533:
LNA = KMT_OMF) ASSIGN_LIBRARY (NAM = KERMIT.REL, LNA = KMT_REL) BEGIN DELETE_FILE (NAM = *KMT_OMF.KMT_DATA_MODULE(101)) DELETE_FILE (NAM = *KMT_OMF.KMT_DH_MODULE(101)) DELETE_FILE (NAM = *KMT_OMF.KMT_EH_MODULE(101)) DELETE_FILE (NAM = *KMT_OMF.KMT_FH_MODULE(101)) DELETE_FILE (NAM = *KMT_OMF.KMT_HELP_MTM(101)) DELETE_FILE (NAM = *KMT_OMF.KMT_MAIN_MODULE(101)) DELETE_FILE (NAM = *KMT_OMF.KMT_PH_MODULE(101)) DELETE_FILE (NAM = *KMT_OMF.KMT_PP_MODULE(101)) DELETE_FILE (NAM = *KMT_OMF.KMT_SP_MODULE(101)) DELETE_FILE (NAM = *KMT_OMF.KMT_SP_MTM(101)) DELETE_FILE (NAM = *KMT_OMF.KMT_UI_MODULE(101)) DELETE_FILE (NAM = *KMT_REL.KERMIT(101)) DELETE_FILE (NAM = *KMT_REL.KERMIT_MODULE(101)) END S3_COMPILE_DEFAULTS (LIS = OBJECT & XREF, DIS = ERRORLINES) S3_COMPILE (INP = *KMT_SRC.KMT_DATA_MODULE(101), OMF = *KMT_OMF.KMT_DATA_MODULE(101)) S3_COMPILE (INP = *KMT_SRC.KMT_DH_MODULE(101), OMF = *KMT_OMF.KMT_DH_MODULE(101)) S3_COMPILE (INP = *KMT_SRC.KMT_EH_MODULE(101), OMF = *KMT_OMF.KMT_EH_MODULE(101)) S3_COMPILE (INP = *KMT_SRC.KMT_FH_MODULE(101), OMF = *KMT_OMF.KMT_FH_MODULE(101)) NEW_MESSAGE_TEXT_MODULE (CON = *KMT_SRC.KMT_HELP_MTM(101), OMF = *KMT_OMF.KMT_HELP_MTM(101)) S3_COMPILE (INP = *KMT_SRC.KMT_MAIN_MODULE(101), OMF = *KMT_OMF.KMT_MAIN_MODULE(101)) S3_COMPILE (INP = *KMT_SRC.KMT_PH_MODULE(101), OMF = *KMT_OMF.KMT_PH_MODULE(101)) S3_COMPILE (INP = *KMT_SRC.KMT_PP_MODULE(101), OMF = *KMT_OMF.KMT_PP_MODULE(101)) S3_COMPILE (INP = *KMT_SRC.KMT_SP_MODULE(101), OMF = *KMT_OMF.KMT_SP_MODULE(101)) NEW_MESSAGE_TEXT_MODULE (CON = *KMT_SRC.KMT_SP_MTM(101), OMF = *KMT_OMF.KMT_SP_MTM(101)) S3_COMPILE (INP = *KMT_SRC.KMT_UI_MODULE(101), OMF = *KMT_OMF.KMT_UI_MODULE(101)) COLLECT () ---- INPUT(*KMT_OMF.KMT_DATA_MODULE(101) & *KMT_OMF.KMT_DH_MODULE(101) & *KMT_OMF.KMT_EH_MODULE(101) & *KMT_OMF.KMT_FH_MODULE(101) & *KMT_OMF.KMT_HELP_MTM(101) & *KMT_OMF.KMT_MAIN_MODULE(101) & *KMT_OMF.KMT_PH_MODULE(101) & *KMT_OMF.KMT_PP_MODULE(101) & *KMT_OMF.KMT_SP_MODULE(101) & *KMT_OMF.KMT_SP_MTM(101) & *KMT_OMF.KMT_UI_MODULE(101)) NEWMODULE(*KMT_REL.KERMIT_MODULE(101)) SUPPRESS RETAIN(KERMIT_THE_FROG) LISTMODULE PERFORM ++++ COMPILE_SCL (INP = *KMT_SRC.KERMIT(101), OUT = *KMT_REL.KERMIT(101), COD = NOTIFWARNINGS, OPT = FIL) END
624:, and each node contains its own order-code processor (CPU) and main memory. Virtual machines are typically located (at any one time) on one node, but have the capability to run on any node and to be relocated from one node to another. Discs and other peripherals are shared between nodes. Nodes are connected using a high-speed optical bus, which is used to provide applications with a virtual shared memory. Memory segments that are marked as shared (public or global segments) are replicated to each node, with updates being broadcast over the inter-node network. Processes which use unshared memory segments (nodal or local) run in complete isolation from other nodes and processes.
491:, and creation of executable scripts or programs (when the language is compiled into object module format in the same way as any other VME programming language). The declaration of a procedure within SCL also acts as the definition of a simple form or template allowing the procedure to be invoked from an interactive terminal, with fields validated according to the data types of the underlying procedure parameters or using the default procedure parameter values.
2520:
2118:
2026:
1939:
1887:
824:(MAPLE), but as the 2900 architecture was being positioned as consisting of high level language machines the name was changed at the request of ICL Marketing. It had been developed as a part of the toolkit for System D, which was subsequently cancelled. Related families of assemblers for other architectures (CALM-xx running under VME, PALM-xx developed in Pascal and running on various hosts) were developed for internal use.
2287:
425:
their location, and to move files between locations without renaming them. As well as files, the
Catalogue keeps track of users and user groups, volumes, devices, network connections, and many other resources. Metadata for files can be held in an object called a File Description. The Catalogue was probably the first example of what would later be called an
864:
as their design paradigm. ApplicationMaster is unusual in its approach to application design in that it focuses on the user session as if it were running in a single conversational process, completely hiding the complexity of maintaining state across user interactions. Because the 4GL and other tools
685:
was used in VME module development to hold separate definitions of data structures (Modes), constants (Literals), procedural interfaces and the core algorithms. Multiple versions ('Lives') of each of these components could exist. The algorithms were written in System
Development Language (SDL), which
580:
in the mid 1980s for ICL Defence
Technology Centre (DTC) to develop an enhanced security variant of VME. ICL launched this as a pair of complementary products, with the commercial release being called High Security Option (HSO), and the public sector release, including Government Furnished Encryption
536:
Commands illustrated in this fragment include WHENEVER (declares error handling policy), ASSIGN_LIBRARY (binds a local name for a file directory), DELETE_FILE (Makes a permanent file temporary, and it is then deleted at the END of the block), S3_COMPILE (compiles a program written in S3: this command
532:
BEGIN WHENEVER RESULT GT 0 +_ THEN +_ SEND_RESULT_MESSAGE (RES = RESULT, ACT = "QUIT()") FI INT KMT_SRC, KMT_OMF, KMT_REL ASSIGN_LIBRARY (NAM = KERMIT.SOURCE, LNA = KMT_SRC) ASSIGN_LIBRARY (NAM = KERMIT.OMF,
343:
prior to a general release in the summer of 1987. Limited availability was then announced to existing VME customers, with others being guided towards ICL's Clan range of Unix departmental systems. In
October 1987, ICL made the SV221 release of VME available with support for running SVR2 as a VME Unix
827:
Neither S3 nor SFL was ever promoted as a commercial development tool for end-user applications, as neither were normally delivered as a standard part of the operating system, nor were they explicitly marketed as products in their own right. Both SFL and S3 were however available as options to user
494:
The built-in command vocabulary uses a consistent naming convention with an imperative verb followed by a noun: for example DELETE_FILE or DISPLAY_LIBRARY_DETAILS. The command can be written in full, or in an abbreviated form that combines standard abbreviations for the verb and noun: for example XF
413:
The allocation of resources to a virtual machine uses a stack model: when the stack is popped, all resources allocated at that stack level are released. Calls from an application to the operating system are therefore made by a call that retains the same process stack, but with a change in protection
286:
VME/K (originally known internally as "System T" for "Tiny") was developed independently (according to
Campbell-Kelly, "on a whim of Ed Mack"), and was delivered later with the smaller mainframes such as the 2960. At the time VME/B was still plagued with performance and reliability problems, and the
460:
Compiled object code is maintained in a format called OMF (Object Module Format), which is both the compiler output and the format used by the loader. Various compilers are available, as well as utilities, notably the
Collector, which links the code in several OMF modules into a single module, for
424:
Files and other persistent objects are recorded in a repository called the
Catalogue. The file naming hierarchy is independent of the location of a file on a particular tape or disk volume. In days where there was more need for offline storage, this made it easy to keep track of files regardless of
836:
The QuickBuild application development environment on VME has been highly successful despite the fact that applications are largely locked into the VME environment. This environment is centred on the Data
Dictionary System (DDS, also called OpenDDS), an early and very successful attempt to build a
397:
VME is structured as a set of layers, each layer having access to resources at different levels of abstraction. Virtual resources provided by one layer are constructed from the virtual resources offered by the layer below. Access to the resources of each layer is controlled through a set of Access
317:
as
Managing Director. An early decision of the new management was to drop VME/K. Thus in July 1981, VME 2900 was launched. Although presented to the customer base as a merger of VME/B and VME/K, it was in reality the VME/B base with a few selected features from VME/K grafted on. This provided the
841:
supporting all the other tools, with full support for the development lifecycle. As well as database schemas and file and record descriptions, the dictionary keeps track of objects such as reports and queries, screen designs, and 4GL code; it also supports a variety of models at the requirements
544:
Note that "." is used to separate the parts of a hierarchic file name. A leading asterisk denotes a local name for a library, bound using the ASSIGN_LIBRARY command. The number in parentheses after a file name is a generation number. The operating system associates a generation number with every
540:
The COLLECT command combines different object code modules into a single module, and is driven by its own local command file which is incorporated inline in the SCL between the delimiters "----" and "++++". The sub-commands INPUT and NEWMODULE identify the names of the input and output modules;
290:
There was also a project known as System D, which was an advanced, highly modular operating system designed for configuring and building customized near real-time applications. Although it was used to bid on a system for
British Rail it was subsequently cancelled because of engineering resource
764:
The compilers developed within ICL share a common architecture, and in some cases share components such as code-generators. Many of the compilers used a module named ALICE and produced an early form of precompiled code (P-Code) termed ROSE, making compiled Object Module Format (OMF) libraries
498:
SCL is block-structured, with begin/end blocks serving the dual and complementary roles of defining the lexical scope of variable declarations, and defining the points at which resources acquired from the operating system should be released. Variables in the language (which are accessible from
568:
VME formed a core of ICL's activities in the Secure Systems arena. It had the advantage that as the last large-scale operating system ever designed, and one built from scratch, its underlying architecture encompassed many of the primitives needed to develop a Secure System, in particular the
545:
file, and requests for a file get the latest generation unless specified otherwise. Creating a new file will by default create the next generation and leave the previous generation intact; this program however is deliberately choosing to create generation 101, to identify a public release.
405:
Orthogonally to the access levels, the operating system makes resources available to applications in the form of a Virtual Machine (VM). A VM can run multiple processes. In practice, a VM in VME is closer to the concept of a process in other operating systems, while a VME process (or
344:
System guest. This implementation, described as an "unmarketed" product also known as VNS, informed the design of VME/X, a largely new implementation that was itself released in 1991 and recognised as XPG3 compliant, with XPG4 base 1 compliance following in 1992.
230:
VME/K (originally System T), targeted at the mid-range systems such as the 2960 and developed at Bracknell after the original design for these small processors, System D, was dropped. VME/K was developed and introduced to the market but was eventually replaced by
321:
The "2900" suffix was dropped at System Version 213 (SV213) when ICL launched Series 39 in 1985 as the successor to the original 2900 series, and the "Open" prefix was added after SV294. VME became capable of hosting applications written originally for
506:
It is possible to "disassemble" an SCL program from OMF back into SCL source code using the READ_SCL (or RSCL) command. However the output is not always perfect, and will often include errors that would stop re-compilation without user intervention.
714:
The toolset on VME is unusually homogeneous, with most customers using the same core set of languages and tools. As a result, the tools are also very well integrated. Third-party tools have made relatively little impression.
537:
breaks the usual verb-noun convention), NEW_MESSAGE_TEXT_MODULE (creates a module containing parameterized error messages suitable for localization) and COMPILE_SCL, which compiles an SCL program into object code.
503:) can have a number of simple types such as strings, superstrings (sequences of strings), booleans, and integers, and are also used to contain references to system resources such as files and network connections.
1018:
For numerous and varied reasons, beyond the author's knowledge or competence to evaluate, VME/K became not a success, but a trauma. VME/K was finally terminated in 1981 by newly-installed Managing Director, Robb
334:
character encoding. ICL had originally announced a hosted Unix facility for VME in 1985, with availability and support for strategic applications to arrive within eighteen months. This facility, supporting
207:
in 1968. One of the fundamental decisions was that it would feature a new operating system. A number of different feasibility and design studies were carried out within ICL, the three most notable being:
435:
are handled by creating a new stack frame on the stack for the relevant process, handling the interrupt using this new environment, and then popping the stack to return to the interrupted process.
398:
Levels: in order for a process to use a resource at a particular access level, it must have an access key offering access to that level. The concept is similar to the "rings of protection" in
753:, but these served minority interests. Later, in the mid 1980s, compilers for C became available, both within and outside the Unix subsystem, largely to enable porting of software such as
648:
is used, the operating system is not designed to be independent of the underlying hardware architecture: on the contrary, the software and hardware architecture are closely integrated.
800:
anguage) is also available. This was used for the development of VME/K, whose designers were not confident that a high-level language could give adequate performance, and also for the
865:
such as the screen designer work only with the DDS dictionary, which also holds the database schemas, there is considerable reuse of metadata that is rarely achieved with other 4GLs.
234:
VME/T, which was never actually launched, but warrants a mention as it was conceived to support "fault tolerance", and predated the efforts of the successful American startup company
1058:
541:
SUPPRESS and RETAIN determine the external visibility of named procedures within the collected module; and LISTMODULE requests a report describing the output module.
417:
Communication between Virtual Machines is achieved by means of Events (named communication channels) and shared memory areas. The hardware architecture also provides
461:
more efficient loading at run-time, and the Module Amender, which allows patching of the instructions in an OMF module to fix bugs, using assembly language syntax.
681:
for code modules: it manages all aspects of the software lifecycle from requirements capture, design methodology and specification through to field maintenance.
773:
The primary language used for developing both the VME operating system itself and other system software such as compilers and transaction processing monitors is
283:
When New Range was first launched in October 1974, its operating system was referred to as "System B". By the time it was first delivered it had become "VME/B".
1411:
1084:
406:
application-created sub-process) is more like a thread in other systems. However, processes running within a VM cannot run concurrently and thus resemble
2547:
1306:
1516:
1384:
1104:
573:
881:
557:
heavy involvement with delivery of computer services to the UK Public Sector, in particular those with special security requirements such as
318:
opportunity to drop some obsolescent features, which remained available to customers who needed them in the form of the "BONVME" option.
1594:
1529:
727:
125:
914:
476:
than the job control or shell languages found in most other operating systems: it can be likened to scripting languages such as
372:
In 2012 the VME user group, AXiS, announced that after almost 40 years it would be disbanding because of the reduced user base.
2460:
1557:
1358:
585:
200:
1032:
569:
hardware assisted Access Control Registers (ACR) to limit to privileges that could be taken by any process (including Users).
410:
found in other systems. A dedicated instruction is involved in the transfer of control between processes sharing the same VM.
2331:
2256:
702:
2475:
939:
2072:
2121:
781:, but with data types and low-level functions and operators aligned closely with the architecture of the 2900 series.
669:, originally designed and managed by David Pearson (computer scientist) and built for the purpose using an underlying
389:
completely replaced its VME based systems, following the completion of its award winning VME-R replacement programme.
2233:
985:
1148:
386:
1833:
1566:
645:
554:
473:
152:
35:
414:
level; the resulting efficiency of system calls is one of the features that makes the architecture competitive.
2542:
2506:
2067:
2029:
1828:
861:
1281:"You might want to consider the cost of not upgrading legacy tech, UK's Department for Work and Pensions told"
2437:
2346:
2165:
1123:
738:
426:
306:. A bespoke variant of VME/K, known as VME/ESA was developed on-site to meet the customer's requirements.
2077:
2057:
894:
637:
1174:
2180:
2175:
1890:
1550:
1009:
455:
442:, are captured by the Object Program Error Handler (OPEH), which can produce a report (equivalent to a
204:
2465:
2417:
2170:
2082:
1942:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1619:
1459:
1253:
1226:
1200:
774:
687:
633:
609:
518:
255:
100:
51:
1331:
1280:
651:
From the early 1990s onwards, some entirely new VME subsystems were written partly or wholly in the
407:
2160:
2145:
2129:
652:
402:. The architecture allows 16 access levels, of which the outer 6 are reserved for user-level code.
362:
247:
55:
1535:
418:
212:
VME/B (originally System B), targeted at large processors such as the 2970/2980 and developed in
975:
761:
subset compiler was written by the EEC, to assist in porting programs from IBM to ICL hardware.
730:
379:
2306:
804:
database system on account of its origins as a third-party product. SFL was originally called
2552:
2226:
1609:
1604:
1543:
295:
1497:
2361:
2112:
2097:
1838:
659:
562:
500:
112:
46:
8:
2401:
1254:"ICL User Group to be disbanded after almost 40 years loyal service to the VME community"
843:
838:
754:
662:
596:, and in doing so became the first mainstream operating system to be formally Certified.
522:
310:
115:
1576:
1405:
1078:
511:
382:
applications from their computers onto Fujitsu's virtual managed VME hosting platform.
272:
141:
1424:
921:
487:
SCL is designed to allow both line-at-a-time interactive use from a console or from a
2381:
2336:
1115:
981:
785:
690:
source by a pre-processor. Multiple versions of the same modules could be generated.
621:
526:
354:
2523:
2376:
2351:
2316:
2266:
2219:
2020:
1471:
1036:
678:
617:
495:(X for DELETE, F for FILE) or DLBD (D for DISPLAY, LB for LIBRARY, D for DETAILS).
235:
144:
107:
1475:
1059:"ICL's Open VME turns out to be subset of Unix under VME; Applications are coming"
340:
336:
2341:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1765:
1662:
1460:"Project Spaceman: Early British Computer Security and Automatic Data Processing"
593:
572:
This led to the UK Government's Central Computing and Telecommunications Agency (
168:
81:
1392:. International Computers Limited. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016
644:(however, VME/K was written primarily in the SFL assembly language). Although a
2366:
2326:
2311:
2301:
1584:
946:
613:
2536:
2432:
2396:
2386:
2371:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1848:
1227:"ICL Guests Unix under New VME Release, Adds Cut-Down 39/80 Mainframe Models"
1119:
698:
The application development tools offered with VME fall into two categories:
605:
327:
265:
243:
217:
180:
85:
517:
A more realistic example, where SCL is used to compile a program written in
2391:
2190:
2010:
1881:
488:
309:
Following a financial crisis in 1980, new management was brought into ICL:
347:
In 2007 Fujitsu announced a VME version run as a hosted subsystem, called
2501:
2485:
2356:
2321:
2276:
2200:
1933:
1599:
1436:
443:
314:
469:
The command language for VME is known as SCL (System Control Language).
1918:
742:
558:
477:
358:
262:
225:
30:
421:
instructions INCT (increment-and-test) and TDEC (test-and-decrement).
330:
based subsystem, called VME/X, adapted to run under VME and using the
2455:
2271:
2261:
1923:
718:
For many years the large majority of VME users wrote applications in
641:
432:
303:
213:
1519:. Nic Holt. ICL publication 55480001. Undated (probably around 1995)
258:
operating system; however it was essentially designed from scratch.
2102:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1589:
1565:
1307:"HMRC signs five-year ÂŁ169m contract with Fujitsu for VME platform"
778:
746:
581:(GFE) technologies, being called Government Security Option (GSO).
481:
299:
246:, who subsequently became professor of software engineering at the
196:
828:
organisations and third parties who had a specific need for them.
375:
Fujitsu intended to support VME on customer computers until 2020.
2427:
2422:
2242:
2195:
2134:
2092:
2087:
2062:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1065:. 10 February 1992. Archived from the original on 28 January 2014
889:
750:
734:
399:
251:
250:. A number of influences can be seen in its design, for example
156:
96:
39:
2480:
2286:
608:
range introduced Nodal Architecture, a novel implementation of
366:
269:
221:
183:
and Trimetra mainframe computers, as well as industry-standard
2150:
2139:
719:
682:
674:
666:
589:
339:, was reportedly in "field trials" and was to be upgraded to
331:
853:
ApplicationMaster for the creation of online TP applications
658:
From its earliest days, VME was developed with the aid of a
588:
UK (Security) Evaluation Scheme, one of the predecessors to
2155:
2005:
801:
768:
758:
723:
670:
323:
176:
2211:
1350:
1257:
1498:"Continuing Effort Estimation for Evolution a Case Study"
707:
287:
mainly American management team had misgivings about it.
184:
1141:
1030:
1332:"United Kingdom-Salford: Application service providers"
1298:
940:"Fujitsu OpenVME Costs Compared to IBM Mainframe Costs"
148:
1439:. Columbia University's Kermit Project. 22 August 2011
777:. This is a high level language based in many ways on
1338:. European Union. 12 October 2020. 2020/S 198-481324
1219:
1193:
1167:
1010:"Beacon 1963-7: A System Design Ahead of its Time?"
1425:SCL code example on the 99 bottles of beer website
1098:
1096:
1094:
268:as a commercial operating system, and adopted the
860:Both are high-level declarative languages, using
521:, is shown below. This example is taken from the
446:), either interactively or written to a journal.
261:VME/B was viewed as primarily competing with the
171:mainframes, the operating system is now known as
2534:
1410:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1359:"DWP completes in-house VME replacement project"
1083:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
969:
967:
693:
1272:
1091:
920:(Report). Fujitsu. January 2007. Archived from
973:
937:
849:The QuickBuild 4GL is packaged in two forms:
733:monitor. Other programming languages included
632:VME was originally written almost entirely in
561:, it was an early entrant into the market for
159:group). Originally developed in the 1970s (as
2227:
1551:
1031:Dave Bailey (powerpoint) (30 November 2000).
964:
620:design. Each machine consists of a number of
548:
1324:
909:
907:
480:, though its surface syntax is derived from
1457:
1451:
584:HSO and GSO were formally tested under the
2234:
2220:
1558:
1544:
1024:
1458:Aldrich, Richard J.; Work, J. D. (2022).
1245:
904:
510:A simple code example can be seen on the
1495:
1376:
1356:
1304:
1175:"Unix under VME Now out on Field Trials"
769:System Programming Languages: S3 and SFL
765:loadable on any machine in the range. .
1201:"ICL Sets Unix under VME for September"
1033:"The Continuing Development of OpenVME"
472:This is much more recognizably a typed
2548:Computer-related introductions in 1974
2535:
2461:General Comprehensive Operating System
1251:
1102:
1007:
915:Introduction to superNOVA architecture
703:third-generation programming languages
627:
201:International Computers and Tabulators
2215:
1539:
1437:"Kermit Software Source Code Archive"
1278:
1001:
977:ICL: A Business and Technical History
2476:Multiple Console Time Sharing System
1382:
1149:"ICL banks on open systems strategy"
438:Run-time exceptions, referred to as
294:ICL had sold a large system to the
13:
1464:Intelligence and National Security
1279:Clark, Lindsay (21 January 2022).
945:. Fujitsu Services. Archived from
757:systems. It is interesting that a
612:that can be seen as a hybrid of a
14:
2564:
1523:
1305:Evenstad, Lis (13 October 2020).
1155:. 14 October 1985. pp. 30–31
856:ReportMaster for batch reporting.
242:The chief architect of VME/B was
16:Mainframe operating system by ICL
2519:
2518:
2285:
2117:
2116:
2025:
2024:
1938:
1937:
1886:
1885:
1620:English Electric System 4 series
387:Department for Work and Pensions
199:system started on the merger of
195:The development program for the
2185:
1567:International Computers Limited
1489:
1429:
1418:
1357:Evenstad, Lis (26 March 2021).
1008:Knight, Michael (Summer 2008).
974:Campbell-Kelly, Martin (1989).
474:high-level programming language
392:
378:In 2020 Fujitsu transferred 13
153:International Computers Limited
36:International Computers Limited
2507:Compatible Time-Sharing System
1181:. 27 September 1986. p. 4
1051:
931:
874:
862:Jackson Structured Programming
525:Archive of implementations of
1:
2438:Multics Relational Data Store
1476:10.1080/02684527.2022.2139342
868:
831:
694:Application development tools
722:, usually making use of the
599:
499:applications in the form of
7:
2241:
1517:The Architecture of OpenVME
1386:The Architecture of OpenVME
1233:. 3 October 1987. p. 2
980:. Oxford University Press.
846:models and process models.
638:system programming language
302:at its operation centre in
138:Virtual Machine Environment
25:Virtual Machine Environment
10:
2569:
1510:
549:Enhanced security variants
456:Intel Object Module Format
453:
278:
205:English Electric Computers
190:
167:) to drive ICL's then new
2516:
2494:
2446:
2410:
2294:
2283:
2249:
2111:
2019:
1932:
1880:
1847:
1764:
1661:
1618:
1574:
1207:. 27 June 1987. p. 1
610:distributed shared memory
121:
106:
92:
77:
69:
61:
45:
29:
1336:Tenders Electronic Daily
1105:"VME-X: Making VME Open"
1063:Computer Business Review
363:Red Hat Enterprise Linux
248:University of Manchester
1252:Cloutt, Harold (2012).
938:Barry J Graham (2002).
842:capture level, such as
636:, a specially-designed
328:UNIX System V Release 3
179:subsystem, and runs on
1256:. AXiS. Archived from
882:"Today, tomorrow, VME"
731:transaction processing
686:was then converted to
679:version control system
653:C programming language
464:
449:
380:HM Revenue and Customs
155:(ICL, now part of the
2543:ICL operating systems
2113:Programming languages
1530:VME - Into the Future
1112:ICL Technical Journal
1035:. ICL. Archived from
1014:Computer Resurrection
927:on 28 September 2007.
501:environment variables
298:to process data from
296:European Space Agency
2362:Michael A. Padlipsky
900:on 22 February 2012.
660:software engineering
2402:Victor A. Vyssotsky
2307:Fernando J. CorbatĂł
1103:Coates, P. (1993).
844:entity-relationship
755:relational database
710:QuickBuild toolset.
646:high-level language
628:Development process
523:Columbia University
427:entity-relationship
311:Christophor Laidlaw
116:commercial software
26:
1383:Holt, Nic (1995).
1039:on 2 February 2014
952:on 1 February 2014
512:99 bottles of beer
273:character encoding
254:and ICL's earlier
24:
2530:
2529:
2382:Michael Schroeder
2337:Bernard Greenberg
2209:
2208:
2186:ApplicationMaster
2021:Operating systems
786:assembly language
726:database and the
708:fourth-generation
663:repository system
355:Microsoft Windows
313:as Chairman, and
147:developed by the
131:
130:
2560:
2522:
2521:
2377:Glenda Schroeder
2352:Peter G. Neumann
2332:Robert M. Graham
2317:Peter J. Denning
2289:
2267:General Electric
2236:
2229:
2222:
2213:
2212:
2120:
2119:
2028:
2027:
1941:
1940:
1889:
1888:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1455:
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1296:
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1260:on 24 March 2012
1249:
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1171:
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1145:
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1138:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1122:. Archived from
1109:
1100:
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1088:
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1074:
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929:
928:
926:
919:
911:
902:
901:
899:
893:. Archived from
886:
878:
677:is not merely a
578:Project Spaceman
385:As of 2021, the
236:Tandem Computers
175:incorporating a
145:operating system
122:Official website
27:
23:
21:Operating system
2568:
2567:
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2559:
2558:
2557:
2533:
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2526:
2512:
2490:
2448:
2442:
2406:
2342:Douglas McIlroy
2290:
2281:
2245:
2240:
2210:
2205:
2115:
2107:
2023:
2015:
1936:
1928:
1884:
1876:
1843:
1766:ICL 2900 Series
1760:
1663:ICT 1900 series
1657:
1614:
1570:
1569:(ICL) 1968-2002
1564:
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1513:
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1500:
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1365:
1363:Computer Weekly
1355:
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1339:
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1325:
1315:
1313:
1311:Computer Weekly
1303:
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1130:
1129:on 5 March 2016
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594:Common Criteria
553:As a result of
551:
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467:
458:
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395:
281:
193:
82:ICL 2900 Series
70:Initial release
22:
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2327:Stuart Feldman
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1524:External links
1522:
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1507:
1506:
1496:Juan F Ramil.
1488:
1470:(4): 525–537.
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2433:Multics Emacs
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2413:
2409:
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2400:
2398:
2397:Tom Van Vleck
2395:
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2387:Richard Soley
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2372:Jerry Saltzer
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266:IBM mainframe
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244:Brian Warboys
238:in this area.
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62:Working state
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2553:Multics-like
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2447:Multics-like
2418:Space Travel
2392:Ken Thompson
2191:ReportMaster
2052:
2047:
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2037:
2011:One Per Desk
1934:Workstations
1575:Predecessor
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1467:
1463:
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1431:
1420:
1394:. Retrieved
1385:
1378:
1366:. Retrieved
1362:
1352:
1340:. Retrieved
1335:
1326:
1314:. Retrieved
1310:
1300:
1288:. Retrieved
1285:The Register
1284:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1258:the original
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1230:
1221:
1209:. Retrieved
1204:
1195:
1183:. Retrieved
1178:
1169:
1157:. Retrieved
1152:
1143:
1131:. Retrieved
1124:the original
1114:. ICL: 473.
1111:
1067:. Retrieved
1062:
1053:
1041:. Retrieved
1037:the original
1026:
1017:
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991:. Retrieved
976:
954:. Retrieved
947:the original
933:
922:the original
895:the original
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489:command file
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2502:Project MAC
2486:Stratus VOS
2357:Joe Ossanna
2322:Jack Dennis
2277:Groupe Bull
2201:DAP FORTRAN
1653:System 4/75
1648:System 4/72
1643:System 4/70
1638:System 4/50
1633:System 4/30
1628:System 4/10
1600:Elliott 803
816:rogramming
444:stack trace
315:Robb Wilmot
222:West Gorton
169:2900 Series
113:Proprietary
2537:Categories
1919:System Ten
1577:mainframes
1342:24 January
1316:24 January
1290:24 January
1133:7 November
1069:28 January
1043:28 January
956:28 January
869:References
839:repository
832:QuickBuild
743:ALGOL 68RS
673:database.
576:) funding
559:OPCON CCIS
478:JavaScript
454:See also:
433:Interrupts
429:database.
369:hardware.
326:through a
263:System/370
226:Manchester
203:(ICT) and
88:mainframes
47:Written in
2456:Domain/OS
2272:Honeywell
2262:Bell Labs
2250:Developer
2078:Executive
2058:superNova
1924:System 25
1406:cite book
1231:Unigram/X
1205:Unigram/X
1179:Unigram/X
1120:0142-1557
1079:cite news
812:ssembler
665:known as
642:Algol 68R
640:based on
606:Series 39
600:Series 39
514:website.
419:semaphore
353:, within
350:superNova
304:Darmstadt
214:Kidsgrove
197:New Range
187:servers.
142:mainframe
78:Platforms
73:mid-1970s
31:Developer
2524:Category
2411:Software
2122:category
2103:MultiJob
2030:category
2001:DRS 6000
1996:DRS 3000
1943:category
1891:category
1872:Level 80
1867:Level 60
1862:Level 50
1857:Level 30
1595:ICT 1501
1590:ICT 1301
796:unction
779:Algol 68
747:Coral 66
482:Algol 68
300:Meteosat
256:George 3
165:VME 2900
163:, later
151:company
126:VME site
101:George 3
2495:Related
2471:ICL VME
2449:systems
2428:Macsyma
2423:Maclisp
2243:Multics
2135:Fortran
2093:MINIMOP
2088:MAXIMOP
2038:OpenVME
1991:DRS 500
1986:DRS 400
1981:DRS 300
1976:DRS 200
1971:DRS 100
1511:Sources
1481:25 June
1443:1 March
1396:21 June
1264:11 July
1237:22 July
1211:22 July
1185:22 July
1019:Wilmot.
890:Fujitsu
735:Fortran
618:cluster
400:Multics
279:History
252:Multics
191:Origins
173:OpenVME
157:Fujitsu
140:) is a
108:License
97:Multics
65:Current
40:Fujitsu
2481:PRIMOS
2466:GEORGE
2295:People
2166:Pascal
2083:GEORGE
1966:DRS 20
1368:27 May
1159:3 June
1118:
1016:(43).
993:30 May
984:
820:anguag
792:ystem
739:Pascal
527:Kermit
367:x86-64
270:EBCDIC
2151:COBOL
2140:ALGOL
2053:VME/K
2048:VME/B
1751:1907F
1748:1907E
1742:1906S
1739:1906F
1736:1906E
1733:1906A
1727:1905F
1724:1905E
1718:1904S
1715:1904F
1712:1904E
1709:1904A
1703:1903T
1700:1903S
1697:1903A
1691:1902T
1688:1902S
1685:1902A
1679:1901T
1676:1901S
1673:1901A
1585:LEO I
1501:(PDF)
1390:(PDF)
1127:(PDF)
1108:(PDF)
950:(PDF)
943:(PDF)
925:(PDF)
918:(PDF)
898:(PDF)
885:(PDF)
808:acro
788:SFL (
720:COBOL
683:CADES
675:CADES
667:CADES
622:nodes
590:ITSEC
555:ICL's
357:, or
332:ASCII
231:VME/B
161:VME/B
2156:JEAN
2146:SOBS
2130:PLAN
2006:PERQ
1961:7561
1956:7503
1951:7502
1914:ME29
1909:2905
1904:2904
1899:2903
1829:CAFS
1824:2988
1819:2982
1814:2980
1809:2976
1804:2972
1799:2970
1794:2966
1789:2960
1784:2956
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1774:2950
1757:1909
1754:1908
1745:1907
1730:1906
1721:1905
1706:1904
1694:1903
1682:1902
1670:1901
1610:KDF9
1605:KDF8
1483:2024
1445:2013
1412:link
1398:2024
1370:2024
1344:2022
1318:2022
1292:2022
1266:2018
1239:2024
1213:2024
1187:2024
1161:2024
1135:2015
1116:ISSN
1085:link
1071:2014
1045:2014
995:2024
982:ISBN
958:2014
802:IDMS
759:PL/I
751:RPG2
749:and
728:TPMS
724:IDMS
671:IDMS
604:The
592:and
586:CESG
574:CCTA
359:SUSE
341:SVR2
337:SVR1
324:Unix
220:and
177:Unix
2257:MIT
2196:RPG
2181:SFL
2176:SCL
2073:TME
2068:DME
2063:CME
2043:VME
1839:OCP
1834:DAP
1472:doi
784:An
465:SCL
450:OMF
365:on
361:or
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