11731:
11729:
11726:
11724:
11721:
11720:
11718:
11714:
11708:
11705:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11675:
11669:
11666:
11664:
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11641:
11639:
11636:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
11619:
11616:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11606:
11605:
11603:
11601:
11600:ISO/IEC 10646
11597:
11593:
11587:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11567:
11564:
11562:
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11549:
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11447:
11444:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11433:
11430:
11428:
11425:
11423:
11420:
11418:
11417:Compucolor II
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11380:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11372:Acorn RISC OS
11370:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11360:
11358:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
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11332:
11328:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11301:8-bit Turkish
11299:
11297:
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11290:
11287:
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10498:
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10475:
10472:
10470:
10469:ISO/IEC 10367
10467:
10465:
10462:
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10146:
10143:
10141:
10138:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10120:-5 (Cyrillic)
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
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10013:
10010:
10006:
10003:
9999:
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9918:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9903:
9899:
9896:
9893:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9876:
9866:
9864:1-56592-224-7
9860:
9856:
9851:
9850:
9844:
9840:
9839:
9829:
9827:9780596514471
9823:
9819:
9815:
9811:
9807:
9806:
9795:
9790:
9786:
9782:
9778:
9773:
9769:
9765:
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9752:
9746:
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9736:
9732:
9728:
9724:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9705:
9701:
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9682:
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9664:
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9465:
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9430:
9426:
9422:
9418:
9412:
9404:
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9391:
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9383:
9379:
9373:
9365:
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9336:
9331:
9327:
9323:
9316:
9315:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9295:
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9270:
9263:
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9232:
9228:
9224:
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9213:
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9196:
9192:
9186:
9178:
9174:
9173:
9168:
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9160:
9154:
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9137:
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9123:
9115:
9111:
9110:
9105:
9101:
9097:
9090:
9089:
9084:
9080:
9073:
9072:
9067:
9063:
9056:
9055:
9050:
9046:
9039:
9038:
9033:
9029:
9022:
9021:
9016:
9012:
9005:
9004:
8999:
8995:
8988:
8987:
8982:
8978:
8964:
8957:
8956:
8951:
8947:
8946:
8940:
8923:
8919:
8915:
8908:
8893:
8889:
8883:
8865:
8858:
8851:
8849:
8834:on 2013-04-30
8833:
8829:
8823:
8808:
8804:
8798:
8792:
8788:
8783:
8777:
8773:
8768:
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8753:
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8555:
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8524:
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8510:
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8499:
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8410:
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8320:
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8312:
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8184:
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8164:
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8141:
8136:
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8125:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8107:
8092:
8088:
8084:
8078:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8048:
8042:
8038:
8033:
8031:
8015:
8012:. Microsoft.
8011:
8007:
8001:
7999:
7997:
7990:
7985:
7983:
7981:
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7968:
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7959:
7957:
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7953:
7946:
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7871:
7865:
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7835:
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7807:
7800:
7795:
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7783:
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7771:
7766:
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7758:
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7707:
7700:
7695:
7680:
7676:
7672:
7665:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7632:
7625:
7620:
7613:
7608:
7601:
7596:
7594:
7592:
7584:
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7572:
7567:
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7515:
7510:
7503:
7498:
7491:
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7479:
7474:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7444:
7437:
7432:
7425:
7420:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7398:
7390:
7386:
7380:
7378:
7371:
7366:
7359:
7354:
7347:
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7335:
7330:
7323:
7318:
7311:
7306:
7299:
7294:
7292:
7290:
7282:
7277:
7275:
7273:
7265:
7260:
7258:
7256:
7254:
7246:
7241:
7239:
7237:
7235:
7228:
7223:
7221:
7213:
7208:
7202:
7197:
7191:
7186:
7180:
7175:
7169:
7164:
7157:
7152:
7146:
7141:
7126:
7122:
7121:
7116:
7110:
7108:
7101:
7096:
7089:
7084:
7082:
7074:
7069:
7061:
7055:
7047:
7043:
7036:
7035:
7030:
7024:
7018:, chapter 5.5
7017:
7012:
7005:
7000:
6993:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6976:
6971:
6964:
6959:
6957:
6949:
6944:
6942:
6934:
6929:
6922:
6917:
6915:
6907:
6902:
6900:
6893:
6888:
6882:
6877:
6870:
6865:
6863:
6861:
6853:
6848:
6846:
6838:
6833:
6831:
6823:
6818:
6811:
6806:
6799:
6794:
6787:
6782:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6749:
6742:
6737:
6735:
6728:
6723:
6717:
6712:
6706:
6701:
6694:
6689:
6687:
6685:
6683:
6675:
6670:
6663:
6658:
6656:
6654:
6646:
6641:
6634:
6629:
6622:
6617:
6610:
6605:
6598:
6593:
6582:
6578:
6572:
6565:
6560:
6549:
6545:
6539:
6532:
6527:
6520:
6515:
6508:
6503:
6496:
6491:
6484:
6479:
6477:
6469:
6464:
6457:
6452:
6445:
6440:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6410:
6408:
6406:
6399:
6394:
6392:
6384:
6379:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6365:
6360:
6358:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6350:
6342:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6329:
6321:
6316:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6300:
6295:
6293:
6285:
6280:
6278:
6270:
6265:
6263:
6255:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6244:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6214:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6181:
6179:
6177:
6175:
6173:
6165:
6160:
6153:
6148:
6144:
6121:
6120:
6111:
6104:
6093:ESC 0x1B 0x2C
6088:
6076:
6062:
6056:
6049:
6045:
6023:
6021:
6011:
6005:
5999:
5990:
5985:
5978:
5973:
5963:
5953:
5943:
5937:
5929:
5923:
5917:
5911:
5902:
5897:
5890:
5885:
5875:
5865:
5861:
5855:
5847:
5841:
5835:
5829:
5820:
5815:
5808:
5803:
5793:
5783:
5779:
5773:
5765:
5760:
5754:
5745:
5740:
5736:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5610:
5607:Disadvantages
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5577:
5571:
5567:
5528:
5525:
5515:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5434:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5416:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5352:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5288:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5261:
5257:
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5238:
5222:
5211:
5200:
5190:
5185:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5159:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5107:
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4967:Announcement
4966:
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4960:
4959:
4956:
4948:
4945:
4944:ISO/IEC 10367
4941:
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4682:
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4572:to switch to
4568:
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4558:
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4549:ISO-2022-JP-3
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4156:
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4150:to switch to
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4118:to switch to
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4111:
4108:to switch to
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4093:ISO-2022-JP-2
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3298:
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3295:Compound Text
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3059:ISO/IEC 10646
3050:
3047:
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3026:
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3015:
3009:ESC % /
3007:
3006:
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2680:NATS-SEFI-ADD
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1861:ISO/IEC 10646
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1780:ESC ( !
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923:ISO/IEC 10367
920:
914:
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219:Compound Text
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182:ISO/IEC 10646
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148:
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43:
37:
33:
19:
15424:27000-series
14998:
14451:27000 series
12705:
12253:
12162:Universal 3D
11867:ISO/IEC 6429
11824:Stanford/ITS
11811:
11745:ARIB STD-B24
11526:Sega SC-3000
11427:DEC RADIX 50
10464:ISO/IEC 8859
10456:ISO/IEC 2022
10455:
10201:Adaptations
10160:-14 (Celtic)
10155:-13 (Baltic)
10145:-10 (Nordic)
10140:-9 (Turkish)
10089:ISO/IEC 8859
9848:
9813:
9780:
9755:
9726:
9699:
9672:
9644:
9623:
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9223:X Consortium
9217:
9199:
9171:
9140:
9108:
9087:
9070:
9053:
9036:
9019:
9002:
8985:
8970:. Retrieved
8954:
8938:
8926:. Retrieved
8917:
8907:
8896:. Retrieved
8882:
8871:. Retrieved
8836:. Retrieved
8832:the original
8822:
8811:. Retrieved
8797:
8782:
8767:
8752:
8737:
8726:
8715:. Retrieved
8704:
8691:
8679:
8668:. Retrieved
8659:
8649:
8637:
8626:. Retrieved
8610:
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8573:
8561:
8549:
8537:
8523:
8509:
8480:
8469:. Retrieved
8449:
8427:the original
8418:
8415:"CCSID 5055"
8409:
8401:the original
8392:
8389:"CCSID 5054"
8383:
8375:the original
8366:
8363:"CCSID 5053"
8357:
8349:the original
8340:
8337:"CCSID 5052"
8331:
8323:the original
8314:
8305:
8297:the original
8288:
8279:
8271:the original
8262:
8253:
8245:the original
8236:
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8219:the original
8210:
8207:"CCSID 9148"
8187:. Retrieved
8169:
8158:
8147:
8140:Lunde (2008)
8115:
8106:
8095:. Retrieved
8086:
8077:
8066:. Retrieved
8057:
8047:
8018:. Retrieved
8009:
7903:the original
7894:
7875:Lunde (2008)
7870:
7840:
7829:
7818:
7806:
7777:
7706:
7694:
7683:. Retrieved
7677:. Line 268.
7674:
7664:
7653:. Retrieved
7644:
7631:
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7578:
7566:
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7462:. Retrieved
7453:
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7431:
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7397:
7388:
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7341:
7329:
7317:
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7129:. Retrieved
7119:
7095:
7068:
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7023:
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6770:. Retrieved
6761:
6748:
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6711:
6700:
6669:
6640:
6628:
6616:
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6592:
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6559:
6552:ESC 2/8 4/10
6538:
6526:
6514:
6507:Lunde (2008)
6502:
6495:Lunde (2008)
6490:
6485:, chapter 15
6463:
6451:
6439:
6428:. Retrieved
6419:
6383:Lunde (2008)
6364:Lunde (2008)
6301:, chapter 11
6271:, chapter 13
6231:. Retrieved
6213:
6202:. Retrieved
6189:
6159:
6147:
6125:, p. 26
6118:
6110:
6087:
6075:
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6038:) and 0x42 (
6030:bytes 0x40 (
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5028:
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4940:ISO/IEC 8859
4938:
4934:
4929:
4922:
4895:
4875:
4871:ISO/IEC 8859
4869:as ECMA-43.
4863:ISO/IEC 4873
4862:
4860:
4845:ISO/IEC 4873
4836:
4808:
4781:
4760:
4756:
4748:
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4703:
4699:
4691:
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4676:GB 2312-1980
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4605:
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4491:(JIS X 0212)
4453:(JIS X 0212)
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4301:(JIS X 0212)
4263:(JIS X 0212)
4171:
4161:
4159:
4155:
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4110:GB 2312-1980
4099:ISO/IEC 8859
4090:
4089:
4079:
4063:
4059:
4057:
4052:
4032:
4024:
4010:
3979:the same as
3942:
3930:
3887:
3863:
3862:
3848:ISO/IEC 8859
3841:
3810:
3598:ISO/IEC 4873
3596:Complies to
3576:ISO/IEC 4873
3574:Complies to
3554:ISO/IEC 4873
3552:Complies to
3319:ISO/IEC 4873
3313:
3304:
3291:X Consortium
3288:
3281:
3273:ESC % G
3270:
3125:ESC % G
3108:ESC % B
3067:
3056:
3001:ESC % @
2957:ESC % @
2906:
2903:
2882:ESC ! A
2879:
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2439:ESC % G
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2050:
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1963:C0-designate
1869:
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1794:ARIB STD-B24
1787:
1763:
1724:
1692:
1684:
1678:is known as
1668:ISO/IEC 2375
1667:
1663:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1637:ISO/IEC 4873
1629:
1548:Escape code:
1547:
1540:
1533:Escape code:
1532:
1525:
1507:Escape code:
1506:
1499:
1492:Escape code:
1491:
1484:
1363:ISO/IEC 4873
1352:
1348:ISO/IEC 6429
1345:
1326:
1322:
1293:ESC 0x3F (?)
1289:ESC 0x30 (0)
1286:
1021:ESC 0x7E (~)
1017:ESC 0x60 (`)
1014:
1005:ESC 0x5F (_)
1001:ESC 0x40 (@)
997:
989:
982:
978:
975:
966:ISO/IEC 8859
962:ISO/IEC 4873
955:
947:CSI sequence
940:
915:
911:
904:
888:
875:
855:
830:
820:
816:
814:
803:
795:
779:
773:
769:
763:
748:
733:
729:ARIB STD-B24
722:
687:ISO/IEC 8859
683:ISO/IEC 4873
675:JIS encoding
667:
624:
599:
535:
470:
430:Latin script
399:
363:
351:ISO/IEC 6429
320:
315:
308:
300:
280:
278:ISO/IEC 2022
277:
276:
233:ISO/IEC 4873
225:
196:
178:Succeeded by
168:
160:ISO/IEC 8859
36:
18:ISO/IEC 4873
14239:20000–29999
13391:10000–19999
12073:(Ultrium-1)
11586:ZX Spectrum
11541:Sinclair QL
11377:Amstrad CPC
11296:8-bit Greek
11223:terminals (
10936:Iran System
10488:("scripts")
10135:-8 (Hebrew)
10125:-6 (Arabic)
10022:ISO/IEC 646
8311:"CCSID 959"
8285:"CCSID 958"
8259:"CCSID 957"
8233:"CCSID 956"
6754:Google Inc.
6470:, chapter 9
6458:, chapter 8
5974::
5964::
5954::
5886::
5876::
5866::
5807:haeng-nyeol
5804::
5794::
5784::
5690:ISO/IEC 646
5542:1B 25 2F 30
5108:Hexadecimal
4930:ISO 4873 DV
4925:ISO/IEC 646
4898:ISO/IEC 646
4630:ISO-2022-CN
4608:ISO-2022-KR
3884:8-bit clean
3866:ISO-2022-JP
3859:ISO-2022-JP
3264:1B 25 2F 44
3259:1B 25 2F 41
3244:1B 25 2F 46
3227:1B 25 2F 4B
3222:1B 25 2F 4A
3217:1B 25 2F 45
3212:1B 25 2F 43
3207:1B 25 2F 40
3177:1B 25 2F 4C
3160:1B 25 2F 48
3155:1B 25 2F 47
3140:1B 25 2F 49
3003:to return.
2978:ESC %
2919:. A second
2839:RHS in G3)
2837:ISO 8859-15
2798:RHS in G2)
2757:RHS in G1)
2641:RHS in G2)
2410:ESC %
1945:ESC !
1824:byte 0x40 (
1764:Additional
958:ISO/IEC 646
810:hexadecimal
751:ISO/IEC 646
671:ISO-2022-JP
538:code points
527:ISO-2022-JP
458:hexadecimal
446:single byte
335:line breaks
214:ISO-2022-KR
209:ISO-2022-CN
204:ISO-2022-JP
155:ISO/IEC 646
45:Language(s)
15503:Categories
14018:16949 (TS)
13615:11941 (TR)
12313:standards
12217:Full BASIC
12201:ECMAScript
12193:JavaScript
11872:JIS X 0211
11780:ISO-IR-169
11633:UTF-EBCDIC
11199:code pages
10926:CSX+ Indic
10530:Devanagari
10485:Code pages
10406:LST 1590-4
10376:JIS X 0213
10371:JIS X 0212
10366:JIS X 0208
10361:JIS X 0201
10326:GOST 10859
10248:CCCII/EACC
10150:-11 (Thai)
10130:-7 (Greek)
10065:background
9988:Wabun/Kana
9843:Lunde, Ken
9810:Lunde, Ken
8972:2017-07-10
8928:2019-02-21
8898:2018-06-18
8873:2019-02-21
8838:2009-07-25
8813:2020-05-21
8717:2020-06-18
8670:2019-10-02
8662:. Terena.
8628:2020-01-14
8471:2007-07-12
8189:2022-01-04
8097:2019-09-16
8068:2019-09-15
8020:2019-09-16
7685:2020-05-28
7655:2020-01-17
7464:2020-01-08
7131:2019-12-25
6772:2019-09-14
6430:2019-10-04
6233:2022-04-27
6204:2020-07-19
6139:References
6059:Listed by
5695:ISO-IR-102
5585:Advantages
5566:ISO 8859-1
5510:JIS X 0208
5474:high part
5472:ISO-8859-9
5456:high part
5454:ISO-8859-5
5438:high part
5436:ISO-8859-8
5420:high part
5418:ISO-8859-6
5402:high part
5400:ISO-8859-7
5384:high part
5382:ISO-8859-4
5366:high part
5364:ISO-8859-3
5348:high part
5346:ISO-8859-2
5330:high part
5328:ISO-8859-1
5290:JIS X 0201
5251:Final byte
5237:ISO-8859-1
5058:JIS X 0201
4918:JIS X 0201
4881:permitted.
4819:HZ-GB-2312
4753:ESC $ + M
4745:ESC $ + L
4737:ESC $ + K
4729:ESC $ + J
4721:ESC $ + I
4713:ISO-IR-165
4709:ESC $ ) E
4696:ESC $ * H
4684:ESC $ ) G
4672:ESC $ ) A
4622:ESC $ ) C
4590:ESC $ ( Q
4580:ESC $ ( P
4570:ESC $ ( O
4545:JIS X 0213
4539:JIS X 0213
4489:ESC $ ( D
4451:ESC $ ( D
4413:ESC $ ( D
4375:ESC $ ( D
4337:ESC $ ( D
4325:ESC $ ( @
4299:ESC $ ( D
4287:ESC $ ( B
4261:ESC $ ( D
4249:ESC $ ( @
4224:ESC $ ( D
4212:ESC $ ( B
4126:ESC $ ( D
4116:ESC $ ( C
4068:JIS X 0201
4045:ESC $ ( 0
3762:SS3 used.
3744:SS2 used.
3708:LS3 used.
3672:LS2 used.
3074:big-endian
2871:ESC $ + A
2867:ESC $ ( A
2796:ISO 8859-2
2755:ISO 8859-1
2712:(not used)
2707:(not used)
2598:JIS X 0201
2514:(not used)
2509:(not used)
2452:ESC &
2401:ESC $ / 3
2364:ESC $ . 2
2327:ESC $ - 1
2289:(not used)
2284:(not used)
2257:JIS X 0212
2252:ESC $ + D
2216:JIS X 0208
2211:ESC $ * B
2170:ESC $ ) A
2129:ESC $ ( C
1853:ESC $ ( B
1849:ESC $ ( @
1680:ISO-IR-165
1641:packed EUC
1609:ESC |
1588:ESC }
1337:JIS X 0201
1280:see below.
1256:see below.
1239:ESC }
1232:see below.
1215:ESC |
1208:see below.
1184:see below.
1160:see below.
927:ISO-8859-8
876:The first
766:code point
695:East Asian
546:ISO 8859-1
473:East Asian
434:diacritics
374:JIS X 0208
316:JIS X 0202
309:ANSI X3.41
140:JIS X 0213
135:JIS X 0212
130:JIS X 0208
125:JIS X 0201
100:system of
13973:15926 WIP
13337:9592/9593
13262:9000/9001
13150:8805/8806
12066:Super DLT
11925:MICR code
11760:IEC-P27-1
11738:ISO-IR-68
11643:DIN 91379
11521:SAM Coupé
11456:GSM 03.38
11446:Galaksija
10941:Kamenický
10921:CSX Indic
10630:Ukrainian
10416:Shift JIS
10396:KS X 1002
10391:KS X 1001
10316:DIN 66003
10311:CNS 11643
10079:Transcode
10057:ITU T.101
9983:Non-Latin
9913:Ken Lunde
9185:cite book
9153:cite book
9122:cite book
6034:), 0x41 (
5998:romanized
5910:romanized
5828:romanized
5753:romanized
5731:Footnotes
5527:KS C 5601
5292:katakana
5062:backslash
5054:JIS-Roman
4653:CNS 11643
4076:Shift JIS
3993:ISO-IR-11
3813:IETF RFCs
3807:attacks.)
3017:1B 25 2F
2911:formats,
2433:see below
2381:1B 24 2F
2373:ESC $ /
2344:1B 24 2E
2336:ESC $ .
2307:1B 24 2D
2299:ESC $ -
2273:1B 24 2C
2265:ESC $ ,
2232:1B 24 2B
2224:ESC $ +
2191:1B 24 2A
2183:ESC $ *
2150:1B 24 29
2142:ESC $ )
2134:KS X 1001
2106:1B 24 28
2084:ESC $ (
2053:see above
1939:level 1)
1431:Shift Out
1333:Shift Out
1092:Interrupt
943:backspace
517:encoding
503:encoding
307:standard
299:standard
150:CNS 11643
145:KS X 1001
102:encodings
32:ISO 20022
14598:Category
12323:List of
12155:Graphics
11930:Mojibake
11785:ISO 2033
11750:Fieldata
11728:ASMO 449
11638:GB 18030
11598: /
11546:Teletext
11536:Sharp MZ
11466:HP FOCAL
11461:HP Roman
11392:Atari ST
11382:Apple II
10916:CS Indic
10610:Romanian
10585:Keyboard
10565:Gurmukhi
10560:Gujarati
10550:Georgian
10525:Cyrillic
10520:Croatian
10495:Armenian
10401:LST 1564
10386:KPS 9566
10346:GB 18030
10341:GB 12052
10336:GB 12345
10321:ELOT 927
10255:ISO 5426
10215:Estonian
10052:ITU T.61
10042:Teletext
10038:Videotex
10012:Fieldata
9998:Cyrillic
9898:Archived
9845:(1998).
9812:(2008).
9651:. ITSCJ/
9630:. ITSCJ/
9609:. ITSCJ/
9588:. ITSCJ/
9567:. ITSCJ/
9542:citation
9532:. ITSCJ/
9511:. ITSCJ/
9493:. ITSCJ/
9475:. ITSCJ/
9450:citation
9440:. ITSCJ/
9411:citation
9401:. ITSCJ/
9372:citation
9362:. ITSCJ/
9341:. ITSCJ/
9320:. ITSCJ/
9299:. ITSCJ/
9277:citation
9267:. ITSCJ/
9169:(2017).
9106:(2003).
9085:(1997).
9068:(2000).
9051:(1991).
9034:(1991).
9017:(1985).
9000:(1994).
8983:(1980).
8963:Archived
8952:(2008).
8922:Archived
8892:Archived
8864:Archived
8807:Archived
8711:Archived
8664:Archived
8619:Archived
8608:(1995).
8462:Archived
8183:Archived
8091:Archived
8062:Archived
8014:Archived
7679:Archived
7649:Archived
7458:Archived
7125:Archived
7054:citation
7040:. ITSCJ/
6766:Archived
6756:(2014).
6424:Archived
6227:Archived
6198:Archived
6044:SoftBank
5989:Japanese
5901:Japanese
5819:Japanese
5744:Japanese
5715:Mojibake
5685:ISO 2709
5679:See also
5625:systems.
5558:ISO 2022
5550:through
5167:1B 20 5C
5162:ESC SP \
5152:1B 20 5B
5147:ESC SP [
5137:1B 20 5A
5132:ESC SP Z
5122:1B 20 43
5117:ESC SP C
5079:form of
5070:Won sign
5066:Yen sign
5035:Japanese
5008:1B 20 4E
5003:ESC SP N
4993:1B 20 4D
4988:ESC SP M
4978:1B 20 4C
4973:ESC SP L
4770:GB 12345
4527:ESC $ B
4521:ESC $ @
4483:ESC $ I
4477:ESC $ @
4445:ESC $ I
4439:ESC $ B
4407:ESC $ I
4401:ESC $ @
4369:ESC $ I
4363:ESC $ B
4331:ESC $ I
4293:ESC $ I
4255:ESC $ I
4218:ESC $ I
4106:ESC $ A
3985:ESC $ B
3981:ESC $ B
3977:ESC $ @
3967:handles
3957:ESC $ B
3953:ESC $ @
3921:ESC $ B
3911:ESC $ @
3876:IETF RFC
3776:1B 20 5C
3771:ESC SP \
3758:1B 20 5B
3753:ESC SP [
3740:1B 20 5A
3735:ESC SP Z
3722:1B 20 57
3717:ESC SP W
3704:1B 20 56
3699:ESC SP V
3686:1B 20 55
3681:ESC SP U
3668:1B 20 54
3663:ESC SP T
3650:1B 20 53
3645:ESC SP S
3632:1B 20 52
3627:ESC SP R
3614:1B 20 50
3609:ESC SP P
3592:1B 20 4E
3587:ESC SP N
3570:1B 20 4D
3565:ESC SP M
3548:1B 20 4C
3543:ESC SP L
3530:1B 20 4B
3525:ESC SP K
3512:1B 20 4A
3507:ESC SP J
3494:1B 20 49
3489:ESC SP I
3476:1B 20 48
3471:ESC SP H
3458:1B 20 47
3453:ESC SP G
3440:1B 20 46
3435:ESC SP F
3422:1B 20 45
3417:ESC SP E
3404:1B 20 44
3399:ESC SP D
3386:1B 20 43
3381:ESC SP C
3368:1B 20 42
3363:ESC SP B
3350:1B 20 41
3345:ESC SP A
3314:announce
3135:1B 25 47
3113:1B 25 42
2962:1B 25 40
2909:Videotex
2894:Videotex
2869:through
2861:through
2853:through
2639:ITU T.61
1937:ISO 4873
1932:ESC SP L
1897:Example
1851:through
1845:ESC $ B
1841:ESC $ A
1837:ESC $ @
1541:CR area:
1526:CR area:
1500:CR area:
1485:CR area:
1404:Shift In
1329:Shift In
1299:through
1291:through
1031:through
1019:through
1003:through
919:I.S. 434
891:ISO 6429
848:may be.
770:row-cell
621:Elements
616:Overview
608:such as
593:GB 18030
560:such as
523:ISO 2022
511:ISO 2022
481:Japanese
471:Certain
462:ISO 8859
418:Cyrillic
390:8BITMIME
388:without
378:stateful
355:ANSI.SYS
311:and the
283:, is an
113:US-ASCII
98:Stateful
53:Standard
48:Various.
40:ISO 2022
15481:Related
15194:13522-5
14982:ISO/IEC
14873:62014-4
14786:61131-9
14781:61131-3
14751:60906-1
14744:60870-6
14739:60870-5
14499:29199-2
14371:23094-2
14366:23094-1
14356:23090-3
14225:19794-5
14220:19775-1
14008:16612-2
13998:16355-1
13687:13406-2
13645:12234-2
13413:10118-3
12254:ECMA-35
12178:C++/CLI
12026:OpenXPS
11819:SEASCII
11813:Mojikyō
11800:KOI8-RU
11723:ABICOMP
11596:Unicode
11506:PETSCII
11496:NEC APC
11432:DEC MCS
11387:ATASCII
11284:Swedish
11269:Finnish
11254:Spanish
10946:Mazovia
10911:ABICOMP
10620:Turkish
10575:Iceland
10483:Mac OS
10426:TIS-620
10331:GB 2312
10306:BraSCII
10296:ArmSCII
10034:Teletex
9993:Chinese
9917:CJK.INF
9889:ECMA-35
7637:Digital
6585:ESC ( J
6129:ESC ( H
6012:
6000::
5928:Chinese
5924:
5912::
5846:Chinese
5842:
5830::
5764:Chinese
5755::
5633:Unicode
5562:0x80–FF
5493:GB 2312
5231:CSI … ]
5081:GB 2312
5050:ISO 646
4645:GB 2312
4560:ESC ( I
4515:ESC ( J
4511:(ASCII)
4509:ESC ( A
4473:(ASCII)
4471:ESC ( A
4435:(ASCII)
4433:ESC ( A
4395:ESC ( J
4357:ESC ( J
4321:(ASCII)
4319:ESC ( A
4283:(ASCII)
4281:ESC ( A
4243:ESC ( J
4206:ESC ( J
4148:ESC . F
4136:ESC . A
4013:ESC ( I
4011:Use of
3997:ISO 646
3989:ESC ( H
3973:ESC ( J
3969:ESC ( B
3949:ESC ( J
3945:ESC ( B
3932:second
3901:ESC ( J
3895:ESC ( B
3085:Code(s)
3063:Unicode
2951:Effect
2886:ESC " A
2863:ESC / A
2859:ESC - A
2855:ESC + A
2851:ESC ( A
2832:ESC / b
2791:ESC . B
2750:ESC - A
2682:in G3)
2675:ESC + D
2634:ESC * v
2593:ESC ) I
2559:in G0)
2552:ESC ( B
2484:in G0)
2259:in G3)
2218:in G2)
2177:in G1)
2175:GB 2312
2136:in G0)
2076:ESC $
2060:ESC # 6
2014:ESC " C
1903:ESC SP
1707:ISO 646
1383:Effect
1053:Effect
703:MARC 21
542:Unicode
506:GB 2312
477:Chinese
382:Unicode
331:in-band
301:ECMA-35
186:Unicode
120:GB 2312
60:ISO/IEC
14513:30000+
13352:9797-1
13160:8820-5
13105:8501-1
12661:1073-2
12656:1073-1
12340:1–9999
12188:Eiffel
12119:FAT16B
12100:(CDFS)
12093:CD-ROM
11829:Symbol
11805:KOI8-U
11795:KOI8-R
11663:TACE16
11653:CESU-8
11648:BOCU-1
11628:UTF-32
11623:UTF-16
11566:WISCII
11556:TRS-80
11476:SQUOZE
11471:HP RPL
11311:Hebrew
11306:SI 960
11274:French
11197:EBCDIC
11087:CER-GS
10570:Hebrew
10545:Gaelic
10510:Celtic
10500:Arabic
10446:YUSCII
10436:VISCII
10421:SI 960
10411:PASCII
10260:5426-2
10238:MARC-8
9973:Needle
9861:
9824:
9241:WHATWG
8124:Compaq
7770:ISO-IR
7730:ISO-IR
7424:ISO-IR
7358:ISO-IR
7046:ISO-IR
6992:ISO-IR
6103:MARC-8
6065:ESC ,
6061:MARC-8
5970:;
5960:;
5952:Korean
5938::
5936:pinyin
5930::
5882:;
5872:;
5864:Korean
5856::
5854:pinyin
5848::
5800:;
5790:;
5782:Korean
5774::
5772:pinyin
5766::
5093:EUC-TW
5089:EUC-JP
5085:EUC-KR
5077:EUC-CN
5041:, and
5039:Korean
4832:UTF-16
4811:WHATWG
4788:ESC $
4651:) and
4502:TCP-16
4464:TCP-08
4426:TCP-07
4388:TCP-06
4350:TCP-05
4312:TCP-04
4274:TCP-03
4236:TCP-02
4199:TCP-01
4029:EUC-JP
4021:Python
3961:WHATWG
3936:-byte
3872:e-mail
3846:. The
3825:WHATWG
3327:Number
3234:UTF-32
3167:UTF-16
2986:1B 25
2915:, and
2812:1B 2F
2804:ESC /
2771:1B 2E
2763:ESC .
2730:1B 2D
2722:ESC -
2696:1B 2C
2688:ESC ,
2655:1B 2B
2647:ESC +
2614:1B 2A
2606:ESC *
2573:1B 29
2565:ESC )
2532:1B 28
2524:ESC (
2498:1B 27
2490:ESC '
2460:1B 26
2418:1B 25
2098:1B 24
2067:Line)
2035:1B 23
2027:ESC #
1994:1B 22
1986:ESC "
1953:1B 21
1911:1B 20
1894:Effect
1843:, and
1798:MARC-8
755:EUC-TW
725:ISO-IR
717:, and
699:MARC-8
689:, and
679:e-mail
581:UTF-32
577:UTF-16
531:EUC-JP
485:Korean
483:, and
432:using
426:Hebrew
422:Arabic
386:e-mail
303:, the
80:X 0202
15472:81346
15467:80000
15462:42010
15457:39075
15452:38500
15447:33001
15442:29119
15438:29110
15434:27040
15429:27002
15419:27000
15414:26300
15409:24752
15404:24744
15399:24727
15394:24707
15389:23360
15384:23270
15379:23008
15374:23003
15369:23000
15364:22537
15359:22275
15354:21827
15349:21000
15344:20802
15339:20000
15334:19788
15329:19770
15324:19757
15319:19752
15314:18181
15309:18014
15304:18004
15299:17025
15294:17024
15289:16485
15284:16262
15279:15938
15274:15897
15269:15693
15264:15511
15259:15504
15254:15445
15249:15444
15244:15408
15239:15291
15234:15288
15229:14882
15224:14651
15219:14496
15214:14443
15209:13818
15204:13816
15199:13568
15189:13346
15184:13250
15179:12207
15174:11801
15169:11544
15164:11404
15159:11179
15154:11172
15149:10967
15144:10646
15139:10279
15134:10179
15129:10165
15124:10116
15119:10021
14973:63382
14968:63119
14963:63110
14958:62700
14953:62682
14948:62680
14943:62455
14938:62386
14933:62379
14928:62366
14923:62365
14918:62351
14913:62325
14908:62304
14903:62264
14898:62262
14893:62196
14888:62061
14883:62056
14878:62026
14868:61970
14863:61968
14858:61960
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