IEEE 802.11 - Knowledge

2548:(MU-MIMO). The Wi-Fi Alliance separated the introduction of ac wireless products into two phases ("waves"), named "Wave 1" and "Wave 2". From mid-2013, the alliance started certifying Wave 1 802.11ac products shipped by manufacturers, based on the IEEE 802.11ac Draft 3.0 (the IEEE standard was not finalized until later that year). In 2016 Wi-Fi Alliance introduced the Wave 2 certification, to provide higher bandwidth and capacity than Wave 1 products. Wave 2 products include additional features like MU-MIMO, 160 MHz channel width support, support for more 5 GHz channels, and four spatial streams (with four antennas; compared to three in Wave 1 and 802.11n, and eight in IEEE's 802.11ax specification). 3076: 3135: 3175: 4193: 2893: 2562: 590: 40: 2987: 3007: 3167:"non-overlapping" channels (1, 5, 9, and 13) exist under 802.11g. However, this is not the case as per 17.4.6.3 Channel Numbering of operating channels of the IEEE Std 802.11 (2012), which states, "In a multiple cell network topology, overlapping and/or adjacent cells using different channels can operate simultaneously without interference if the distance between the center frequencies is at least 25 MHz." and section 18.3.9.3 and Figure 18-13. 3709:, a rate control algorithm may test different speeds. The actual packet loss rate of Access points varies widely for different link conditions. There are variations in the loss rate experienced on production Access points, between 10% and 80%, with 30% being a common average. It is important to be aware that the link layer should recover these lost frames. If the sender does not receive an Acknowledgement (ACK) frame, then it will be resent. 60: 2671:(STBC) or multi-user (MU) operation. The achievable data rate per spatial stream is 26.7 Mbit/s for 6 and 7 MHz channels, and 35.6 Mbit/s for 8 MHz channels. With four spatial streams and four bonded channels, the maximum data rate is 426.7 Mbit/s for 6 and 7 MHz channels and 568.9 Mbit/s for 8 MHz channels. 2714:

2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands. 802.11ah can be used for various purposes including large-scale sensor networks, extended-range hotspots, and outdoor Wi-Fi for cellular WAN carrier traffic offloading, whereas the available bandwidth is relatively narrow. The protocol intends consumption to be competitive with low-power

3030:). Other factors that contribute to the overall application data rate are the speed with which the application transmits the packets (i.e., the data rate) and, of course, the energy with which the wireless signal is received. The latter is determined by distance and by the configured output power of the communicating devices. 2667:

VHF bands than in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, which increases the possible range. The frequency channels are 6 to 8 MHz wide, depending on the regulatory domain. Up to four channels may be bonded in either one or two contiguous blocks. MIMO operation is possible with up to four streams used for either

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practice, 802.11b typically has a higher range at low speeds (802.11b will reduce speed to 5.5 Mbit/s or even 1 Mbit/s at low signal strengths). 802.11a also suffers from interference, but locally there may be fewer signals to interfere with, resulting in less interference and better throughput.

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Clear to Send (CTS) frame: A station responds to an RTS frame with a CTS frame. It provides clearance for the requesting station to send a data frame. The CTS provides collision control management by including a time value for which all other stations are to hold off transmission while the requesting

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When shared key authentication is being used, the WNIC sends an initial authentication request, and the access point responds with an authentication frame containing challenge text. The WNIC then sends an authentication frame containing the encrypted version of the challenge text to the access point.

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a transmitter can impact (desensitize) a receiver on a "non-overlapping" channel, but only if it is close to the victim receiver (within a meter) or operating above allowed power levels. Conversely, a sufficiently distant transmitter on an overlapping channel can have little to no significant effect.

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The then-proposed 802.11g standard was rapidly adopted in the market starting in January 2003, well before ratification, due to the desire for higher data rates as well as reductions in manufacturing costs. By summer 2003, most dual-band 802.11a/b products became dual-band/tri-mode, supporting a and

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Across all variations of 802.11, maximum achievable throughputs are given either based on measurements under ideal conditions or in the layer-2 data rates. However, this does not apply to typical deployments in which data is being transferred between two endpoints, of which at least one is typically

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provided by a regional regulatory agency to discover what frequency channels are available for use at a given time and position. The physical layer uses OFDM and is based on 802.11ac. The propagation path loss as well as the attenuation by materials such as brick and concrete is lower in the UHF and

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Action frame: extending management frame to control a certain action. Some of the action categories are Block Ack, Radio Measurement, Fast BSS Transition, etc. These frames are sent by a station when it needs to tell its peer for a certain action to be taken. For example, a station can tell another

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Reassociation request frame: A WNIC sends a reassociation request when it drops from the currently associated access point range and finds another access point with a stronger signal. The new access point coordinates the forwarding of any information that may still be contained in the buffer of the

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The Frame Check Sequence (FCS) is the last four bytes in the standard 802.11 frame. Often referred to as the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), it allows for integrity checks of retrieved frames. As frames are about to be sent, the FCS is calculated and appended. When a station receives a frame, it can

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Since the spectral mask defines only power output restrictions up to ±11 MHz from the center frequency to be attenuated by −50 dBr, it is often assumed that the energy of the channel extends no further than these limits. It is more correct to say that the overlapping signal on any channel

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antennas (MIMO). 802.11n operates on both the 2.4 GHz and the 5 GHz bands. Support for 5 GHz bands is optional. Its net data rate ranges from 54 Mbit/s to 600 Mbit/s. The IEEE has approved the amendment, and it was published in October 2009. Prior to the final ratification,

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Devices using 802.11b experience interference from other products operating in the 2.4 GHz band. Devices operating in the 2.4 GHz range include microwave ovens, Bluetooth devices, baby monitors, cordless telephones, and some amateur radio equipment. As unlicensed intentional radiators in

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IEEE Standard for Information Technology--Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Systems Local and Metropolitan Area Networks--Specific Requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 1: Enhancements for High-Efficiency

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This amendment defines standardized modifications to both the IEEE 802.11 physical layers (PHY) and the IEEE 802.11 medium access control layer (MAC) that enables at least one mode of operation capable of supporting a maximum throughput of at least 20 gigabits per second (measured at the MAC data

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spectrum. It will be an extension of the existing 11ad, aimed to extend the throughput, range, and use-cases. The main use-cases include indoor operation and short-range communications due to atmospheric oxygen absorption and inability to penetrate walls. The peak transmission rate of 802.11ay is

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also brings a disadvantage: the effective overall range of 802.11a is less than that of 802.11b/g. In theory, 802.11a signals are absorbed more readily by walls and other solid objects in their path due to their smaller wavelength, and, as a result, cannot penetrate as far as those of 802.11b. In

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throughput. Each represents an average (UDP) throughput (please note that the error bars are there but barely visible due to the small variation) of 25 measurements. Each is with a specific packet size (small or large) and with a specific data rate (10 kbit/s – 100 Mbit/s). Markers for

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based transmission scheme as 802.11a. It operates at a maximum physical layer bit rate of 54 Mbit/s exclusive of forward error correction codes, or about 22 Mbit/s average throughput. 802.11g hardware is fully backward compatible with 802.11b hardware, and therefore is encumbered with

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IEEE 802.11ah, published in 2017, defines a WLAN system operating at sub-1 GHz license-exempt bands. Due to the favorable propagation characteristics of the low-frequency spectra, 802.11ah can provide improved transmission range compared with the conventional 802.11 WLANs operating in the

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The 802.11b standard has a maximum raw data rate of 11 Mbit/s (Megabits per second) and uses the same media access method defined in the original standard. 802.11b products appeared on the market in early 2000, since 802.11b is a direct extension of the modulation technique defined in the

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IEEE Standard for Information technology--Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific requirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 2: Sub 1 GHZ License Exempt

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As far as the IEEE Standards Association is concerned, there is only one current standard; it is denoted by IEEE 802.11 followed by the date published. IEEE 802.11-2020 is the only version currently in publication, superseding previous releases. The standard is updated by means of amendments.

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IEEE Standard for Information Technology- Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems- Local and Metropolitan Area Networks- Specific Requirements Part Ii: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications. (n.d.). doi:10.1109/ieeestd.2003.94282

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Standards Committee (IEEE 802). The base version of the standard was released in 1997 and has had subsequent amendments. While each amendment is officially revoked when it is incorporated in the latest version of the standard, the corporate world tends to market to the revisions because they

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This does not mean that the technical overlap of the channels recommends the non-use of overlapping channels. The amount of inter-channel interference seen on a configuration using channels 1, 5, 9, and 13 (which is permitted in Europe, but not in North America) is barely different from a

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IEEE 802.11ba Wake-up Radio (WUR) Operation is an amendment to the IEEE 802.11 standard that enables energy-efficient operation for data reception without increasing latency. The target active power consumption to receive a WUR packet is less than 1 milliwatt and supports data rates of

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The next two bytes are reserved for the Duration ID field, indicating how long the field's transmission will take so other devices know when the channel will be available again. This field can take one of three forms: Duration, Contention-Free Period (CFP), and Association ID (AID).

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It operates in the 5 GHz band with a maximum net data rate of 54 Mbit/s, plus error correction code, which yields realistic net achievable throughput in the mid-20 Mbit/s. It has seen widespread worldwide implementation, particularly within the corporate workspace.

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Acknowledgement (ACK) frame: After receiving a data frame, the receiving station will send an ACK frame to the sending station if no errors are found. If the sending station does not receive an ACK frame within a predetermined period of time, the sending station will resend the

3026:) or vice versa. Due to the difference in the frame (header) lengths of these two media, the application's packet size determines the speed of the data transfer. This means applications that use small packets (e.g., VoIP) create dataflows with high-overhead traffic (i.e., a low 4139:. Updating 802.11 is the responsibility of task group m. In order to create a new version, TGm combines the previous version of the standard and all published amendments. TGm also provides clarification and interpretation to industry on published documents. New versions of the 564:

spectrum used by 802.11 varies between countries. In the US, 802.11a and 802.11g devices may be operated without a license, as allowed in Part 15 of the FCC Rules and Regulations. Frequencies used by channels one through six of 802.11b and 802.11g fall within the 2.4 GHz

6426:"IEEE 802.11-2020 - IEEE Standard for Information Technology--Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Systems - Local and Metropolitan Area Networks--Specific Requirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications" 2657:

technology to transmit on unused TV channels, with the standard taking measures to limit interference for primary users, such as analog TV, digital TV, and wireless microphones. Access points and stations determine their position using a satellite positioning system such as

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IEEE 802.11aq is an amendment to the 802.11 standard that will enable pre-association discovery of services. This extends some of the mechanisms in 802.11u that enabled device discovery to discover further the services running on a device, or provided by a network.

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for 802.11g/n-2.4. Other countries such as Spain initially allowed only channels 10 and 11, and France allowed only 10, 11, 12, and 13; however, Europe now allow channels 1 through 13. North America and some Central and South American countries allow only

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which, for much of the world, offers at least 23 non-overlapping, 20-MHz-wide channels. This is an advantage over the 2.4-GHz, ISM-frequency band, which offers only three non-overlapping, 20-MHz-wide channels where other adjacent channels overlap (see:

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ToDS and FromDS: Each is one bit in size. They indicate whether a data frame is headed for a distribution system or it is getting out of it. Control and management frames set these values to zero. All the data frames will have one of these bits set.

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adoption of Wi-Fi for their iBook series of laptops in 1999. It was the first mass consumer product to offer Wi-Fi network connectivity, which was then branded by Apple as AirPort. One year later IBM followed with its ThinkPad 1300 series in 2000.

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IEEE Standard for Information technology-- Local and metropolitan area networks-- Specific requirements-- Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC)and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 1: Radio Resource Measurement of Wireless

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The 2.4 GHz band is divided into 14 channels spaced 5 MHz apart, beginning with channel 1, which is centered on 2.412 GHz. The latter channels have additional restrictions or are unavailable for use in some regulatory domains.

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to refer to a legal regulatory region. Different countries define different levels of allowable transmitter power, time that a channel can be occupied, and different available channels. Domain codes are specified for the United States, Canada,

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or access point. Details of making b and g work well together occupied much of the lingering technical process; in an 802.11g network, however, the activity of an 802.11b participant will reduce the data rate of the overall 802.11g network.

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brand and are the world's most widely used wireless computer networking standards. IEEE 802.11 is used in most home and office networks to allow laptops, printers, smartphones, and other devices to communicate with each other and access the

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More Data: The More Data bit is used to buffer frames received in a distributed system. The access point uses this bit to facilitate stations in power-saver mode. It indicates that at least one frame is available and addresses all stations

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IEEE Standard for Information technology-- Local and metropolitan area networks-- Specific requirements-- Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 2: Fast Basic Service Set (BSS)

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IEEE Standard for Information technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)

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Association response frame: Sent from an access point to a station containing the acceptance or rejection to an association request. If it is an acceptance, the frame will contain information such as an association ID and supported data

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original standard. The dramatic increase in throughput of 802.11b (compared to the original standard) along with simultaneous substantial price reductions led to the rapid acceptance of 802.11b as the definitive wireless LAN technology.

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IEEE Standard for Information technology-- Local and metropolitan area networks-- Specific requirements-- Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 3: 3650-3700 MHZ Operation in

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Reassociation response frame: Sent from an access point containing the acceptance or rejection to a WNIC reassociation request frame. The frame includes information required for association such as the association ID and supported data

557:). Better or worse performance with higher or lower frequencies (channels) may be realized, depending on the environment. 802.11n and 802.11ax can use either the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz band; 802.11ac uses only the 5 GHz band. 5721:

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Liu, R.; Beevi K.T., A.; Dorrance, R.; Dasalukunte, D.; Kristem, V.; Santana Lopez, M. A.; Min, A. W.; Azizi, S.; Park, M.; Carlton, B. R. (May 2020). "An 802.11ba-Based Wake-Up Radio Receiver With Wi-Fi Transceiver Integration".

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However, overlap between channels with more narrow spacing (e.g. 1, 4, 7, 11 in North America) may cause unacceptable degradation of signal quality and throughput, particularly when users transmit near the boundaries of AP cells.

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began using a consumer-friendly generation numbering scheme for the publicly used 802.11 protocols. Wi-Fi generations 1–8 use the 802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11ax, 802.11be and 802.11bn protocols, in that

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IEEE 802.11aj is a derivative of 802.11ad for use in the 45 GHz unlicensed spectrum available in some regions of the world (specifically China); it also provides additional capabilities for use in the 60 GHz band.

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from its peak amplitude at ±11 MHz from the center frequency, the point at which a channel is effectively 22 MHz wide. One consequence is that stations can use only every fourth or fifth channel without overlap.

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IEEE 802.11 uses various frequencies including, but not limited to, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz, and 60 GHz frequency bands. Although IEEE 802.11 specifications list channels that might be used, the allowed

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by the Wi-Fi Alliance. Changes compared to 802.11n include wider channels (80 or 160 MHz versus 40 MHz) in the 5 GHz band, more spatial streams (up to eight versus four), higher-order modulation (up to

476:(CSMA/CA) whereby equipment listens to a channel for other users (including non 802.11 users) before transmitting each frame (some use the term "packet", which may be ambiguous: "frame" is more technically correct). 2476:

In May 2007, task group TGmb was authorized to "roll up" many of the amendments to the 2007 version of the 802.11 standard. REVmb or 802.11mb, as it was called, created a single document that merged ten amendments

625:) invented a precursor to 802.11 in Nieuwegein, the Netherlands. The inventors initially intended to use the technology for cashier systems. The first wireless products were brought to the market under the name 6983: 503:. Other standards in the family (c–f, h, j) are service amendments that are used to extend the current scope of the existing standard, which amendments may also include corrections to a previous specification. 2408:

In 2003, task group TGma was authorized to "roll up" many of the amendments to the 1999 version of the 802.11 standard. REVma or 802.11ma, as it was called, created a single document that merged 8 amendments

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Power Management: This bit indicates the power management state of the sender after the completion of a frame exchange. Access points are required to manage the connection and will never set the power-saver

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The Sequence Control field is a two-byte section used to identify message order and eliminate duplicate frames. The first 4 bits are used for the fragmentation number, and the last 12 bits are the sequence

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Disassociation frame: Sent from a station wishing to terminate the connection. It is an elegant way to allow the access point to relinquish memory allocation and remove the WNIC from the association table.

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When open system authentication is being used, the WNIC sends only a single authentication frame, and the access point responds with an authentication frame of its own indicating acceptance or rejection.

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speed) against the predecessor (802.11ac) is only 39% (for comparison, this improvement was nearly 500% for the predecessors). Yet, even with this comparatively minor 39% figure, the goal was to provide

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Association request frame: Sent from a station, it enables the access point to allocate resources and synchronize. The frame carries information about the WNIC, including supported data rates and the

5867: 3480:. Address 1 is the receiver, Address 2 is the transmitter, Address 3 is used for filtering purposes by the receiver. Address 4 is only present in data frames transmitted between access points in an 3665:

provide an optional collision reduction scheme for access points with hidden stations. A station sends an RTS frame as the first step in a two-way handshake required before sending data frames.

6163: 6854:"Wi-Fi 6 is barely here, but Wi-Fi 7 is already on the way - With improvements to Wi-Fi 6 and its successor, Qualcomm is working to boost speeds and overcome congestion on wireless networks" 2144:

extended operation of 802.11a to the licensed 3.7 GHz band. Increased power limits allow a range up to 5,000 m. As of 2009, it is only being licensed in the United States by the

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spectrum. This frequency band has significantly different propagation characteristics than the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands where Wi-Fi networks operate. Products implementing the

2517:) with the 2007 base standard. In addition much cleanup was done, including a reordering of many of the clauses. Upon publication on 29 March 2012, the new standard was referred to as 3468:

Order: This bit is set only when the "strict ordering" delivery method is employed. Frames and fragments are not always sent in order as it causes a transmission performance penalty.

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The first two bytes of the MAC header form a frame control field specifying the form and function of the frame. This frame control field is subdivided into the following sub-fields:

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802.11n is an amendment that improves upon the previous 802.11 standards; its first draft of certification was published in 2006. The 802.11n standard was retroactively labelled as

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Angelakis, V.; Papadakis, S.; Siris, V.A.; Traganitis, A. (March 2011). "Adjacent channel interference in 802.11a is harmful: Testbed validation of a simple quantification model".

2978:. It will build upon 802.11ax, focusing on WLAN indoor and outdoor operation with stationary and pedestrian speeds in the 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz frequency bands. 3443:

More Fragments: The More Fragments bit is set when a packet is divided into multiple frames for transmission. Every frame except the last frame of a packet will have this bit set.

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has become available for 802.11ax, these may decrease. Also, these theoretical values depend on the link distance, whether the link is line-of-sight or not, interferences and the

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Since the 2.4 GHz band is heavily used to the point of being crowded, using the relatively unused 5 GHz band gives 802.11a a significant advantage. However, this high

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The IEEE set up a dedicated task group to create a replacement security solution, 802.11i (previously, this work was handled as part of a broader 802.11e effort to enhance the

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The access point confirms the text was encrypted with the correct key by decrypting it with its own key. The result of this process determines the WNIC's authentication status.

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Retry: Sometimes frames require retransmission, and for this, there is a Retry bit that is set to one when a frame is resent. This aids in the elimination of duplicate frames.

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Wi-Fi 6E is the industry name that identifies Wi-Fi devices that operate in 6 GHz. Wi-Fi 6E offers the features and capabilities of Wi-Fi 6 extended into the 6 GHz band.

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traffic profiles of common applications are included as well. These figures assume there are no packet errors, which, if occurring, will lower the transmission rate further.

8131: 3163:"non-overlapping" channels (1, 6, and 11). 802.11g was based on OFDM modulation and utilized a channel bandwidth of 20 MHz. This occasionally leads to the belief that 635:, who held the chair of IEEE 802.11 for 10 years, and has been called the "father of Wi-Fi", was involved in designing the initial 802.11b and 802.11a standards within the 2699:). In addition, existing MAC and PHY functions have been enhanced and obsolete features were removed or marked for removal. Some clauses and annexes have been renumbered. 4131:

Amendments are created by task groups (TG). Both the task group and their finished document are denoted by 802.11 followed by one or two lower case letters, for example,

5067: 6031: 5779: 5421: 7151: 4266:, which was used in WEP. The modern recommended encryption for the home/consumer space is WPA2 (AES Pre-Shared Key), and for the enterprise space is WPA2 along with a 6321: 3507:

The payload or frame body field is variable in size, from 0 to 2304 bytes plus any overhead from security encapsulation, and contains information from higher layers.

2781:). In addition, existing MAC and PHY functions have been enhanced and obsolete features were removed or marked for removal. Some clauses and annexes have been added. 4715: 4659:

Giordano, Lorenzo; Geraci, Giovanni; Carrascosa, Marc; Bellalta, Boris (21 November 2023). "What Will Wi-Fi 8 Be? A Primer on IEEE 802.11bn Ultra High Reliability".

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publicly announced the first verification of the attack. In the attack, they were able to intercept transmissions and gain unauthorized access to wireless networks.

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settings, i.e., the device will not transmit at a power above the allowable power in any nation, nor will it use frequencies that are not permitted in any nation.

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enterprises were already migrating to 802.11n networks based on the Wi-Fi Alliance's certification of products conforming to a 2007 draft of the 802.11n proposal.

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of the network the station wishes to associate with. If the request is accepted, the access point reserves memory and establishes an association ID for the WNIC.

5662:"Here come Wi-Fi 4, 5 and 6 in plan to simplify 802.11 networking names - The Wi-Fi Alliance wants to make wireless networks easier to understand and recognize" 5903: 4303:

made possible by the regular transmission of uniquely identifiable probe requests. Android 8.0 "Oreo" introduced a similar feature, named "MAC randomization".

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IEEE 802.11ac-2013 is an amendment to IEEE 802.11, published in December 2013, that builds on 802.11n. The 802.11ac standard was retroactively labelled as

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setting is often made difficult or impossible to change so that the end-users do not conflict with local regulatory agencies such as the United States'

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to 3.2 microseconds, in order to support Outdoor communications, where the maximum possible propagation delay is larger compared to Indoor environments.

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Rules and Regulations. 802.11n can also use that 2.4-GHz band. Because of this choice of frequency band, 802.11b/g/n equipment may occasionally suffer

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calculate the FCS of the frame and compare it to the one received. If they match, it is assumed that the frame was not distorted during transmission.

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Probe response frame: Sent from an access point containing capability information, supported data rates, etc., after receiving a probe request frame.

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Liao, Ruizhi; Bellalta, Boris; Oliver, Miquel; Niu, Zhisheng (4 December 2014). "MU-MIMO MAC Protocols for Wireless Local Area Networks: A Survey".

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Protocol Version: Two bits representing the protocol version. The currently used protocol version is zero. Other values are reserved for future use.

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should be sufficiently attenuated to interfere with a transmitter on any other channel minimally, given the separation between channels. Due to the

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IEEE 802.11ay is a standard that is being developed, also called EDMG: Enhanced Directional MultiGigabit PHY. It is an amendment that defines a new

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in dense environments such as corporate offices, shopping malls and dense residential apartments. This is achieved by means of a technique called

9532: 4034: 4019: 2774: 2684: 2680: 2369:, they must not interfere with and must tolerate interference from primary or secondary allocations (users) of this band, such as amateur radio. 1448: 982: 7454: 6094: 2400:

Like 802.11b, 802.11g devices also suffer interference from other products operating in the 2.4 GHz band, for example, wireless keyboards.

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band. These are commonly referred to as the "2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands" in most sales literature. Each spectrum is sub-divided into

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IEEE 802.11be Extremely High Throughput (EHT) is the potential next amendment to the 802.11 IEEE standard, and will likely be designated as

9390: 8338: 7063: 5810: 6221: 5018: 9344: 7565: 4944: 186: 3732:(IR) standard (1997), all the others listed below are Amendments to this standard, except for Recommended Practices 802.11F and 802.11T. 3242:. Current 802.11 standards specify frame types for use in the transmission of data as well as management and control of wireless links. 9106: 7603: 6130: 5853: 4804: 4151:

Various terms in 802.11 are used to specify aspects of wireless local-area networking operation and may be unfamiliar to some readers.

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IEEE 802.11ad is a protocol used for very high data rates (about 8 Gbit/s) and for short range communication (about 1–10 meters).

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In June 2003, a third modulation standard was ratified: 802.11g. This works in the 2.4 GHz band (like 802.11b), but uses the same

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Subtype: Four bits providing additional discrimination between frames. Type and Subtype are used together to identify the exact frame.

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concisely denote the capabilities of their products. As a result, in the marketplace, each revision tends to become its own standard.

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Protected Frame: The Protected Frame bit is set to the value of one if the frame body is encrypted by a protection mechanism such as

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brand name, with a certification program developed by the Wi-Fi Alliance. The peak transmission rate of 802.11ad is 7 Gbit/s.

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The original version of the standard IEEE 802.11 was released in 1997 and clarified in 1999, but is now obsolete. It specified two

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Wireless Networking in the Developing World: A practical guide to planning and building low-cost telecommunications infrastructure

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The WiGig standard is not too well known, although it was announced in 2009 and added to the IEEE 802.11 family in December 2012.

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In December 2011, a security flaw was revealed that affects some wireless routers with a specific implementation of the optional

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spectrum is less intuitive due to the differences in regulations between countries. These are discussed in greater detail on the

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Type: Two bits identifying the type of WLAN frame. Control, Data, and Management are various frame types defined in IEEE 802.11.

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IEEE 802.11-2020, which was known as IEEE 802.11 REVmd, is a revision based on IEEE 802.11-2016 incorporating 5 amendments (

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IEEE 802.11-2016 which was known as IEEE 802.11 REVmc, is a revision based on IEEE 802.11-2012, incorporating 5 amendments (

5661: 6425: 4707: 9142: 9132: 3876:: Improvements related to HotSpots and 3rd-party authorization of clients, e.g., cellular network offload (February 2011) 3698:

value. Almost all 802.11 data frames use 802.2 and SNAP headers, and most use an OUI of 00:00:00 and an EtherType value.

3155:

Confusion often arises over the amount of channel separation required between transmitting devices. 802.11b was based on

7363: 5921: 4911: 7981: 7299: 5361: 4224: 3691: 7095: 6853: 4281:

to protect management and broadcast frames, which previously were sent unsecured. Its standard was published in 2009.

3907:

IEEE 802.11-2012: A new release of the standard that includes amendments k, n, p, r, s, u, v, w, y, and z (March 2012)

9339: 9287: 8407: 7926: 4416:

802.11ac only specifies operation in the 5 GHz band. Operation in the 2.4 GHz band is specified by 802.11n.

4232: 3223: 2732:

IEEE 802.11ai is an amendment to the 802.11 standard that added new mechanisms for a faster initial link setup time.

2330:

802.11a, published in 1999, uses the same data link layer protocol and frame format as the original standard, but an

2145: 821: 676: 518: 104:(WLAN) computer communication. The standard and amendments provide the basis for wireless network products using the 7222: 5811:"New IEEE 802.11ac™ Specification Driven by Evolving Market Need for Higher, Multi-User Throughput in Wireless LANs" 7587: 5494: 5213: 3653:

Control frames facilitate the exchange of data frames between stations. Some common 802.11 control frames include:

2960:

is a networking protocol standard in the IEEE 802.11 set of protocols that uses infrared light for communications.

2441:) with the base standard. Upon approval on 8 March 2007, 802.11REVma was renamed to the then-current base standard 602:

802.11 technology has its origins in a 1985 ruling by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission that released the

17: 5698: 5472: 3694:(OUI) and protocol ID (PID) fields specifying the protocol. If the OUI is all zeroes, the protocol ID field is an 3003:

connected to a wired infrastructure and the other endpoint is connected to an infrastructure via a wireless link.

9281: 8106: 7126: 5375: 4254:(WPA) based on a subset of the then-current IEEE 802.11i draft. These started to appear in products in mid-2003. 3156: 2850: 2083: 2044: 2013: 1982: 1951: 1827: 816: 538: 179: 6564: 3816:

IEEE 802.11-2007: A new release of the standard that includes amendments a, b, d, e, g, h, i, and j. (July 2007)

2313:

at 2.4 GHz. Some earlier WLAN technologies used lower frequencies, such as the U.S. 900 MHz ISM band.

9371: 9213: 8388: 5643: 4852: 4681: 4380: 4127:

Both the terms "standard" and "amendment" are used when referring to the different variants of IEEE standards.

3987:

IEEE 802.11-2020: A new release of the standard that includes amendments ah, ai, aj, ak, and aq (December 2020)

3956:

IEEE 802.11-2016: A new release of the standard that includes amendments aa, ac, ad, ae, and af (December 2016)

3705:

on the internet, frame loss is built into the operation of 802.11. To select the correct transmission speed or

2464: 6683: 2178:; standard guard interval is ~10% slower. Rates vary widely based on distance, obstructions, and interference. 9242: 8363: 6713:"60GHZ What you need to know about 802 11ad and 802 11ay | Jason Hintersteiner | WLPC Phoenix 2019" 6289: 4553: 4307: 3397: 6129:

Flores, Adriana B.; Guerra, Ryan E.; Knightly, Edward W.; Ecclesine, Peter; Pandey, Santosh (October 2013).

5116: 4270:

authentication server (or another type of authentication server) and a strong authentication method such as

4115:

802.11m is used for standard maintenance. 802.11ma was completed for 802.11-2007, 802.11mb for 802.11-2012,

573:

of the FCC Rules and Regulations, allowing increased power output but not commercial content or encryption.

63:

IEEE 802.11 Wi-fi networks are the most widely used wireless networks in the world, connecting devices like

9542: 9475: 8343: 7864: 4595: 4345: 4329: 4259: 3706: 3523:, and allow for the maintenance, or discontinuance, of communication. Some common 802.11 subtypes include: 3393: 2067: 1823: 1282: 4532:), due to 40 MHz mode from 802.11n (at 2.4 GHz) having little practical use in most scenarios.). 4231:

Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) security mechanism defined in the original standard; they were followed by

3606:

The body of a management frame consists of frame-subtype-dependent fixed fields followed by a sequence of

3430:

Address 2: access point entrance to the distribution system (AP to which the source station is connected).

8772: 8333: 8036: 7951: 7931: 5531: 3911: 3781: 101: 4299: 8 mobile operating system would scramble MAC addresses during the pre-association stage to thwart 3848:: WAVE—Wireless Access for the Vehicular Environment (such as ambulances and passenger cars) (July 2010) 9175: 7904: 7880: 5693: 4886: 3718: 3687: 2120:

This is obsolete, and support for this might be subject to removal in a future revision of the standard

172: 7621: 7446: 6090: 5344: 3068:

with a center frequency and bandwidth, analogous to how radio and TV broadcast bands are sub-divided.

2316:

Legacy 802.11 with direct-sequence spread spectrum was rapidly supplanted and popularized by 802.11b.

9366: 8742: 7941: 5183:

The Physical Layer of the IEEE 802.11p WAVE Communication Standard: The Specifications and Challenges

5181: 5093: 3499:

An optional two-byte Quality of Service control field, present in QoS Data frames; it was added with

2668: 2272: 1913: 1892: 860: 796: 233: 134: 125: 7636: 7038: 6974:. The 2011 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Green Computing and Communications. Sichuan, China. 2305:

spread spectrum operating at 1 Mbit/s or 2 Mbit/s. The latter two radio technologies used

537:

devices. 802.11b and 802.11g control their interference and susceptibility to interference by using

113:

without connecting wires. IEEE 802.11 is also a basis for vehicle-based communication networks with

47:, a combined router and Wi‑Fi access point, operates using the 802.11g standard in the 2.4 GHz 9402: 8176: 5404:"IEEE 802.11ay: 1st real standard for Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) via mmWave – Technology Blog" 3458: 3212: 2286: 751: 133:

is a shorthand for "any version of 802.11", to avoid confusion with "802.11" used specifically for

5972: 4472:

article considers only a 37% growth for 802.11ax and a 1000% growth for both 802.11ac and 802.11n.

4310:

to eavesdrop, attack passwords, or force the use of another, usually more expensive access point.

3107:

defining the permitted power distribution across each channel. The mask requires the signal to be

3092: 9180: 8041: 8031: 8011: 7857: 7811: 7768: 7725: 7515: 7009: 6645:"IEEE 802.11ax-2021 - IEEE Approved Draft Standard for Information technology [...]" 5450: 4365: 4168:. Numerous time constants are defined in terms of TU (rather than the nearly equal millisecond). 4112:

802.11F and 802.11T are recommended practices rather than standards and are capitalized as such.

2663: 1843: 9257: 7533: 7070: 6225: 5814: 5757: 3962:: Sub-1 GHz license exempt operation (e.g., sensor network, smart metering) (December 2016) 3018:

This means that, typically, data frames pass an 802.11 (WLAN) medium and are being converted to

9444: 8353: 7914: 4251: 3702: 3678:

Data frames carry packets from web pages, files, etc. within the body. The body begins with an

3462: 3123:

to various services. At one extreme, Japan permits the use of all 14 channels for 802.11b, and

3103:

In addition to specifying the channel center frequency, 802.11 also specifies (in Clause 17) a

3034: 3011: 2991: 7554: 6054: 9293: 9147: 8270: 8006: 6937:. IEEE/IFIP NOMS 2012: IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium. Maui, HI, USA. 4528:

This improvement is 1100% if we consider 144.4 Mbit/s (MCS Index 15, 2 spatial streams,

4285: 3978: 3591: 3047: 554: 93: 44: 9191: 6802: 6137: 4800: 3867:

IEEE 802.11T: Wireless Performance Prediction (WPP)—test methods and metrics Recommendation

9527: 9454: 9428: 9334: 8413: 8161: 8091: 7412: 7272: 7064:"Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications" 6895: 6767: 6455: 5239: 4375: 4340: 3950: 3861: 3683: 3575:

Probe request frame: Sent from a station when it requires information from another station.

3481: 3255: 3148: 3120: 2856: 2642: 1739: 6591: 6400: 6055:"Comparison of 802.11af and 802.22 standards – physical layer and cognitive functionality" 5376:"An Overview of China Millimeter-Wave Multiple Gigabit Wireless Local Area Network System" 4337:, a term used by some trade press to refer to faster versions of the IEEE 802.11 standards 3245:

Frames are divided into very specific and standardized sections. Each frame consists of a

3119:

Availability of channels is regulated by country, constrained in part by how each country

3075: 1391: 8: 9262: 7834: 6348: 6195: 5264: 4826: 4770: 4633: 4240: 3662: 3607: 3014:) performance envelope in the 2.4 GHz band with 802.11n, using a 40 MHz channel 2282: 1380: 734: 614: 52: 7416: 6899: 6771: 5143:

Banerji, Sourangsu; Chowdhury, Rahul Singha. "On IEEE 802.11: Wireless LAN Technology".

4206:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

4013:: Enhancements for Ultra High Throughput in and around the 60 GHz Band (March 2021) 3728:: The WLAN standard was originally 1 Mbit/s and 2 Mbit/s, 2.4 GHz RF and 3174: 3134: 2906:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2575:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

9386: 9206: 8171: 7428: 7402: 7344: 7181: 6913: 6783: 6700:

service access point), while maintaining or improving the power efficiency per station.

5578: 5144: 5002: 4660: 4319: 3883: 3771: 1098: 1093: 530: 360: 339: 89: 85: 9491: 8844: 8839: 8819: 8803: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8767: 8762: 8752: 8747: 8383: 8253: 8213: 7801: 7758: 7715: 7679: 7495: 7334: 7230: 6969: 6932: 6917: 6827: 6787: 6732: 6616: 6260: 6062: 5783: 5737: 5570: 5117:"Wi-Fi CERTIFIED n: Longer-Range, Faster-Throughput, Multimedia-Grade Wi-Fi Networks" 4890: 4278: 3520: 3408:

A frame sent by a station and directed to an AP accessed via the distribution system.

2946: 2502: 2454: 2378: 2355: 2325: 2298: 2211: 2141: 1039: 1034: 1009: 942: 922: 877: 840: 589: 318: 302: 279: 256: 157: 7348: 3531:(WNIC) sending an authentication frame to the access point containing its identity. 9459: 8737: 8403: 7793: 7750: 7707: 7671: 7487: 7432: 7420: 7326: 6975: 6938: 6903: 6775: 6541: 6252: 5729: 5582: 5562: 5509: 5383: 5291: 4608: 3910:

IEEE 802.11aa: Robust streaming of Audio Video Transport Streams (June 2012) - see

3725: 2863: 2342: 9252: 5836: 3557:: Sent periodically from an access point to announce its presence and provide the 2936:(up to 4 streams) and higher modulation schemes. The expected range is 300-500 m. 9237: 9222: 8166: 7797: 7754: 7711: 7675: 7591: 7491: 7254: 6644: 6486: 6256: 5733: 5388: 5326: 5295: 3926: 2928: 2654: 2603: 2545: 2302: 622: 610: 561: 142: 7330: 6908: 6881: 5513: 3159:(DSSS) modulation and utilized a channel bandwidth of 22 MHz, resulting in 2641:", is an amendment, approved in February 2014, that allows WLAN operation in TV 472:

techniques that use the same basic protocol. The 802.11 protocol family employs

9021: 8151: 8146: 8066: 8016: 7476: 7424: 6546: 6529: 6494: 6463: 6433: 5605: 5282: 5125: 4974: 4590: 4370: 4360: 4300: 4156: 2924: 2806: 2599: 2310: 2290: 2231: 2227: 2203: 2175: 993: 972: 647: 582: 526: 97: 6942: 6779: 6712: 5566: 9521: 9470: 9360: 9199: 9127: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8991: 8967: 8943: 8931: 8920: 8909: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8869: 8858: 8348: 8328: 8181: 8156: 8086: 7976: 7921: 6979: 6066: 5574: 4921: 4612: 4399:– another wireless protocol primarily designed for shorter-range applications 4350: 4136: 4092: 4061: 4052: 4025: 4010: 3991: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3946: 3933: 3917: 3104: 2969: 2957: 2882: 2790: 2778: 2770: 2727: 2708: 2632: 2593: 2530: 1833: 1773: 1731: 1653: 1602: 1556: 1506: 1478: 1375: 1266: 1173: 566: 415: 410: 391: 6528:

Khorov, Evgeny; Kiryanov, Anton; Lyakhov, Andrey; Bianchi, Giuseppe (2019).

4765: 4763: 3795:: 54 Mbit/s, 2.4 GHz standard (backwards compatible with b) (2003) 2945:

62.5 kbit/s and 250 kbit/s. The WUR PHY uses MC-OOK (multicarrier

39: 9465: 9397: 9299: 9111: 9101: 8849: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8814: 8757: 8398: 8393: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8318: 6312:"There's a new type of Wi-Fi, and it's designed to connect your smart home" 5948:"Wi-Fi CERTIFIED WiGig™ brings multi-gigabit performance to Wi-Fi® devices" 4969: 4396: 4255: 4132: 4038: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3879: 3873: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3826: 3819: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3791: 3777: 3767: 3761: 3751: 3744: 3736: 3569:: Sent from a station wishing to terminate connection from another station. 3554: 3485: 3476:

An 802.11 frame can have up to four address fields. Each field can carry a

3033:

The same references apply to the attached graphs that show measurements of

2986: 2932:

40 Gbit/s. The main extensions include: channel bonding (2, 3 and 4),

2514: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2393: 2278: 961: 569:

band. Licensed amateur radio operators may operate 802.11b/g devices under

114: 3424:

Only kind of frame frame that uses all four MAC addresses in a DATA frame.

479:

802.11-1997 was the first wireless networking standard in the family, but

9449: 8983: 8477: 8358: 8323: 8313: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8258: 8243: 7534:"Status of Project IEEE 802.11 Task Group w: Protected Management Frames" 6886: 6803:"100x Faster Than Wi-Fi: Li-Fi, Light-Based Networking Standard Released" 5214:"Wi-Fi Capacity Analysis for 802.11ac and 802.11n: Theory & Practice" 4760: 4165: 3801:: Spectrum Managed 802.11a (5 GHz) for European compatibility (2004) 3755: 3477: 3108: 2994:) performance envelope in the 2.4 GHz band with 802.11g. 1 Mbps = 1 2873:

The IEEE 802.11ax‑2021 standard was approved on February 9, 2021.

2638: 465: 28: 7584: 7447:"IEEE 802.11, The Working Group Setting the Standards for Wireless LANs" 6349:"IEEE 802.11, The Working Group Setting the Standards for Wireless LANs" 3006: 9496: 9096: 9091: 8423: 8305: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8208: 7196:"802.11 frames : A starter guide to learn wireless sniffer traces" 6971:

Application Level Energy and Performance Measurements in a Wireless LAN

5345:"Understanding IEEE 802.11ad Physical Layer and Measurement Challenges" 4876: 4292: 4176: 3740:: 54 Mbit/s, 5 GHz standard (1999, shipping products in 2001) 3679: 2981: 2834: 2388:

legacy issues that reduce throughput by ~21% when compared to 802.11a.

658: 618: 469: 149: 7037:. French Telecommunications Regulation Authority (ART). Archived from 6376:"802.11 Standards Explained: 802.11ax, 802.11ac, 802.11b/g/n, 802.11a" 5997: 5604:(2nd ed.). Hacker Friendly LLC. 2007. p. 425. Archived from 5068:"Innovate or die: How ThinkPad cracked the code to the wireless world" 4438:(MCS Index 11, 2 spatial streams, 160 MHz); versus 802.11ac with 2230:

is 0.8 microseconds. However, 802.11ax extended the maximum available

9381: 9157: 9137: 8995: 8248: 8141: 8136: 8121: 8111: 8101: 8081: 8076: 8061: 8051: 8046: 8026: 8021: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7971: 7936: 6316: 5638: 5636: 5165:"The complete family of wireless LAN standards: 802.11 a, b, g, j, n" 4945:"Vic Hayes & Bruce Tuch inducted into the Wi-Fi NOW Hall of Fame" 4878: 4247: 4179:

bridge. A portal provides access to the WLAN by non-802.11 LAN STAs.

3695: 3427:

Address 1: access point address exiting from the distribution system.

2715: 2620:

TP-Link announced the world's first 802.11ad router in January 2016.

2306: 1755: 1060: 640: 632: 534: 6882:"Current Status and Directions of IEEE 802.11be, the Future Wi-Fi 7" 4455:(MCS Index 9, 2 spatial streams, 160 MHz); versus 802.11n with 4258:(also known as WPA2) itself was ratified in June 2004, and uses the 9506: 9423: 9414: 9329: 8428: 8200: 8191: 7909: 7899: 7894: 7843: 4665: 4485:, is the ratio of the total network throughput to the network area. 4204:. The reason given is: WPA2 is no longer the latest version of WPA. 4116: 3729: 3235: 3057: 3023: 2607: 2366: 2294: 1880: 603: 510: 500: 496: 376: 153: 110: 81: 59: 48: 7407: 5633: 5149: 3748:: 5.5 Mbit/s and 11 Mbit/s, 2.4 GHz standard (1999) 2824:. For an individual client, the maximum improvement in data rate ( 9408: 9376: 9324: 9152: 8948: 8914: 8863: 8808: 8703: 8668: 8643: 8618: 8613: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8567: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8540: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8513: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8437: 8071: 8056: 7849: 7789: 7746: 7703: 7667: 7581: 7483: 7451:

IEEE Standards Association Working Group Site & Liaison Index

7325:. 2015 Internet Technologies and Applications. pp. 233–238. 6717: 5725: 5552: 4495: 4271: 3500: 3112: 3027: 2478: 2410: 2301:

spread spectrum operating at 1 Mbit/s or 2 Mbit/s; and

1421: 1306: 1271: 1206: 1183: 1178: 1121: 626: 570: 514: 492: 488: 484: 480: 386: 355: 334: 145:

spectrum availability varies significantly by regulatory domain.

6756: 4853:"Wi-Fi now has version numbers, and Wi-Fi 6 comes out next year" 4682:"Wi-Fi Now Has Version Numbers, and Wi-Fi 6 Comes Out Next Year" 4658: 4250:). The Wi-Fi Alliance announced an interim specification called 3060:. 802.11a, 802.11n, and 802.11ac use the more heavily regulated 9319: 9015: 8487: 8482: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8116: 7946: 7320: 7296:"Computer Networking : Principles, Protocols and Practice" 6880:

Khorov, Evgeny; Levitsky, Ilya; Akyildiz, Ian F. (8 May 2020).

6131:"IEEE 802.11af: A Standard for TV White Space Spectrum Sharing" 5868:"802.11ac: The Fifth Generation of Wi-Fi Technical White Paper" 4385: 4267: 4235:'s paper titled "Weaknesses in the Key Scheduling Algorithm of 4228: 3943:

IEEE 802.11ae: Prioritization of Management Frames (March 2012)

3834:

at 2.4 and 5 GHz; 20 and 40 MHz channels; introduces

3171:

three-channel configuration, but with an entire extra channel.

2995: 64: 6934:

Towards Energy-Awareness in Managing Wireless LAN Applications

3937:: Very High Throughput 60 GHz (December 2012) — see also 3764:: International (country-to-country) roaming extensions (2001) 9221: 8873: 8728: 8263: 8126: 7966: 7829: 6128: 4391: 4334: 4000: 3938: 3204: 3080: 3019: 2846: 2611: 2207: 1812: 1495: 1309: 1209: 651: 549: 105: 7604:"iOS 8 strikes an unexpected blow against location tracking" 7119:

Effect of adjacent-channel interference in IEEE 802.11 WLANs

7008:. Secretaría de Estado de Telecomunicaciones. Archived from 6527: 3527:

Authentication frame: 802.11 authentication begins with the

3178:

802.11 non-overlapping channels in the 2.4 GHz ISM band

8096: 7961: 7956: 6858: 6649: 6621: 5666: 5495:"IEEE 802.11ah: A Long Range 802.11 WLAN at Sub 1 GHz" 5189:. World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science. 2014. 5038:"How a meeting with Steve Jobs in 1998 gave birth to Wi-Fi" 4916: 4883:

The Innovation Journey of Wi-Fi: The Road To Global Success

4604: 4482: 4469: 3996: 3922: 3835: 3831: 3598:

action frame. The other station would then respond with an

3558: 3544: 3197: 2933: 2842: 2766: 2762: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2384: 2331: 1886: 1866: 1597: 1424: 1124: 743: 738: 643:

Engineer Bruce Tuch, approached IEEE to create a standard.

636: 3186: 3098: 1648: 7243: 7152:"Channel Deployment Issues for 2.4 GHz 802.11 WLANs" 6617:"IEEE SA Standards Board Approvals - 09/10 February 2021" 5315:. Rohde & Schwarz GmbH. 21 November 2013. p. 14. 4571: 4296: 4263: 4236: 4031:

IEEE 802.11bc: Enhanced Broadcast Service (February 2024)

2841:). The motivation behind this goal was the deployment of 2825: 2659: 2650: 2646: 2541: 1720: 1429: 1314: 1214: 1129: 1065: 507: 3904:: Extensions to Direct Link Setup (DLS) (September 2010) 3010:

Graphical representation of Wi‑Fi application-specific (

2990:

Graphical representation of Wi‑Fi application-specific (

2795:

IEEE 802.11ax is the successor to 802.11ac, marketed as

629:

with raw data rates of 1 Mbit/s and 2 Mbit/s.

5904:"Wi-Fi Alliance launches 802.11ac Wave 2 certification" 4016:

IEEE 802.11az: Next Generation Positioning (March 2023)

1726: 725: 27:"IEEE 802.11x" redirects here. Not to be confused with 7227:

802.11 wireless networks: the definitive guide ;

7096:"Choosing the clearest channels for WiFi... continued" 6879: 6733:"IEEE P802.11 Task Group BA - Wake-up Radio Operation" 6273: 6091:"Official IEEE 802.11 working group project timelines" 5451:"802.11 Alternate PHYs A whitepaper by Ayman Mukaddam" 5310:"802.11ad - WLAN at 60 GHz: A Technology Introduction" 5094:"Official IEEE 802.11 working group project timelines" 5086: 4708:"The Most Common Wi-Fi Standards and Types, Explained" 3416:

A frame exiting the distribution system for a station.

2463:

by the Wi-Fi Alliance. The standard added support for

748: 474:

carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance

7392: 6164:"TVWS Regulation and Standardization (IEEE 802.11af)" 6024:"TP-Link unveils world's first 802.11ad WiGig router" 4108:

IEEE 802.11me: 802.11 Accumulated Maintenance Changes

3925:

at 5 GHz; wider channels (80 and 160 MHz);

2744:

Alternatively known as China Millimeter Wave (CMMW).

148:

The protocols are typically used in conjunction with

6828:"IEEE P802.11 EXTREMELY HIGH THROUGHPUT Study Group" 4175:

is used to describe an entity that is similar to an

4143:

were published in 1999, 2007, 2012, 2016, and 2020.

3984:

IEEE 802.11aq: Pre-association Discovery (July 2018)

3717:

Within the IEEE 802.11 Working Group, the following

2982:

Common misunderstandings about achievable throughput

7531: 7006:"Cuadro nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias CNAF" 6530:"A Tutorial on IEEE 802.11ax High Efficiency WLANs" 5854:"802.11ac Wi-Fi Part 2: Wave 1 and Wave 2 Products" 4494:Operation in the 2.4 GHz band is specified by 4164:) is used to indicate a unit of time equal to 1024 2637:

IEEE 802.11af, also referred to as "White-Fi" and "

731: 7144: 7032:"Evolution du régime d'autorisation pour les RLAN" 5281: 5115: 4356:Reference Broadcast Infrastructure Synchronization 2927:for 802.11 networks to operate in the 60 GHz 2602:for 802.11 networks to operate in the 60 GHz 7323:Measuring the reliability of 802.11 WiFi networks 7109: 6052: 5950:(Press release). Wi-Fi Alliance. 24 October 2016. 5922:"6 things you need to know about 802.11ac Wave 2" 4998:"Apple Offers iMac's Laptop Offspring, the iBook" 4037:: Enhancements for Next Generation V2X (see also 3898:: 3650–3700 MHz Operation in the U.S. (2008) 2598:IEEE 802.11ad is an amendment that defines a new 1501: 1260: 122:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 9519: 7835:Official timelines of 802.11 standards from IEEE 7125:. CrownCom 2007. ICST & IEEE. Archived from 6124: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6085: 6083: 6053:Lekomtcev, Demain; Maršálek, Roman (June 2012). 6046: 5802: 3822:: Radio resource measurement enhancements (2008) 3813:: Extensions for Japan (4.9-5.0 GHz) (2004) 2334:based air interface (physical layer) was added. 2251: 2249: 2206:which is 0.8 microseconds. Since multi-user via 2137: 2135: 1276: 1188: 1103: 1044: 453:They do not exist in the official nomenclature. 152:, and are designed to interwork seamlessly with 120:The standards are created and maintained by the 7364:"The future of WiFi: gigabit speeds and beyond" 7115: 6592:"Understanding Wi-Fi 4/5/6/6E (802.11 n/ac/ax)" 5467: 5465: 5463: 4442:(MCS Index 9, 2 spatial streams, 160 MHz). 4227:presented a paper describing weaknesses in the 4119:for 802.11-2016, and 802.11md for 802.11-2020. 3754:: Bridge operation procedures; included in the 2610:standard are being brought to market under the 2222: 2220: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 483:was the first widely accepted one, followed by 7637:"Finding vulnerabilities in connected devices" 7516:"Security Flaws in 802.11 Data Link Protocols" 7321:D Murray; T Koziniec; M Dixon; K. Lee (2015). 6565:"MCS Table (Updated with 802.11ax Data Rates)" 6343: 6341: 6339: 5962:"IEEE Standard Association - IEEE Get Program" 5016: 4588: 3892:: Protected Management Frames (September 2009) 3690:(SNAP) header if the DSAP is hex AA, with the 3686:(DSAP) specifying the protocol, followed by a 3052:802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n-2.4 utilize the 2949:) to achieve extremely low power consumption. 2266: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 1370: 1265: 1172: 1092: 654:trademark under which most products are sold. 650:was formed as a trade association to hold the 593:Apple Airport Extreme installed in an iBook G4 9207: 7865: 6401:"IEEE 802.11 Working Group Project Timelines" 6109: 6080: 5546: 5035: 4554:"MCS table (updated with 80211ax data rates)" 4277:In January 2005, the IEEE set up yet another 3613:The common structure of an IE is as follows: 2246: 2202:For single-user cases only, based on default 2132: 684: 180: 7261: 6637: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6448: 5914: 5655: 5653: 5460: 5254:"IEEE 802.11ac: What Does it Mean for Test?" 4459:(MCS Index 7, 2 spatial streams, 40 MHz 3561:and other parameters for WNICs within range. 3099:Channel spacing within the 2.4 GHz band 2311:Industrial Scientific Medical frequency band 2217: 2181: 1818: 1087: 905: 657:The major commercial breakthrough came with 7395:IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 6873: 6845: 6534:IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 6336: 5771: 5713: 5624: 4850: 4679: 3712: 3465:(WPA), or Wi-Fi Protected Access II (WPA2). 3041: 2653:bands between 54 and 790 MHz. It uses 2151: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 728: 9214: 9200: 7872: 7858: 6967: 6930: 6155: 5283:"IEEE Standard for Information Technology" 5223: 4995: 4909: 4801:"ARRLWeb: Part 97 - Amateur Radio Service" 4591:"Future Directions for Wi-Fi 8 and Beyond" 3305: 2319: 691: 677: 543:orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing 464:The 802.11 family consists of a series of 187: 173: 70:to the internet through a wireless router 7406: 7361: 7116:Garcia Villegas, E.; et al. (2007). 6907: 6851: 6589: 6559: 6557: 6545: 6510: 6279: 5659: 5650: 5387: 5246: 5230:Belanger, Phil; Biba, Ken (31 May 2007). 5208: 5206: 5148: 5138: 5136: 4775:IEEE-SA Standards Board Operations Manual 4664: 4419: 4410: 4239:". Not long after, Adam Stubblefield and 4122: 3968:: Fast Initial Link Setup (December 2016) 3436:Address 4: address of the source station. 3259:(FCS). Some frames do not have payloads. 2862:, as in 802.11ac). This is equivalent to 2849:, which is basically multiplexing in the 1003: 6968:Tauber, Markus; Bhatti, Saleem; Yu, Yi. 6931:Tauber, Markus; Bhatti, Saleem; Yu, Yi. 6583: 6373: 6304: 5777: 5681: 5589: 5019:"STATE OF THE ART; Not Born To Be Wired" 4705: 3491:The remaining fields of the header are: 3173: 3133: 3074: 3005: 2985: 2101: 588: 545:(OFDM) signaling methods, respectively. 364: 58: 38: 7293: 6852:Shankland, Stephen (3 September 2019). 6609: 5780:"Why did 802.11-2012 renumber clauses?" 4942: 4589:Reshef, Ehud; Cordeiro, Carlos (2023). 3974:: China Millimeter Wave (February 2018) 3312: 3275: 3187:Regulatory domains and legal compliance 2058: 2027: 1996: 1965: 1934: 1586:carrier, low-power single carrier 1545:carrier, low-power single carrier 1167: 1028: 513:, operating in the United States under 367: 286: 14: 9533:Computer-related introductions in 1997 9520: 6554: 6374:Mitchell, Bradley (16 November 2021). 5837:"802.11AC WAVE 2 A XIRRUS WHITE PAPER" 5445: 5443: 5368: 5203: 5133: 4793: 4028:: Light Communications (November 2023) 3229: 2123: 835: 459: 9195: 7853: 7571:from the original on 18 January 2012. 7555:"Brute forcing Wi-Fi Protected Setup" 7374:from the original on 13 December 2009 7223:"Chapter 4. 802.11 Framing in Detail" 6998: 6800: 6590:Jongerius, Jerry (25 November 2020). 5808: 5660:Shankland, Stephen (3 October 2018). 5424:. IEEE. pp. 2, 3. Archived from 4851:Kastrenakes, Jacob (3 October 2018). 4748:from the original on 11 November 2021 4718:from the original on 11 November 2021 4680:Kastrenakes, Jacob (3 October 2018). 4652: 4325:Comparison of wireless data standards 4075:Randomized and Changing MAC Addresses 3999:at 2.4, 5 and 6 GHz; introduces 3529:wireless network interface controller 2289:code. It specified three alternative 1931: 1443: 9243:Code-division multiple access (CDMA) 7457:from the original on 22 January 2016 7362:Fleishman, Glenn (7 December 2009). 7220: 7154:. Cisco Systems, Inc. Archived from 7024: 6487:"Wi-Fi 6E expands Wi-Fi® into 6 GHz" 6282:"802.11ah: WiFi Standard for 900MHz" 6034:from the original on 16 January 2016 5644:"Wi-Fi Alliance® introduces Wi-Fi 6" 5380:IEICE Transactions on Communications 4827:"Wi-Fi CERTIFIED 6 | Wi-Fi Alliance" 4186: 3977:IEEE 802.11ak: Transit Links within 3514: 3138:Spectral masks for 802.11g channels 2886: 2555: 2061: 2030: 1999: 1968: 1937: 1896: 1837: 1777: 1735: 1657: 1606: 1560: 1510: 1452: 1385: 1013: 986: 965: 946: 926: 881: 844: 800: 7634: 7229:(2nd ed.). Beijing: O'Reilly. 6986:from the original on 13 August 2014 6949:from the original on 13 August 2014 6324:from the original on 4 January 2016 6161: 5440: 5017:Peter H. Lewis (25 November 1999). 4706:Phillips, Gavin (18 January 2021). 4481:Throughput-per-area, as defined by 3484:or between intermediate nodes in a 3200:, Spain, France, Japan, and China. 2237: 752: 451:are named by retroactive inference. 156:, and are very often used to carry 24: 7879: 7610:from the original on 2 April 2015. 7269:"Understanding 802.11 Frame Types" 6657:from the original on 14 March 2021 6479: 6214: 6188: 5327:"Connect802 - 802.11ac Discussion" 4943:Hetting, Claus (8 November 2019). 4507:6 GHz operation only between 4306:Wi-Fi users may be subjected to a 4225:University of California, Berkeley 3774:, including packet bursting (2005) 3692:organizationally unique identifier 2816:, for the overall improvements to 2801:(2.4 GHz and 5 GHz) and 2662:, and use the Internet to query a 1832: 1772: 1730: 1652: 1601: 1555: 1505: 1447: 1374: 25: 9554: 9288:Frequency-hopping spread spectrum 7840:List of all Wi-Fi Chipset Vendors 7823: 7644:KTH Royal Institute of Technology 6682:. IEEE. p. 1. Archived from 6280:Churchill, Sam (30 August 2013). 6200:Wireless Training & Solutions 6097:from the original on 7 April 2016 5758:"IEEE P802 - Task Group M Status" 4807:from the original on 9 March 2010 3854:: Fast BSS transition (FT) (2008) 3661:Request to Send (RTS) frame: The 3648: 3433:Address 3: final station address. 3224:Federal Communications Commission 3083:channels in the 2.4 GHz band 2544:vs. 64-QAM), and the addition of 1768: 519:Federal Communications Commission 100:(PHY) protocols for implementing 7628: 7622:"Implementing MAC Randomization" 7614: 7596: 7575: 7547: 7532:Jesse Walker, Chair (May 2009). 7525: 7508: 7469: 7439: 7386: 7355: 7314: 7287: 7214: 7188: 7170: 7088: 7056: 6961: 6924: 6820: 6794: 6456:"Generational Wi-Fi® User Guide" 6355:from the original on 1 July 2017 5809:Kelly, Vivian (7 January 2014). 5036:Claus Hetting (19 August 2018). 4781:from the original on 31 May 2024 4572:"Understanding Wi-Fi 4/5/6/6E/7" 4501: 4488: 4191: 3929:(down-link only) (December 2013) 3360: 2891: 2560: 1908: 1861: 1578: 1534: 1474: 856: 812: 523:interference in the 2.4-GHz band 506:802.11b and 802.11g use the 2.4- 9282:Direct-sequence spread spectrum 6760:Journal of Solid-State Circuits 6750: 6725: 6705: 6669: 6418: 6393: 6367: 6240: 6016: 5990: 5954: 5940: 5896: 5860: 5846: 5829: 5750: 5520: 5487: 5414: 5396: 5354: 5337: 5319: 5302: 5274: 5232:"802.11n Delivers Better Range" 5193: 5174: 5157: 5108: 5060: 5029: 5010: 4989: 4962: 4936: 4903: 4870: 4844: 4819: 4803:. American Radio Relay League. 4730: 4522: 4475: 4462: 4445: 4428: 4146: 3721:Standard and Amendments exist: 3157:direct-sequence spread spectrum 739: 539:direct-sequence spread spectrum 5502:Journal of ICT Standardization 5263:. October 2013. Archived from 4910:Ben Charny (6 December 2002). 4699: 4673: 4626: 4582: 4564: 4546: 4381:Wi-Fi operating system support 3673: 2756: 2674: 2471: 2465:multiple-input multiple-output 2403: 2243:Wake-up Radio (WUR) Operation. 2214:components in the environment. 956:5,000 m (16,000 ft) 899:divide by 2 and 4 for 10 and 5 576: 13: 1: 9538:Wireless networking standards 7654: 7180:. p. 531. Archived from 5689:"IEEE-SA - News & Events" 5382:. E101.B (2): 262–276. 2018. 4912:"Vic Hayes - Wireless Vision" 4308:Wi-Fi deauthentication attack 4045: 3682:header, with the Destination 3398:independent basic service set 3087:The channel numbering of the 2837:-per-area of 802.11ac (hence 998:1,000 m (3,300 ft) 977:1,000 m (3,300 ft) 9476:Low probability of intercept 9445:PN (pseudorandom noise) code 9300:Time-hopping spread spectrum 7798:10.1109/IEEESTD.2008.4669928 7755:10.1109/IEEESTD.2008.4573292 7712:10.1109/IEEESTD.2008.4544755 7676:10.1109/IEEESTD.2016.7786995 7585:Vulnerability Note VU#723755 7492:10.1109/IEEESTD.2021.9442429 6801:Tyson, Mark (12 July 2023). 6257:10.1109/IEEESTD.2017.7920364 6162:Lim, Dongguk (23 May 2013). 5877:. March 2014. Archived from 5734:10.1109/IEEESTD.2009.5307322 5475:. IEEE P802.11. 10 July 2012 5389:10.1587/transcom.2017ISI0004 5296:10.1109/IEEESTD.2018.8345727 4738:"Wi-Fi Generation Numbering" 4596:IEEE Communications Magazine 4539: 4346:OFDM system comparison table 4330:Fujitsu Ltd. v. Netgear Inc. 4260:Advanced Encryption Standard 4022:: Wake Up Radio (March 2021) 3707:Modulation and Coding Scheme 3079:Graphical representation of 2297:operating at 1 Mbit/s; 891:6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 419: 395: 343: 322: 306: 283: 260: 237: 7: 7846:of mergers and acquisitions 7331:10.1109/ITechA.2015.7317401 7178:"IEEE Standard 802.11-2007" 6909:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2993448 6061:. Vol. 3, no. 2. 5514:10.13052/jicts2245-800X.115 4996:Steve Lohr (22 July 1999). 4881:; John Groenewegen (2010). 4313: 4233:Fluhrer, Mantin, and Shamir 4182: 4104:Ambient Power Communication 3912:Stream Reservation Protocol 3782:Inter-Access Point Protocol 2963: 2952: 2939: 2876: 2784: 2747: 2735: 2721: 2702: 2626: 2551: 2524: 2267:802.11-1997 (802.11 legacy) 665: 427: 422: 404: 398: 380: 370: 349: 346: 328: 325: 309: 289: 266: 263: 243: 240: 102:wireless local area network 92:, and specifies the set of 10: 9559: 9176:IEEE Standards Association 7425:10.1109/COMST.2014.2377373 7251:"802.11 Technical Section" 6547:10.1109/COMST.2018.2871099 5969:IEEE Standards Association 5694:IEEE Standards Association 4887:Cambridge University Press 4223:In 2001, a group from the 3807:: Enhanced security (2004) 3719:IEEE Standards Association 3688:Subnetwork Access Protocol 3045: 2967: 2880: 2788: 2725: 2706: 2664:geolocation database (GDB) 2630: 2591: 2528: 2452: 2448: 2376: 2372: 2353: 2349: 2323: 2270: 2097: 1926: 782: 672: 597: 26: 9484: 9437: 9353: 9309: 9271: 9230: 9225:in digital communications 9166: 9120: 9084: 8982: 8722: 8422: 8304: 8199: 8190: 7887: 7830:IEEE 802.11 working group 7562:.braindump – RE and stuff 7221:Gast, Matthew S. (2013). 6943:10.1109/NOMS.2012.6211930 6780:10.1109/JSSC.2019.2957651 5567:10.1109/MCOM.2011.5723815 4200:This section needs to be 4058:Extremely High Throughput 2900:This section needs to be 2718:, at a much wider range. 2569:This section needs to be 2273:IEEE 802.11 (legacy mode) 1808: 1754: 1718: 1500: 1491: 1323:120 m (390 ft) 1322: 1319: 1303: 1300: 1287: 1259: 1223:120 m (390 ft) 1222: 1219: 1203: 1200: 1191: 1166: 1137: 1134: 1118: 1115: 1106: 1086: 1074:250 m (820 ft) 1073: 1070: 1059: 1056: 1047: 1033: 1027: 1023:140 m (460 ft) 917:120 m (390 ft) 908: 890: 887: 873: 869:140 m (460 ft) 830:100 m (330 ft) 762: 759: 720: 717: 714: 707: 432: 359: 135:the original 1997 version 34:Wireless network standard 9502:Statistical multiplexing 6980:10.1109/GreenCom.2011.26 5508:(1): 83–108. July 2013. 5362:"802.11aj Press Release" 4771:"Clause 8 - Publication" 4613:10.1109/MCOM.003.2200037 4403: 4301:retail footfall tracking 3713:Standards and amendments 3521:not always authenticated 3459:Wired Equivalent Privacy 3421:ToDS = 1 and FromDS = 1 3413:ToDS = 1 and FromDS = 0 3405:ToDS = 0 and FromDS = 1 3389:ToDS = 0 and FromDS = 0 3213:least common denominator 3142:in the 2.4 GHz band 3121:allocates radio spectrum 3042:Channels and frequencies 2287:forward error correction 2129:For Japanese regulation. 1927:802.11 Standard rollups 1548:3.3 m (11 ft) 1135:35 m (115 ft) 1071:70 m (230 ft) 1020:38 m (125 ft) 914:35 m (115 ft) 866:35 m (115 ft) 9181:Category:IEEE standards 7842:– Including historical 5555:Communications Magazine 5422:"P802.11 Wireless LANs" 4388:or Bluetooth low energy 4366:TV White Space Database 3921:: Very High Throughput 3786:Withdrawn February 2006 3392:Communication within a 2392:b/g in a single mobile 2320:802.11a (OFDM waveform) 2255:For Chinese regulation. 2028:802.11-2020 (802.11md) 1997:802.11-2016 (802.11mc) 1966:802.11-2012 (802.11mb) 1935:802.11-2007 (802.11ma) 1320:30 m (98 ft) 1220:30 m (98 ft) 827:20 m (66 ft) 9460:Power spectral density 7294:Bonaventure, Olivier. 6766:(5). IEEE: 1151–1164. 6569:www.semfionetworks.com 6136:. IEEE. Archived from 5813:. IEEE. Archived from 5288:IEEE Std 802.11aj-2018 4252:Wi-Fi Protected Access 4123:Standard vs. amendment 4098:Ultra High Reliability 3703:TCP congestion control 3582:previous access point. 3566:Deauthentication frame 3519:Management frames are 3463:Wi-Fi Protected Access 3179: 3143: 3084: 3015: 2999: 2809:. It is also known as 2309:transmission over the 2293:technologies: diffuse 594: 74: 56: 9492:Digital communication 9354:Major implementations 9294:Chirp spread spectrum 7401:(99). IEEE: 162–183. 7184:on 15 September 2018. 5528:"Wireless throughput" 4286:Wi-Fi Protected Setup 4160:(usually abbreviated 4081:Enhanced Data Privacy 3592:block acknowledgement 3191:IEEE uses the phrase 3177: 3137: 3111:a minimum of 20 3093:list of WLAN channels 3078: 3056:spectrum, one of the 3048:List of WLAN channels 3009: 2989: 2669:space–time block code 2078:Up to 9608 or 303336 592: 555:list of WLAN channels 550:5 GHz U-NII band 94:medium access control 62: 55:up to 54 Mbit/s. 42: 7670:. 14 December 2016. 7564:. 26 December 2011. 6495:www.wi‑fi.org 6464:www.wi‑fi.org 5561:(3). IEEE: 160–166. 5242:on 24 November 2008. 4376:White spaces (radio) 4341:LTE-WLAN Aggregation 3862:Extended Service Set 3830:: Higher Throughput 3684:Service Access Point 3608:information elements 3590:station to set up a 3482:Extended Service Set 3256:frame check sequence 2805:(6 GHz) by the 2643:white space spectrum 2039:Up to 866.7 or 6757 2008:Up to 866.7 or 6757 1481:(multi-carrier OOK) 606:for unlicensed use. 9543:Local area networks 7792:. 6 November 2008. 7774:on 6 February 2009. 7666:. (2016 revision). 7417:2014arXiv1404.1622L 7302:on 27 November 2012 7275:on 25 November 2008 7257:on 24 January 2009. 7200:community.cisco.com 7012:on 13 February 2008 6900:2020IEEEA...888664K 6772:2020IJSSC..55.1151L 6721:. 28 February 2019. 6653:. 9 February 2021. 6292:on 10 February 2014 6176:on 31 December 2013 6143:on 30 December 2013 5978:on 24 December 2015 5790:on 11 November 2012 5728:. 29 October 2009. 5473:"TGaf PHY proposal" 5408:techblog.comsoc.org 4295:announced that its 4087:320 MHz Positioning 3860:: Mesh Networking, 3230:Layer 2 – Datagrams 3207:devices default to 2864:cellular technology 2283:megabits per second 560:The segment of the 531:cordless telephones 460:General description 195: 90:technical standards 7590:2012-01-03 at the 7158:on 9 February 2014 7044:on 9 December 2006 6689:on 15 October 2016 6436:on 6 February 2022 6320:. 4 January 2016. 6222:"IEEE 802.11-2016" 6030:. 8 January 2016. 5817:on 12 January 2014 5534:on 3 November 2011 5428:on 6 December 2017 5331:www.connect802.com 5270:on 16 August 2014. 5023:The New York Times 5003:The New York Times 4634:"What is Wi-Fi 8?" 4558:semfionetworks.com 4453:1733.3 Mbit/s 4440:1733.3 Mbit/s 4320:802.11 frame types 4262:(AES), instead of 3995:: High Efficiency 3884:network management 3669:station transmits. 3663:RTS and CTS frames 3180: 3144: 3085: 3016: 3000: 2822:dense environments 595: 163: 86:local area network 75: 57: 9515: 9514: 9189: 9188: 9080: 9079: 7807:978-0-7381-5765-8 7764:978-0-7381-5422-0 7731:on 19 April 2009. 7721:978-0-7381-5420-6 7685:978-1-5044-3645-8 7501:978-1-5044-7389-7 7340:978-1-4799-8036-9 7236:978-0-596-10052-0 7202:. 25 October 2010 6625:. 9 February 2021 6266:978-1-5044-3911-4 6093:. 23 March 2016. 5784:Aerohive Networks 5743:978-0-7381-6046-7 5611:on 6 October 2008 5129:. September 2009. 5096:. 26 January 2017 5074:on 25 August 2018 5048:on 21 August 2018 4924:on 26 August 2012 4896:978-0-521-19971-1 4712:MUO - Make Use Of 4221: 4220: 3864:(ESS) (July 2011) 3646: 3645: 3515:Management frames 3394:basic service set 3370: 3369: 2921: 2920: 2590: 2589: 2455:IEEE 802.11n-2009 2379:IEEE 802.11g-2003 2356:IEEE 802.11b-1999 2343:carrier frequency 2326:IEEE 802.11a-1999 2299:frequency-hopping 2264: 2263: 2142:IEEE 802.11y-2008 702:network standards 639:. He, along with 548:802.11a uses the 457: 456: 158:Internet Protocol 16:(Redirected from 9550: 9455:Near–far problem 9272:Spread spectrum 9216: 9209: 9202: 9193: 9192: 8197: 8196: 7874: 7867: 7860: 7851: 7850: 7818: 7817:on 10 June 2009. 7816: 7810:. Archived from 7787: 7775: 7773: 7767:. Archived from 7749:. 15 July 2008. 7744: 7732: 7730: 7724:. Archived from 7706:. 12 June 2008. 7701: 7689: 7648: 7647: 7641: 7632: 7626: 7625: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7600: 7594: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7559: 7551: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7529: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7473: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7443: 7437: 7436: 7410: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7318: 7312: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7298:. Archived from 7291: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7271:. Archived from 7265: 7259: 7258: 7253:. Archived from 7247: 7241: 7240: 7218: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7192: 7186: 7185: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7131: 7124: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7092: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7075: 7069:. Archived from 7068: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7043: 7036: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6911: 6877: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6696: 6694: 6688: 6681: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6596:www.duckware.com 6587: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6561: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6525: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6491: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6460: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6432:. Archived from 6422: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6345: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6288:. Archived from 6277: 6271: 6270: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6224:. Archived from 6218: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6202:. 12 August 2017 6192: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6175: 6169:. Archived from 6168: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6142: 6135: 6126: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6087: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6050: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6009: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5977: 5971:. Archived from 5966: 5958: 5952: 5951: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5926:techrepublic.com 5918: 5912: 5911: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5884:on 18 April 2023 5883: 5872: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5786:. Archived from 5775: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5697:. Archived from 5685: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5657: 5648: 5647: 5640: 5631: 5630:IEEE 802.11-2007 5628: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5610: 5603: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5530:. Archived from 5524: 5518: 5517: 5499: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5469: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5447: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5285: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5258: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5238:. Archived from 5227: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5210: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5140: 5131: 5130: 5122: 5119: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5070:. Archived from 5064: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5044:. Archived from 5033: 5027: 5026: 5014: 5008: 5007: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4949:Wi-Fi Now Global 4940: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4920:. Archived from 4907: 4901: 4900: 4877:Wolter Lemstra; 4874: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4767: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4742:ElectronicsNotes 4734: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4638:everythingrf.com 4630: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4550: 4533: 4526: 4514: 4512: 4505: 4499: 4492: 4486: 4479: 4473: 4466: 4460: 4449: 4443: 4436:2402 Mbit/s 4432: 4426: 4423: 4417: 4414: 4216: 4213: 4207: 4195: 4194: 4187: 4006: 3979:Bridged Networks 3842:(September 2009) 3841: 3770:: Enhancements: 3726:IEEE 802.11-1997 3616: 3615: 3568: 3567: 3314: 3307: 3277: 3262: 3261: 3149:near–far problem 3141: 3131: 3126: 3090: 3063: 3055: 2916: 2913: 2907: 2895: 2894: 2887: 2869: 2852:frequency domain 2819: 2815: 2804: 2799: 2585: 2582: 2576: 2564: 2563: 2556: 2519:IEEE 802.11-2012 2443:IEEE 802.11-2007 2256: 2253: 2244: 2241: 2235: 2224: 2215: 2200: 2179: 2172: 2149: 2139: 2130: 2127: 2121: 2118: 1858: 1820: 1794: 1770: 1728: 1713: 1709: 1702: 1698: 1691: 1678: 1669: 1650: 1636: 1623: 1599: 1585: 1575: 1544: 1531: 1522: 1503: 1471: 1467: 1445: 1412: 1372: 1364: 1350: 1336: 1297: 1262: 1254: 1242: 1169: 1089: 1030: 1005: 902: 896: 837: 786: 777: 754: 741: 726:Frequency 693: 686: 679: 670: 669: 425: 402: 196: 189: 182: 175: 162: 53:signalling rates 21: 18:IEEE 802.11-2007 9558: 9557: 9553: 9552: 9551: 9549: 9548: 9547: 9518: 9517: 9516: 9511: 9480: 9433: 9387:Cordless phones 9349: 9305: 9267: 9238:Spread spectrum 9226: 9223:Spread spectrum 9220: 9190: 9185: 9162: 9116: 9076: 8978: 8726: 8718: 8426: 8418: 8300: 8186: 7883: 7878: 7826: 7821: 7814: 7808: 7785: 7778: 7771: 7765: 7742: 7735: 7728: 7722: 7699: 7692: 7686: 7661: 7657: 7652: 7651: 7639: 7635:Harnesk, Saga. 7633: 7629: 7620: 7619: 7615: 7606:. 9 June 2014. 7602: 7601: 7597: 7592:Wayback Machine 7580: 7576: 7568: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7548: 7538: 7536: 7530: 7526: 7518: 7514: 7513: 7509: 7502: 7486:. 19 May 2021. 7475: 7474: 7470: 7460: 7458: 7445: 7444: 7440: 7391: 7387: 7377: 7375: 7360: 7356: 7341: 7319: 7315: 7305: 7303: 7292: 7288: 7278: 7276: 7267: 7266: 7262: 7249: 7248: 7244: 7237: 7219: 7215: 7205: 7203: 7194: 7193: 7189: 7176: 7175: 7171: 7161: 7159: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7135: 7133: 7132:on 20 July 2011 7129: 7122: 7114: 7110: 7100: 7098: 7094: 7093: 7089: 7079: 7077: 7076:on 26 June 2013 7073: 7066: 7062: 7061: 7057: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7034: 7030: 7029: 7025: 7015: 7013: 7004: 7003: 6999: 6989: 6987: 6966: 6962: 6952: 6950: 6929: 6925: 6894:: 88664–88688. 6878: 6874: 6864: 6862: 6850: 6846: 6836: 6834: 6832:www.ieee802.org 6826: 6825: 6821: 6811: 6809: 6799: 6795: 6755: 6751: 6741: 6739: 6737:www.ieee802.org 6731: 6730: 6726: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6692: 6690: 6686: 6679: 6675: 6674: 6670: 6660: 6658: 6643: 6642: 6638: 6628: 6626: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6600: 6598: 6588: 6584: 6574: 6572: 6571:. 11 April 2019 6563: 6562: 6555: 6526: 6511: 6501: 6499: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6480: 6470: 6468: 6458: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6439: 6437: 6424: 6423: 6419: 6409: 6407: 6399: 6398: 6394: 6384: 6382: 6372: 6368: 6358: 6356: 6347: 6346: 6337: 6327: 6325: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6295: 6293: 6278: 6274: 6267: 6246: 6245: 6241: 6231: 6229: 6228:on 8 March 2017 6220: 6219: 6215: 6205: 6203: 6194: 6193: 6189: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6166: 6160: 6156: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6133: 6127: 6110: 6100: 6098: 6089: 6088: 6081: 6071: 6069: 6051: 6047: 6037: 6035: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6007: 6005: 5998:"IEEE 802.11ad" 5996: 5995: 5991: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5955: 5946: 5945: 5941: 5931: 5929: 5920: 5919: 5915: 5910:. 29 June 2016. 5902: 5901: 5897: 5887: 5885: 5881: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5861: 5852: 5851: 5847: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5820: 5818: 5807: 5803: 5793: 5791: 5776: 5772: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5751: 5744: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5704: 5702: 5701:on 26 July 2010 5687: 5686: 5682: 5672: 5670: 5658: 5651: 5642: 5641: 5634: 5629: 5625: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5551: 5547: 5537: 5535: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5488: 5478: 5476: 5471: 5470: 5461: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5441: 5431: 5429: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5360: 5359: 5355: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5267: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5204: 5198: 5194: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5167: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5142: 5141: 5134: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5099: 5097: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5077: 5075: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5034: 5030: 5015: 5011: 4994: 4990: 4980: 4978: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4941: 4937: 4927: 4925: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4875: 4871: 4861: 4859: 4849: 4845: 4835: 4833: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4810: 4808: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4784: 4782: 4769: 4768: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4719: 4704: 4700: 4690: 4688: 4678: 4674: 4657: 4653: 4643: 4641: 4640:. 25 March 2023 4632: 4631: 4627: 4617: 4615: 4587: 4583: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4536: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4517: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4493: 4489: 4480: 4476: 4467: 4463: 4457:300 Mbit/s 4450: 4446: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4316: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4171:Also, the term 4149: 4125: 4102:IEEE 802.11bp: 4085:IEEE 802.11bk: 4079:IEEE 802.11bi: 4073:IEEE 802.11bh: 4067:IEEE 802.11bf: 4048: 4007:(February 2021) 4004: 3953:(February 2014) 3927:Multi-user MIMO 3886:(February 2011) 3870: 3839: 3787: 3758:standard (2001) 3715: 3676: 3651: 3565: 3564: 3517: 3400:(IBSS) network. 3331:Length (Bytes) 3325: 3320: 3315: 3308: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3274: 3269: 3232: 3211:0, which means 3205:Wi-Fi certified 3189: 3139: 3129: 3124: 3101: 3089:5.725–5.875 GHz 3088: 3062:4.915–5.825 GHz 3061: 3054:2.400–2.500 GHz 3053: 3050: 3044: 2984: 2972: 2966: 2955: 2942: 2929:millimeter wave 2917: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2879: 2867: 2855:(as opposed to 2839:High Efficiency 2817: 2813: 2811:High Efficiency 2802: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2759: 2750: 2738: 2730: 2724: 2711: 2705: 2677: 2655:cognitive radio 2635: 2629: 2604:millimeter wave 2596: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2565: 2561: 2554: 2546:Multi-user MIMO 2533: 2527: 2474: 2457: 2451: 2406: 2381: 2375: 2358: 2352: 2328: 2322: 2303:direct-sequence 2285:(Mbit/s), plus 2275: 2269: 2260: 2259: 2254: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2225: 2218: 2201: 2182: 2174:Based on short 2173: 2152: 2140: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2102: 2065: 1884: 1856: 1841: 1821: 1810: 1792: 1790: 1782: 1741: 1711: 1707: 1700: 1696: 1689: 1676: 1674: 1667: 1665: 1634: 1621: 1619: 1614: 1583: 1573: 1571: 1542: 1529: 1527: 1520: 1518: 1493: 1469: 1465: 1463: 1427: 1420: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1398: 1389: 1378: 1362: 1357: 1348: 1343: 1334: 1329: 1312: 1305: 1295: 1280: 1269: 1252: 1240: 1212: 1205: 1182: 1176: 1127: 1120: 1096: 1063: 1037: 931: 900: 898: 894: 892: 882:September 1999 845:September 1999 784: 775: 742: 733: 722: 711: 709: 703: 697: 668: 623:LSI Corporation 611:NCR Corporation 600: 579: 562:radio frequency 527:microwave ovens 462: 452: 423: 400: 220: 218: 213: 211: 203: 194: 193: 143:radio frequency 80:is part of the 45:Linksys WRT54GS 35: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9556: 9546: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9513: 9512: 9510: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9485: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9441: 9439: 9438:Major concepts 9435: 9434: 9432: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9418: 9412: 9406: 9400: 9394: 9393: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9357: 9355: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9316: 9314: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9303: 9297: 9291: 9285: 9278: 9276: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9265: 9260: 9258:Commercial use 9255: 9250: 9246: 9245: 9240: 9234: 9232: 9228: 9227: 9219: 9218: 9211: 9204: 9196: 9187: 9186: 9184: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9167: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9124: 9122: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9088: 9086: 9082: 9081: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8988: 8986: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8976: 8964: 8961: 8958: 8955: 8952: 8940: 8937: 8934: 8929: 8926: 8923: 8918: 8906: 8903: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8877: 8867: 8855: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8734: 8732: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8434: 8432: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8416: 8411: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8310: 8308: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8267: 8266: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8205: 8203: 8194: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7918: 7917: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7891: 7889: 7885: 7884: 7881:IEEE standards 7877: 7876: 7869: 7862: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7837: 7832: 7825: 7824:External links 7822: 7820: 7819: 7806: 7776: 7763: 7733: 7720: 7690: 7684: 7664:Specifications 7658: 7656: 7653: 7650: 7649: 7627: 7613: 7595: 7574: 7546: 7524: 7507: 7500: 7468: 7438: 7385: 7354: 7339: 7313: 7286: 7260: 7242: 7235: 7213: 7187: 7169: 7143: 7108: 7087: 7055: 7023: 6997: 6960: 6923: 6872: 6844: 6819: 6807:Tom's Hardware 6793: 6749: 6724: 6704: 6668: 6636: 6608: 6582: 6553: 6509: 6498:. January 2021 6478: 6467:. October 2018 6447: 6430:IEEE Standards 6417: 6392: 6366: 6335: 6303: 6272: 6265: 6239: 6213: 6187: 6154: 6108: 6079: 6045: 6015: 6004:. 8 March 2018 5989: 5953: 5939: 5928:. 13 July 2016 5913: 5895: 5859: 5845: 5828: 5801: 5778:Matthew Gast. 5770: 5749: 5742: 5712: 5680: 5649: 5632: 5623: 5588: 5545: 5519: 5486: 5459: 5439: 5413: 5395: 5367: 5353: 5336: 5318: 5301: 5290:. April 2018. 5273: 5245: 5222: 5202: 5192: 5173: 5156: 5132: 5126:Wi-Fi Alliance 5107: 5085: 5059: 5028: 5009: 4988: 4975:Wi-Fi Alliance 4961: 4935: 4902: 4895: 4869: 4843: 4818: 4792: 4759: 4729: 4698: 4672: 4651: 4625: 4581: 4563: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4500: 4487: 4474: 4461: 4451:802.11ac with 4444: 4434:802.11ax with 4427: 4418: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4400: 4394: 4389: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4371:Ultra-wideband 4368: 4363: 4361:TU (time unit) 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4315: 4312: 4291:In late 2014, 4279:task group "w" 4219: 4218: 4199: 4197: 4190: 4184: 4181: 4148: 4145: 4124: 4121: 4110: 4109: 4106: 4100: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4042: 4041:) (March 2023) 4032: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4014: 4008: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3944: 3941: 3930: 3914: 3908: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3823: 3817: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3788: 3785: 3775: 3765: 3759: 3749: 3741: 3733: 3714: 3711: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3650: 3649:Control frames 3647: 3644: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3604: 3603: 3600:ADDBA Response 3594:by sending an 3587: 3583: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3562: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3516: 3513: 3505: 3504: 3497: 3470: 3469: 3466: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3439: 3438: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3368: 3367: 3364: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3310: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3271: 3266: 3231: 3228: 3188: 3185: 3100: 3097: 3043: 3040: 2983: 2980: 2968:Main article: 2965: 2962: 2954: 2951: 2941: 2938: 2925:physical layer 2919: 2918: 2899: 2897: 2890: 2881:Main article: 2878: 2875: 2807:Wi-Fi Alliance 2789:Main article: 2786: 2783: 2758: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2737: 2734: 2726:Main article: 2723: 2720: 2707:Main article: 2704: 2701: 2676: 2673: 2631:Main article: 2628: 2625: 2600:physical layer 2592:Main article: 2588: 2587: 2568: 2566: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2529:Main article: 2526: 2523: 2473: 2470: 2453:Main article: 2450: 2447: 2405: 2402: 2377:Main article: 2374: 2371: 2354:Main article: 2351: 2348: 2324:Main article: 2321: 2318: 2291:physical layer 2271:Main article: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2245: 2236: 2232:guard interval 2228:guard interval 2216: 2204:guard interval 2180: 2176:guard interval 2150: 2131: 2122: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2073:2.4, 5, 6, 60 2071: 2063:September 2024 2060: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2031:December 2020 2029: 2025: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 2000:December 2016 1998: 1994: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1890: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1836: 1831: 1816: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1787: 1784: 1779: 1776: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1737: 1736:February 2014 1734: 1729: 1724: 1716: 1715: 1704: 1693: 1683: 1680: 1671: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1628: 1625: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1580: 1577: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1536: 1533: 1524: 1515: 1512: 1511:December 2012 1509: 1504: 1499: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1476: 1473: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1417: 1414: 1403: 1400: 1395: 1384: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1359: 1353: 1352: 1345: 1339: 1338: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1302: 1299: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1275: 1264: 1257: 1256: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1171: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1104:December 2013 1102: 1091: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1032: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1007: 1000: 999: 996: 991: 988: 987:December 2022 985: 979: 978: 975: 970: 967: 964: 958: 957: 954: 951: 948: 947:November 2008 945: 939: 938: 935: 932: 928: 927:November 2004 925: 919: 918: 915: 912: 907: 904: 897:MHz bandwidth, 889: 886: 883: 880: 875: 871: 870: 867: 864: 858: 855: 854:1, 2, 5.5, 11 852: 849: 846: 843: 838: 832: 831: 828: 825: 814: 811: 808: 805: 802: 799: 794: 788: 780: 779: 772: 769: 765: 764: 763:Outdoor 761: 757: 756: 750: 747: 737: 730: 727: 724: 719: 716: 713: 705: 704: 698: 696: 695: 688: 681: 673: 667: 664: 648:Wi-Fi Alliance 599: 596: 583:Wi-Fi Alliance 578: 575: 461: 458: 455: 454: 430: 429: 426: 421: 420:expected 2028 418: 413: 407: 406: 403: 397: 396:expected 2024 394: 389: 383: 382: 379: 373: 372: 369: 366: 363: 358: 352: 351: 348: 345: 342: 337: 331: 330: 327: 324: 321: 316: 312: 311: 308: 305: 300: 292: 291: 288: 285: 282: 277: 269: 268: 265: 262: 259: 254: 246: 245: 242: 239: 236: 231: 223: 222: 215: 208: 205: 200: 192: 191: 184: 177: 169: 164: 98:physical layer 33: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9555: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9525: 9523: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9487: 9486: 9483: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9471:Rake receiver 9469: 9467: 9464: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9442: 9440: 9436: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9419: 9417:(aka IS-2000) 9416: 9413: 9411:(aka cdmaOne) 9410: 9407: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9395: 9392: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9362: 9361:Space Network 9359: 9358: 9356: 9352: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9313: 9308: 9301: 9298: 9295: 9292: 9289: 9286: 9283: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9270: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9248: 9247: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9231:Main articles 9229: 9224: 9217: 9212: 9210: 9205: 9203: 9198: 9197: 9194: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9168: 9165: 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8274: 8272: 8269: 8265: 8264:WiMAX · d · e 8262: 8261: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8189: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7875: 7870: 7868: 7863: 7861: 7856: 7855: 7852: 7845: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7813: 7809: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7784: 7783: 7777: 7770: 7766: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7741: 7740: 7734: 7727: 7723: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7698: 7697: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7660: 7659: 7645: 7638: 7631: 7623: 7617: 7609: 7605: 7599: 7593: 7589: 7586: 7583: 7578: 7567: 7563: 7556: 7550: 7535: 7528: 7517: 7511: 7503: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7480: 7472: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7442: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7389: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7358: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7317: 7301: 7297: 7290: 7274: 7270: 7264: 7256: 7252: 7246: 7238: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7217: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7183: 7179: 7173: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7128: 7121: 7120: 7112: 7097: 7091: 7072: 7065: 7059: 7040: 7033: 7027: 7011: 7007: 7001: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6972: 6964: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6935: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6876: 6861: 6860: 6855: 6848: 6833: 6829: 6823: 6808: 6804: 6797: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6753: 6738: 6734: 6728: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6708: 6701: 6685: 6678: 6672: 6656: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6640: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6612: 6597: 6593: 6586: 6570: 6566: 6560: 6558: 6548: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6497: 6496: 6488: 6482: 6466: 6465: 6457: 6451: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6421: 6406: 6402: 6396: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6354: 6350: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6323: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6307: 6291: 6287: 6286:DailyWireless 6283: 6276: 6268: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6243: 6227: 6223: 6217: 6201: 6197: 6196:"802.11-2016" 6191: 6172: 6165: 6158: 6139: 6132: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6096: 6092: 6086: 6084: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6049: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5974: 5970: 5963: 5957: 5949: 5943: 5927: 5923: 5917: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5863: 5855: 5849: 5838: 5832: 5816: 5812: 5805: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5759: 5753: 5745: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5716: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5690: 5684: 5669: 5668: 5663: 5656: 5654: 5645: 5639: 5637: 5627: 5607: 5600: 5599: 5592: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5549: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5496: 5490: 5474: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5452: 5446: 5444: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5363: 5357: 5346: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5311: 5305: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5284: 5277: 5266: 5262: 5255: 5249: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5215: 5209: 5207: 5196: 5185: 5184: 5177: 5166: 5160: 5151: 5146: 5139: 5137: 5128: 5127: 5118: 5111: 5095: 5089: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5032: 5024: 5020: 5013: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4992: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4965: 4950: 4946: 4939: 4923: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4906: 4898: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4873: 4858: 4854: 4847: 4832: 4831:www.wi-fi.org 4828: 4822: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4764: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4687: 4683: 4676: 4667: 4662: 4655: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4592: 4585: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4545: 4531: 4525: 4521: 4511: 4504: 4497: 4491: 4484: 4478: 4471: 4465: 4458: 4454: 4448: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4422: 4413: 4409: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4351:Passive Wi-Fi 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4311: 4309: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4287: 4282: 4280: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4215: 4212:February 2024 4203: 4198: 4189: 4188: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4154:For example, 4152: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4137:IEEE 802.11ax 4134: 4128: 4120: 4118: 4113: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4093:IEEE 802.11bn 4090: 4088: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4063: 4062:IEEE 802.11ax 4059: 4055: 4054: 4053:IEEE 802.11be 4050: 4049: 4040: 4036: 4035:IEEE 802.11bd 4033: 4030: 4027: 4026:IEEE 802.11bb 4024: 4021: 4020:IEEE 802.11ba 4018: 4015: 4012: 4011:IEEE 802.11ay 4009: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3993: 3992:IEEE 802.11ax 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3972:IEEE 802.11aj 3970: 3967: 3966:IEEE 802.11ai 3964: 3961: 3960:IEEE 802.11ah 3958: 3955: 3952: 3951:TV Whitespace 3948: 3947:IEEE 802.11af 3945: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3934:IEEE 802.11ad 3931: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3918:IEEE 802.11ac 3915: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3654: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3602:action frame. 3601: 3597: 3596:ADDBA Request 3593: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3563: 3560: 3556: 3553: 3549: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3493: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3467: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3373: 3365: 3363: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3323: 3318: 3311: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3272: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3198:ETSI (Europe) 3194: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3150: 3136: 3132: 3130:1 through 11. 3122: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3105:spectral mask 3096: 3094: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3067: 3059: 3049: 3039: 3036: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2979: 2977: 2971: 2970:IEEE 802.11be 2961: 2959: 2958:IEEE 802.11bb 2950: 2948: 2937: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2915: 2903: 2898: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2883:IEEE 802.11ay 2874: 2871: 2866:applied into 2865: 2861: 2859: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2792: 2791:IEEE 802.11ax 2782: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2754: 2745: 2742: 2733: 2729: 2728:IEEE 802.11ai 2719: 2717: 2710: 2709:IEEE 802.11ah 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2634: 2633:IEEE 802.11af 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2594:IEEE 802.11ad 2584: 2581:November 2013 2572: 2567: 2558: 2557: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2532: 2531:IEEE 802.11ac 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2389: 2386: 2380: 2370: 2368: 2362: 2357: 2347: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2333: 2327: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2279:net bit rates 2274: 2252: 2250: 2240: 2233: 2229: 2223: 2221: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2177: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2126: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2064: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1840: 1839:December 2023 1835: 1829: 1825: 1817: 1814: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1788: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1725: 1722: 1717: 1705: 1694: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1672: 1663: 1660: 1655: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1617: 1612: 1609: 1604: 1596: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1581: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1540: 1537: 1525: 1516: 1513: 1508: 1497: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1453:October 2021 1450: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1426: 1423: 1418: 1415: 1404: 1401: 1396: 1393: 1388: 1382: 1377: 1369: 1368: 1360: 1355: 1354: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1332: 1327: 1326: 1316: 1311: 1308: 1293: 1290: 1284: 1279: 1273: 1268: 1258: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1216: 1211: 1208: 1197: 1194: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1131: 1126: 1123: 1112: 1109: 1100: 1095: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1067: 1062: 1053: 1050: 1045:October 2009 1041: 1036: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1011: 1008: 1002: 1001: 997: 995: 992: 989: 984: 981: 980: 976: 974: 971: 968: 963: 960: 959: 955: 952: 949: 944: 941: 940: 936: 933: 929: 924: 921: 920: 916: 913: 911: 884: 879: 876: 872: 868: 865: 862: 859: 853: 850: 847: 842: 839: 834: 833: 829: 826: 824: 823: 818: 815: 809: 806: 803: 798: 795: 793: 789: 781: 773: 770: 767: 766: 760:Indoor 758: 745: 736: 706: 701: 694: 689: 687: 682: 680: 675: 674: 671: 663: 660: 655: 653: 649: 646:In 1999, the 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 607: 605: 591: 587: 584: 581:In 2018, the 574: 572: 568: 567:amateur radio 563: 558: 556: 551: 546: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 509: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 477: 475: 471: 468:over-the-air 467: 450: 446: 442: 438: 435: 431: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 393: 390: 388: 385: 384: 378: 375: 374: 362: 357: 354: 353: 341: 338: 336: 333: 332: 320: 317: 314: 313: 304: 301: 298: 294: 293: 281: 278: 275: 271: 270: 258: 255: 252: 248: 247: 235: 232: 229: 225: 224: 216: 209: 206: 201: 198: 197: 190: 185: 183: 178: 176: 171: 170: 167: 161: 159: 155: 151: 146: 144: 138: 136: 132: 127: 123: 118: 116: 112: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 73: 69: 66: 61: 54: 50: 46: 41: 37: 30: 19: 9466:Process gain 9311: 9273: 9170: 8966: 8942: 8908: 8857: 8802: 8723: 8566: 8539: 8512: 7812:the original 7780: 7769:the original 7737: 7726:the original 7694: 7662: 7643: 7630: 7616: 7598: 7577: 7561: 7549: 7537:. Retrieved 7527: 7510: 7477: 7471: 7459:. Retrieved 7450: 7441: 7398: 7394: 7388: 7376:. Retrieved 7368:Ars Technica 7367: 7357: 7322: 7316: 7304:. Retrieved 7300:the original 7289: 7277:. Retrieved 7273:the original 7263: 7255:the original 7245: 7226: 7216: 7204:. Retrieved 7199: 7190: 7182:the original 7172: 7160:. Retrieved 7156:the original 7146: 7136:17 September 7134:. Retrieved 7127:the original 7118: 7111: 7099:. Retrieved 7090: 7078:. Retrieved 7071:the original 7058: 7046:. Retrieved 7039:the original 7026: 7014:. Retrieved 7010:the original 7000: 6988:. Retrieved 6970: 6963: 6951:. Retrieved 6933: 6926: 6891: 6885: 6875: 6863:. Retrieved 6857: 6847: 6835:. Retrieved 6831: 6822: 6810:. Retrieved 6806: 6796: 6763: 6759: 6752: 6740:. Retrieved 6736: 6727: 6716: 6707: 6698: 6691:. Retrieved 6684:the original 6671: 6659:. Retrieved 6650:www.ieee.org 6648: 6639: 6627:. Retrieved 6620: 6611: 6599:. Retrieved 6595: 6585: 6573:. Retrieved 6568: 6537: 6533: 6500:. Retrieved 6493: 6481: 6469:. Retrieved 6462: 6450: 6438:. Retrieved 6434:the original 6429: 6420: 6408:. Retrieved 6404: 6395: 6383:. Retrieved 6379: 6369: 6357:. Retrieved 6326:. Retrieved 6315: 6306: 6294:. Retrieved 6290:the original 6285: 6275: 6247: 6242: 6230:. Retrieved 6226:the original 6216: 6204:. Retrieved 6199: 6190: 6178:. Retrieved 6171:the original 6157: 6145:. Retrieved 6138:the original 6099:. Retrieved 6070:. Retrieved 6059:Elektrorevue 6058: 6048: 6036:. Retrieved 6028:Ars Technica 6027: 6018: 6006:. Retrieved 6001: 5992: 5980:. Retrieved 5973:the original 5968: 5956: 5942: 5930:. Retrieved 5925: 5916: 5908:RCR Wireless 5907: 5898: 5886:. Retrieved 5879:the original 5874: 5862: 5848: 5831: 5819:. Retrieved 5815:the original 5804: 5792:. Retrieved 5788:the original 5773: 5761:. Retrieved 5752: 5720: 5715: 5703:. Retrieved 5699:the original 5692: 5683: 5671:. Retrieved 5665: 5626: 5613:. Retrieved 5606:the original 5597: 5591: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5538:29 September 5536:. Retrieved 5532:the original 5522: 5505: 5501: 5489: 5477:. Retrieved 5430:. Retrieved 5426:the original 5416: 5407: 5398: 5379: 5370: 5356: 5339: 5330: 5321: 5304: 5287: 5276: 5265:the original 5260: 5248: 5240:the original 5236:Wi-Fi Planet 5235: 5225: 5195: 5182: 5176: 5159: 5124: 5110: 5098:. Retrieved 5088: 5076:. Retrieved 5072:the original 5062: 5050:. Retrieved 5046:the original 5041: 5031: 5022: 5012: 5001: 4991: 4979:. Retrieved 4973: 4964: 4952:. Retrieved 4948: 4938: 4926:. Retrieved 4922:the original 4915: 4905: 4882: 4872: 4860:. Retrieved 4856: 4846: 4834:. Retrieved 4830: 4821: 4811:27 September 4809:. Retrieved 4795: 4783:. Retrieved 4774: 4750:. Retrieved 4741: 4732: 4720:. Retrieved 4711: 4701: 4689:. Retrieved 4685: 4675: 4654: 4642:. Retrieved 4637: 4628: 4616:. Retrieved 4600: 4594: 4584: 4575: 4566: 4557: 4548: 4529: 4524: 4509: 4503: 4490: 4477: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4421: 4412: 4397:Wireless USB 4305: 4290: 4283: 4276: 4256:IEEE 802.11i 4245: 4222: 4209: 4201: 4172: 4170: 4166:microseconds 4161: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4147:Nomenclature 4140: 4133:IEEE 802.11a 4129: 4126: 4114: 4111: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4069:WLAN Sensing 4068: 4064:) (May 2024) 4057: 4051: 4039:IEEE 802.11p 3990: 3932: 3916: 3902:IEEE 802.11z 3896:IEEE 802.11y 3890:IEEE 802.11w 3880:IEEE 802.11v 3874:IEEE 802.11u 3858:IEEE 802.11s 3852:IEEE 802.11r 3846:IEEE 802.11p 3827:IEEE 802.11n 3825: 3820:IEEE 802.11k 3811:IEEE 802.11j 3805:IEEE 802.11i 3799:IEEE 802.11h 3792:IEEE 802.11g 3790: 3778:IEEE 802.11F 3768:IEEE 802.11e 3762:IEEE 802.11d 3752:IEEE 802.11c 3745:IEEE 802.11b 3743: 3737:IEEE 802.11a 3735: 3716: 3700: 3677: 3652: 3612: 3605: 3599: 3595: 3555:Beacon frame 3518: 3509: 3506: 3490: 3486:mesh network 3475: 3471: 3371: 3361: 3324:Frame check 3254: 3250: 3246: 3244: 3239: 3233: 3219: 3217: 3208: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3181: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3154: 3145: 3118: 3102: 3086: 3070: 3065: 3051: 3032: 3017: 3001: 2975: 2973: 2956: 2943: 2922: 2909: 2901: 2872: 2860:multiplexing 2857: 2851: 2838: 2830: 2821: 2810: 2796: 2794: 2760: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2712: 2678: 2636: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2597: 2578: 2570: 2536: 2534: 2518: 2475: 2460: 2458: 2442: 2407: 2399: 2394:adapter card 2390: 2382: 2363: 2359: 2340: 2336: 2329: 2315: 2276: 2239: 2226:The default 2125: 2062: 1912: 1879: 1849:800–1000 nm 1838: 1749:Up to 568.9 1673:Up to 303336 1538: 1462:0.0625, 0.25 1386: 1277: 1054:Up to 288.8 820: 791: 699: 656: 645: 631: 608: 601: 580: 559: 547: 517:of the U.S. 505: 478: 463: 448: 444: 440: 436: 433: 297:Wi-Fi 3 296: 274:Wi-Fi 2 273: 251:Wi-Fi 1 250: 228:Wi-Fi 0 227: 165: 147: 139: 130: 119: 115:IEEE 802.11p 77: 76: 71: 67: 36: 9528:IEEE 802.11 9253:Hedy Lamarr 8743:legacy mode 7378:13 December 7279:14 December 6887:IEEE Access 6677:"P802.11ay" 6540:: 197–216. 6296:11 February 6180:29 December 6147:29 December 6072:29 December 5888:13 February 5794:17 November 5673:13 February 5479:29 December 5100:12 February 4954:27 November 4777:. IEEE-SA. 4752:10 November 4530:20 MHz 4141:IEEE 802.11 3981:(June 2018) 3882:: Wireless 3756:IEEE 802.1D 3701:Similar to 3674:Data frames 3478:MAC address 3238:are called 2820:clients in 2757:802.11-2020 2675:802.11-2016 2639:Super Wi-Fi 2472:802.11-2012 2404:802.11-2007 2034:2.4, 5, 60 2003:2.4, 5, 60 1969:March 2012 1938:March 2007 1900:850–900 nm 1893:802.11-1997 1719:Sub 1 GHz ( 1618:Up to 15015 1607:April 2018 1561:April 2018 1468:kbit/s, 250 1419:Multi-link 1399:42, 60, 71 1397:2.4, 5, 6, 1231:Up to 2294 1198:Up to 1147 1162:Up to 6933 1154:Up to 3467 1146:Up to 1600 797:802.11-1997 749:Modulation 577:Generations 541:(DSSS) and 466:half-duplex 199:Generation 168:generations 124:(IEEE) LAN/ 78:IEEE 802.11 29:IEEE 802.1X 9522:Categories 9497:Modulation 9121:Superseded 8192:802 series 7739:Transition 7655:References 7206:24 January 7162:7 February 7080:5 December 7048:26 October 6038:16 January 5821:11 January 5722:Throughput 5432:6 December 4722:9 November 4666:2303.10442 4644:21 January 4576:wiisfi.com 4060:(see also 4046:In process 3680:IEEE 802.2 3454:connected. 3273:Duration, 3247:MAC header 3109:attenuated 3046:See also: 2912:March 2015 2835:throughput 2281:of 1 or 2 2212:multi-path 1977:Up to 150 1897:June 1997 1789:Up to 8.67 1664:Up to 8640 1658:July 2021 1570:Up to 3754 1526:Up to 8085 1361:Up to 46.1 1358:(160+160) 1294:Up to 11.5 1288:2.4, 5, 6 1251:Up to 11.0 1192:2.4, 5, 6 1113:Up to 693 1082:Up to 600 1014:June 2003 966:July 2010 888:5, 10, 20 801:June 1997 729:Bandwidth 708:Frequency 619:Nokia Labs 470:modulation 428:2.4, 5, 6 405:2.4, 5, 6 381:2.4, 5, 6 150:IEEE 802.2 96:(MAC) and 9382:Bluetooth 8996:Bluetooth 7539:24 August 7461:8 January 7408:1404.1622 7101:24 August 6990:11 August 6953:11 August 6918:218834597 6865:20 August 6788:214179940 6742:12 August 6693:19 August 6328:4 January 6317:The Verge 6249:Operation 6206:5 January 6067:1213-1539 6008:5 January 6002:Devopedia 5982:8 January 5763:24 August 5575:0163-6804 5261:LitePoint 5150:1307.2661 5078:24 August 5052:21 August 5042:Wi-Fi Now 4981:24 August 4970:"History" 4879:Vic Hayes 4857:The Verge 4785:24 August 4686:The Verge 4540:Footnotes 4248:MAC layer 4157:time unit 3869:cancelled 3696:EtherType 3326:sequence 3295:Sequence 3236:datagrams 3220:regdomain 3209:regdomain 3193:regdomain 3058:ISM bands 2716:Bluetooth 2307:microwave 2059:802.11me 1946:Up to 54 1855:Up to 9.6 1781:0.7, 0.8, 1778:May 2017 1756:MIMO-OFDM 1344:(160+80) 1239:Up to 5.5 1189:May 2021 1061:MIMO-OFDM 735:data rate 718:Protocol 641:Bell Labs 633:Vic Hayes 535:Bluetooth 368:0.4–9608 347:6.5–6933 219:frequency 212:link rate 204:standard 160:traffic. 9507:Waveform 9488:See also 9424:Qualcomm 9415:CDMA2000 9398:Cellular 9330:TD-SCDMA 9171:See also 9128:754-1985 9085:Proposed 8429:Ethernet 7915:Revision 7844:timeline 7608:Archived 7588:Archived 7566:Archived 7455:Archived 7372:Archived 7349:14997671 6984:Archived 6947:Archived 6661:11 March 6655:Archived 6629:11 March 6601:22 March 6575:22 March 6502:22 March 6471:22 March 6385:16 April 6380:Livewire 6353:Archived 6322:Archived 6232:25 March 6101:20 April 6095:Archived 6032:Archived 5615:13 March 4928:30 April 4805:Archived 4779:Archived 4746:Archived 4716:Archived 4513:devices. 4510:Wi-Fi 6E 4314:See also 4241:AT&T 4183:Security 4117:802.11mc 3730:infrared 3362:Variable 3358:0, or 4 3355:0, or 2 3349:0, or 2 3316:control 3309:control 3300:Address 3297:control 3290:Address 3285:Address 3280:Address 3270:control 3066:channels 3024:Ethernet 2964:802.11be 2953:802.11bb 2940:802.11ba 2877:802.11ay 2803:Wi-Fi 6E 2785:802.11ax 2748:802.11aq 2736:802.11aj 2722:802.11ai 2703:802.11ah 2627:802.11af 2608:802.11ad 2552:802.11ad 2525:802.11ac 2367:ISM band 2295:infrared 1834:802.11bb 1774:802.11ah 1746:6, 7, 8 1732:802.11af 1692:carrier 1688:, single 1679:Gbit/s) 1654:802.11ay 1637:carrier 1633:, single 1624:Gbit/s) 1603:802.11aj 1576:Gbit/s) 1557:802.11aj 1541:, single 1532:Gbit/s) 1507:802.11ad 1472:kbit/s) 1449:802.11ba 1413:Gbit/s) 1387:May 2028 1376:802.11bn 1347:Up to 35 1333:Up to 23 1330:(80+80) 1278:Sep 2024 1267:802.11be 1184:Wi-Fi 6E 1174:802.11ax 1094:802.11ac 990:5.9, 60 983:802.11bd 930:4.9, 5.0 746:streams 721:Release 712:or type 666:Protocol 615:AT&T 609:In 1991 604:ISM band 511:ISM band 501:802.11ax 497:802.11ac 416:802.11bn 392:802.11be 377:Wi-Fi 6E 361:802.11ax 340:802.11ac 326:6.5–600 315:Wi-Fi 4 207:Adopted 154:Ethernet 111:Internet 82:IEEE 802 49:ISM band 9429:Verizon 9377:GLONASS 9372:Galileo 9345:MC-CDMA 9340:FH-CDMA 9335:DS-CDMA 9325:TD-CDMA 9312:schemes 9274:methods 9263:More... 9249:History 9112:P1906.1 8973:Wi-Fi 8 8949:Wi-Fi 7 8915:Wi-Fi 6 8864:Wi-Fi 5 8809:Wi-Fi 4 7888:Current 7790:IEEE-SA 7747:IEEE-SA 7704:IEEE-SA 7668:IEEE-SA 7582:US CERT 7484:IEEE-SA 7433:8462498 7413:Bibcode 7016:5 March 6896:Bibcode 6812:13 July 6768:Bibcode 6718:YouTube 6440:4 April 6410:4 April 6359:29 June 5932:26 July 5726:IEEE-SA 5621:page 14 5583:1128416 4496:802.11n 4272:EAP-TLS 4202:updated 3784:(2003) 3633:Length 3625:Length 3610:(IEs). 3501:802.11e 3496:number. 3461:(WEP), 3251:payload 3028:goodput 2976:Wi-Fi 7 2902:updated 2858:spatial 2831:4 times 2818:Wi-Fi 6 2798:Wi-Fi 6 2645:in the 2571:updated 2537:Wi-Fi 5 2479:802.11k 2461:Wi-Fi 4 2449:802.11n 2411:802.11a 2373:802.11g 2350:802.11b 1972:2.4, 5 1941:2.4, 5 1932: 1859:Gbit/s 1492:mmWave 1456:2.4, 5 1422:MU-MIMO 1407:100000 1381:Wi-Fi 8 1365:Gbit/s 1351:Gbit/s 1337:Gbit/s 1307:MU-MIMO 1298:Gbit/s 1272:Wi-Fi 7 1263:-OFDMA 1255:Gbit/s 1243:Gbit/s 1207:MU-MIMO 1179:Wi-Fi 6 1170:-OFDMA 1122:MU-MIMO 1099:Wi-Fi 5 1048:2.4, 5 1040:Wi-Fi 4 1035:802.11n 1010:802.11g 962:802.11p 943:802.11y 923:802.11j 893:(for 20 878:802.11a 863:, DSSS 841:802.11b 836:HR/DSSS 753:Approx. 710:range, 659:Apple's 627:WaveLAN 598:History 571:Part 97 515:Part 15 493:802.11n 489:802.11g 485:802.11a 481:802.11b 437:Wi‑Fi 0 424:100,000 411:Wi-Fi 8 387:Wi-Fi 7 371:2.4, 5 356:Wi-Fi 6 335:Wi-Fi 5 329:2.4, 5 319:802.11n 303:802.11g 280:802.11a 257:802.11b 214:(Mb/s) 210:Maximum 131:802.11x 84:set of 72:(right) 65:laptops 9405:Mobile 9363:(NASA) 9320:W-CDMA 9302:(THSS) 9290:(FHSS) 9284:(DSSS) 9016:Zigbee 8984:802.15 8724:802.11 7962:1149.1 7804: 7761: 7718: 7682: 7498: 7431: 7347: 7337: 7306:9 July 7233: 6916: 6837:20 May 6786: 6263: 6065: 5740: 5705:24 May 5581: 5573: 4893: 4618:21 May 4603:(10). 4386:Wibree 4268:RADIUS 4229:802.11 4177:802.1H 4173:portal 3658:frame. 3642:1–252 3619:Field 3586:rates. 3551:rates. 3396:or an 3319:Frame 3268:Frame 3265:Field 3253:, and 3240:frames 2996:Mbit/s 1857: 1809:Light 1793: 1740:0.054– 1712: 1710:m (328 1708: 1701: 1697: 1690: 1677: 1668: 1635: 1622: 1584: 1582:single 1574: 1543: 1530: 1521: 1470: 1466: 1459:4, 20 1428:(8192- 1411: 1405:Up to 1363: 1349: 1335: 1313:(4096- 1296: 1253: 1248:80+80 1241: 1213:(1024- 1090:-OFDM 1031:-OFDM 1006:-OFDM 901: 895: 790:DSSS, 785: 776:Mbit/s 771:(MHz) 768:(GHz) 755:range 732:Stream 700:802.11 586:order. 533:, and 499:, and 447:, and 401:23,059 234:802.11 221:(GHz) 88:(LAN) 68:(left) 51:using 9462:(PSD) 9409:IS-95 9403:EV-DO 9310:CDMA 9296:(CSS) 9107:P1823 9102:P1699 9097:P1619 9092:P1363 8874:WiGig 8738:-1997 8729:Wi-Fi 8438:-1983 8424:802.3 8306:802.1 8182:42010 8177:29148 8172:16326 8167:16085 8162:14764 8157:12207 8152:11073 7815:(PDF) 7786:(PDF) 7772:(PDF) 7743:(PDF) 7729:(PDF) 7700:(PDF) 7640:(PDF) 7569:(PDF) 7558:(PDF) 7519:(PDF) 7429:S2CID 7403:arXiv 7345:S2CID 7130:(PDF) 7123:(PDF) 7074:(PDF) 7067:(PDF) 7042:(PDF) 7035:(PDF) 6914:S2CID 6784:S2CID 6687:(PDF) 6680:(PDF) 6490:(PDF) 6459:(PDF) 6174:(PDF) 6167:(PDF) 6141:(PDF) 6134:(PDF) 5976:(PDF) 5965:(PDF) 5882:(PDF) 5875:Cisco 5871:(PDF) 5840:(PDF) 5609:(PDF) 5602:(PDF) 5579:S2CID 5498:(PDF) 5454:(PDF) 5348:(PDF) 5313:(PDF) 5268:(PDF) 5257:(PDF) 5217:(PDF) 5187:(PDF) 5168:(PDF) 5145:arXiv 5121:(PDF) 4862:2 May 4836:2 May 4691:2 May 4661:arXiv 4404:Notes 4392:WiGig 4335:Gi-Fi 4293:Apple 4005:Wi-Fi 4001:OFDMA 3939:WiGig 3840:Wi-Fi 3628:Data 3622:Type 3321:body 3203:Most 3161:three 3081:Wi-Fi 3020:802.3 2868:Wi-Fi 2847:OFDMA 2814:Wi-Fi 2612:WiGig 2365:this 2208:OFDMA 1906:1, 2 1813:Li-Fi 1795:MHz) 1786:1–16 1699:m (33 1670:GHz) 1666:(8.64 1615:1080 1572:(3.75 1567:1080 1523:GHz) 1519:(2.16 1496:WiGig 1464:(62.5 1310:OFDMA 1304:UL/DL 1210:OFDMA 1204:UL/DL 1128:(256- 994:500 m 973:200 m 903:MHz) 874:OFDM 810:1, 2 723:date 652:Wi-Fi 617:(now 525:from 365:2021 344:2013 323:2009 307:2003 287:6–54 284:1999 264:1–11 261:1999 238:1997 217:Radio 166:Wi-Fi 106:Wi-Fi 43:This 9450:Chip 9420:Also 9391:DECT 9158:1471 9153:1364 9148:1362 9143:1233 9138:1219 8408:LACP 8147:2050 8142:2030 8137:1905 8132:1904 8127:1902 8122:1901 8117:1900 8112:1855 8107:1850 8102:1849 8097:1815 8092:1801 8087:1800 8082:1733 8077:1722 8072:1685 8067:1675 8062:1667 8057:1666 8052:1619 8047:1613 8042:1603 8037:1596 8032:1588 8027:1584 8022:1547 8017:1541 8012:1516 8007:1497 8002:1451 7997:1394 7992:1355 7987:1284 7982:1278 7977:1275 7972:1164 7967:1154 7957:1076 7952:1016 7947:1014 7942:1003 7802:ISBN 7759:ISBN 7716:ISBN 7696:LANs 7680:ISBN 7541:2020 7496:ISBN 7479:WLAN 7463:2016 7380:2009 7335:ISBN 7308:2012 7281:2008 7231:ISBN 7208:2023 7164:2007 7138:2008 7103:2020 7082:2013 7050:2008 7018:2008 6992:2014 6955:2014 6867:2020 6859:CNET 6839:2019 6814:2023 6744:2020 6695:2015 6663:2021 6631:2021 6622:IEEE 6603:2021 6577:2021 6504:2021 6473:2021 6442:2021 6412:2021 6405:IEEE 6387:2023 6361:2017 6330:2015 6298:2014 6261:ISBN 6234:2017 6208:2019 6182:2013 6149:2013 6103:2016 6074:2013 6063:ISSN 6040:2016 6010:2019 5984:2016 5934:2018 5890:2020 5823:2014 5796:2012 5765:2020 5738:ISBN 5707:2012 5675:2020 5667:CNET 5617:2009 5571:ISSN 5540:2011 5481:2013 5434:2017 5102:2017 5080:2018 5054:2018 4983:2020 4956:2020 4930:2011 4917:CNET 4891:ISBN 4864:2019 4838:2019 4813:2010 4787:2024 4754:2021 4724:2021 4693:2019 4646:2024 4620:2024 4605:IEEE 4483:IEEE 4470:IEEE 3997:WLAN 3923:WLAN 3836:MIMO 3832:WLAN 3559:SSID 3545:SSID 3450:bit. 3234:The 3218:The 3165:four 3140:1–14 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